MA2020 - Differential Equations - 2017

Assignment - 2

1. Find the general solution of each of the following equations.

(i)y 00 + 2y 0 = 0
Ans. y(x) = c1 + c2 exp(2x).
(ii)y 00 2ay 0 + a2 y = 0, a is a constant
Ans. y(x) = (c1 + c2 x) exp(ax).
(iii)y 00 2y 0 + 5y = 0
Ans. y(x) = exp(x)(c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x).
(iv)y 000 + y 00 6y 0 = 0
Ans. y(x) = c1 + c2 exp(2x) + c3 exp(3x).
(v)y 000 6y 00 + 12y 0 8y = 0
Ans. y(x) = (c1 + c2 x + c3 x2 ) exp(2x).
(vi)y 000 + 8y = 0

Ans. y(x) = c1 exp(2x) + exp(x)[c2 cos( 3x) + c3 sin( 3x)].
(vii)y (4) + 4y 00 + 4y = 0

Ans. y(x) = (c1 + c2 x) cos( 2x) + (c3 + c4 x) sin( 2x).

2. Show that each of the functions y1 (x) = sin x sin33x and y2 (x) = sin3 x is a solution
of the differential equation

y 00 + (tan x 2 cot x)y 0 = 0.

But show that y = c1 y1 + c2 y2 is not the general solution of the differential equation.

3. The differential equation

x2 y 00 + pxy 0 + qy = 0,

where p and q are constants is called Eulers equation. Show that the change of
independent variable given by x = exp t transforms the differential equation into
an equation with constant coefficients. Apply this technique to find the general
solution of the following differential equations.

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 (i) x2 y 00 + 3xy 0 + 10y = 0.
Ans.y = x1 [c1 cos(ln x3 ) + c2 sin(ln x3 )] .
(ii)2x2 y 00 + 10xy 0 + 8y = 0.
Ans. y = c1 x2 + c2 x2 ln x.
(iii)x2 y 00 + 2xy 0 12y = 0.
Ans. y = c1 x3 + c2 x4 .

4. Show that the change of variable t = ax + b trasforms the equation

b0 (ax + b)2 y 00 + b1 (ax + b)y 0 + b2 y = 0

into a Cauchy -Euler equation, Use this result to find the general solution of the
differential equation

(x 3)2 y 00 + 3(x 3)y 0 + y = 0, x > 3.

Ans. y = [c1 + c2 ln(x 3)](x 3)1 .

5. Consider the general homogeneous differential equation

y 00 + P (x)y 0 + Q(x)y = 0 (A)

and change the independent variable from x to z = z(x), where z is an unspecified

function of x. Show that the differential equation (A) can be transformed into an
equation with constant coefficients if and only if (Q0 + 2P Q)/Q3/2 is constant, in
Rp
which case z = Q(x)dx will effect the desired result.

6. Reduce each of the following differential equations to an equation with constant

coefficients and hence find the general solution.
(i) x2 (x + 1)y 00 + xy 0 + (x + 1)3 y = 0.
Ans. y(x) = c1 cos(x + ln x) + c2 sin(x + ln x).
(ii) xy 00 + (x2 1)y 0 + x3 y = 0.

Ans. y(x) = exp(x2 /4)(c1 cos( 3x2 /4) + c2 sin( 3x2 /4)).
Hint: Use the result of problem 5.

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7. Use the method of variation of parameters to find the general solution of each of
the following equations.
(i)y 00 + y = sec x
Ans. y(x) = c1 sin x + c2 cos x + x sin x + cos x ln cos x.
(ii)x2 y 00 + xy 0 y = x2 exp(x)
Ans. y(x) = c1 x + c2 x1 + exp(x)(1 + x1 ).
(iii)(x 3)2 y 00 + (x 3)y 0 + y = x
x
Ans. y(x) = c1 cos[ln(x 3)] + c2 sin[ln(x 3)] + 2
+ 32 .

8. Find the general solution of each of the following equations. One solution of the
homogeneous equation is shown alongside.
(i) x2 y 00 xy 0 + y = 0; y1 = x
Ans. y(x) = c1 x + c2 x ln x.
(ii)x2 y 00 + xy 0 4y = 0; y1 = x2
Ans. y(x) = c1 x2 + c2 x2 .
(iii)x2 y 00 + xy 0 + (x2 1/4)y = 0; y1 (x) = x1/2 sin x
Ans. y(x) = c1 x1/2 sin x + c2 x1/2 cos x.
(iii)(1 x2 )y 00 2xy 0 + 2y = 0; y1 (x) = x
Ans. y(x) = c1 x + c2 x2 ln 1+x


1x
1 .
(iv) xy 00 (2x + 1)y 0 + (x + 1)y = 0; y1 (x) = exp x.
Ans. y(x) = c1 exp x + c2 x2 exp x.