IPASJ International Journal of Computer Science (IIJCS)

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Volume 5, Issue 10, October 2017 ISSN 2321-5992

ANALYSIS OF OBJECTS CATEGORIZATION IN

UNDERWATER IMAGES
N.Jayachandra 1, Dr. A. R. Nadira Banu Kamal 2
1
Associate Professor , Dept. of Computer Science, Lady Doak College , Madurai,
Tamilnadu, India.
2
Professor & Director, Dept. of MCA, T.B.A.K College for Women, Kilakarai, India

ABSTRACT
The main focus of this paper is to present the review work carried out in the analysis of under sea water object categorization.
This study presents various architecture used to identify the type of objects like classifying the fish species, manmade objects,
type of devices used for image acquisition with different type of classification methods. The fishing methods employed currently
is very harmful to the marine environment by catching sea animals those are produced rarely in sea like Turtle dolphins and
sea horse etc., In this study we have proposed new architecture to have an automatic tagging system for various type of sea
animals in underwater sea images. Providing automatic training set preparation for sea animals in underwater will help in
open-handed information for the bycatch problems by identifying the different types of species in sea.
Keywords: Image Acquisition, Classification, Sea animals and Bycatch problems

INTRODUCTION: Several types of underwater imageries are used for decision making of living marine resources.
Varity of Datasets of undersea water images exists like NOAA, ROV and Real time datasets using HD Camera as
Youtube videos. The main purpose of this survey on related literatures for undersea water imagery analysis focus on
reducing the time spent looking for or marking fish, and hence saving personnel time devoted to the tasks like, tracking
the object, counting the species, analysing the behaviours of autonomous vehicles and propose the information for
bycatch problem. This paper focus on various methods adopted by the researchers to classify the undersea water
imageries and identify the Region of Interest (ROI).

REVIEW OF LITERATURE: In this Faisal et. al. [1] proposed a new paradigm of image set classification that can
be used to achieve improved recognition rates for a number of fish species. Huimin et al. in his study focused on a
single image enhancement method. Single image enhancement is a challenging problem. Several models have been
proposed in which the image restoration system by four parts. That is, image descattering, illumination correction,
color correction, and super resolution to recover the original image. Qin and Roger [3] proposed a work to detect
individual ice floes, and the morphological cleaning is applied to smoothen the shape of each identified ice floe. Based
on the identification result, the image is separated into four different layers: ice floes, brash pieces, slush, and water.
Luca Mazzei et. al. proposed a new automatic detection and counting methods for bioluminescent organisms
represented as ashes within video data acquired through the camera based on computer vision algorithms[5]. They have
proposed the system, which is capable of recognizing different underwater objects such as pipelines, rocks and
shipwrecks.

In the paper by Yujie et. al., the image processing methods are utilized to determine the mineral location and to
recognize the mineral actually within a little processing time. In this paper Tian Jie et. al. has proposed a model to
detect and recognize the still objects automatically using SVM classifier . The paper by Deokjin Joo et al. focused on
identification of Cichlid Fishes from Lake Malawi and marked male and female. They have proposed automated
algorithm to identify the fish which are closely related to each other.[9] the AST group is developing methods to
automatically process images from single or multiple camera systems to 1) assist image analysts with more automated
measurements of fishes (e.g., StereoMeasure; Rzhanov and Cutter); 2) automatically detect, and identify organisms by
adapting algorithms (e.g., Viola-Jones, and principal components analysis) developed for face recognition (Matai et al.,
this volume); and 3) identification and reconstruction of the entire three-dimensional (3-D) scene including fish targets
using algorithms adapted from SIFT or SURF (Rzhanov and Cutter, this volume) for measurement and classification of
fish using the combination of shape and pattern by adaptation of recognition algorithms (from stage 2) to stereo
images. Such methods will reduce the burden on analysts, increase the rate of analysis, and enable adaptive behaviours
of autonomous vehicles.

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 IPASJ International Journal of Computer Science (IIJCS)
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Here, [10] a Support Vector Machine (SVM) based technique is used for the elimination of the limitations of some
existing techniques and improved classification of fish species is proposed. The technique is based on the shape features
of fish. Daramola et. al. described the identification of fish based on the fish physical form. Here image processing
techniques are used and feature extraction and classification is done using SVD product extracted from block image. In
this work, they have employed two steps in order to recognize a fish from video source. First is the fish detection
process, in which the fish is detected and separated from background. The detected fish image from previous stage is
then passed to a recognition algorithm to identify the species of the fish.

The author [12] presented the detection process which consists of identifying fish locations in an image frame (i.e., its
x,y pixel coordinates), fish extent (width, height), followed by a clear segmentation of fish from background. The
outcome is an image that only contains fish targets, with the background masked out, and individual non-overlapping
fish targets separately labelled. In a research work [13], the correct identification rates are given based on temporal
centroid features and discrete cosine transform coefficients features and fused features. The processing results of actual
experimental data shows that multi-feature fusion method can improve the identification rate at about 5% effectively.
The researcher [14] applied Active Shape Models (ASM) to the attachment hooks of several species of Gyrodactylus,
including the notifiable pathogen G. salaris, to assign each species to its true species type. ASM is used as a feature
extraction tool to select information from hook images that can be used as input data into trained classifiers.

Several fish classification techniques [15] based on the wavelet packet was proposed with a bi-spectrum in the study.
To verify this method, firstly, an ex situ experiment has been performed with three kinds of fish: Crucian carp
(Carassius auratus), Yellow-headed catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and Bluntnose black bream (Megalobrama
amblycephale). The backscattering signals of these fishes are obtained. Secondly, the wavelet packet decomposition of
backscattering envelop is done, and the energy of main frequency bands which is reconstructed from each node are
calculated. Thirdly, the bi-spectrum of envelop which is constructed using the backscattering of main frequency band in
order to filtering the high frequency noise, is extracted as the additional feature. The sub-band energy of wavelet packet
and the bi-spectrum are combined as the characteristic indicator to describe the fish feature. Finally, three kinds of fish
are successfully classified by the RBF support vector machine classifier. The results reveal that the proposed method
has a highly accuracy rate of classification at fish with different shapes. In this Paper [16] , they have developed
machine vision system to analysis the video to detect, track and count the fishes in uncontrolled water environment in
open sea (Videos with moving plant, murky water low contrast ,etc).They identified the image frame quality, color
(green,blue) .

Concetto et. al.[17] , fish classification is performed by combining two types of features: 1) Texture features extracted
by using statistical moments of the gray-level histogram, spatial Gabor filtering and properties of the co-occurrence
matrix and 2) Shape Features extracted by using the Curvature Scale Space transform and the histogram of Fourier
descriptors of boundaries. An affine transformation is also applied to the acquired images to represent fish in 3D by
multiple views for the feature extraction. Qi Chen et. al. presented deep-sea high-definition camera system with the
function of identifying the sea creatures .More than the normal camera it can have real time monitoring of water
environment and improve the speed of data transmission and video image resolution.

Here image processing technique is developed to identify the sea creatures and seven creatures are classified. Authors
[19] also presented methods to detect Rock Fish automatically based on cascade classifiers of Harr-like features created
using underwater imaging form ROV under ocean survey condition. Images are unconstrained and imaging system is
moving invariable and detecting the fish in complex rocky seabed background.

ANALYSIS OF RELATED WORK: Table 1.1 specifies the detailed overview of the various techniques adopted by
the researchers, its purpose and applicable for what kind of dataset.

Further it specifies the feature set used by the researchers and their performance analysis. This would help us to refine
our architecture for effective detection and classification of underwater imageries.

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Table 1.1 : Analysis of the various reviews in Underwater Imagery Object identification

Paper Type of input Architecture Features Performance Materials /data set Used
No device(sonar/EM Evaluation
CCD/HD
Camera/Normal
Camera
I Digital video high A new paradigm of image set careful creation of these algorithms the image collection from
resolution classification is presented that can be images set high have the potential of ImageCLEF 2014 Fish Task
used to achieve improved accuracy of the solving the (Spampinato et al., 2014) has been
recognition rates for a number of presented image set- automatic fish utilized. The dataset contains pre-
fish species. State-of-the-art image based approach species defined training and test splits for
set construction, modelling, and under challenging identification ten fish species
matching algorithms from computer conditions. The problem in
vision literature are discussed with overall classification underwater videos
an analysis of their application for accuracy for all ten captured within
automatic fish species identification species studied in unconstrained
this work was environments.
around 95%.

II Free-Ascending Image restoration system presented. No Classification . proposed algorithm Ten underwater images were
Tripod (FAT)- It includes four parts image de Image restoration is evaluated both selected, including five images
with digital scattering, illumination correction, analytically and from the project South China Sea
camera color correction, and super experimentally by Deep and five images from our
resolution . using ground truths water tank experiments

III unmanned aerial Ice pixel extraction Edge detection- brash ice threshold A total of 2511 ice sea-ice features at Ny-lesund in
vehicle was used arranged in an array morphological size is larger than floes and 2624 early May 2011.
as a mobile sensor processing-classification-overall the fixed threshold brash ice are
plate form distribution of all types(4) for floes ice .others identified . The
are slush ice. Four coverage
layers of ice is percentages are
found. Size 65.98% ice floe,
calculated. Over all 5.03% brash ice,
distribution of all 17.52% slush, and
types of ice is 11.47% water.
calculated.
IV ICDeep (Image Image processing and Blop Blop Extraction TPR=CD/GT Digital video of bioluminescent
Intensified Charge Extraction (Thresholding, flood fill)- FPR=ALGO- organisms through the deep water
Coupled Device Blob Annotation(Labelling, CD/ALGO column
for Deep-sea Tracking)-Event 92.24% of the
research) Recording(counting). events identified by
the ground truth
were also detected

V underwater Acquired MBES Real data Shape features 100% detection of Artificial objects represented a
imaging Devices, contained three pipelines, which (Shapes created by all pipelines sample of the most common
these imaging was used for testing the proposed Autocad ,rectangle, underwater objects were tested;
devices include approach, and then artificial data circle, ellipse objects included a pipe, partial
MBES and SSS was generated and processed using artificial) ship wreck and a rock. The Sonar
the pre mentioned approach to check data acquisition. MBES and SSS
the validity of this approach. are used in different times and
under varying weather and
bathymetric conditions.
VI Underwater Video or image removing potential Shape based _ACE is used to Simulation of the mine detection
Camera Moire effect- the homomorphic Preconization enhancement system in
filters to correct the non-uniform the image. the darkroom of their laboratory.
illumination- DTC-wavelet
transform- proposed novel MAP
estimation-based method to
denoising.- make a decision to
remove artificial light or not. If
artificial light exist, remove by
single frame vignetting correction
algorithm, or else, utilizing the
proposed guided-trigonometric
bilateral filters to remove the haze.
Finally, take the proposed fast
automatic color equalization
algorithm for enhancing the contrast.

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Volume 5, Issue 10, October 2017 ISSN 2321-5992
VII Active Sonar Input Feature extractions: The multi-field SVM is contrasted using real data of lake or sea trial.
System Employed Four Transformations feature vector with a Gaussian
(AR Modelling, Power Spectrum includes time- classifier and a k-
Analysis-Wigner Ville Distribution, domain, spectral, nearest The
I- Spectrum Analysis. Pattern time-frequency experimental results
recognition based on signals distribution and bi- indicate that SVM is
received spectral features- better than the
SVM- multi-field others two.
feature extraction.
VIII The camera was a Photography image - The feature of Support vector SVM: 32% when Photography of Cichlid Fishes
five-megapixel coloration of fish images was machines (SVM) only color and stripe from Lake Malawi - collected
Olympus model in captured by Red-Green-Blue (RGB) and random forests information was approximately 1500 individual
an underwater and Hue-Saturation-Value (HSV) (RF) For the SVM extracted but 22% fishes of rock-dwelling cichlids
case. color models and that of stripe classifier used when body shape locally called as Mbuna and to
patterns was captured by some LIBSVM . multiple information was take fin clips from them for
proxies for the complexity of features of added genetics work later in laboratory.
images. coloration and stripe
patterns of cichlid
fishes of Lake
Malawi in
combination with
geometric
morphometric (GM)
body shape
information.
X Dataset Training Set and Data Set -> The body and the Classification Shape feature and image texture
Analysis ->Data and Feature five fin lengths; accuracy of datasets obtained from the selected
Extraction (Creation of DataBase)- namely anal, caudal, 78.59%, which is species through collaboration
>Classification using SVM dorsal, pelvic and significantly higher between Fishery Departments of
Classifier. pectoral were than what obtained the Federal University of
extracted in for ANN, KNN and Technology, Akure (FUTA),
centimetres K Means clustering Nigeria and Adekunle Ajasin
(cm).SVM method. University, Akungba-Akoko
Classifier used (AAUA), Nigeria. Total images
150,Training 76 testing 74 images
.
XI cannon power Fish imaging was carried out by the image is divided Classification result Eighteen indigenousfish samples
A14000 HD placing the individual fish sample on into 15 image is 94%.SVD obtained from Ebute River in Epe
digital camera a clear white plane .- color image is blocks by moving Classification used. local government area of Lagos
converted into Gray scale using I = ,overlapping state, Nigeria.
0.2989*R + 0.5870*G + window feature Training and . testing.36 fish
0.1140*B(1) values are extracted images were tested.
Fish body pattern is varied in size from every area
and structure. whereas some fishes occupied by the
have naked body with absent of window from head
typical fins to tail. These feature
In this work SVD is applied to fish values are combined
block image to capture the parts to form feature
pattern. vector ANN and
SVD used

XII ROV Input Fish detection recognition. PCA with SIFT Using five positive Images of butterfly fish in an
The detection process consists of features ate used. images of butterfly aquarium collected by Benson et
identifying fish locations in an image fish and flag rock al. (2009) and rockfish images
frame (i.e., its x,y pixel fish resulted in a collected in situ
coordinates),fish extent (width, 50% recognition by an ROV were provided by J.
height), followed by a clear rate. With an Butler, NOAA SWFSC
segmentation of fish from increase in the Benthic Resources Group .
background. number of positive
The outcome is an image that only images to 10, a
contains fish targets, with the 100% hit rate
background masked out, and (#Test = 2) was
individual non-overlapping fish achieved
targets separately labelled.
XIII The main Fish acoustic scattering signal- acoustic scattering correct identification The tank experiment is carried
experiment >Hilbert transform -> Temporal data, temporal rates are given with fishes in the anechoic tank of
equipments are centroid, Discrete cosine transform centroid (TC) based on temporal Key Laboratory of Underwater
transmitting calculation->Features fusion- features and discrete centroid features Acoustic Technology, Harbin
transducer, >Features dimension reduction. cosine transform and discrete cosine Engineering University.
standard (DCT) coefficients transform The three kinds of fishes are
hydrophone, features used to coefficients features selected to be objectives of study,
acquisition, laser analyze acoustic and fused features. which are carassius auratus,

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pointer. scattering The processing golden trout and cyprinus carpio
characteristics of results of actual with two different
fish from different experimental data sizes, which are defined as small
aspects are show that multi- cyprinus carpio and big cyprinus
extracted. support feature fusion carpio
vector machine method can improve
(SVM) classifier is the identification
used rate at about 5%
effectively.
XIV examined and Specimen preparation- image pre hook shape of each average Specimens of Gyrodactylus were
photographed processing->Classification -> ASM species , ASM classification picked from the skin and fins of
using a JEOL Feature Extractions features extraction - accuracy of salmonids and their attachment
JSM5200 LDA and K-NN) 98.72%. hooks released by proteolytic
scanning electron and non-linear (i.e. digestion. Images of the smallest
microscope MLP and SVM) hook structures, the marginal hook
operating at an Classifiers used sickles
accelerating
voltage of 10kV.
XV Mono static Sonar Firstly The backscattering signals of Wavelet packet the highest The ex situ experiment was
these (three different fishes)fishes are subband energy , recognition rate is conducted in an anechoic tank
obtained. Secondly, the wavelet Wavelet packet still for the Crucian with three kinds of fish: Crucian
packet decomposition of subband energy. carp, reaching up to carp (Carassius auratus), Yellow-
backscattering envelop is done, and The Directed 92.9 %, and the headed catfish (Pelteobagrus
the energy of main frequency bands Acyclic Graph average fulvidraco) and Bluntnose black
which is reconstructed from each Support Vector identification rate bream (Megalobrama
node are calculated. Thirdly, the bi- Machine attains 87.98 %. amblycephale) .
spectrum of envelop which is (DAGSVM) with .
constructed using the backscattering Radial Basis
of main frequency band in order to Function
filtering the high frequency noise, is (RBF) Support
extracted as the additional feature. vector machine
The sub-band energy of wavelet classifier is used.
packet and the bi-spectrum are
combined as the characteristic
indicator to describe the fish feature.
Finally, three kinds of fish are
successfully classified
XVI underwater video Texture and color analysis system- Smoothness, Detection success The Ken-Ding Taiwan sub-
surveillance Fish Detection System-Tracking Brightness ,Colour rate, Counting tropical
camera system success Rate. coral reef waters. The video
achieved 85% collection was produced
overall accuracy. as a part of the on-going efforts of
the Taiwanese
EcoGrid project
(http://ecogrid.nchc.org.tw).
XVII Operational Input Video sequence-Fish affine invariant The system was The images used for the evaluation
Camera detection-Fish Tracking-Trajectories texture and shape tested on a database were acquired from an ecological
Clustering features. For containing 360 source in Taiwan and are made
classification K-fold images of ten accessible to marine biologists via
cross-validation different species the Ecogrid project, coordinated
method was used. achieving an by the
Texture features average correct rate National Center for High
extracted by using of about 92%. Performing Computing (NCHC),
statistical moments Taiwan.
of the Gray-level
histogram, spatial
Gabor filtering and
properties of the co-
occurrence matrix
and 2) Shape
Features extracted
by using the
Curvature Scale
Space transform and
the histogram of
Fourier descriptors
of boundaries.
XVIII HD Camera Video-frame-image-grayscale-binary HU invariant BPNN-82.85% Training set-200 images from
image-shape detection using moments used. SVM-92%- Dataset
maximal connected region through Shape features Testing -70 images from data set
area and perimeter They are mainly the images are extracted from the
which is the object - maximal categorised into two marine video.

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Volume 5, Issue 10, October 2017 ISSN 2321-5992
connected region is filled with 255 types contour based
Pixel and region based
shape features-classified using description method.
BPNN and SVM The region based
method is more
powerful. Here the
shape of the area,
geometric moment,
orthogonal moment,
Fourier description
operators etc. The
orthogonal moments
can construct
arbitrary high order
moments ,
consisting of
comprehensive
information of the
shape..
XIX ROV-HD camera Validation set ,test video- Harr Harr like features Training set, Rocky seabed environments in the
Cascade classifier generated using used for face validation set and ocean, mostly offshore southern
training set using OPEN CV detection-s openCV test video California. The image dataset is
Classifier Ada boost algorithm to several classified performance available from
select features automatically were selected during exceeds expectation swfscdata.nmfs.noaa.gov/labeled-
Detector algorithm developed using experiments time Training set-926 fishes-in-the-wild
C#.NET using training image files with Total tested 2061
parameters ,positive 1005 marked 1008 are verified and 1053 are
images (300 to 500) fishes. apparent
minimum hit rate Test data set: 10th
(MHR- 90to95%) frame of 2 minute
stage false alarm original video
SFA-10 to 50% Negative image set-
object symmetry. 3167 images-147
Adaboost algorithm from labelled fishes
is used to have in the world and
automatic selection 3020 from tutorial
of classifier features OPENCV Haar
during training. Training.

CONCLUSION:
Based on the review of literature survey carried out for underwater imagery, the following architecture can be designed
to overcome the challenges faced by the researchers in their proposed methodologies.
Any type of HD undersea water video can be considered for the analysis. The video has to be divided into frames and
fragmented.
The fragmented frames will be pre-processed and object detection can be performed and ROI is segmented.
Training set and Test set preparation based on set of features selection for properly segmented objects.
The classification method is employed to detect the type of under water objects effectively.
Advantages of the proposed technique:
1. Improve Identification through classification
2. Enhancing De-noising
3. Improve image enhancement
4. Background object detection and removal
5. Best feature selection for reducing high dimensional feature set
6. Extracting specialized feature
7. Different varieties of Input Data set(Videos)
8. Identify differentiate point in input data

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