International Journal of Ambient Energy

ISSN: 0143-0750 (Print) 2162-8246 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/taen20

A review on Compound parabolic solar

concentrator for sustainable development

D. K. Patel, P. K. Brahmbhatt & Hitesh Panchal

To cite this article: D. K. Patel, P. K. Brahmbhatt & Hitesh Panchal (2017): A review on Compound
parabolic solar concentrator for sustainable development, International Journal of Ambient Energy,
DOI: 10.1080/01430750.2017.1318786

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2017.1318786

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Download by: [University of Nevada Las Vegas] Date: 24 April 2017, At: 01:14
Publisher: Taylor & Francis & Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Journal: International Journal of Ambient Energy

DOI: 10.1080/01430750.2017.1318786

A review on Compound parabolic solar concentrator for sustainable

development
1
D K Patel, 2PK Brahmbhatt, 3Hitesh Panchal
1
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering
College, Patan
2
Principal, Government Engineering College Dahod, Gujarat
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering
College, Patan

Abstract:

A Compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) is defined as non-imaging type concentrating

collector where the instance solar radiations, after reflection from the reflector, are not
concentrated at a point or line, but simply together on the absorber apparent which does not
produce an image of the light source. It is an ideal solar energy collector which collects and
focuses a larger area of sunlight onto a smaller area with minimum loss. This present review
paper shows the comprehensive review on compound parabolic concentrator done by various
researchers from all around the world. Different factors affecting on performance of
compound parabolic concentrator have studied in present paper.

Keywords : CPC, collector, solar radiation, temperature

1. Introduction:

It is an ideal solar energy collector which collects and focuses a larger area of sunlight onto a
smaller area with minimum loss. Originally it was invented in 1965 for the reflection of
Cerenkov radiation onto a sensor, and it took more than a decade for it to become the state of
the art of solar thermal energy collection (Leutz & Suzuki, 2001). CPC reflectors were
introduced by Winston (1974) to improve the performance of low concentration solar
collectors having the ability to reflect all of the incident radiation on the aperture to the
receiver over ranges of incidence angles within acceptance angle. The absorber can take a
variety of configurations; it can be cylindrical, circular or flat. By using multiple internal a
reflection, any radiation that is entering the aperture, within the collector acceptance angle,
finds its way to the absorptive surface located at the bottom of the collector. According
Pereira (2004) smaller concentration ratio CPCs are able to accept a large proportion of
diffuse radiation incident on their apertures and concentrate it without the need of tracking
the sun. Cost is the major factor governing applications of Concentrated Solar power (CSP)
system. There is a need for reliable and simplified manufacturing process to limit the system
costs. Cost reduction is the key issue which needs to be tackled in order to bring CSP
technology into the market. Compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) is relevant for solar
energy collection because it is a non-imaging type concentrator where the incident rays, after
reflection from the reflector are not focused at a point or line but are simply collected on
absorber surface. Using concentrating solar collectors is an environmentally friendly way of
producing energy for domestic hot water and space heating since it causes no carbon dioxide
emissions.

The main aim of present review paper is to study different research work has
investigated by various researchers from all around the world for sustainable development
due to the solar energy.

2. Development of CPC

CPC is a non-imaging optical concentrator which does not produce an image of the
light source. Description of the CPC appeared in the literature in the mid-1960s in widely
different contexts. Tabor (1958) explained the method of using cylindrical concentrators
(non-imaging). Tabor (1966) also showed the practicability of boosting the radiation with the
help of side mirrors. The CPC was first described as a collector for light from Cerenkov
counters, a development noted by Hinterberger and Winston (1966). Almost simultaneously,
Baranov and Melnikov (1966) described the same device, calling it FOCON and
suggesting its use for solar energy collection. Ploke (1967) described axially symmetric
CPCS with generalizations to designs incorporating refracting elements in addition to the
light-guiding reflecting wall, obtaining a German patent for various photometric applications.
Their potential as concentrators for solar energy collectors was pointed out by Winston
(1974), and they have been the basis of a detailed study since then by Rabl (1976), Welford
and Winston (1978).

Winston (1970) derived as CPC is an ideal concentration by using the principle of phase
space conservation that the highest possible concentration achievable

Winston (1974) discussed the CPC configuration and recognized the use of CPC for
solar energy collection for various applications in the U.S. Winston and Hinterburger (1975),
Baranov (1975) and Rabl (1976) also proved that highest concentration achievable for 2-D
concentrator is 1/sin (a by 2nd law of thermodynamics. CPC can achieve this highest
concentration, while the other concentrators fall short in achieving this limit. This limit plays
the same role for concentrators as Carnot efficiency plays for heat engines. Rabl (1976) also
derived some general expressions, relations for reflector shape, focal length, co-ordinates of
end point, total height, and arc length of the full CPC with flat absorber. He also derived the
expressions for aperture width, height, coordinates of endpoint and arc length for truncated
CPC. With these expressions, he plotted the curves of L/W C and H/W C at various
acceptance angles and for various truncations. These are useful to select a CPC for a
particular application. Rabl (1976b, 1977) derived the expressions for average number of
reflections on for full and truncated CPC and plotted the graphs of n C for various
acceptance angles. The average number of reflections is useful to calculate reflection losses.
Rabl (1977) gave the expression for the fraction of radiation incident on aperture, which is
transmitted to the absorber after the reflection from the reflector. The number of reflections
varies both with angle of incidence and with the point of incidence on the aperture. A very
good estimate of the fraction of radiation transmitted through a CPC with wall reflectivity
is given by the simple formula

= (1)

Where < n > is the average number of reflections; the validity of this approximation
has been demonstrated by Rabl (1977). Values of n for CPC are to be obtained from Figure 1,
shows the average number of reflections for the CPC with the flat one-sided receiver.
 Figure 1 Average number of reflections for CPC. ( Rabl 1976)

RABL (1976) described the effect of truncation explicitly as in most practical

applications the CPC will be truncated as a large portion of the reflector area is to be
eliminated without seriously reducing the concentration. Figure 2, shows the effect of
truncation on concentration and on the ratio of reflector over the aperture area for several
design acceptance half-angles.

Figure 2 Reflector/Aperture ratio for full and truncated CPC.(Rabl 1976)

Similarly, Figure 3, shows the effect of truncation on the depth (expressed as height- aperture- ratio)
of a CPC.

Figure 3 Height/Aperture ratios for full and truncated CPC. (Rabl 1976)

McIntire (1979) numerically derived the relationship of reflector arc length, collector height,
and concentration ratio and aperture width for various acceptance angles and for various
degrees of truncation for the CPC with cylindrical absorber. McIntire (1980) developed a
reflector for eliminating the loss of radiation through the gap between tubular absorber and
reflector by providing a reflector of W facetted shape at the bottom and the remaining part
of the reflector is as usual a maximally concentrating on. The involute portion starts from the
bottom of the absorber. This development gives higher optical efficiency and it also enhanced
the net absorptivity of the receiver tube by multiple reflections (OGallagher et al., 1980).
Rabl et al., (1980) designed for four different absorber shapes giving rise to a range of
different reflector designs. Four different flat one sided, fin, inverted-vee shaped (wedge),
tubular types CPC absorber shapes with their reflectors are shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Four different absorber configurations of the CPC (a) flat absorber (b) fin absorber (c) wedge
absorber (d) tubular absorber.
Winston (1980) designed the cavity of the lower portion of the reflector for enhancement of
the absorption by the receiver. The facetted sections of design can be determined by an
iterative procedure. McIntire and Winston (1981) and McIntire (1984) presented the design
parameters for such facetted concentrator. A.Y. EI-Assy (1988) analyzed two phase flows
and thermal performance of compound parabolic concentrator. He studies new parameters for
identifying the thermal as well as optical performance of compound parabolic concentrator in
climate conditions of Egypt. After a series of experiments on new parameters and thermal
performance, he found that two phase flow of compound parabolic concentrator gives higher
thermal efficiency compared with the single phase flow. He also concluded that, the highest
concentration ratio enhances the thermal efficiency of compound parabolic concentrator
under any climate conditions. Figure 5, shows operation limits of compound parabolic
concentrator under two phase flow.

Figure 5 Operational limit of CPC under two phase flow.

Rabl (1985) explained the use of CPC collectors for detoxification of contaminated water.
Carvalho et al., (1985) derived the expressions for average number of reflections and angular
acceptance function and plotted the graphs for various acceptance angles and different
truncations of CPC. Norton et al., (1994) developed a theoretical heat transfer model, which
described steady heat behavior and investigated the impact of the tilt angle of the collector to
the symmetric CPC collector performance. Khonkar and Sayigh (1994) used AutoCAD as
one of the techniques was adopted to investigate the location of the hot spots on the absorber
to achieve an accurate ray trace and analyze the phenomena of the rays inside the CPC for
different incident angle. Khonkar and Sayigh (1995) used a spreadsheet, EXCEL by
Microsoft for calculating the profile and the absorber of the CPC solar collector with tubular
receiver. Ronnelid and Karlsson (1996) studied on optical and thermal properties of
reflectors and insulation, as well as geometrical arrangements affect the heat loss properties
of a CPC with flat plate absorber. It was a complement to previous theoretical calculations of
heat losses on CPCs with flat plate absorbers by Rabl (1977). Jenkins et al., (1997)
achieved a solar concentration of 84000 in a refractive medium sapphire, in conducting the
experiments at the University of Chicago. This is the highest solar flux ever achieved. Recent
experiments are performed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). High flux
solar furnaces (HFSF) have demonstrated the effectiveness of using concentrated sunlight
and advanced non-imaging secondarys two pump lasers and produce fullerenes potentially
useful new forms of molecular carbon.P K Shah et al., (1999) analyzed a compound parabolic
concentrator with the gap between the cylindrical absorber and reflector for reduction in
losses and passage of maximum solar energy from it. They applied analytic expressions for
numerical computations for calculating the optimum gap and compared with experimental
results. Brogren et al., (2000) explained a water-cooled PV thermal hybrid system with CPC.
The cost per energy produced is reduced due to simultaneous heat and electricity production.
Kothdiwala et al., (2000) established correlations of Nusselt and Grashofs number for the
evaluation of convective heat transfer coefficient for compound parabolic concentrator for
theoretical analysis. They also studied the discrepancies of heat transfer found in compound
parabolic concentrator and remedial measures for the prevention. Figure 6, shows proposed
correlation of Nusselt and Grashofs number for evaluation of convective heat transfer
coefficient.
 Figure 6 Correlation of Nusselt and Grashofs number for evaluation of convective heat transfer
coefficient.

Chen and Chang (2001) explained the use of CPC as focusing heliostat in high temperature solar
furnace.

Oman and Jayaraman (2001) designed and fabricated CPC profile with a half- acceptance of
23.5 for a tubular absorber of OD 30 mm oversized reflector with a V groove at the bottom and
thereby reduced gap losses. They also conducted In situ steam generation testing used for rural
applications, such as water heating, steam cooking and sterilization. Figure 7, shows a CPC used
In situ steam generation.
 Figure 7 CPC used in situ steam generation

Yoshinori Matsumoto et al., (2001) applied compound parabolic concentrator for the application
of optical transceiver as shown in Figure 8; they fabricated the novel design of optical fiber with
glass substrate using the sand blast technique. The theoretical efficiency of CPC was simulated
by the ray tracing method. They concluded that, the present design of the CPC with an optical
transceiver gives 20% higher photodiodes compared with ball lens type PIN photodiode. Figure
9, shows a comparison between CPC and ball lens for photocurrent and distance.
 Figure 8 Structure of novel optical transceiver with CPC.

Figure 9 Comparison between CPC and ball lens transceiver as a function of distance and
photocurrent.
Rincon and Osorio (2002) made a new design of trough like non imaging solar concentrator for
increment in concentration ratio and thermal performance based on numerical computations on
acceptance angle variations. They compared trough like solar concentrator compared with
conventional compound parabolic concentrator by experimental analysis and found better in
performance. They also concluded that, the trough like concentrator easily used in applications like
steam generation, direct fluid heating, etc. Figure 10, shows a sketch of new trough like concept with
15 acceptance angle.

Figure 10 Sketch of new trough like concept with acceptance angle of 15.

W. Lipin ski and A. Steinfeld (2006) made the new design of compound parabolic concentrator,
annular compound parabolic concentrator. The main aim of research was to make a new design of
compound parabolic concentrator having an axis symmetric surface produced by rotating the axis
for increment in aperture angle. They made a computer model of annular concentrator by Monte
Carlo ray-tracing technique. Figure 11, shows new design of the annular compound parabolic
concentrator.
 Figure 11 New design of annular CPC.

Kaiyan and hongfai (2007) fabricated an imaging type compound parabolic concentrator and tested
in climate conditions of China. Their aim, of the research work was to construct three dimensional
compound parabolic concentrator with the focus of the concentrator outside the concave for
purpose of solar day lighting system. After a series of experiments, they found that the present
system is more reliable compared with other researchers' work. Figure 12, shows a schematic
diagram of compound parabolic concentrator used for experiments.
 Figure 12 Schematic diagram of CPC.

Abdallah and Badran (2008) used computerized sun tracking device for rotating the solar still with
the movement of the sun for enhancing the solar still productivity.

Ogueke and Anyanwu (2008) studied the effects of different collector design parameters on the
performances of a solar powered solid adsorption refrigerator using a computer simulation program
developed from a transient analysis of the system and tested the collector plate emissivity,
absorptivity combination, adsorbent packing density, tube spacing, adsorbent thermal conductivity,
heat transfer coefficient at adsorbent. S Senthilkumar et al., (2009) investigated thermal and optical
performance of two dimensional and three dimensional compound parabolic concentrator with
spherical absorber. The purpose of their research work was to see the usage of above concentrator
for purpose of steam generation. They conducted a series of experiments in climate conditions of
Erode, India. After a series of experiments they found that, the three dimensional CPC increased 38%
efficiency of steam generation compared with two dimensional CPC. Figure 13, shows the
experimental set up of three dimensional CPC with spherical absorber.
 Figure 13 Experimental setup of the 3D CPC with spherical absorber

Pie Gang et al.,(2010) analyzed and designed the innovative configuration of low temperature solar
thermal electric generation with regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle mainly consisting of small
concentration ratio compound parabolic concentrators (CPC). H. Kaiyan et al.,(2011) represented
novel design of multiple curved surfaces compound concentrator for increment in incident angle
with flat and parabolic contour. They carried out computer model for proper design of multiple
curved surfaces in the laboratory. From the computer modeling, it has found that the curved
surfaces compound parabolic concentrator enhances the incident angle and also efficiency. Figure
14, shows a 3-D model of the novel compound parabolic concentrator.
 Figure 14 3-D drawing of novel design of multiple curved surfaces CPC.

Figure 15 Experimental set up of CPC.

Santos Gonzlez et al.,(2011) carried out the comparison between the numerical simulation results
with experimental results of compound parabolic concentrator. They took aperture area of 1.33
square meters for the experiments and tested with different mass flow rates from 0.05 kg/s to 0.25
kg/s with water as the working fluid. They found good agreement of outlet temperature, pressure
drop and thermal efficiency of experimental results and numerical simulation results. Figure 15,
shows the photograph of system of compound parabolic concentrator.

A. Harmim et al.,(2012) used compound parabolic concentrator for increment in solar radiation
incidence with box type solar cooker as booster reflector. They carried out the mathematical
modeling to see its heat and mass transfer phenomena before implementation in industry or
household purpose. Their fabrication cost of the cooker was 75.5 US dollars. After a series of
experiments, the results demonstrate competitiveness and promising performance of this cooker
which could be easily integrated into building facade. Figure 16, shows a 3-D sketch of solar cooker
with compound parabolic concentrator.
 Figure 16 3-D sketch of solar cooker with CPC.

H. Gmez-Couso et al.,(2012) used a new concept of water disinfection with the help of compound
parabolic concentrator. They used specially designed absorber tube at a focal length of compound
parabolic concentrator for the purpose of water disinfection. They carried out a series of
experiments with different salinity of water for the above purpose. They concluded that, compound
parabolic concentrator is one of the best solutions for the water disinfection compared with various
conventional sources.

Figure.17 shows the experimental set up of compound parabolic concentrator for use of water
disinfection.
 Figure 17 CPC for use of water disinfection

Mammo et al.,(2012) developed the prototype of crossed compound parabolic-based photovoltaic

(CCPC) module made of aluminum with 60 acceptance angle and achieved high optical efficiency for
building integrated photovoltaic applications as shown in Figure 18.
 Figure 18 (a) 3 D Profile of CCPC (b) 3 D crossed 9x9 CPC.

Nkwetta and Smyth (2012) transferred computer generated coordinates for the full and truncated
CPC solar collectors to AutoCAD formats to draw the profiles in a dxf format enabling and used in
the construction of the reflector support and profiles. Murray and Nelson used AutoCAD to
investigate the properties of a tubular reactor in a solar furnace and to design a parabolic.
K.P. Hickerson and B.W. Filippone (2013) used compound parabolic concentrator as an ultracold
neutron spectrometer. They used design principles of optics for the above purpose. They made
vertical parabolic concentrator and tested in climate conditions of California, USA. After a series of
experiments, it has found that Compound parabolic concentrator is a good application for neutron
spectrometer compared with other conventional sources. Figure 19, represents a 3-D sketch of
compound parabolic concentrator.

Figure 19 3-D sketch of CPC for neutron spectroscopy

L. Guiqiang et al.,(2013) carried out experimental and software simulation analysis of lens walled and
mirror compound parabolic concentrator based on flux distribution. They used same sized lens
walled and mirror compound parabolic concentrator (Figure. 20) for above purpose and found good
agreement of experimental and simulation results. After a series of experimental results, it was
found that the lens-walled CPC has shown more uniform flux distribution than the mirror CPC. Figure
21 shows experiment of compound parabolic concentrator during laboratory.
 Figure 20 (a) Lens walled (b) Mirror CPC

Figure 2.21 Experiment of CPC during laboratory

Sellami and Mallick (2013) studied a 3-D ray trace code to determine the theoretical optical
efficiency and the optical flux distribution at the photovoltaic cell of a 3-D Crossed Compound
Parabolic Concentrator (CCPC) for different incidence angles of light rays developed using MATLAB
for a solution to the challenge of reducing the cost of Building Integrated Photovoltaic by reducing
the area of solar cells. Figure 22 shows a comparison between three dimensional cross CPC and two
dimensional CPC.

Figure 22 3-D CCPC and 2-D CPC

3. Performance Investigation of compound parabolic concentrator

Performance investigation includes the prediction of performance characteristics and their
experimental evaluation. The important performance characteristics are optical efficiency,
efficiency, loss coefficient, overall loss coefficient, collector efficiency factor, heat removal factor and
useful heat gain. The literature survey for the prediction of performance and their experimental
evaluation is presented here.

Kreider (1974) formulated energy balance equations considering three components viz. cover,
absorber and fluid. Kreith and Kreider (1978) have presented these equations and said that the
evaluation of UL in a closed form is quite difficult for high temperature concentrator since radiation
heat loss is usually quite important and introduces nonlinearities. They further said that UL could be
determined by experiment or by performance mapping using a computer model based on detailed
analysis. The UL for CPC is generally 2.5 W/m2 K. Rabl (1976) described the method to find
conduction, convection and radiation losses and hence to find UL for the CPC having flat absorber.
He calculated o and for 3 typical concentration ratios. (Goodman et al., 1976) described the
optical and thermal design considerations. Collares-Pereira et al.,(1978) installed an array of 56 two-
trough CPC solar collector modules on the roof of an elementary school and tested them. This was
the first quantitative field test of these collectors conducted anywhere. It was a large scale
demonstration of CPC collectors. The results from the test array were noted and analyzed.

Ozakcay et al., (1978) evaluated the heat transport methods from CPCs for storage. Krishnarao et al.,
(1978) carried out an investigation of experimental performance of CPC. Mullick and Nanda (1979)
described the procedure to modify the reflector to minimize the optical losses through an air gap.
The concentrator was fabricated and tested. Collares-Pereira et al.,(1979) explained the
performance characteristics of CPCs with evacuated and with non-evacuated receivers. They
remarked that CPC with evacuated envelope achieve higher efficiency of about more than 50% in a
temperature range of 100-200C. At lower temperature of about 100C, even non-evacuated CPC
collector with proper design can operate with acceptable efficiency. They recommended that

One of the backless designs such as tubular or vertical fin absorber should be used.
Selective absorber coating should be used.
Use of cavity absorber should be avoided.
Heat loss to the reflector by conduction should be minimized.
Oversizing of the absorber of 5-20 % is recommended.

Hariprasad et al.,(1979) carried out investigations on the prediction of thermal performance of CPC.
Rabl et al.,(1980) reviewed measured performance data and critical design considerations of non-
evacuated CPCs. The performance of C = 6.5 experimental unit and C = 3 prototype unit is cited. To
minimize optical losses and to allow for alignment tolerances, the authors recommend oversizing of
the absorber by about 20%, choice of low concentration ratio and sufficiently large size. Collector
with C = 6.5 was modified to C = 5.2 unit by using larger steel absorber tubes. All 3 collectors have no
envelope. A new design of C = 1.5 collector with envelope is proposed. It is calculated that this
version would have UL = 2.2 W/m2-K and require no tilt adjustment. Mullick and Nanda (1980)
presented the outdoor testing of CPC collector.

Scheier and Kuehn (1980) explained the performance enhancement of CPC by using air and liquid
simultaneously as a heat transfer medium. Collares-Pereira et al., (1981) described the performance
of the CPC collector with C=3. Hsieh and Wang (1981) presented the parametric study of the
performance of CPC. Dang et al., (1983) carried out optical and thermal analysis of a V - trough
concentrator.

Hsieh (1981) considered four components viz. Cover envelope, absorber and fluid for the CPC with
cylindrical absorber and having an envelope around it and derived four nonlinear simultaneous
equations to predict heat exchange among various components in the system. He formulated heat
flux quantities associated with the optical and thermal phenomena used them energy balance
equations developed collector efficiency equation following the Hottel-Whillier-Woertz-Bliss
formalism used in a computer program to test the collector performance under varied operating
conditions.

Chakraverty et al.,(1987) presented the transient analysis of a CPC collector with time dependent
input functions like solar intensity and ambient temperature and with constant input source.

Fasulo et al., (1987) developed a CPC with lower thermal losses. Eames and Norton (1995)
performed the theoretical and experimental investigation in optical and thermal performance due to
the introduction of baffles in the cavity of CPC. It reduced total fluid movement and thus convective
heat transfer from the absorber to cover and reflector is reduced and increased total collector
efficiency. Kothdiwala et al., (1995) studied the effect of variation in the angle of inclination of CPC
on its performance. Carvalho et al., (1997) reported that better efficiency is achieved by using
transparent insulation material between reflector and cover in CPC.

Ronnelid and Karlsson (1996) carried out experimental measurements of heat loss coefficient for V-
trough and CPC collectors with flat absorbers. The effect of optical and thermal properties of
reflectors and transparent insulation & geometric arrangements on heat loss coefficient was
studied. The use of low emitting reflectors and a Teflon film between the reflectors and the cover
can considerably reduce the heat losses. Prasad and Tiwari (1996) optimized the inclination of glass
cover on Compound Parabolic Concentratorassisted solar distillation unit and carried out the
thermal performance of the air heater, an instantaneous thermal efficiency with expression of the
air mass flow rate, wind speed and the collector length.

Chew et al.,(1998) Conducted experimental investigation on free convection heat transfer between
the flat top and cylindrical absorber surfaces to see the losses in it. They used correlation equations
like Nusselt and Grashofs number on the basis of equivalent length and cavity height for determining
the theoretical analysis. After a series of experiments, they found, the main culprit for loss of
efficiency and temperature of compound parabolic concentrator are flat top and cylindrical absorber
surface. Figure 23 shows the schematic diagram of the experimental setup of compound parabolic
concentrator.

Figure 23 Schematic diagram of CPC heater tube.

Prapas et al.,(1998) carried out the performance investigation of the flow distributions through the
receiver tubes of a CPC collector for both eastwest (EW) and northsouth (NS) alignments of the
system. The performance found that the flow distribution was non-uniform in an EW alignment, as
compared with a close approximation to a uniform distribution for the NS alignment. The result
presented a similar thermal state performance of the concentrator for both alignments.

Tchinda et al.,(1998) presented analysis of heat exchanges in CPC collector, including axial heat
transfer. The predicted results were compared with experiments and investigated the impact of
input temperature and flow rate of fluid on heat transfer in a CPC collector.

Fraidenraich et al.,(1999) presented a mathematical model for the optical and thermal performance
of non-evacuated CPC solar collectors with a cylindrical receiver, where the heat loss coefficient was
temperature dependent. The numerical results showed the performance of the solar collector by a
set of curves, one for each radiation level. Tamainot-Tel to and Critoph (1999) creed performance
investigations a CPC for an ammonia-carbon absorption refrigerator and found temperatures up to
172C for a concentration ratio of 2.37 corresponding to a total acceptance angle and solar input of
500 W and cooling output of 120 W. Florides et al., (2002) utilized a 1.4X CPC for the evaluation of
LiBr-water absorption cooling system generator and determined heat and mass transfer coefficients
from a 1 kW prototype of an 11 kW machine. The global warming impact of such a system would be
20 % less than a conventional R-22 air conditioner. Aghbalou et al.,(2004) carried out work by
utilized activated carbon-pair ammonia for evaluation of an adsorption refrigerator system and
achieved Coefficients of performance in the region of 14.37 %. Pramuang and Exell (2005)
developed a method to determine the performance parameters the optical efficiency, the heat loss
coefficients, and the effective heat capacity of a truncated CPC applied to an air heater under non-
steady conditions. The optical efficiency and the first order loss coefficient agreement were around
2% and 3%, respectively. They concluded that their method could be applied at any time of the year
in variable tropical climates where a steady state method was not possible.

Lambert (2006) designed, analyzed and modeled a thermal powered adsorption (desiccant vapour)
heat pump system comprised a heat pump, ice thermal storage reservoir and the solar collectors for
heating and cooling. The adsorbent refrigerant pair was carbon-ammonia and the ice reservoir
provided 24 hours cooling at the generator necessitated a CPC with a concentration ratio of 10,
operating temperature of 170 C and automatic tilt adjustment.

Tchinda and Ngos (2006) presented mathematical equations to study the thermal processes in a CPC
collector with a flat one-side receiver with various dimensions. The results showed that for a given
length, the efficiency increased as the flow rate increased, and the outlet temperature of the heat
transfer fluid decreased with an increase of mass flow rate; the selective coating and the nature of
the reflecting material changed considerably the thermal performance of the CPC. Tchinda (2008)
quantified the heat transfer within compound parabolic concentrating solar energy collectors with a
flat one-sided absorber. He examined a mathematical model analyzing the collector thermal
performance by using a constructed computer code that uses an iterative procedure. Yong et
al.,(2008) investigated improvement of thermal performance of the evacuated CPC solar collector
with a cylindrical absorber combined the evacuated glass envelope and analyzed numerical model
on the irradiation determined actually to predict the thermal efficiency.

Singh et al.,(2010) applied the application of compound parabolic concentrator for solar water
heating applications in northern maritime climate. They fabricated evacuated heat pipe integrated
with compound parabolic concentrator with a concentration ratio of 2 with inlet temperatures of 20
to 50 degree Celsius. They found that, CPC performed better at higher solar intensities and lower
inlet temperatures due to the higher absorber temperature of evacuated heat pipes.

Figure 24 Experimental set up of evacuated heat pipes integrated CPC for solar water
heating purpose.

They also concluded that, the evacuated heat pipe solar water heater with CPC is a suitable
for the water heating applications. Figure 24, shows the experimental set up of evacuated
tube heat pipes integrated with compound parabolic concentrator.

Tashtoush et al., (2010) fabricated evacuated heat pipes integrated compound parabolic
concentrator model for the adsorption refrigeration system. They used activated carbon-
methanol pair for the adsorption purpose. They carried out the thermal analysis of above
system and compared with experimental results and found good agreement. They found
COP = 0.576 and COPnet = 0.375 with a maximum temperature reached 157.8C, TB = 57.5C,
Mac = 0.907 kg. Figure 2.25, shows an experimental model of evacuated heat pipes
integrated CPC for adsorption refrigeration purpose.
 Figure 2.25 Experimental model of evacuated heat pipes integrated CPC for adsorption
refrigeration purpose.

Belessiotis and Delyannis (2011) described various direct and indirect solar drying applications and
analyzed drying phenomena and method of coupling solar collectors used in drying for food
preservation. R.S.Gill et al.,(2012) designed the low cost solar air heater with flat plate used
thermocole, ultraviolet stabilized plastic sheet for fabrication to reduce the fabrication cost and
determined the collector efficiency factor, heat removal factor based on air outlet temperature and
inlet temperature for three solar air heaters using single and double glazing in summer and winter
seasons.

.
 Figure 26 Test set-up of CPC.

Sheth and Shah (2013) designed and tested two dimensional compound parabolic concentrator and
tested in climate conditions of Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The primary aim of the research work was to
implement higher concentration ratio in compound parabolic concentrator and compared with the
same sized flat plate collector. After a series of experiments, they found that the efficiency and
temperature gained by the compound parabolic concentrator quite higher compared with flat plate
collector and can be used as a source of lower to medium temperature applications of solar energy.
Figure 26, shows the test setup of compound parabolic concentrator used in the experiment.
 Figure 27. Line diagram of CPC with polygonal aperture.

T. Cooper et al.,(2013) carried out a performance investigation on compound parabolic concentrator

with polygonal apertures. The main aim of the use of polygonal aperture was to increase aperture
angle of sun radiation in compound parabolic concentrator. They conducted a series of experiments
to see the effect of polygonal aperture on performance analysis of CPC. They found that, CPC with
polygonal aperture is best used in various applications like dish, tower and parabolic trough. Figure
27 shows compound parabolic concentrator with polygonal aperture by coordinating system.
X. Li et al.,(2013) investigated the new design of compound parabolic concentrator integrated with
evacuated tube. The novel concept is mainly comprised of a double-glass evacuated tube with
selective absorbing coating, as well as six expansion joints as shown in Figure 28. After a series of
experiments, it has found that the higher thermal efficiency can be realized at higher volume flow
rates as a result of the better heat transfer compared with conventional systems.

Figure 28 (a) Schematic (b) Experimental set up on CPC with evacuated tube.

Nishi and Sema (2013) carried out exergy efficiency of compound parabolic concentrator during
varying cloudy conditions of China. They made a model for the prediction of solar irradiance
including the rate of sunshine combined with consecutive data on the rate of sunshine to accurately
compute the input and output rates of exergy. They found that, maximum exergy efficiency of 12%
achieved during cloudy conditions. Experimental setup used for the application is shown in Figure
29.
Figure 2.29 Experimental set up of CPC for application of exergy efficiency during cloudy conditions.

4. Conclusion

Compound parabolic concentrator is very simple device for the concentration of rays towards
the absorber plate for increment of temperature or air water. It is also easily fabricated by
available materials. Following points are concluded:

Absorber temperature plays a key role for increment in temperature and hence
efficiency,
Absorber plate material should not possess higher heat capacity,otherwise the
temperature rise during daytime will be lower.
 Temperature variations inside the absorber plate playes key role for increment in
efficiency.
Parabolic shape improvement always leads to concentrate solar rays towards the
absorber plate.
South facing orientation of compound parabolic concentrator leads to increment in
efficiency for southern hemisphere places.
Wind speed and solar radiations on the compound parabolic concentrator plays very
important role.

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