The positivesequenceimpedance of synchronous machinesis the normalmachinereactance.

There are three definedvaluesof positivesequenceimpedances, namelythe synchronous

transientand subtransient impedances and they are usedaccordingto whethersteadystate,
transientor initialshort-circuit
valuesof currentarerequired.

Unlikethe non-rotatingnetworks, the negativesequence impedanceof the rotatingplantsis not

equalto the positivesequenceimpedance.lt relatesto mmfat synchronous speedtravellingin
the oppositedirectionto the rotor. lts valueis usuallylessthanthat of the positivesequence
impedance.

In the zero sequencenetwork,the windingconnectionand earthingarrangement must be

consideredas for transformers.Any earthingimpedance will be seen by each phaseand
thereforethe conectvoltageswill be obtainedif threetimesthe impedance valueis includedin
the zerosequencenetwork.

Typicalturbo-generator
sequencereactances
are :

synchronous reactance = 1.0p.u.

transientreactance." = 0.15p.u.
subtransientreactance = 0.10p.u.
negativesequenceimpedance= 0.13p.u.
zerosequenceimpedance = 0.04p.u.

OF SEQUENCE
CONNECTION NETWORKS
TO REPRESENT
UNBALANCED
FAULTS

(a) Foranygivenfaultthereare six quantities at the faultpoint;V2,V6,V6,

to be considered
Is,I5,16.lf anythreeare known(providedtheyare notallvoltagesor all currents)
or if
anytwo are knownand two othersknownto havea specificrelationship, thena
relationship betweenVr, Vz andVoandIr, 12andIs c?hbe established.

Theserelationships
are calledthe circuitconstraints.

Fromthe circuitconstraints
we can determine
the mannerin whichthe isolatedsequence
networkscan be interconnected.

(b) The relationships are derivedwith phase'a' as the referencephaseand the faultsare
selectedto be balancedrelativeto the referencephase. This yields the simplest
interconnectionof the sequencenetworks.lf thisis not donethe interconnections
of the
sequencenetworksrequire additionaltransformations which are achievedby the
introductionof phase shiftingtransformers.This will be apparentin the case of
simultaneousfaultswhereit is not possible
for boththe faultsto be symmetrical
aboutthe
referencephase.

Page20
ShuntFaults
Line-to-ground faults,line-to-line
faults,line-to-line
to groundfaultsand threephasefaultsall
fallintothe categoryof shuntfaults.

(a) Figure6 showsa systemwith a faulfat F. The positive,negativeand zero sequence

networksof the system are shown in Figure7. The fault terminalsfor the positive
sequencenetworkare F1and N1,andthe corresponding faultterminalsforthe negative
andzerosequencenetworksare F2,N2 and Fo,No respectively.lt is at theseterminals
thatthe interconnection of the networkswill occur. ln the derivationof sequencenetwork
interconnections, it is convenient to showthe sequencenetworksas blockswith fault
terminals F and N for externalconnections (Figure8).

(b) To derivethe systemconstraintsat the faultterminals,it is convenient

to imaginethree
shortconductors of zeroimpedanceconnected to the threelineconductorsat the pointof
fault(Figure9). The terminalconditionsimposedby the differenttypesof faultswill be
appliedto theseimaginaryleads,the potentialto groundof whichwill be Vr, Vb and V"
andthe currentsIs, 16?nd.Is.

L-L-T
I ?

Fig.9

Page21
 Fio.6 SinoleLineDiaqramof Two MachineSvstem

PositiveSequenceNetworkof Svstem

Fiq.7 SequenceNetworks
of FaultedSvstem

F1 F2 Fs
+ve -ve Zero
Sequence Sequence Sequence
Network Network Network
Nr N2 Ns
rk Blocks

Page22
Lineto Groundon Phase'A'
Atfaultpoint:

V a = 0

I 5 = [ " = Q

We knowfrom section(2.2)that

Va=Vr+Vz+Vo

B u tV a = 0

.'.Vt+V2+Vs=Q

We know from section (2.2) tha!

Io = 113(Ia + Iu + Ic )

But 15= 16 = 0

Io = 1l3ra
".
Also, 11= 113(Ia+ glo * o't") = 1l3Ia

12= 113(Ia * o'IO + crlc) = 1/3Ia

.'. 11= IZ = IO = 1l3la

Equations
3 & 4 arethe CIRCUITCONSTRAINTS.
Theysuggestthatthe sequencenetworks
areconnectedin series.

Page 23
 Ze
Lineto GroundFaultthroughFaultlmpedance

At faultpoint:

V2 = 16Z1

I b = I c = 0

We know from section(2.2)that

Io = 113(I" + Is + I")

.'. Io = 1l3la,sincelS= Ic = 0

Similarly,

\= 113(I"+ crl6* o'I")"= 1l3!a

Iz= 113(I"+ cr2ln+ c{.IJ= 1l3la

.'. Il = lZ = IO = 1l3Ia

We know

Va=Vt+V2+Vs

But V" = laZtfrom constraintZ

.'. Vt + .Vz + Yo = IaZt

But I" = 3Io from equation3

.'. Vt + V2 + Vs = Io(3Zr)

3 & 4 suggeststhe followinginterconnections'

Equations
Lineto LineFaulton Phases'B' and'C'.
At faultpoint:

Vo=Vc 1

Ia=0 2

I5+I"=Q 3

?_L3
We knowIo = 113(Ia + Io + IJ " 4 +
equations
Substituting 2 & 3 intoequation4,

Io=o

Similarly,

\ = 113(ra + alb * otl") = 1/3 (a - o2) Iu

Iz= 113(Ia * o'Io a glc) = -1l3 (a - o2) In

6
"'It+IZ=0
We know Vr = 1/3 (Va + oV5 + o2V") 7

Substitutingequation1 into equation7,

Vt= 113(V" - Vu)

similarlyYz= 113(Va+ o2v5* crVc)= 1/3(V3 - V5)

."Vt=Vz

Fromequations5, 6 & 8, the positiveand negativesequencenetworksare in parallelbut the

zerosequencenetworkis unconnected.

Fs
V2
Ns

Lineto LineFaulton Phases'B'and'C'through

FaultlmpedanceZr

Page25
At pointof fault,

I a=0 1

I u+Ic= 0 2

I6
Vo-V"=lvZt 3

Io = 1/3(Ia+ Iu + Ic) = 0

\ = 113(Ia + olo + o2I") =-1 1 3 1c,

- cr 2;16

IZ= 113(I" + o2IU + crlc) = -1131c,

- a2; 16

Io=o 4

1 1 + 1 2 = $

We know IU = Io * o2l', + glz )

Substitutingequation4 in 5

16 = (c2 - cr) Ir 6

Vu= Vo * o2V1 + o[Vz

Vc= V0 + crVt * o'V,

. ' . V 5 - V c = ( o 2 - o ) V r - ( o 2- u)Vz

Substituteequation3 & 6 into 7,

(o2 - o) ltZr = (o2 - o) V1 - (cr2- a) V2

.'. V1 'Vz = ltZt

4 & I suggestthe followinginterconnections.

Equations
21

'C'
Lineto Lineto GroundFaulton Phases'B'and

Page26
At faultpoint:,

V5=\,/.=g 1

I a = 0 2

.'. V1 = 1/3 (Va + oVu * otv") = 1/3 Va

Yz= 113(Va+ o'V6 * oVs) = 1/3Va

Vo = 113(Va + Vo + Vc) = 1/3 Va

.'.Vj = VZ= VO = 1/3Va

la=(lt+Iz+ IO)=0 4

Fromequation3 q it canbe concluded

thatthe sequence in parallel.
networksare connected
1,

A"r/tifr1;
Lineto Lineto GroundFaulton Phases'B' and'C'throughFaultlmpedance
Zr

At faultpoint:,

I a = 0 1

Vb = Vc = (In +Ic)Zt 2
I5

. ' . l a = \ + l Z + I 0 = 0

Io = 1/3(Ia + IU a I") = 1/3 (Is + 16)

.'. IO + 16 = 3I9

V o = 1 / 3 ( V a + . V 6 + V 6 ) = 1 1 3 ( V a +2 V u )

Page27
Vr = 1/3(Va + oV6 + o2V.) = 1Bffi + (o2 * cr)Vo]= 1t3(Va- Vo)

Vz = 113(Va+ o'Vs * crVc)= 1t3va* (o2 + cr)Vul = 1t3(V"- Vo)

= Vz
"'Vt
Vo - Vr = 113(2V6 + V5) = Vb

= (Io + Ic) Zt 6

Substituteequation4 in 6

Vo-Vt=3lsZ1

.'. V1 = Vg - Is3Zg

Equations
3, 5 and7 suggestthefollowinginterconnections.

Page28
1. SERIESFAULTS(or OpenCircuitFaults)

(a) Figure1 showsa systemwithan opencircuitPQ. The positive,negativeandzero

sequencenetworksof the open-circuited systemare shownin Figure2. Unlikethe
caseof shuntfaulti, the faultterminalsfor interconnectionare P and Q, therefore
not I nvolvingthe neutral.The sequenceequivalentnetworkblocks(Figure3) will
haveterminalsP andQ for interconnection. TerminalN is alsoindicated in the
blocks although it is not usedfor interconnections.

(b) The terminalconditionsimposedby differentopencircuitfaultswill be applied

acrosspointsP and Q on the threelineconductors(seeFigure4). Thereforethe
faultterminalcurrentswillbe 14,Is andIs flowingfrom P to Q on the three
conductors,andthe terminalpotentials willbe the potential
acrossP and Q, i.e.V"
- V"',Vb- Vb',Vc -'Vc':' Theywill be represented by Va,Vband v" respectively.

V"!

I Vg
vu-1
I vb
I

l v c

Figure4

Page29
 Fio.1 SinqleLineDiaqramof TwoMachineSystemwithOpenCircuitFault

Fiq.2 Sequence
Networks
of FaultedSvstem

P1 P2 Ps
+ve -ve Ns Zero
Sequence Sequence
Network Sequence
Network Network
Qr
.3 Qz Qo

Page30
1 . 1 OpenCircuitFaulton Phase'A'

At faultpoint: P o
Val I Va'
-
I a = 0 1 16 tVb'
VSlva

v b = v c = 0 2 V"lub Ic lV"'
l - l
Vs

... v0 = 113(u" + vb + vc) = 1l3va

v 1 = 1/3 (vs t vb + g2v"; = 1l3vg

v 2 = 1/3 (vs * o'u5 + vc) = 1l3va

.'. v1 - v2 =..v0 = 113v"

I a = 1 1+ I Z + I O = 0

Fromequations3 and4 it can be concludedthatthe sequencenetworksare connectedin

parallel.

1.2 TwoOpenCircuitFaultson Phases'B' and'C'

At faultpoint: P O
Val Ia tVa'
I b = I c - 0 1
Vr, I Va Iu, I Vx'
. -
v a = 0 2 v" | "-o_ln* ! v"'
'G--r

Io = 1/3 (Ia + IU + Ic) = 1l3la

l,t = 113(I + crl5 * o'I") = ll31a

IZ = 113(I" + g2IU a crlc) = 1l3la

.'. 11 = IZ = IO = 1l3Ia 3

-._ Page31
 V a = V l* v 2 + v 0 = 0

Fromequations3 and4 it can be concludedthatthe sequencenetworksare connectedin

series.

2. SIMULTANEOUS
FAULTS

The rangeof faultswe haveconsidered so far involvesonlya singlefault at one fault

location.Symmetricalcomponents canbe usedto analysetwo (or more)faultseitherin
the samelocationor at differentlocationsin a system.

Whenderivingthe sequencenetworkinterconnections for singlefaults,the sequence

currentsandvoltagesareall sequence components of the reference phase,'a' phase
beingselectedto be the referencephase. Sincethe sequencecomponentsof the other
two phaseswerenotinvolved, the phasesubscript'a'was omittedwithoutcausing
confusion.In thederivationof sequence networkconnections for simultaneous faults,
whenthe faultsare on differentphases,sequencecomponents
especially of morethan
onephaseare employed.The omissionof phasesubscripts willcauseconfusion.
Therefore,the sequencecomponents willbe phasesubscripted accordingly.lt is
essential,
however,to finallyexpresstheconstraintsof allfaultswithrespectto the same
referencephase.

_____<:,_-:_-
Page32
 Anotherpointto watchoutfor is thatwhenconnecting the sequencenetworks, it mustbe
ensuredthatno additional
fault constraints
thatcannot be provedis introduced.Thisis
generally
achievedby makingdirectconnection at onefaultlocation and employ 1/1ratio
(section2.1). Whenthe faultconstraints
couplingat the other,if necessary
transformer
involvephaseshiftedsequencequantities, therewillbe a needfor phaseshifting
coupling(section2.2).
transformer

Locations
2 . 1 TwoEarthFaultson Phase'A'atDifferent

At F, At F"

r - I
r b - r c - I5'=["'=g
V a = 0 -----*---------- 2 Va'=0 -----------------2

lal = Iaz Iao Ia1' = laz' = Iao'

Va1 + Vaz + V a o = 0 Vs1' + Y"t' + V a o ' = 0

I"'r I
F r rat IF I

(
('rdlrr-:
I

I lx:,'
I

'\ Vat I
N1 I
Ia'2 p. I
F2 laz |
#rrrLr<ri I
D I I
Vaz | | Vr'z I
, Nz,l
N2 I
' "t OI l F o
r
I
Fo I a o_ _ - _
d r l l l < F I
I
Vao I, lu"'o I
Ns No,r I
I
l - - - - -

!
WRONGINTERCONNECTIONS
--- are notcorrectbecausethiswouldassumefollowing
Connections :
constraints

Ya2 = Ya2', Va1 = Va1', Vag = Vag'

mustbe used.
1/1transformers
.'. lnterposing

- Page33
 u"' t;
*,1
Ia'z

*,1u"' *r,lu"'t lu"',

Ia'o

*ofuun *o,lu"'o lu,'o

CORRECT INTERCONNECTIONS
USING1/1INTERPOSING
TMNSFORMERS

2.2 CrossCountry
Faults
A' Phaseto Groundat F and'B' phaseto Groundat F'

At F, At F"

I 5 = [ " = Q Ia'=Ic'-o
Va = 0 ---------2 Vb'=o --"--'----'---- a)
z

Ia1=Ia2=IaO

Val +Va2 + Vao = 0

Convertto 'a'phasesequencecurrents.
)
a-Ia1'=x.Ia2'=Ia0'
t
oI 161' = q.'la2' = cla0'

Vbl'+Vb2'+Vbo'=0

Page34
- - _-
 Convertto'A' phasesequence
voltages,
n2V^1'+ ocVs2' +Vao' = 0
or V31' * n2V^2' * ccVrg' = Q

in volvephaseshiftedsequence
Sincethefaultconstraints quantities,
the sequence
networkconnectionsrequirephase shiftingtransformers
as shownbelow.

u"' V"'1
*,1 N1'
nTliz

*,1u"' ,lu"', l*u"'

ocla'o

u"o l*u''o
*ol *o,lu"'o

2.3 OpenCircuitandLineto GroundFaulton Phase'A'

P O
r l- -
Ia V"l lV"'

Ic v"l T- !v"'

Page35
(a) OpenCircuitFault
At faultpoint:

I a = 0 1
V [ = V 6 = 0 2
Ia1 + laZ + IaO =

V a 1= , , / a 2 = V a O

(b) Lineto Ground

Fault
At faultpoint:
Va'= 0
I U + I b ' = Q
Ic* Ic' = Q'' --**--------- 5

Fromequation3,

Va1'+Va2' + Vag'= 0

4 and5, it can be shownas in section(5.1.1)that

Fromequations

(Iat + Ia1') = (Iaz + Iaz') = (Iao + Iao')

Thesequencenetworkinterconnections
areshownbelow
1a1

'1 o 161 + Is'1

-
Va'l

lu"''
Is2 + Is'2 Is2 + Is'

lu"',
169 + Is'g

Page36