TABLE OF CONTENT

No. Title Page

1. Abstract / Summary
2. Introduction
3. Aims / Objectives
4. Theory
5. Apparatus
6. Procedure
7. Result
8. Calculations
9. Discussion
10. Conclusions
11. Recommendations
12. References
13. Appendices
THEORY

Condensation of a vapor to a liquid and vice versa, both involve a change of a fluid
withlarge heat transfer coefficients. Condensation occurs when a saturated vapor
such as steam makes a contact with a solid whose surface temperature is below the
saturation temperature, to form a liquid such as water.

When a vapor condenses on a surface, for example vertical or horizontal tube or

other surface, a film of condensate is formed on t he surface and flows over the
surface because of g r a v i t y. I t i s t h i s f i l m o f l i q u i d b e t w e e n t h e s u r f a c e
a n d t h e v a p o r t h a t p r o d u c e t h e m a i n resistance of heat transfer. This is called
filmwise condensation

Another type of condensation is dropwise condensa tion. Dropwise condensation

occurs when small drops are formed on the surface. These drops grow and mix together, and
the liquid lows from the surface. Large areas of tube are devoid of any liquid and are exposed
directly to the vapor during condensation. Very high rates of heat transfer occur
on these bare areas. The average heat transfer coefficient for dropwise
condensation is five to ten times larger than the filmwise coefficient.

Dropwise condensation can be promoted by making the surface non welting by coating.
However, dropwise condensation is difficult to maintain in industrial
applications because of oxidation, fouling and degrading of coating, and finally
film condensation occurs. Therefore,condenser designs are often based on the
assumption of filmwise condensation.

FILM-CONDENSATION COEFFICIENTS FOR VERTICAL SURFACES

Film type condensation on a vertical wall or tube can be find analytically by

assuming laminar flow of the condensate film down the wall. The film thickness
is zero at the top of the wall or tube. It increases in thickness as it flows downward as a
result of condensation. Nusselt assumed that the heat transfer from the condensing vapor at
Tsat, through this liquid film, and at t h e w a l l a t T w , w a s b y c o n d u c t i o n .
Equating this heat transfer by conduction to that from condensation of
the vapor, final expression can be obtained for the average heat
t r a n s f e r coefficient over the whole surfaces.
SAMPLE OF CALCULATION

Given :

Diameter of condenser,d = 0.0127 m

Length, L = 0.098 m

Specific heat capacity of water, C = 4.186 .

= 3.142

1. Heat removed from the condenser, = C

0.10 1000 1
2. Mass flow rate =
1 60

= 1.667

3. Power, = C

= 1.667 4.186 . (43.5-32.7) C

= 75.36 W

( ) ( )
4. Log Mean Temperature Difference, =
ln( )

(71.132.7) (71.143.5)
= (71.132.7)
ln
(71.143.5)

= 32.71

5. Heat flux, = 2
+
4

75.36
= (3.142)(0.0127)2
(3.142)(0.0127)(0.098)+
4

= 18666.28 2

6. Heat transfer coefficient, U =

 18666.28 2
= 32.71

= 570.66 2 .
RECOMMENDATION

The most important things in this experiment are :

We should make sure that heater always immersed in water during the experiment. If
not the experiment should not be carry on.
Next, we should also make sure that the equipment that is used in the experiment must
be in best condition before we started the experiment.
We should ask the technician that is responsible for that equipment if there is
something wrong with it.
When we take the result, we should ensure that the reading pressure is at 1.01 bar,
where it is stabilized.