flda, kdglfha foaYmd,k wdl jHqy ms<sn`o uYkhla

1.ye`kau

fuu uYkh flda, kdglh ms<sn`o ixialD;sl lshuls.ta ms<sn`o f

jk g;a idys;H wOHhk1,udkjjxYf wOHhk2,fi!kaoh wOHhk3,kdgH yd
rx. l,d wOHhk4 fndfyduhla lr we;. f wOHhkh by; i`oyka Ih
lafIa;% fj;ska o wdNdIh ,nd .kska flda, kdglfha foaYmd,k
wdlh fkdfyd;a wfOda jHqyh wOHhkh lsug fhduq fjhs.

ksIamdok inkaO;d ms<sn`o udlaiaf.a .%yh ;=< foaYmd,k

wdlh^wfOda jHqyh& yd ixialD;sh^Wm jHqyh& w;r we;s inkaOh
ms<sn`o m%jdoh m%Odk ;ekla .kS. Tyqg wkqj Wm jHqyh wfOdajHqyhg
mrdh;a; jQ .;slhkaf.ka hqla; h. Wm jHqyfha ms<sUq jkqfha
wfOda jHqy.; p,khka h ^Marx,1959:11&. ixialD;sl wOHhkays
wka;YslaIKsh Nd;hla ;=< foaYmd,k wdlh ms<sn`o uIK
fndfyda fihska Nd; j we;. udkj jxYfoh,kdgH yd rx. l,dj,wdl
oHdj, foaYmd,k oHdj yd b;sydih jeks YslaIKhka /il odhl;ajh ta
wkqj f wOHhkh fj; t<U ;sf.,xldf foaYmd,k wdlfha is jQ
fjkial fnkaf;dg yd wn,kaf.dv flda, kdglfha ft;sydisl ldYkh
flf n,mE wdldrh uYkh lsu f ,smsfha uQ,sl wNs,dYh hs. f
uq,sl lreK yd ne`kq wjfYaI, tfy;a b;du jeo.;a lreKq lsysmhla o
ta yd iu. u fuys idlPdjg .efka.tajd k wd.l Yajdi moaO;sh
mok lrf.k flda, ms<sn`o irpka l< wOHhkfha yd l=, wkkH;d
mok lrf.k rd>jka l< wOHhkfha iSud Nd. lsu yd fnkaf;dg
flda, kdgH im%odhla mej;s njg m%jdohla mj;sk uq;a tys h:d
;;ajh Nd. lsu hk lreKqhs. wOHhkh i`oyd idys;H uQ,dY% fuka u
iuQL idlPd u.ska ,nd.;a jkd o;a; /ila o Nd;hg .kakd ,.
,xldf ixialD;sl b;sydih inkaOfhkq;a fnka;r,wn,kaf.dv yd
fmdf my;rg b;sydih yd flda, kdgHfha b;sydih inkaOfhkq;a
b;d u jeo.;a jk fkd b`,a o;a; /ila ix.%y lsug fu u.ska yels
h.

2.mdol m%foaY
fnkaf;dg .%duh yd wn,kaf.dv k.rh ,xldf ngysr fjr<dikak
m%foaYfha ls. 20 muK mr;rfhka msysgd we;. f m%foaY fol yryd u
A2 m%Odk ud.h je we;.wn,kaf.dv hkq .d oaia;%Slalfha we;s
fojeks Yd, u k.rh hs. m<uq Yd, u k.rh .d,a, f.fnkaf;dg ol=Kq
m,df;a;a .d ia;S%lalfha;a wdrNfha msysgd we;. th W;=ka
fnkaf;dg .`.g udhs f. b;d .= w;S;hla we; o ;ju;a fkd hqKq
lDIs m%foaYhla f,i fnkaf;dg mj;shs. my;rg fjfik ish u l=,j,g
wh;a msia fnkaf;dg jdih lrhs.fnkaf;dg nyq;r ck wkqmd;h f.d.u
l=,h orhs. wn,kaf.dv o ish u l=, we;s w;r lrdj l=,h kd.l
m%foaYj, wdm:Hh Wiq,hs. ia;r i`oyd 1 is;shu n,kak.

3.uq,sl ixl,am

3.1.foaYmd,k wdlh ^Political Economy&

foaYmd,k wdlh hkq rdcHh yd fj<`ofmd, fuka u mqoa.,hska yd
iudch w;r inkaOh yodrK iudh oHd Ih YdLdjls.th wdl
oHdj,foaYmd,k oHdj yd iudc oHd hk Ih lafIa;% ;=< jOkh jQ
O fuj, yd l%ufo Nd;hg .kshs.foaYmd,k wdlh (Political economy)
hk fhu ` ;a we;af;a .%Sl Polis ^k.rh fyda rdcHh hk w:h
we;s& yd Oikonomos ^rdcHh fyda l=gqNh yiqrejkakd&hk
jpkj,sks.foaYmd,k wdlh hkak ta wkqj zzrgla - rgjeis l=gqN-
md,kh lrkafka fyda yiqrejkafka flfiao hkak foaYmd,ksl yd wdrl
hk lreKq fol ms<sn`oj u wjOdkfhka wOHhkh lsuZZ hkqfjka w:
lah yels h(Encyclopedia Britannica).

iS; im;a wiS; ksia wjYH;d iu`. .,md .ekSu ms<sn`o foaYmd,k
wdlh m%Odk jYfhka u wjOdkh fhduq lrhs.ta iS; im;a ckhd w;r
fn hdf rdcHfha l%shdld;ajh foaYmd,ksl f.ta w:fhka
foaYmd,k wdlh hkq mqoa.,hd yd iudch ww;r inkaOh yeoEu
hs.jvd;a ksjer j lsjfyd;a rgjeishd yd rdcHh w;r inkaOh yeoEu
hs.md,lhd yd rdcHh w;r inkaOh n,fha Nd;hla f,I .%y l<
uelshdfj,Sf.a im%odkhka uq,au wjfha foaYmd,k wdlh Ifhys
l< uey;a f,I ie<lsh yels h.f;dauia fydnia mru kdhlfhl=
ms<sn`o ;l lrkq ,enQfha iycfhka u ksid jeriy.; i;ajfhla h
hk ms<s.ekSf isks.mqkreo wjfha ksidf.a ldhNdrh ms<sn`o
mej;s lau fjkia h.mqoa.,hd f,dalh ;=< ienE i;Hh fidhd .ekSug
iu;a .=Kj;a yd inqoal i;ajfhls hk ia:djrh tys u;= K.b;du
wvqfjka md,kh lrk rdcHh fyd`o u rdcHhhs hk uQ,sl ixl,amh
imdokh lrka ,snr,ajdofha ysug fcdka f,dla iy wev
ia;af.ka ,enqKq iyh iqi,a f.hqfrdamfha ldl rgj, Okjdoh
iuDoau;a f m%;sM,hla f,I u,a;=ia fy.,a yd udlaia jeks
foaYmd,k w:Ydia;%{hka iska Okjdoh fpkh l< w;r ,snr,ajdohg
l,am Odrdjka fhdackd lrk ,.udlaiaf.a Critique of Political
Economy(1959)lD;sfha;a tys tk tx.,aiaf.a ye`oskf;aa foaYmd,k
wdlh ms<sn`o udlaishdkq lau uekka y`kd .; yels
h.udlaishdkq im%odh ;=< foaYmd,k wdlh f,I y`kajkqfha udlaia
Wm jHqyh f,i k l< ixl,amh hs.

Wmrs jHqyh iy wfOdajHqyh

wd:sl jdoh ^th lfGdar udlaiajdoh f,i o y|qkajhs&iNdjH

udlaiajdofha m%Odk ,laIKh f. Wmrs jHqyh fkdfyd;a iudc foaYmd,k
yd nqoaOsuh Hqyh iudcfha wd:sl jHqyh fkdfyd;a wfOdajHqyh
iska ;SrKh lrhs hkak wd:sljdoh^uQ,lD; fyda uQ,Odl
udlaiajdoh&wkqj ms<s.efka. wd:sl in|;d iudc m%mxpj, m%Odk
fya;=j f,i ms<s.kakd isoaOdka; fN!;sljdoS isoaOdka; jYfhka
ms<s.efka. udlaiaf.a fN!;sljdoS Nd;h y|qkajkqfha whs;sydisl
fN!;sljdoh f,ihs. wd:sljdoh, ;dlaIKsl ksYaphjdoh iu`. inkaO
f. udlaia ish .%yhka fndfyduhla bosrsm;a fldg we;af;a
;dlaIKsl ksYaphjdosfhl= f,i hs. Tyqf.a we;e Wmqgd.ekS Bg
WodyrK f,i oelah yelsh. Tng yq,x fuda, ,efnkqfha jevji
wOsm;shd iu`. h. ldl OkjdoS iudch yqud,fhka jk tkacsu iu`.
,ef(Marx,1847). f uq,OujdoS im%odhg wkqj flfrk wOHhk ;=<
ixialD;sl ksIamdok .%y flfrkqfha tajdfha wd:sl ksh;Ska wkqj
h. f oelaug wkqj kdglfha wka;.;h yd th ord isk mKsjqvh iska
yslrk w:, uQ,sl jYfhka u tajd ksIamdokh l< iudc ikaoNfha
wd:sl wOia: jHqyh iska ;SrKh lrhs hkak ms<s.kshs(Curran,1982:18).

;ju;a we;e foaYmd,k wd:sl udlaiajdoSyQ oDIajdoh wd:sl uQ,h

mok fldg mj;skakla f,i Yajdi lr;s. wfOdajHqy$WmrsjHqy udos,sh
ck kdglj,g wdfoaY l< g th tys iudc ikaoNh,Ys,amSka yd
fm%alaIlhka hkdosh ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lsrSu yd inkaO f.
wd:sl jdoh ms<sn| we;s W!Ks;jdoS fpk tys mj;akd O;ajh
.%yKh lr .ekSug wfmdfydi;a jQ tajd f. w,a;=irshdkq
udlaiajdoSka wd:sljdoh fpkh lrka fhdackd lrkqfha WmrsjHqyh
wfOdajHqyfhka idfmalaI ksoyila ,nk njhs. tfuka u WmrsjHqyh
wfOdajHqyh u; mj;ajk wfkHdakH in|;dj o TjqyQ wjOdrKh
lr;s.(Althuser Cited in Lapsley, Robert & Michael Westlake ,1988:5). f woyig wkqj
oDIajdoS Nd;hka jQ ckudOH jeks oE idfmalaI j wd:sl
ksh;sfhka ksoyia f (Stevenson,1995:15-16). flfia fj;;a fuu idfmalaI
ksoyi hk woyi o pdrhg ,la j we;(Paul Hirst:1977, Lapsley and Westlake,
1988:13-14, Curran, 1982:25 lD;s WodyrK f). w,a;=if.a n,mEfuka miq
iagqj fyda,aa yd wfkla ixialD;sljdoS udlaiajdoSka
WmrsjHqyh$wfOdajHqyh hk udos,sh m%;slafIam lrhs. udlaia i|yka
l< iudc i;ajhd yd iudc x{dkh w;r mj;akd ohf,la;slh TjqyQ u;=
lr;s(Curran,1982:18).f wdldrhg foaYmd,k wdlh yd ixialD;sh w;r
inkaOh fndfyda pdrj,g ,laj we;;a foaYmd,k wdlh ixialD;sh
yeisru IfhyS lrk n,mEu ;ju;a wkNsfhda.S iudc pdr kHdhla f,i
mj;S.

3.2.flda, kdglh

,xldf my;rg ol=Kq yd niakdysr uqyq ;Srfha ia:dk lsysmhl

flda, lKavdh is njg w;S; f;dr;=re ,ef. ;ju;a wn,kaf.dv
iai hk m%foaYj, O ugj,ska f .e kdglh olskakg ms<sjk.
ieye,a ,Sfhka5 idok ,o jKj;a fjia uqyqKq me<`o lrk f rx.h
rd;%S wgg kjhg mgka f.k miq od ysh jk f;la mj;ajk r`.
fjfiils. O p;j,ska hq;= mQj rx.hlg wk;=re j l;djia;=jla
fyda folla ksrEmKh lrkq ,ef.ksrEmKh i`oyd Wmfhda.S lr.kqfha l
lSu yd ysjk ixjdohs^irpka,1999(85&. flda, ol=Kq bkahdf
m%Njh ,xldjg O ld,j, meKs ixl%uKslhka iu`. meKs l,djla
h yels h6.flda, hk jpkh o dv W!rejla iys; jpkhla nj fmfka7.
we;e flda, msgm;aj, lafjk l;dj,g wkqj th ys we;af;a
uydiu; rcqf.a ^f.da;%sl iudcj, rcq hkq uyd iu;fhka m;a
jkafkls. m<uq rcq o uyd iu; f&ijg we;s jQ fod<lla ixis`u
i`oyd h.fcdaka le,f msgm;g wkqj ta rcqf.a ku ms,sh;a
h.Ys,amSka w; we;s fmd;aj, i`oyka jkqfha tu fod<l we;s jQfha
w;S;fha ,xldf rc l< jdy k rfcl=f.a ijg njhs.we;e msgm;a
wkqj uq,ska u fjiauqyqKq yd flda, ia;rh Yl% fohkaf.a wKska
Iaulu iska ksmojkq ,enQjls. ;j;a ia;rhl ial fomq;a fkdj
jvqjka iska fjiauqyqKq lemQ nj i`oyka f. bka Wm uyoamfha
rgj, Ys,am l,d yd ludka; wdfhys iNjh fndfyda g Iaulu jH
mq;%hd yd inkaO flf. Nr;uqKs iska kdgH Ydia;%fha wdrNh o
ial fomq;a yd noaO lrkq ,eu fuys u;la l< hq;= h.

flda,u .e l,djls.Bg fmd mhdhla i ksYa; fm<la fyda rx.

iSudjla ;sh fkd yels h.th ld, wjldY fjkial fuka u O
mqoa.,noaO idOl mok lrf.k o fjkia f.oywg ikaksfhka ;rula Tng
f.dia ;%dih fjkqjg ydih ckkh lsu i`oyd flda, Nd;
flK^Sarachchandra,1947,Ceylon observer annual&.ck l,djla f,i wer tys
ksYa; wx. ,laIK fiug h;ak u ksr:l h. fu jeks l,djla wOHhkh
lsug W; Ydia;%Sh YslaIKhla hqfrda flakaSh wOHdmkh ;=<ska
imdokh ke;s nj fmfka.

flda, kdglh i`oyd wNspdrd:hla we;ehs we;eyq ;l lrk w;r th

yqfola fkdaoh i`oyd ksujd.;a .e l,djls hkak ia:dms; o.aO
u;h hs.irpka ta inkaOfhka olajk woyi jkqfha zzikakshl=u
wdoY fldg f.k,mQcd:fhka f;dr jQ yq fkdaod:h msKsi fld,
kegqu jekakla ys u tla;rd m%udKhlg iajNdl j is jQ ldYkhla
f,i ie,lsh yels hZZ^tu(107& hkqfjks. tfy;a Tgdl mfgda,a yd
t.t..=K;s,l hk wh tys wNspdrd:hla ;sfnkakg we;s njg iel my<
lr;s.

kg we;s flda, msgm;aj, NdIdj kQ;k isxy,hg b;du im

jQjls.olakg we;s ,laIKj,g wkqj tu ni 19 jeks ishjfia w. Nd.h
ksfhdackh lrhs.

folla fnr ne`o f.k

fo fofkla fo mi isg f.k
.S ;d, f,isk
.i;a fo ijka ys lr f.k ^994 moHh, isxy, ck iu;
ldjH,2010,126.ms&

flda,f rx. l,dj fndfyda fihska ikakshl=u jeks Ydka;slu iu`.

im j inkaO f.my;rg hla fnrh yd fydrKEj ix.S; NdKav f,i Nd;
lrhs. mo iqr,a yefulla u mdfya ikakshl=fuka `o.;a tajd
f^fkdan,2014.02.25&.mQj rx.fhys p; /ila we;. ta w;r wKfnr
flda,u,fyajd rd<,wdr flda,u,uqo,s flda,u,rcqrefjda,kd. lkHd,Wud
bisjr,f,daldm;s hld,kd. rdlaI,r;akl+g hlaIhd,wiqr hlaIhd,kS,.s
hlaIhd,wd` .=reka,foaj.s ,`o,wk`. nysrj,kd. ure rdiai,w`.kd
hl=,.re`v rdiai, mQKl hlaIhd,isxy rc,j<iaiq fo fofkla,wd f,i
O p; bm;a lr wk;=re j i`ols`re fyda ukf wd l;djla o
olajd o< rc fyda ure rdlaIhd meK msi h .kajd we;e g
Ydka;shla o fldg flda,u ksu lrhs.

3.2.1.fnkaf;dg yd wn,kaf.dv .=re mrmrd

irpka iska isxy, .ekdglfhys flda, kdglh ms<sn`o ia;r
lroa zz;j o fnka;r yd kdl=`M.uqf o fld, lKavdh we;s nj
ie,hs ZZ ^1999(95& hkqfjka igyka lr we;.1952 fyda 1966 bx.%Sis
ixialrKj, tu mdGh ke;.th 1968 ixialrKhg tla l< mdGhls.zzfnka;r
m,df;a m%isoaO flda, kegqlrejkaf.a k lsysmhla my; lafjhs
ZZhkqfjka i`oyka fldg t.t..=K;s,l^1968(10& iska fnka;r
flda, Ys,amSka 9 fofkl=f.a k bm;a lr we;.tu lD;sfhys u
zzflda, kegqj,g m%isoaO . m,d;a my; olajd,ZZ hkqfjka olajd
fnka;r fldau, iqoaof.dv hk hk k ;=k olajhs.fuhska fnka;r f,i
ksYa; .ula ke;. fnka;r hkq Yd, m%foaYh hs. th .iNd n,
m%foaYhls.fldau, g we;=,;a lr we;af;a f;aia chfialr^g jir
30 lg muK fmr h .shd& isfiak chfialr y,am;sjrhd^1989
;%ia;jdka iska >d;kh lrk ,& kodi chfialr^g jir lsysmshlg
fmr fmdf,dkakref oS hf.dia we;& hk flda, fjia uqyqKq
lg,hla ys j is yd tu l,djg inkaO j is lsysm fokd tys mx
j is ksid h.f flda, l=gu Nd; fldg 1966-67 ld,fha fnka;r
.dKS oHd,Sh msgksfha flda, kegQ fmkajQ nj o Bg miq ld,hl
iafika o fjiauqyqKq Khg f.k;a fldau, i`olsrejla kegQ nj o
fkdan mjihs.ta jk g Tyqf.a jhi wjq( 15 la muK Kehs o Bg
inkaO jQfha kodi chfialr nj o mejiS h^fkdan(2014.02.25&f
i`ols`ref [dk,;d k ldka;djla f,kakdg r`. mE nj;a i`olsrdg
r`. mE kodi chfialr wdka fjiauqyqKq fkd me,` nj;a imskd
jh,ska fvda,als jeks ix.S; NdKav o ix.S;h ug Nd; l< nj;a tu
kdgH g kka ye`kajQ nj;a fldau, .jdiSyq mji;s.fldau,
fnda,a msgksfha iEu jirl u fmdfidka fmdahg b l< myka l+vqj
wjIdk kfha f g kegQ nj;a fmdf,dkakref mxhg .sh miq o
W;aij ld,fha kodi chfialr fldau, wd w;r kdgH ixOdkh lsu
tys lSu yd kdglh fufyhu o kodi iska lrkq ,en
we;^.fla..fla.Y%shd,;d,58& f g yeu ykahl u ta ld,fha kegQ
nj;a tajdfhys ;u mshd o imskd jdokh l< nj we,an lkakx.r
mejiSh. 1960 .Kkaj, tjlg fnka;r DRO f,i lghq;= l< lrkakdf.dv
uy;d iska .%du ixjOk jHdmdrfha m%oYkhg iu.d j fnka;r .dKS
oHd, msgksfha meje;ajQ zzl,d uq`MfZZ mej;s .e kegq w;r
flda, kegq o ;snQ nj m%ikak wfjOk yd trd,sia .=rekakdkafia
hk fofokd u mjik ,. tfy;a th imQK flda, uvqjla fkdf.1960
.Kkaj, lrkakdf.dv uy;d ixOdkh l< tu l,d uq`Mjg miq fnka;r
flda, kegqula fyda fkd nj trd,sia i`oyka lrhs.fnka;rg flda,
fjiauqyqKq f.k wdf nKavdr.u m%foaYfha msys ngqg m%foaYfhka
nj o Tyq mjihs. isrsfiak chfialrf.a ixOdkfhka 1980 .Kkaj,
kd.rdiai kegQ nj;a Bg l l,lska Tyqf.a tla mqf;la yd jla yer
mjqf,a ish fokd;a Tyq;a h .sh w;r th kd. rdiai kefuka jia
je is jQjla hehs ksiaiq w;r l;djla me;=reKq nj;a b`rejf.a
mjihs.1950 ld,fha o fnkaf;dg flda, kegq ;snQ nj
.tia.fmdkakfmreu i`oyka lrhs. kS,siaf.j;a; m%foaYfha uvq .id
fmd,aw;=j,ska wdjrKh lr fjiauqyqKq odf.k l< ys /.= ;ud l=vd
ld,fha kerUQ nj Tyq i`oyka lrhs. ;udf.a mshd jQ 1956 fkdjen
h .sh isxy, udOH .=rejrfhl= jQ .f. fmdkakfmreu uy;d i;= j o
fyajd flda,u fjia uqyqKla, isxy uqyqKq,kd.rdiai uqyqKq folla yd
hla fnrhla mej;s nj Tyq mjihs.ish mshdg fnr .eiSug yelshdj ;snQ
nj;a ;ukaf.a u,a,Sg wuri .=rekakdkafia ,jd fyd`ka kegq yd
fnr jdokh b.ekajQ nj;a mjihs. nia;shka f,fkdard k ish wi,ajeis
;reKfhla f Ydia;%j,g jYS fooaf ueKaia .=rekakdkafiaf.ka
Ys,am Wf.k miqj lgdfhla njg u m;a jQ nj Tyq mjihs.thska
fmfkkqfha f ld,h jk g l=,j,g fjka ;snQ ldhhka fjk;a l=,j,
wh o lrkakg mgka.;a nj hs. .rduvqjl .rd uqyqKq ne`oka fjia mEf
whs;sh we;af;a T,S l=,fha whg nj;a tfy;a miqj fnrj l=,
Ys,amSka u .rd fjia mE njg;a fkdan lrk i`oyfkka 1950 muK jk
f;la u isxy, iudch ;=< l=, jevji ixialD;sh mej;s nj fmfka.
fnkaf;dg fldau, chfialr mrmrdj f.d.u wh f. iqoaof.dv fnrj
l=,fha l,dlrejka f flda, kegq i`oyd fnr jehSu .ehSu yd keu
o lf<a h.fnrj l=,h I;= j l,d l=i,;dj ;snqK o iajdkj ixOdkh
l,d ksudK bm;a lsug wjYH Okh yd n,h Tjqka i;= fkd h.
tfyhska f.d.u fyda lrdj l=,fha h msilf.a ixOdk Yla;sh we;s
j i fnkaf;dg fyda wn,kaf.dv m%foaYj, flda, fyda f
m%didx.sl l,d mej;S ke;. fnkaf;dg uQ,sl jYfhka f.d.u m%foaYhls.
Tjqka ;=< l,d fi!kaoh ri{;djg jvd we;af;a iduhsl keUqrej yd
;dlsl nqoah hs. tfyhska wn,kaf.dv nyq;r lrdj l=,h fjfik
m%foaYfha wdrN jQ flda, kdglhg ish l,d l=i,;dj ,nd ug
fnka;rg wh;a iqoaof.dv yd ;=kaj m%foaYj, fnrj l=,fha
l,dlrejkag is h^m;auis(2013.11.06&. wn,kaf.dv flda, kdglfha
fjiauqyqKq jvq mrmrdjka jQ gqlald jvq yd cqjka jvq mrmqre w;
ielfioa tys kegqu,mo,;d, .ehq yd jehq yev jQfha fnkaf;dg
iqoaof.dv yd ;=kaf fnrj l=, l,d Ys,amSka w;sks.^o is,ajd,
fkakjxY,2003 yd .=K;s,l,we.t,1968&

fnka;r flda, kdglh imQK l,djla f,i fkd mej;sh o fndfyda l,l
mgka O W;aijj, flda, wx. r`. olajd we;. 1960 ld,fha fnka;r
jkjdi mkaif,a u,aj fjkafoaishl fld, kegQ nj;a wd,jl iQ;%h
foaYkd lrk g hla uqyqKla ne`o.;a Ys,amsfhla wd,jl f,i meK
kegQ nj;a trd,sia .=re mjihs. fnka;r .=re mrmqr wLkav j u
wn,kaf.dv .=re mrmqr yd ixfhda.fhka flda, kdglh mej;S we;s
nj fmfkhs.my; lafjkqfha flda, kdglfha kg f;dr;=re ,efnk
b;sydih ;=< O ld,j, fnka;r iqoaof.dv yd ;=kaf fnrj l=,
l,dlrejka yd uywn,kaf.dv lrj l=, l,dlrejka w;r ixfhda.fha
b;sydih hs. fuys ld,h laf mrmrdj wkqj j. lr we;. yeu g
u tla mrmqrla wfkla mrmqfrka fjka lrk meye,s fLdjla ke;.
mshdf.a flda, kdglfha r`.k mq;d miq j flda, l=gf whs;slre
f.wn,kaf.dv ysfj;af;a wdhmd, .=rekakdkafiaf.a cqjkajvq
mrmqr o fuf,i igyka l< yels jqj;a fuys ixlSK u je,elau
i`oyd gqlaldjvq mrmqr muKla f,aLkhg f.k we;. cqjkajvq mrmqr .ek
wOHhkfha O wjia:dj, idlPdjg .kq ,ef.fnka;r .=remrmqrg
iudka;r j wn,kaf.dv .=re mrmqr olajd we;af;a f fo msi tla j
ta wjh ksfhdackh l< neKs. 1 j.=j n,kak.

ld,h fnka;r .=re mrmqr uy wn,kaf.dv .=re mrmqr

l%s.j iskao .=rekakdkafia .v.Thsksia jvq rd<yd -1800
1800 fnr jdokh,t<sh ld,h
uq, .=rekakdkafia tia.t.ia
 .v.mE,sia7
1850- odks .=rekakdkafia .v.mE,sia -1856$1955
1950 fnrjdokh, x.s^ .v.iqnfkaia
iskao.=ref.a u,a,S& yd tia.f wdka8
,ehsf;aksia
1920- iqoaof.dv wuri .v..=Kodi -1903$1977
1977 .=rekakdkafia .v.ihsuka is,ajd
kkao .=rekakdkafia yd v,s.veksmd, wdka 10
tkao .=re9
fnrjdokh,f;aia yd
,ehsfkaia
fydrKE( B. irfkaia

1980 taka .=rekakdkafia .v.yYapka11 f mrmrd fol inkaO

isg m;auis risxy ke;
wo l=uq l=udr
olajd
uq,dY%( o is,ajd, fkakjxY,2003 yd 1 j.=j
.=K;s,l,we.t,1968

4.uQ,dY%

4.1.flda, msgm;a

1. Callaway,John, 1829:Yakkun Nattannawa and Kolan Nattanawa,Oriental translation

fund:London.fuh b;d myiqfjka wka;cd,fhka ,nd .; yelsh.Google iud.u
iska th mf,dalkh lr PDFudOHhg k.d we;.www.archive.org fj;ska
fkdf,a .; yels h. f fmdf;a hl=ka kgkjd fldgi muKla 2010
;siai ldhji iska isxy,g mj;kh lrkq ,en we;. le,f, fld,
f;dr;=re f.k we;af;a .d,af,a ;,dmsfha fnr jhkakkaf.a
m%Odkshdf.ks.fodka ksfldf,dia fmfrd iu`. tys f.dia we;. f
.erekakdkafia hla f;d,a iu`. lsis` inkaOhla ke;ehs le,fg
mjid we;^x.p&.f m%foaYfha ;ju;a fnrjd l=,fha fndfyda msila
j;a jk uq;a ish,a,ka u ish l=, uQ,hka jid ouka ishs. fnrj
l=,h wvq l=,hla f,i ie,lSu Bg fya;=jhs.;ju;a iq`M uka;r .=rel
lrk ySka whahd kka y`kajk .=rekakdkafia flfkla fjhs. f
m%foaYh ifrka;=lf ykah wi, we;s nyq;r uqia,s msila fjfik
.ula f.f ;,dmsh n,msh hehs ielhla bmug t.t..=K;s,l W;aidy
lr we;^1968(33&. th fidhd fkdne,Su ksid is jQ jereoaols.

2.Ac 14 orK fld<U fl!;=ld.drfha we;s flda, kgkjd kka hq;a

mqiafld, fmd;.t.t..=K;s,l flda, kdgl idys;Hh lD;sfha fnfyka
Nd; fldg we;af;a f fmd;hs.fuh 1898 g wh;a nj laf.

3.or4995 kka lvodis m;abre 58lska hq;a flda,ka kef l kka

%;dkH fl!;=ld.drfhka msgm;a fldgf.k rdcH f,aLkd.drfha we;s
Pdhd msgm;.fuys Pdhd msgm;la ,xld YajoHd,fha we;s nj irpka
olajhs. th ka fk;a fmd;lg ;nd ne`o mqia:ld,fha 5 jk uyf,a
we;ehs mjik ,ka fidhd .; fkd yels h.fuh n,s hd.h fkdfyd;a
flda, keu hk kka ;siai ldhji olajhs.Tyq i`oyka lrkqfha
1895 t..o is,ajd iska th msgm;a lr we;s w;r 1982
kkakfoaj ffialr iska fjia uqyqKq yd flda, keu kka m< lr
we;af;a f fmd; njhs^1986(3&.dKS oE, nKavdr ish isxy, flda,
im%odh^2000& lD;sfha f msgmf;a l uq`Mukska u mdfya m< fldg
we;.

4.A.J .fmfrd iska ixialrKh l< 1895 m< l< flda, fmd;la
ms<sn`o irpka iska f;dr;=re olajd we;.th fld<U fl!;=ld.dr
mqia:ld,fha we;s lvodis msgm;la jk w;r b;d merKs u msgm; th nj
laf^irpka,1999(85&. f msgm; ka fidhd.; fkd yels h
^ldhji, ;siai,. 1986(3&.

5.flda, kegq iy .rd hla fm<md,sh kka fodka cqjdksia wmamqyd

iska ixialrKh fldg 1928^ t.t..=K;s,l1968(14&1910 ^ldhji
;siai,1986(7&^fofokd jI folla olajhs& m< l< lvodis msgm;.fuh
fld<U fl!;=ld.dr mqia;ld,fha we;.

6.v,s.wd; o is,ajd yd .=Kmd, u,,fialr iska ixialrKh l<

isxy, ck iu; ldjH lD;sfha we;s flda, msgm;. fuh 1935 rdclSh
wdishd;sl i;sfha ,xld YdLdj iska m%ldYhg m;a flK.f fmd; kg
fj<`ofmf,a we;.

7.mqrdK fld, l fmd;, ud,m,af,a .mS fj;a;isxy iska imd;

h.fuh 1956 m< lrk ,j fl!;=ld.dr mqia:ld,fha we;.t.t..=K;s,l
ish wOHhkh i`oyd Nd; fldg we;.^1968&.

8. kdgl ldjH fyj;a flda, l fmd;,kj.uqf tia.nqkacmamq yd

hQ.;sfodaia m%kdka 1964 fld<U ys;jd hka;%d,fha uqKh lrjd
we;.l;D fmr iQ W.;a lsjrfhla f,i olajd we;.fld<U fl!;=ld.dr
mqia;ld,fha we;. t.t..=K;s,l ish wOHhkh i`oyd Nd; fldg
we;.^1968&.

9.uy wn,kaf.dv .v. .=Kodif.a msgm; ka yYapka i;= j we;.

t.t..=K;s,l^1968& yd irpka^1952$1966& ish wOHhkh i`oyd Nd;
fldg we;.

10.iafia Wvqms, tlai;a l,d uKav,fha fjiauqyqKq ia;rh iy

flda, l fmd;. t.t..=K;s,l^1968& yd irpka ish wOHhkh i`oyd
Nd; fldg we;.
11..rd`vqf fu;sfhfia .=rekakdkafiaf.a w;amsgmf;ka Wmqgd f.k
lUqre.uqf fcdydkaia o is,ajd iska msgm;a lr.;a fmd;.
t.t..=K;s,l ish wOHhkh i`oyd Nd; fldg we;.^1968&.
12.ffjoHdpdh fykasla Ouodif.a m;abre. t.t..=K;s,l ish wOHhkh
i`oyd Nd; fldg we;.^1968&.
13. ;=kaf m;auis i;= j we;s taka .=rekakdkafiaf.a flda,
w;a msgm;.
14.;siai ldhji iska ukf flda,u kka m< fldg we;s 1980.01.26
k r;a;kmsfha urKdOdr i;sh yd 1985.06.07 k fi!kaoh wOHhk
wdh;kfha mfhaIK yd m%ldYk lgqj ixOdkh lrk ,o ukf flda,
oYkfha fydalkaor f;dauia we,ska lmq uy;d m%Odk k`Mjka l<
rx.h wdY%fhka 1986 m< l< lD;sh.
4.2.iuQL idlPd
1.m%ikak wfjOk uy;d^69& iu`. Tyqf.a b`ref .,anv msys
ksjfia 2014.02.08 k l< idlPdj.Tyq 1960 isg fnkaf;dg
.%duks,Od jrfhla f,I fiajh lr we;.iuia: ,xld .%du ks,Od
ix.ufha ysgmq iNdm;s f lfkls.
2.ynqre., ;=kaf mx iuld,Sk flda, kdgHlrejl= jk taka
.=rekakdkafiaf.a mq;a m;auis risxy uy;d^57& iu`. 2013.11.06
yd 2014.02.11 hk lj, l< idlPd
4.uy wn,kaf.dv ;=vqjuq,af,a mx gqlaldjvq yYapka uy;d^60&
iu`. 2014.02.09 k l< idlPdj
5.wn,kaf.dv j;=f.or mx rElv wkquxv,fha iNdm;s yd n,s were
.fm%aka uy;d^68&iu. 2013.09.06 yd 2014.02.09 hkd kj, lrkq
,enQ idlPd.
6.fnkaf;dg iqoaof.dv mx fjiauqyqKq legh Ys,amS yd fnr jdok
Ys,smS fkdan uy;d^63&iu. 2014.02.25 k l< idlPdj
7.kg fnkaf;dg isk jhia.; u k W.;a mqoa.,hd iQhf.dv mx
.tia. fmdkakfmreu uy;d ^90&iu. 2014.02.26 k meje;ajQ idlPdj
8.fnkaf;dg iqoaof.dv mx .trd,sia lg uy;d iu`. 2014.02.23 k
l< idlPdj.
9.Y%dl y,am;s yd fnkaf;dg .ek .%ka:hla rpkd l< f,aLlfhl= jk
we,an lxkka.r uy;d iu`.^wjq(81& 2014.03.09 k meje;ajQ idlPdj
10.fldau, Wmka kg .,a;=vqj m%foaYfha fjfik
.fla..fla.Y%shd,;d^58& 2014.03.12 k l< idlPdj

4.3.rl:k idlPd
1. 2013.11.06 yd 2014.02.11 hk kj, mdkf mx taka
.=rekakdkafia ^83& iu`. rl:kfhka idlPd lrk ,.t;r fyd`o u;l
Yla;shla ka Tyq i;= j ke;s nj ye`.sk^0382298543&.
2.fnka;r wdruq,af,a mx jD;a;Sh kegq Ys,amS yd fnr jdol
l=uq l=udr uy;d^38& iu`. 2014.02.25 k l< rl:k
idlPdj^0776062555&.
3.fnka;r fndau`Mf mx mqj;am;a f,aLl yd y,am;s chr;ak
b`rejf.a uy;d^52&iu`. 2014.03.02 k rl:kfhka l<
idlPdj^0718601668&.
4..d,a, ;,dmsfha ^le,f f;dr;=re ,ndf.k we;af;a f m%foaYfha
is fnrjdolhkaf.a m%Odkshd fj;sks&.%du ks,Od w;a l=udr uy;d
iu`. 2014.02.13 k rl:kfhka l< idlPdj^0718073726&.
5.mQj wOHhk

flda, kdglh ms<sn`oj;a ,xldf foaYmd,k wdlh ms<sn`oj;a lrk

,o mQj wOHhk lsysmhla u we;.fuys fYaI ie,ls,a,la olajkqfha
ta w;=ka f wOHhkh i`oyd im j Nd; jk yd f yd .efgk wOHhk
muKs.flda, kdgl inkaOfhka my; i`oyka mQj wOHhk iu`. f
wOHhkh iDcq j inkaO f.

I.tr irpkaf.a wOHhk^1947 -1968 olajd&

irpka flda, ms<sn`o ,smshla 1974 isf,daka Tij

ixj;ailfha m< lr we;s w;r Tyqf.a jeo.;a u uey;au 1952 m<
l<The Sinhalese Folk Play lD;afha,tys 1966 ixfYdaOkh jQ The Folk Drama of
Ceylon lD;sfha;a tys u ixfYda; mj;kh jQ isxy, .e
kdglfha;a^1968& flda, ms<sn`o lafjk mfoh hs.irpka flda,u
o pQ, ixialD;sl wx.hla f,i .%y lrhs.fn!oaO uyd im%odh ;=<
flda, Ydka;slu wd lsisjla ia:dk .; l< fkdyels ksid frdn
fr*S,af.a^1956&by; kHdh fn!oaOd.ug .,mka .Kkd:
Tffialr^1963& iska iQ;%.; l< zzisxy, nqoaOd.uZZ ;=< ck kdgl
yd Ydka;s lu ia:dk .; lrhs.flfia fj;;a flda,u fkdaod:h msKsi
ilid .;a .e rx. l,djla f,i kd wNspdrd:hla we;s wd.l luhla
f,i irpka y`kd fkd .kshs..eg`Mj we;af;a uyd im%odh fyda pQ,
im%odh hk fol u wd.l mokug wod< uhs.pQ, im%odh uyd
im%odfhka fjkia jkqfha tys wd.l Yajdi yd weoyS ixrplhka
wkqj muKs.f im%odhka fol u wd.u uQ,sl fldg .kshs.flda,u wd.l
Yajdi moaO;sh mok fldgf.k .%y lsf mek k.sk .eg`Mj k
lsis wd.l uey;aula ke;s ikaoNhkays o flda,u mej;Su hs.
WodyrKhla f,i ixpdrl fydag,a mY%fha kgk flda, kegqj, ljr
im%odhl fyda w:hla ke;.tys irpka mejiQ fkdaod:h
;sf.tfy;a YajoHd, yd mdie,a rx. Yd,dj, ke;fyd;a cd;s W;aijj,
flda, kgkqfha fkdaoh i`oyd u hhs lsj yels o@ ke;fyd;a tys
wd.l w: ;sf hhs lsj yels o@ ke;.tfyhska irpka f .e kdgl
wOHhkh lsu i`oyd Nd; l< moku Tyq ;=<u;a miqj Tyq fkdis;+ ;r
Yd, f,i;a wnqOhg f.dia we;.Tyqf.a t<Uqu imqrd u neyer lsu o
l< fkd yels h. ta t<Uqu wdxYsl t<Uqula f,i ie<lSu W; f.

II.t..rd>jkaf.a wOHhkh ^1961&

rd>jka udkjjxYffhls.Tyq ,xldf l=, f.da;% wdh ms<sn`o wOHhk

/ila lr we;.lrdj l=<h ms<sn`o Tyqf.a wOHhkfhys^1961& flda,
kdglh lrdj l=,fha l,djla f,i olajd we;.zzflda, l,djla f,i wo
mj;sk ;;ajhg m;aug wn,kaf.dv lrdj l=,h w; O whrhka miq
lrka ldYkh we;.f.v,s.wdhmd, Ys,amshd fuys isk fyd`o u
Ys,amshd f.f l,dj ms<sn`o fmdfydi;a Wreuhla wn,kaf.dvg we;s
w;r O jhiaj, wh th mqre mqyqKq fjka
is;sZZ^rd>jka,1961(26&.rd>jka olajk f,i lrdj l=,hg flda, fjia
uqyqKq ksIAmdokfha yd yev .ekaf jvq ldl {dkh ms<sn`o
whs;sh;a fuh m%didx.sl f,i ixOdkh fldg meje;au mj;ajdf.k hdu
yd kv;a;= lsf;a f.!rjh ys h hq;= h. f l,df ;kslr Wreulre
lrdj l=,h fkdf.uy wn,kaf.dv flda,f ,.kakd l, mo iqr,a, .ehq
kegq ;d, f ish,a, ;=kaj yd iqoaof.dv fnrj l=,fha
l,dlrejkaf.a h.tfyhska rd>jkaf.a kslaIKh o wdxYsl jQjla f,i
ie<lsh hq;= h.

III.we.t..=K;s,lf.a wOHhkh^1968&

.=K;s,lf.a wOHhkh idys;H wOHhkhls.tys ;;a wjfha is Ys,amSka

iu`. idlPd o lr we;.th flda, kdglh ms<sn`o .eUqre wOHhkhlg
jvd mq`M,a wOHhkhls.Tyq olajd we;s we;e lreKq .eg`Miy.; nj
fmfka.tfy;a Tyqf.a wOHhkh flda, kdglh ms<sn`o wdOqkslhka ;=<
wjfndaOhla we;s lsug Wo f.f wOHhkfha Tyq .=re mrmrd
ms<sn`o olajd we;s f;dr;=re yd flda, msgm;a ii`oka imdokh
lrk o;a; m%fhdackhg .kakd ,.ir,j lsjfyd;a Tyqf.a lD;sh jeo.;a
merKs o;a; tl;=jls.
fo jkq j ,xldf foaYmd,k wdlh ms<sn`o lr we;s wOHhk o
f ldhfha jeo.;a h.,xldf foaYmd,k wdl b;sydifha .;slhkag
ixf fjka flda, kdglfha ldYkh yeoEf foaYmd,k wdlh
ms<sn`o l< im%odkhkays iydh ,nd .ekSug is h.W!K ixj;
Okjdoh yd mQj OfkaIajr jevji ,laIK hk fo wdldrfha u wdl
uQ,hka tlsfklg iudka;r j mej;Su flda, kdglh jeks ixialD;sl
wx. ;=< m%lafIamKh jk whqre fuys wOHhkh lrkq ,ef.fmda,a
B.nrdka ^1957&.=kav *%Ekala^1967,1969& yd i wka
^1974,1976,1977&wdka ksIamdok flakah jQ hqfrdamfhys m%d.aOk
ixphkh isjk w;r hqKq ldl ixjOkh Bg iSud mjdrfha isk
,xldj jeks wuqjH ksIamdokfhys fhfok rgj, f.dvkef.k fj<`ofmd,
Okjdoh W!K ixj; ;;ajfha u mj;sk wdldr h ms<sn`o l< .%yhka
f wOHhkh i`oyd jeo.;a h.tfuka u ,xldf W!K ixj;
Okjdoh,yqjudre l%u yd w;sla; Y%uh ms<sn`oj;a jk tia...o
is,ajdf.a ^1982& wOHhkh yd Wvrg im%odhsl .fuys Iu mka;s fnu
ms<sn`oj yd tys foaYmd,k wdl .;slhka ms<sn`o ksgka
.=Kisxyf.a wOHhk^1977bfldfkdla ,1988.dhka,1990,&fuys
m%Odk f,i Nd;hg .eksK.
6.Yaf,aIKh(
,xldf foaYmd,k wdlh wjka 5 lg j. lr fuys wOHhkhg ,la
flf.ta O wjj, flda, kdglh ljrdldrfhka ksia ; fyda iudch
yd inkaO j mej;sfha o hkak fuys wjOdkhg ,la flf.fuys
wn,kaf.dv yd fnkaf;dgg wod< jk m fndfyda fihska wjOdkh
fhduq lrkqfha my;rg m%foaYfha is jQ foaYmd,k wdl .;slhka
.%yKh lr .ekSug h.wod< m%foaYfha ;;ajhka fuka u rf iuia:
foaYmd,k wdl .;slhka o tu p,khkag wkqrEm j flda, kdglfha
is jQ fjkial o fuys wjOdkhg .efka.,xldf foaYmd,k wdlh^1&
jevji wjh,^2&hg;a; wjh,^3&mYapd;a hg;a ; cd;sl
jHdmdrh,^4&mYapd;a hg;a; jD;a; wdlh yd ^5&W!K ixj;
Okjdofha f;jeks ld;=j& f,i fldgia mylg fnod fuys uiqug ,la
flf.,xldf foaYmd,k wdl b;sydihg iudka;r j ixialD;sl b;sydih
lshu fuys moku hs.
6.1 jevji wjfha my;rg iudch yd ixialD;sl miqu
flda, kdglh jeks fkdaoh uq,a fldg.;a yd l=, foll ixl,kfhka
we;s jQ l,djla l=, jevji l%uhla ;=< ksudKh h fkd yels h.
flda, kdglh wdrNu ta wkqj mD;=.Sis yd ,kafoais hg;a ;
ld,h fyda bx.%Sis md,k wjfha is jQjd h yels h.wjidk jrg my;
rgg n,mE isxy, rdcOdksh jQfha fldaf rdcHhhs. iS;djl yd uykqjr
md,kh hgf;a fnkaf;dg yd wn,kaf.dv m%foaY mej;S ke;. wjidk jrg
f m%foaYh md,kh l< isxy, rcq jQfha nqjfklndyq h ^1534}1551&.
wk;=rej fldaf rcq jQ fodka cqjka Oumd,^1551}1597&rdc
m%;srEmlfhla muKs. wn,kaf.dv Oumd,f.a .nvd .ula f,i
mej;sK^u,dkkao,f;kakfldaka,1963(230&.zz.nvd .ula jQ l,S lsgfha
m%fhdackh i`oyd jeishka iska fkd,fha yd imQKfhka f.djd;eka
lrkq ,nkuq;af;gq l=Uqre iys; .ula hhs fvdhs,s ia;r
lrhs.jeishka fufia lf<a Tjqka N=la;s` bv i,ldf.k h.TjqyQ
;j;a we;e rdcld lsug o ne`fkda jQyZZ^tu(302&. Oumd,
wjfhaa ,xldf is f.daf m%;srdchd jQ fkdfrd[a[d mD;=.Sis
hg;a m%foaY md,kh lrk ,.mD;=.Siska iska mkai,a foajd, ud,s.d
f.j,a wd ish,a, uxfld,a, lk ,. fnka;r yd wn,kaf.dv mej;s
m%isoaO ld,s flda,a o mD;=.Siska iska uxfld,a,ld we;. flda,
kdglfhys tk fyajd flda,u u,OuiQh rc
oji^1592}1604&mD;=.SiSkag yiq jQ f.damd, uqhkafiaf.a ;h
frd .ekSug rcq flf;la W;aidy l< o fya urd u ksid fldam j
rcqf.a w;a;vx.=f is mD;=.Siskaf.ka we;euqkaf.a w;a md kdid
lmd fld<Ug msg;a lsf isoah isys .kajhs.tu isoafhka fldam
m;a mD;=.SiSka rcq uerug l< l=uka;%Kh ta wx.l, l< mD;=.Siska
w;r is wfhla jQ uEkqfj,a hia iska u,OuiQh rcqg fy,s fldg
Tyq fj;ska uyuqo,s ;k;=r o .;a nj b;sydifha laf^mq[a[r;k
ys,ydka me,afmd,,1941(45&. fyajd flda,ug uq,a jkakg we;af;a f
isoah h yels h. isoah is ld,hla hk g th l,dj ;=<
m%;sksudKh u iajNdjh hs.uqo,s, wdr, odfka hk ;k;=re o jevji
l%uh ;=< mej;s ;k;=re f. tajdfha n,h iys; ld,fha tu ;k;=re
flda,ug ke.Sug bv fkd ,efnkq we;. f ;k;=re fjkia fkd fldg
mD;=.Siska yd ,kafoaiSka o ;jrg;a mj;ajdf.k hk ,. tu ;k;=rej,
n,h ySk .sfha bx.%Sis md,k l%uh ;=,sks.
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n,uq.rdcHfha jmih ;=< we;s ish bvj, whs;sh rcq i;= h.l%u
;=klg bv N=la;s `f whs;sh uy ckhd fj; ,nd ;snqKs.tk .nvd
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jYfhks.f .j, jeisfhda wod, .f whs;sh wkqj wiajekafka je
fldgi ro,hd rcq fyda ydrhg h hq;= h.tfuka u fkdf,a Y%uh yd
Ys,am ludka; lsu o l< hq;= h.rcq fjfik we;=`M kqjr kd.l jQ
w;r mjdr m%foaY rcqf.a wm%udK n,h iys; f.dre f.m%Odk iudc
mka;s folla tys lsh yels h.rcq ro<hka NslaIQka yd mQid,ska
we;=<;a mr mqgq ro< mka;sh yd f.dka yd Ys,am fY%aKs we;=,;a
f.d mka;sh ta folhs.f.d;eka l%u folla h.tlla k l=Uqre j.d
lsf jevji l%uhhs.my;a w;a;x l%uh jeks Y%u iyfhda.S l%uj,g
j.d lr ro<hkaf.a yd rcqf.a mx.= ,nd fok ,.Wia j.d lsu
fldhqksia l%uhlg is h. tu bv w;a;x l%uhg l udre l%uhlg
j.d flreKq w;r ks, mx.= f.ula f bv i`oyd fkd lrk ,.
isxy, jevji l%ufha md,k ,laIK ljrdldr o@th rdcdKavq l%uhls.
md,k ;;ak%fha m%Odkshd jQ rcq ish n,h l%shd;aul lsu i`oyd m;a
l< ks,Od me,eka;shla h.md,k jHjia:d w,s; im%odhka yd is;a
;a h.rc jdi, rdcld i`oyd fjk u ks,Od lKavdhula h.tu ks,
;k;=re l,ska l, wvq je jQ nj fmfka.f ms<sn`o ia;r i`oyd
/,a*a mSiaf.a isxy, iudc ixOdkh,1964(12}16 msgq n,kak.uykqjr
rcqkaf.a jdi, ;k;=re ms<sn`o ukd ia;rhla f,dakd Y%Su;S
foajrdcdf.a Wvrg rdcOdksh lD;sfha 10 jk mfoh jQ uOH md,kh
hkafkys bm;a lr we;. fldaf rdcOdks iufha m%dfoaYSh mmd,k
tall jYfhka rdcHh fldgia 4 lg fnod ;sK.tajd idjkaks ^idjks&
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i;a fldarf,a hkq tu idjkaks hs. f m%dfoaYSh tallj, rcqf.a n,h
l%shd;aul lf<a idf jre isks. foaYfdayS l%shd yd kSuere
kvq Nd. rcqg fhduq l< w;r wfkla wlrK ldhhka idf w;ska is
h^is,ajd,t.hQ,1997(107}108&. mmd,kfha idjkakshla fldar<j,g
o fldar,hla m;a;=j,g o m;a;= .j,g o fnK. fldar,h Ndr j
fldarf,a odfka l%shd l< w;r Tyqf.a iyhg w;=fldar,jre
h.fldarf,a odfkaf.a f,al lghq;a; fudfydgd, iska l< w;r
.Kldld ldhh lrk ,oafoa lklal mq,af,a isks.wjYH g yuqod
ixOdkh lsu o idf jrekag mej ;snQ rdcldrshls.yuqod ixOdkh
lsu uqo,sjrekag Ndr jQ w;r uqo,sjre hgf;a wdr k ks,Odka
msila is w;r wdr hgf;a lxldkjre kka ;j;a ks,Odka msila
h.f ks,Odkaf.a wdOdrfhka yuqod ixOdkh lsu is h. fYaIfhka
ixOdkh l< Ng msila fkd is w;r tfkod j.d lghq;= lrka j;a
jQ Yla;su;a mska fuf,i hqoaOhg le`ojk ,.zzisxy, fyajdhka hqO
ug meKsfha ish wwdhqO /f.k foi;shlg iEfyk wdydr mdk o iys;
j hZZ^tu(108&.flda,fuys ksrEms; p; jkafka uqo,s yd
wdrhs.fudjqka isxy, md,kfha yuqodNdr ks,Odka jQ w;r foaY
wdm:Hhg k;= jQ miq f whf.a rdcldh wkjYH tlla h. mD;=.Sis yd
,kafoais yuqod fufyhjk ,oafoa Tjqkaf.a wK fok ks,Odka isks.
f isxy, yuqod m%OdkSka ljg p; lsu wjYH jqfha hg;a;lrejkag
h. flda,f m%odk p; jk f wx. tl;= u hg;a ; wjfha is jQ
nj is;sh yels h.
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bx.%SiSka iska o fldia;em,ajre kka f ;k;=r .g u mj;ajdf.k
hk ,. th fmd,sia fiajhg iudka;r jQjla h^m%ikak wfjOk&.

f iudc ixOdkhg wu;r j noao kka ;j;a iudc ixOdkhla h.fuh

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mmd,k jHqyh hs.ta ta m%foaYj,ska f;dard.;a uq,doEkSka tu noaO
ixOdkh md,kh l<y.noaO ixOdkj, m%Odk ;k;=re odfka yd rhd k
h.zz rchg l< hq;= fiajd mj;ajdf.k hdu rchg wh h hq;= n whlr
rdcH NdKavd.drhg f.u ks,Odkag ck iudchg yd wd.l uOHia:dkj,g
fmdf l< hq;= foaj,a ixOdkh lsu wdh Ujqkag mejKZZ^tu(110&.
fldg,a noao, lskakr noao, l=ref noao, ufya noao, uy noao wdh tu
l=, ixOdkhg WodyrK f.fujeks ldhdxY 14l k wdkkao l=udriajd
olajhs^1961&.flda, kdglhg inkaO jk lrdj yd my;rg fnrj hk l=,
fol o f noaO ixOdkhg wh;a f.rdcH fiajh wkqj lrdj l=,h fmare
6lg fnfoa.mgne`,jvq,.,mam;a;s,lsh;aldr,fmfrjldr yd odfka hkq
tajdhs. gqlaldjvq yd cqjka jvq mrmrd jvq fmarejg wh;a f.lrdf
l=,hg wh;a jQ iudc ldhh ud we,a,Su hs. fnrjdhkag^f jpkfha
lsis .ydka; njla ke;& wd{d m%isoaO lsu fr u,mkaox
t;Su,l=,S jev yd f.d;ek hk ldhka mej ;sK.

rcq m;a l< ks,orejkaf.a jrm%ido ,nd u;a rcqf.a mx.=j heu;a
bvj, lrk j.d yd ludka;j,ska ,nd .; hq;= h.Y%lhka ta wkqj
bvug ne` ;snqKs.mqoa.,sl;ajhg bvla fkd ;sKs. zziudc im%odh
jQfha iduQysl j jev lsuhs.tjeks iudchl mqoa.,hka iska Okh /ia
lsu i`oyd fjfyila fkd .kakd ,^wd. mSia,ms(117 yd
%ika,jekavka,1963(9&.tjeks w,i ukao.d w: l%uhla ;=< fkdaoh
i`oyd flfrk m%idx.sl l,djla l=, foll tl;=fjka ksudKh ug
miqula ke;.noao ixOdkfha fiajfhka yd hemSu i`oyd lDIs fyda
jr ludka;fha fhug mndysr j fjk;a lghq;=j, fhug Tjqkag
wjldY fkd ;sK.f.dka fyda Ys,amSka f,i fldf;la Y%uh jeh l< o
ksIamdok w;sla;hla Tjqka ;=< we;s fkd h.ksIamdok w;sla;h
ixphkh jQfha rcq ro<hka yd foajd, yd ydrj,shs. tu o.aO mka;sh
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ckhdg tjeks bvla fkd,eK. Tyqf.a wdl l%shdj,sh u ukao.d
fkdaold tlla h.hdka;%sl f,i Y%uh iQrd lEula fkd h.iduQysl
l%shdldrl wd.l fyda hd;=luuh jQ w;r th mkai,a flda,a fyda
ro<hkaf.a m%Odk;ajfhka ixOdkh h. f,!lsl fkdaod:fhka flda,u
jekakla tys ys h fkd yels h. tfyhska flda,u kdgl fYaIhla f,i
yev .eiSu mD;=.Sis yd ,kafoais ld,j, isjkakg we;ehs is;sh
yels h. mD;=.SiSka iska f,!lsl fkdao l%shdldrl fmd ckhd w;r
m%p,s; lrk ,. mdka lka jhska fndka lms[a[d ;d,j,g nd,a keu
Tjqkaf.a fl ld, l%shdldrlula jQ nj o wu;l fkd l< hq;= h.
flda,u ol=Kq bkah wdYdNdIhla o iys; rx.hls.flda, ;=,a,,a kka
fjiauqyqKq me<`o kgk .e r`. fjfiila flar< m%dka;fha we;.th
wk:ld n,f.hkaf.ka wdrlaIdj i<ik j%; pd;%hls.ud;= udifha
ueo ld,s flda,aj, werfUk fuu pd;%h pqks ueo olajd u mj;S.ld,s
wj;dr isys .kajk fjiauqyqkQ me<`o f kegqu lrhs
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mqiafld< flda, msgmf;ys fuh yska wd.u yd inkaO jQjla f,i
olajd we;.;j;a msgm;a /il u f lreK lsh yels h ^n,kak
.=K;s,l,1968,24}25 msgq&.
w.;s` i` mn `o
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lS mqj;a fkdujr o
lshka isxy, niska mo ne `o ^fo jk msgqj&

fldaf fyda Bg fmr wjhl ol=Kq bkahdf isg meKs ixl%ukslhka

iu`. flda,u wNspdr fYaIhla f,i fuys mefkkakg we;ehs is;sh
yels h.th ta wjfha .x.d winv ;snQ ld,s flda,a wdY%s; wNspdr
fjfiila f,i mj;skakg we;. ck ixialD;sh ms<sn`o fndfyda l,la
mfhaIK l< yd wn,kaf.dv m%foaYfha u j;a jQ iS.o.tia l=,;s,l
fufia olajhs.zzc.ka ud;d,ld,s,ysl; wd kj,ska ye`kafjkafka
iY%Sl;ajh i`oyd mqokq ,enQ tl u foaj;ajhls.,xldf flda, kegq
m%Njh jQ fnka;r wn,kaf.dv iai wd uqyq nv m%foaY OdkH
j.djg t;r ys;lr fkd jQ fyhska iYH M, ,nd.ekSf f;kdfjka jQ
hd. W;aij fuu fmfoiays ckhd w;r fkd h.tfy;a fnka;r ld,s
flda,la mej;s nj mr ikafoaYfhka fmkakq lrhs. wn,kaf.dv o
ld,s flda,a mej; we;. fldaf 6 jk merl=ndf.a igkaj,g
flar<fhka f.kajd .kq ,enQ fid,aodjka my;rg m%foaYhkays mx
lrjkq ,e h.12 lrdj .ek je,s.u yduqorejkaf.a l;dj uqlalr ygk my;rg
uqyqlrfha mej;s ld,s flda,a fudjqka i`oyd hehs isf;a.iYH M,
,nd .ekSug flar<fha mj;ajkq ,enQ fld,;=,a,d,a kegq fuu
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,xldf flda, kegqj,;a fmd jYfhka .efkk tla wx.hla h.th .N
mQcd luh hs.ia;%sh o M, yg.kakd jia;=jla fyhska iY%Sl mQcd
luhkays odrflda;am;a;sh fmkakq lsu o is;la
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flda,j, kdgHuh jQ iudc p; ^uqo,s, wdr,odfk,fyajdhd wdh&
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ldka;djka isks.,xldjg fyajdhka f.fkk g ldka;djka /f.k wdf
ke;. tfyhska ldka;djka kegQ kegqu uyuq,ska u mskag kgkakg is
h.f fyajdhka ,xldfjka fidhd.;a iajfoaYsl hka f kegq okakd
wh fkd h.
jevji wjfhys flda, kdglfha ;;ajh ms<sn`o f wkqj lsj
yelafla th ol=Kq bkahdfjka ixl%uKh jQ wkdh wNspdr wx.hla f,i
,xldf .x.d ksk wdY%s; ld,s yd IaKq woykakka w;r f wjfha
mej;s w;r .e kdglhla njg m;a j fkd mej;s njhs.
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m%foaY md,kh lf<a ,kafoais fj<`o iud. isks.1796 isg 1815
olajd ixl%dka;s iufhka miq j uq`M rg u %;dkH hg;a ;hla
h.my;rg m%foaY jQ f wOHhkfha mdol m%foaYh hg;a ;hla njg m;a
jkqfha 1505 h. hg;a;lrejka ;sfokdf.a u md,khg;a ;dvk
mSvkj,g;a n,mEug;a ,la ug f m%foaYj, jeishkag is h.f
m%foaYj, Yd, hqoaO fyda wrdcHjdkag tfrys Id, m%;sfrdaO;d
we;s fkd h. ta fjkqjg my;rg m%foaY jeishka hg;a;lrejkaf.a
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i`.rdjg O j;=ka iska imhd we;s ,sms,fmda,a .B.mSrsiaf.a
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fla.v..=KjOk wd b;sydi{hka iska lrk ,o f,aLk;a fuys
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noaoixOdkh hk fol u mD;=.Siska iska we;e fjkial iys; j ish
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mej;s rdcld yd l=, jevji l%uh u.ska u mD;=.Siska ish wjYH;d
imqrd .eksK.fldaf wjfha md,k l%uh jQ fiajd N=la;s bv l%uh
mD;=.Siskag mqre j ;snQ jevji bv N=la;s l%uhg jvd fjkia
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fodka fcrksfuda o wif u,ajdkg ish md,k uOHia:dkh f.k f.dia
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je<`o.;a ;ukag ys;j;a whg fok ,.n,fhka bj;a l< m%OdkSka jeo.;a
;k;=re msKuk uqjdfjka f.dajg msg;a lrk ,.ud;r idf jQ fodka
m%kdka iurfldaka,fhda.= uqo,s yd kslmsfha nKavdr tf,i hejQ
m%odkSka f.1621 ud;r idjkshg m;a l< fldkaia;ka;Skq
nfrka;=f.ka miq j isxy, m%N+ka lsisfjla idf ;k;=rg m;a lf<a
ke;^tu(116&.
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mej;sK. fldar,hlska 1$3 la muK u f bv h.fldaf rdcHfhys j.d
l< bvj,ska 1$8 ;a 1$6 ;a w;r m%udKhla .nvd . h.mD;=.Sis
md,kh hgf;a f .nvd .j,ska Yd, m%udKhla mD;=.Sis jxYj;=kag
yd ks,Odkag mjrK ,.Tjqka bv yd ne`ka rdcldj,ska ksoyia
fldg bvf wdodhfuka 12]la jdIsl noaola f,i f.f mokka bv
h.f wkqj mqoa.,sl bv N=la;sh werK.mD;=.Sis idfjreka ish
ys;j;=kag ks, mx.= fnod ka w;r tajd kej; fkd.ekSu ksid
N=la;slrejkaf.a iskak bv h.1597 mD;=.Sis md,kh mgka.kakd g
rdcld fiajdj,ska ksoyia jQ mD;=.Sis bv ys msila ys
ishy. mD;=.Sis md,kh ;=< ;=ka jeoEre bv N=la;s l%uhla ys
h.tk,
1.l=, fiajd bgq lsu fjkqfjka N=la;s `os bv.
2.l=, fiajd fjkqjg noaola f.jd N=la;s ` bv.
3.lsis fiajdjla noaola fkd f.jd N=la;s ` bv jYfhka h.
idf ;k;=re mD;=.SiSkag u ksid isxy, yuqod ixOdkh
msysK.mD;=.SiSka ish yuqod ldhhkays m%Odk fldg .;af;a
iajlShka h.ldms, v yd fjk;a foaYSh yuqod o n,fldgqj, r`ojd
;snqKs.Wm fiajd finka f,i ,ials[a[ Nghka fhdod .eksK.isxy,
rcjrekag fiajd l< fyajd mkak Yd, m%udKhla jQ uq;a 1602 jk g
mD;=.SiSkag fiajd l< isxy, yuqodj jQfha 12000 la muKs.mD;=.Sis
md,kh wjika jk g tu m%udKh 4700 olajd wvq mej;sK.fyajd
mrfKs bv wys u,hqoaOj, hhdu yd uykqjrg m,d hdu f wvq
ug fya;= h.isxy, yuqod m%OdkSka jQ ,ials[a[ Nghkaf.a kdhlhka
h.;SrKd;aul wjia:dj, Tjqka isxy, rcqg iyh jqKs. f ksid isxy,
uqo,s wdr wdka ms<sn`o mD;=.SiSyq t;r meyeulska fkd
ishy^tu(118&.flda, kdglfhys Wmydihg ,la jkqfha o f yuqod
OQrdj,sh hs. ,ials[a[ Nghd^le,ff.a msgmf;a 1isg 7 olajd
,ials[a[d yd `o w;r ixjdoh& uqo,s,wdr hk ;sfokd u tys
Wmydihg ,la f.ldms flda,u we;eg bx.%Sis md,k l%ufha is
ldmska wkqlrkfhka ieliqkla h yels h. flfia kuq;a isxy, yuqod
OQrdj,sh yE,a hdu werUqfka mD;=.Sis wjfha h. ta yE,a jQ
p; flda,f o lsh yels h.
mD;=.Sis md,k l%uh .ek ydkame,afmd, yshka iudf,dapkh lrkqfha
fufia h.zz hjq,a wl fuka rgjeishkaf.a Ydia;% {dkh ySk
h.tfyhska u idys;Hh fndfyda msyS .sfha h.isxy, NdIdjg
mD;=.Sis jpk /ila tla jQfha h.Tjqkaf.a is;a ;a wdh
isxy,hkag mqre h..iNd ud.fhka i`hyels l=vd hjq,aj,g jvd
fohla fkd mej;s furg fudjqkaf.a wdY%fhka miq Nhdkl wmrdO iq,n
jQfha h.....mD;=.Sis wdKavqf Wiia mo ,ef wdidfjka fndfyda
isxy,fhda frdaudkq lf;da,sl ,h ms<s.;ay..... wl jia;=
f,daNfhka l%shd l< Tjqka iska rgjeishkaf.a jia;=j fkdfhla g
meyer .kakd ,.cd;sl is;a ;a k wdh ke;s h.ta fjkqjg
mD;=.Sis is;a ;a k wdh .re ;kays ;nd l%shd lrkakg
isxy,fhda mgka .;ay.wl f,i iqrd mdkh lsu isxy,hkag mqre
jQfha Tjqkaf.ks.rere frda. o furg we;s h.leu;s f,i f.j,a idod
.ekSu wNskj foaj,ska m%fhdack .kag bv ,eu wd h h m%fhdack
we;s jqj o thg jvd m;a /ila i jQfha hZZ^mq[a[r;k ys ydka
me,afmd,,1941(84}85&.
rgjeishkag wNsu; f,i iar ksjdi ;kd .ekSu yd fm!oa.,sl j foam<
N=la;s `ug ;snQ ndOd h ;rulg f wjfha bj;a jQ w;r y,d.u
l=,h yer wfkla l=,j,g Yd, mSvkhla t,a, fkd K. fnrj l=,fha wh
lrka is ydr j;dj;a fmryer wdh l%ufhka wvq jQ w;r Tjqkaf.a
hemSu hd;=lu Yd;alu lru yd pd;% i`oyd fnr .eiSu wdh u;
mej;sK. jvq jevj, kshq;= lrdf msig ksjdi yd .Dy NdKav ;ekS
lghq;= nyq, j mej;sK. Tjqka w; Okh tla /ia ug o Tjqkaf.a jk
;;ajh fjkia, ia:djr tlla u werfha o f wjfha hs. 1829 le,f
wOHhkh lrk ld,h jk g miudma; ugul l,djla f,i mej;s flda,u
hd;=luj,ska fjkia f,!lsl Ihla f,i ia:dms; jkakg we;af;a
mD;=.Sis wjfha hhs iel l< yels h. le,fg f;dr;=re ,nd ka
;,dmsfha m%Odk fnrlre hd;=lu yd lsis inkaOhla ke;ehs mjid
we;^ Callaway,John, 1829:x&. tk Tyq jd;a;Sh l,dlrefjla f,i u l%shd
l< fyhsks. ta wjh jk g m%ix.sl l,djla f,i th jOkh mej;S
we;. uq,a ld,fha we;e fjia uqyqKq .sx fmd,a fyj;a x .iaj,
vx.j,ska lmdf.k r`.mEf fhkq nj ckm%jdofha ths. wn,kaf.dv
udomd k f;r f .ia tug we;^uvqneiSf ux.,Hh m%ldYkh
1985(10&.ta m%d:l wdrNh mD;=.Sis wjh fyda Bg fmr hhs is;sh
yels h.wdf,dal lS;s k l=udrfhl=f.a mekSfuka miq fj,a lyre
,Sfhka fjia uqyqKq lemSu wdrN jQ nj ckm%jdoh
hs^is,ajd,fkakajxY,2003(11&. ,xldjg O wjiaa:dj, o cd;sj,
rcjre l=udrjre meK we;s w;r we;e wh fl ld,iSudjka O
m%foaY md,kh lsu o lr we;. f wdf,dal lS;s o tjeks u
ixl%uKslfhl= h yels h. kg igykaj we;s b;sydi f;dr;=re ienE
b;sydifhka b;d u wvq fldgils.je,,S .sh f;dr;=re fiug u;a
ckYD;s wOHhkhla l< hq;= h.
mD;=.Sis wjfha iQ l%sia;shdks IkdrSyQ ls%.j 1602 oS fld<U
foajia:dkhla jD;a; l< kfha kdglhla rx. .; l< nj
v,s.t,a.ta.fodka mSg msh;=ud olajd we;^.W.L.A.Don Peter,1963,30-
35pp&.th ;siai ldhji iska ish isxy, kdgHfhys ldYkh lD;sfha
olajd we;^1979(11&. tu kdgHh fndfyda g iajNdl ffY,sfha
kdgHhla jkakg we;. idudkH ckhdf.a o je lf;da,sl keUqrejla
mej;a f iufha f kdgHj, n,mEu ;;a wjfha ksudK lrejkag
,efnkakj we;. flda,u hd;=lu rx. tl;=jlg jvd m%idx.sl l,djla
olajd fjkia ug ta wdNdIh ,efnkakg we;. kdv.f wdNdIfhka
flda,f wx. o fjkia jkakg we; hk woyi irpka o ord
we;^1999(87&.
,kafoais wjh ^1658 cq,s 23 } 1796 fmnrjd 16 k olajd&
fo jk rdcisxy rcq iu`. .siq.; j mD;=.Siska m<jdyer 1658 cQ,s
ui kd.mgys mD;=.Sis n,fldgqj w;am;a lr .kska ,xldf
,kafoais n,h wdrN lrk ,.,kafoaiSka ,xldf ,o hqO ch.%ykj,
j.lSu refha woard,a *ka yqkaia h.n,h w,a,d .ekSfuka miq
*kavfuhsvka kue;a;d wdKavqldrhd jYfhka m;a fldg uqyqnv
m%foaYj, ,kafoais md,khla wrUk ,.wdKavqldrhd ,kafoaiSkaf.a
fmr. uOHia:dkh jQ n;dfha md,l uKav,fha Wmfoia m lghq;=
lf<a h^b,x.isxy,ux.,,1997(139&. ,kafoais md,kh .siqula u.ska
kS;s.; lr .ekSu i`oyd W;aidy l< o thg rcq tl`. fkd h.ish
md,kfha kS;Hdkql+, moku f,I Tjqka bm;a lf<a mD;=.Siaka t,ug
;ukag .sh Yd, hqO hou f. jk ;=re ;uka hg;a lr.;a m%foaY
wdmiq h fkdyels nj hs.TjqyQ fndfyda g Wvrg rcq iu`. .egq
we;s fldg fkdf.k isug W;aidy l<y.;rula wdl%uKYS,s ms<sfj;la
f.k .sfha *ka yqkaia wdKavqldrhd j is wjfha muKs.iams,aukaf.a
wdKavqldr OQr ld,fha Tyq kqjr rcqf.a fld<U wdKavqldrhd nj;a
;ud rcqf.a hg;a fiajlfhl= nj;a we`. h.rcqg ,N .Kfha iqr;,a
i;=ka yd ;E.s fNda. o he h^tu(149&. uq,ska ,xldj md,khg inkaO
jQfha ,kao rch fkdf.VOCfkdfyd;a ,kafoais fmr. bkah fj<`o
iud.u hs.,kafoaiSkaf.a wruqK jQfha yels;dla l=re` ,nd f.k
fj<`od lsuhs.1658 jk g ,xldf ish hg;a m%foaYj, md,k jHqyh
,kafoaiska iska ilid f.k ;snqfka my; wdldrhg hs. 2 j.=j n,kak
2 j.=j ,kafoais md,k ixOdkh ^1658 olajd&
n;dfha wdKavqldr ;ek iy Tyqf.a iNdj
.d,af,a wdKavqldr ;ek iy Tyqf.a iNdj
fnkaf;dg l=re` .d ud;r idf .uqf
Ndr ks,Od fomd;fka;= fldarf<a myq*a ^uy
;ek j Ndr Ndr fjf<kaod&yd
lms;dka lms;dka Tyqf.a iNdj
fnkaf;dg l=re;,kakka isxy, ud;r isxy, isxy, uqo,s
isxy, f.a ksodfka uqo,s wldr
wldr jre is fokd uQ,dY%h,

.uq,doEkS l=re` .uq,doEkS .uq,doEkS (Goonewardene,K

yQ ;,kakkaf.a yq yQ .W,
. 1958)
uq,doEkSyq
uq,a ld,fha ,kafoaiSkaf.a m%Odk u wdodh ud.h jQfha l=re`
h.we;=ka fj<`odfuka o Tjqka h ,dNhla ,e h.ck;dj f.jQ bv
n,fkao l=,S yd ;Sre n fjk;a wdodh ud. h.mqjla fj<`odfuka
o ,dN ,eh yels jqj o ta i`oyd uqia,sjre ys ;r`. lsug is h.
;ukag wh;a m%foaYj, bv f,aLkhla yd bv N=;la;s `kakka iska
rchg l< hq;= fiajd ms<sn`o f,aLkhla o ms<sfh, lsu ,kafoaiSyq
werUQy.tajd f;danq k h.merKs isxy, mmd,j jHqyh mkafoaiSka o
ish fiajdjka ,nd .ekSu i`oyd Nd; lrk ,.l=re` j.d lsu;a
.ia j.dj yd j.dj hqKq lsug;a ,kafoaiSka fhduq
h^tu(165&. b;d mSvdld l%uj,g y,d.u l=,fha msia ,jd l=re`
;,jd .ekSu fudjqka w;ska o is h^tu(163&. l=re` inkaO ;o
kS;s o mkjk ,.ukakdru yd l,amsh w;r m%foaYfha uq;= lsu lrk
,.ila fn,a,ka tl;= lsu o jHdmdrhla h.h m%udKhl fldams
j.djla o ,kafoaiSka iska lrk ,.reyqfKa je ms<silr fldg
f.d;ek hqKq l< w;r j.dfjka Yd, n wh l< ksid tys jOkhla
is fkd h.
idm%odhsl rdcld l%uh fhdod f.k ud;r,
.d,a,,l`M;r,.uqj,y,dj;,mq;a;,u,ukakdru hk uOHia:dk inkaO lrka
je ;snQ uydud.h je hqKq lrk ,.ud;r isg ynkaf;dg olajd;a
y,dj; isg l,smash olajd;a ud.h la lrk ,^tu(169&.
17 jk ishji ueo Nd.fha ,kaoh fm%df;ia;ka; fyj;a frmrud
l5sia;shdksh ms<s.;a rgla h.,kafoaiska w;ska lf;da,slhka uy;a
mSvdjkag m;a h^wrir;ak,1996(176}192&. ,kafoaiSka uqia,sjre
flfryS m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lrk ,.isxy,hka yd uqia,sjre
w;r fj<`odu uq,a lrf.k mej;s l=`Mm. nj ,kafoaiSkag ysirohla
h^b,x.isxy,1997(173&. ,kafoais wd.l m%pdrK m%;sm;a;sfha
fldgila f,I wOHdmkh ,nd fok mdie,a ys h.lf;da,sl mjq,aj,
orejka wOHdmkh yryd frmrud wd.ug yrjd .ekSu lf<a h.iajNdId
mdie,a yd Wiia oHd, weru o ,kafoaiSka iska lrk ,.
1739 fld<U uqKd,hla werUQ ,kafoaiSka isxy, yd fou< wl=rej,ska
l%sia;= Ou m%pdrK fmd;a uqKh lrk ,.frdau ,kaoafoais kS;sh yd
Oqrdj,shla iys; wlrK moaO;sh o ,kafoaiSkaf.ka Wreu jQ tajd f.
Tjqka ngysr ffjoH fiajdj y`kajd ka w;r fld<U,.d,a, yd hdmkh
jeks k.rj, frday,a f.dv ke.S h. fjdfha Y,H ffjoHjre o jQ nj
jd;d f.,dre frda.h ,xldjg meKsfha ,kafoaiSkaf.ks.ye`o,
,dre Wmia:dkd.drh b lf<a o Tjqka h.
.Dy ksudK inkaOfhka ,kafoaiSka fYaIs; msila h. biaf;damamq,
;rmamq, fid,aor, w,aud, ndia hk jpk ,kao jpk f. f ld,fha
flda, kdglh mej;s ;;ajh ms<sn`o jd;d ye`kf.k ke;.wjqre 138
l muK ld,hla f wOHhkhg wod< m%foaYh ,kafoaiSka iska o md,kh
lrk ,.
v,s.wd; o is,ajd yd irpka hk fo fokd u uq,a u isxy, kdv.
rplhd f,i fld,a msfha
bx.%Sis md,k wjh ^1796 fmnrjd 15 } 1948 fmnrjd 04 olajd&
1796 fmnrjd 16 k ,kafoaiSkag hg;a j mej;s my;rg m%foaY
bx.%Sis fmr. bkahd fj<`o iud.ug .siqulska hg;a flK.f ld,h
jk g isxy, rdcOdksh fldaf isg iS;djl yryd uykqjrg f.dia
;snqKs.my;rg ngysr fjr< ;Srfha f wOHhkhg mdol m%foaYfha
jeishka jir 291la mD;=.Sis yd ,kafoais md,kh hgf;aa j;a j
;snqKs.1815 ud;= 02 k Wvrg .siqu u.ska isxy, ro< kdhlhka
iska Wvrg rdcOdksh bx.%SiSkag mejfuka uq`M rg u bx.%Sis hg;a
;hla h.Wvrg bx.%SiSka yd hqoaO we;slr.ksoa my;rg m%foaYj,
hg;a;lrejka iska wdrN l< O j.d yd ludka; hqKq fjka
mej;sK.l=re` fmd,a,rn,.ia mqjla uq;= w,s we;=ka we,a,Su ,kq
ludka;h yd wrlal= fkao mdrj,a ;ekSf fldka;rd;a fiajd wdh
ta w;r m%Odk f.uq`M rgg u n,mdk m<uq bx.%Sis wdKavqldrhd jQ
frdn n%jqka.a isxy, rdcHfha mej;s .nvd wruqo, yd wdjqo
wruqo, jeks hk n ke;s fldg le/,a, mej;s m<d;aj,ska
wiajekafkka 1$10 la o wfkla m<d;aj,ska 1$14 la o wh lsug
ksfokh lf<a h.Wiia ks,Odkag jegqma f.u o wrUk ,.1824 isg
1831 olajd md,lhd jQfha tv ndkaia h.tykqtrg ud. folla o
le,Ks .`. yryd mdre md,ula o uyje,s .`. yryd fmardfoKsfha
nqre; ,S md,ula o ;ek h^mq[a[r;k ys,1941(228}229&. fudyqf.a
ld,fha fldams j.dj b;d hqKq jQ w;r fldams M,odfjka rg
iuDoau;a h.1824 ck ix.Kkhla m%:u jrg l< w;r tk hm;a
.efhda le,Ej, ie`. is ksid tys o;a; jer nj jd;d
f^tu(230&. Yd, mudK j;=j,g mndysr j msirno m%foaYj, l=vd
j;=j, fldams jeu f ld,fha by< .sfha h.1820 mej;s m%udKh jQ
rd;a;,a 539661.5 1824 jk g 1213603 olajd je h^jekavka
%ika,1963(36&.f ld,h ;=< ,xldf msysgqjk ,o fldams j;= ish,a,
u mdfya hqfrdamShka i;= h^tu(41&.ndkaiaf.a ld,fhys l%sia;shdks
iud. u.ska bx.%Sis mdGYd,d iy iajNdId mdGYd,d rdYshla wer h.
ia;%Ska fha .s,ajd uef urK oKavk kS;sh 1829 wj,x.= lrk ,.
tu jif u msgfldgqf mqia:ld,h jD;a; lsu o is h. le,ff.a
Yakkun Nattannawa and Kolan Nattanawa yd tj wmayf.a The History and
doctrine of Buddhism hk lD;soajh m< jQfha o f ld,fha u h.
iskao .=rekakdkafia yd gqlaldjvq Thsksia ^18 ishjfia w. yd 19
uq,&
f iskao .=rekakdkafia yd gqlaldjvq Thsksia yd tia.t.ia jvq
uy;d wdka tla j flda, kdgHfha fhkq ld,h hs. f ld,h jk g
fjiauqyqKq Nd; h. le,f iska w;ska w`k ,o fjiauqyqKq 7l rEm
m< fldg we;. tajd fndfyda rg wo we;s fjiauQKq yd ieif`oa
^Callaway, John, 1829:40&f wjh jk g flda,u fkdaod:h iys; .e rx.
fYaIhla f,i mj;skakg we;.hqfrdamfhka meKs fndfyduhla W.;=ka
f ck ixialD;sl ,laIKj,g we lrkafkda jQy.m%N+jrekaf.a
ksfjiaj, f wjfha idoj, ck kegq o bm;a lr ;sf. uvqjkafj,
idff.a Yd, j,f .af.hla o we;s w;r tys kskao.f ;reKshka
kegQ njg ckm%jdo f. f .af.a k;kh uykqjr wjfha foajd,j,
m%p,s; jQ kegq fYaIhls. yska wNdIh we;s j b l< uykqjr
hq.fha fndfyda mkai,a o .af.hlska hqla; f. tu kegqu m%d.a
fn!oaO weoys,s yd inkaO jk nj jika; l=udr i`oyka lrhs..af.a
keu fohka Wfoid fuka u ;;a wjfha m%N+ka Wfoid o l< nj
fmfka.foajd,j, kef yd wd,;a;s fiajh ^rcq fyda fohka bfha
myka ,af W;aijh & jeks we;e fiajdjka i`oyd bv N=la;s
`f whs;sh ,nd .ekSug ldka;djkag yels
h^.=KjtaOk,fla.v,s,1997(294&.le,f iska olajk flda, lj, 40
isg 48 olajd we;af;a mxpkd >ghla ms<sn`o ia;r h^fjd irpka
isxy,g k.d we; ^n,kak irpka,1999(88&.tys ia;r lr we;af;a
fjiauqyqfka we;s kd rEm nj fm< lshjk g yef`.a. tfy;a 1930
ld,h jk g kd fjia .;a mska mia fofkla kegQ nj mfgda,a
olajd we;^1973(80&h wjhl Wvqlh ksrej;a ia;%Skaf.a kegq o
flda, kegq yd uqiq j mej;skehs thska is;sh yels h. mxpkd >g
k fjia uqyqKla iai Wvqms, l,d ix.uh i;= j we;^n,kak
irpka,1999(240&. tys mxpkdka u fjiauqyqfka olajd ;sf. iai
Wvqms, lKavdhu ol=Kq m,df;a wdrNl uqyqKq ;sKehs ie,flk
.sxf;dg flda, l=gfuka wdNdih ,nd we;s ksid;a tu merKs
mrmqfrka mejf;k mila u ;ju;a lrf.k hk ksid;a tys merKs ,laIK
b;s j we;ehs fykasla Ouodi olajhs^1966(42}43&.le,ff.a
.%ka:hg we;=,;a p; fndfyduhla u olakg ,efnkafka o iafia
flda, l=gfuys h^.=K;s,l.we.t,1968(33&.
;j;a jeo.;a lreKla k le,f olajk flda, ia;rh wkqj fyajd
flda,u yer wfkla ish u flda,j,g wod< l miqf isk Ys,amSka
.hoa mo iqr,aj,g wkqj Ys,amshd keu muKla lsuhs. k`Mjka w;r
ixjdo ta ld,fha ;snQ nj fkd fmfka^Callaway, John, 1829:x& f jk g;a
lf;da,sl m,a,s wdY%fhys kdv. ;snQ w;r tajdfha n,mEu flda,f
h fldgia m%didx.sl ug miq ld,Sk j n,mdk ,.
bx.%Sis md,k wjfha uq,a fldgfiys m%Odk wdl ,laIK jQfha
je,s wdlh hqKq u,jdKscjd w: l%uhla y`kajdu yd
fm!oa.,sl jHjidh wdrN u wdh hs.wrd cd;slhkaf.a fj<`ofmd,
wdm;Hh;a l=re` u; %;dkH fj<`o wdm;Hh;a rd wrlal= fld,
Kq wdh u; rdcH taldldrh mj;ajdf.k hdu;a rch o wdfhdaclfhl=
f,I l%shd lsu;a fj<odu hqKq l< w;r hemq lDIslu lafIa;%h
hqKq lsug mshjr fkd.ekSu;a Y%u Nd;h je l<d i ;dlaIKh yd
udkj im;a hqKq lsug Wkkajla fkd olajk ,.nf,ka jev .ekSu;a
wksjdh rdcld fiajh;a f wjfha ,laIK h.wmkhkh u.ska wdodh
je lr .ekSu uQ,sl wruqK h.jdKscjd rdcHh yd ksoyia jHjidhlhka
w;r .egq we;sjkakg h.fm!oa.,sl j;= iud.j,h bv m%odkhka ,nd
ka w;r Tjqka wmkhk je,s ludka;h hqKq lrk ,.Tjqkag h;,
myiql iemhSu inkaO j rch iu`. O u; .egq o we;s h. tys
m%;sM,hla f,i mdrj,a h ;eme,a wd h;, myiql jOkh
h.fm!oa.,sl jHjidh yryd ksudKh jQ ,snr,a Okm;s mka;sh yd
jdkscjd rdcH w;r im;a iu;=,kh we;s lsf wruqKska 1829 m;a
l< flda,anDDla leurka fldif jd:dj 1832 bm;a
flK^Bandarage, Asoka,1985&

flda,anDDla leurka m%;sixialrK }1833

f hgf;a tf;la isxyf,a yd wfkl=;a mmd,k m%foaY jYfhka ;snQ

wl%uj;a mmd,k fnu m<d;a 5lg fjka lrk ,.W;=r, kef.kysr, ngysr,
ol=K yd uOHu ta 5 hs. is,a mmd,lhka u.ska tajd md,kh
flK.kQ;k ngysr wlrK l%uh yd OQrdj,sh ia:dmkh lrk ,.ia;%sla
Wid ia:dmkh flrefka f hgf;a h.jHjia:dodhl n,h ksfhda; uka;%S
uKav,hla u.ska l%shdf fhoK.wdKavqldrhd we;=`M ks, ,;a
uka;%Ska oi fofkl=f.ka yd ks, fkd,;a i fofkl=f.ka hq;a
jHjia:dodhl uka;%S uKav,h yd wdKavqldrhd we;=`M ks,,;a
idlhka yh fofkl=f.ka hq;a Odhl uka;%S uKav,h o hk iNd fol
msysgqK.kS;s meku yd l%shdf fhou t;ekamgka ta uKav, u.ska
flK.rdcH jHqyh i`oyd wkqm%dma;slhka ksudKh lr.ekSug wjYH
bx.%Sis wOHdmKhla ia:dmkh lrk ,.Wiia mka;sfha wh i`oyd fld<U
rdclSh oHd,h wdrN flrefka f wjfha h.

f foaYmd,k fjkialj,g wu;r j wdl fjkial o lsysmhla u lrk

,. l=re` iy wfkl=;a wmkhk NdKav i`oyd jQ rdcH taldldrh
wj,x.= lrk ,. f.= n ixfYdaOkh lrk ,.ludka;j, rcfha uQ,H
fldgia fm!oa.,sl wxYh fj; l=kk ,.rcfha bv fm!oa.,sl wxYhg
lskSu fyda meju .kajk ,. rdcld l%uh wfydais fldg llrejka
i`oyd jegq l%uhla fhdackd lrk ,.Okjd jOkhka foig fhduq jQ
wdl jevms<sfj,la tu.ska l%shd;aul flK.

f wdl yd foaYmd,k ksoyia jd;djrKh l=vd mudKfha fmd,aj;=

l=re` j;= yshka msila f mdol m%foaYh ;=< jOkh l< w;r
wn,kaf.dv ud`M ludka;h;a fnkaf;dg rd ludka;h;a hqKq
K.w;sla; wdodhula iys; .%dh uOHu mka;shla o j;= wdlh yd
ne`kq foaYSh Okm;s mka;shla yd j;= ludka;fha fhkq bkah
llre mka;shla o f wjfha olakg h.f uOHu mka;sh uydmudK
je,s ludka;hg inkaO fkdjqk o j.dfjka fyda im%odhsl jk
l%uj,ska u hefmka fjk;a w;sfl wdodh ud. f,i l=vd fldams
mqjla l=re` j.djkaf.ka wdodh /ia lr.kakd ,.fnka;r fjr<
wdY%s;j ldjd we,a,Su rd ueu ,kq weUu jeks ludka; lsysmhla
jOkh jQ kuq;a ta wY%s; j k.rhla ksudKh fkd K.tu ludka; Yd,
w;sla; ,dNhla ,eh fkdyels ksIamdok wuqjH ugf tajd uhs.
wn,kaf.dv k.rhla f,i ksudKh ug ud we,a,Sf ludka;h bjy,a
h. wn,kaf.dv wdYs%; j wOHdmkh o jOkh jQ w;r tys hqKq l,d
risl;ajhla iys; uOHu mka;shla tys f.dv ke.sK. flda, ikaoYk
i`oyd risl msi tys ksudKh jQfha tu ikaoNh hgf;a h.fnka;r
iqoaof.dv yd ;=kaj m%foaYj, fnrj l=, l,dlrejkag ish l,dj
;ksfhka ixOdkh fldg mj;ajdf.k hdug Yla;shla fkdjQ w;r
Tjqkaf.a l,d odhl;ajh wn,kaf.dv jvq Ys,amSkaf.a ixOdk Yla;sh
wdl yelshdj yd fjia uqyqKq l,dj yd uqiq lrk ,.

1835 fldams j.dfjka wer j;= j.dj i`oyd bv ,nd .ekSug 1940
mekjQ uqvq wd{d mK; u.ska whs;shla fmkaug fkdyels jQ
idm%odhsl N=la;s bv ish,a, rchg f.k fldams j.d lrejkag
wlalrh is,s 5 ;r wvq <g l=Kk ,. tla je,slrefjla muKla
wlalr 30825la < f.k ;snqKs ^jekavka%ika,1963(238&. 1868
me;sr .sh ,Sr frda.hlska fldams j.dj kdY jQ w;r l`lrfha f;a
jeu flf j;= yshka fhduq jQfha f wjfha h.1877 jk g rn
j.dj o wer w;r 1890 muK jk g th m%Odk je,s fNda.hla njg
m;aj ;sK. l`M;r ia;%Slalfhka wer rn j.dj miqj fld<U, lE.,a,,
.d,a,, ud;r wd m%foaYj, nyq, j me;sK. fldams j.df msySu;a iu.
u my;rg ;eks;,d mfoiaj, fmd,a j.dj o wdrN h. fo jeks j.dj
f,i wdrN l< fmd,a j.dj l%s.j.1871 oS osjhsfka j.d j,ska 37%
la muK h. l%s.j.1890 jk g 41% olajd je fuka meyeos,s jkafka
fl ld,hla ;=< fmd,a j.df is jQ iS>% jHdma;shhs. Y%S ,xldf
jhU, niakdysr, ol=K hk m,d;aj, fmd,a j.dj iS>% fhka me;sr .sfha
h.

nkaOkd.dr,wdfrda.H Yd,d Wkau;a;ld.dr,iy mdGYd,d hqKq lsu o f

wjfha is h. 1841 fld<U .uqj w;r o ;eme,a h u
werK.1833 jk g u fld<U .d,a, w;r tu fiajh wdrN lrk ,. thska
mqoa., inkaO;d fndfyda fihska im jkakg h.1844}45 ld,fha
fmd,sia Wid,lafjia Wid iy .iNd Wid we;s h.fmd,sia
kvqldrjre,idu ksiqrejka yd fldrfk,a jre m;a lsu werfha o f
wjha u h. 1844 jy,a fufyh iyuq,ska u ;yk flK.1843 rdclSh
wdishd;sl i;sh wer w;r bka Yd, Ydia;%Sh fiajdjka /ila is
h.

odks .=rekakdkafia yd gqlaldjvq mE,sia jvq uy;df.a wjh

iskao.=rekakdkafia yd Thsksia wjhg miq t<fUkqfha odks

.=rekakdkafia yd gqlaldjvq mE,sia jvq uy;df.a wjh hs.Tjqka o
hg;a; wjh u ksfhdackh lrhs.fmr mrmrdj,g jvd h;, myiql
hqKq jQ ld,hl TjqyQ kdgH lrKfha kshqla; jQy. 1870 .Kka jk g
mE,sia yd odks flda, mrmqf wjh hs.1950 muK jk f;la u
Tjqkaf.a ld,h hs.f ld,fha flda, ms<sn`o we;s jeo.;a u yeoEu
Tgdl mfgda,af.a wOHhk hs. mfgda,a flda, ms<sn`o wOHhkh
lrkqfha 1925 ld,fha h.Tyq ud;r m%foaYfha flda, wjia:d lsysmhla
kerUQ nj i`oyka lrhs^Otaker,P,1973:63&.mfgda,af.a is;rh wkqj
ish u k`Mjka .dhkd l<d fia fmdfka.mfgda,a olajk lreKq wkqj
flda, md;%hka kgka .ehQ nj fmfkhs.k`Mjka fufia kgka .ehSu yd
ixjdohg iyNd.S ujQ l,S flfuka ldYkh jQ ,laIKhlehs is;ssh
yels h^irpka,1999(87&. wn,kaf.dv flda, rx.fhys o tu
m%didx.sl ,laIK lsh yels h.20 jk ishjfia uq,a wjfha
fndfydarg rf h;, myiql ixjOkh mej;=ks.iskudj,fld
kdgHh,kQ;s .=jka,sh jeks udOH,mqj;am;a l fld, jeks fkdfhla
fkdao udOH f wjfha m%pdrh h.thska flda,ug h wNsfhda.hla jQ
ksid kdv.f we;s m%idx.sl nj h m%udKhlg Wlyd .kska uQ,sl
iajNdjfha fjkial we;s lsug is h.flda,u jvd ir, w,xldr yd
rid;aul kdglhla njg m;a u odks } mE,sia wjfha is jQ
fjkial f.

foaYmd,k ksoyi ,eu^fvdkshka ;;ajh }1948&

6.3 uOHu mka;sfha ke.Su yd cd;sl wkkH;d ixfla;

6.4 jD;a; wdlh yd ixialD;sl ludka;lrKh
6.5 f.da,ShlrKh yd mYapd;a kQ;k wjfha flda, kdglh
7.ks.ukh
8.igyka
9. is;=j yd is;sh
10. wdY%s; .%ka:(