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Chapter 1: Introduction to Microbiology 9.

Recombinat DNA Technology, Gene Louis Pasteur (1861) Disapproved Spontaneous


Therapy and Genetic Engineering Generation
Microbiology- Study of Microorganisms 10. Microbes form the basis of the food chain
Theory of Biogenesis : Cells can only arise
3 Domains Microbes do benefit us but they also capable of form pre-existing cells.
causing many diseases such as: Germ Theory of Disease : Diseases were
1. Bacteria - unicellular prokaryotic organisms caused by tiny invisible Wee animalcules.
with peptidoglycan. Pneumonia, Whooping cough
Botulism, Typhoid fever, Measles Microbiology of Infectious Disease
2. Eukarya multicellular organisms
Cholera, Scarlet fever, Mumps
3. Archae Unicellular organisms with no
Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Herpes I, Herpes II Etiology: Study of the cause of disease.
peptidoglycan
Chlamydia, Tuberculosis, RMSV
Robert Koch (1876)
Meningitis, Tetanus, AIDS, Gangrene
Organisms of the Study Strep throat, Lyme disease, Diarrhea - First to prove that bacteria actually caused
Black plague diseases
1. Bacteria- Bacteriology - Established Scientific Rules to show a
2. Protozoans- Protozoology Characteristics of Life cause and effect relationship between a
3. Algae- Phycology microbe and disease.
4. Parasite- Parasitology 1. All living things are made up of cell
5. Yeasts and Molds- Mycology 2. Maintain structure by taking up chemicals Kochs Postulate
6. Viruses- Virology and energy from the environment
3. Respond to stimuli 1. The same organisms must be found in all
Bacteria: 4. Reproduce cases of a given disease.
5. Evolve and adapt 2. The organism must be isolated and grown in
- Diseases pure culture
- Infections History of the study of Microorganisms 3. The isolated organism must reproduce the
- Epidemics same disease when inoculated into a healthy
- Food spoilage Robert Hooke (1665)- term the little boxes to cells
susceptible animal
- 1% of known bacteria cause human diseases 4. The original organism must again be
- 4% of known bacteria cause plant diseases Anton Van Leewonhoek ( 1694) First to see actual
microorganism isolated from the experimentally infected
- 95% of known bacteria are non-pathogen animal
Microbes benefit human life Cell theory : All living things are made up
of cell Exception to Kochs Postulate
1. Bacteria are primary decomposers Spontaneous Generation : theory that life are - Some organisms have never been grown in
2. Microbes produce various food products just spontaneously developed from non- pure culture on artificial media
3. Microbes are used to produce antibiotics living matter. - In exclusively human disease, it is not
4. Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our body morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly
needs but cannot synthesize. Experiments to disprove Spontaneous Generation
pathogen into a Human Guinea Pig
5. Biochemistry and Metabolism
Francesco Redi (1668)- Spontaneous generation of
6. Microbial antagonism
Maggots
7. Insect pest control
8. Bioremediation Rudolph Virchow (1858)- Theory of Biogenesis
Koch established the microbial etiology of Anthrax as Biological Weapon Prokaryotic Cell Structures
3 important diseases of his day
- Deadly if not treated early Glycocalyx
1. Cholera (Fecal-oral disease) - Spores can be produced in large quantities - Substances that surrounds bacterial cells
Example: Vibrio cholera using basic knowledge of Biology - Gelatinous substance located external to the
2. Tuberculosis (Pulmonary infection) - Spores may remain visible for years cell wall
Example: Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Spores can be spread through missiles, - Composed of polysaccharide or polypeptide
3. Anthrax (Sheep and Cattle) rockets, bombs, mail, crop dusters
Example: Bacillus anthracis - No cloud and color
- No smell and taste 1. Capsule: if substances are organized and
- Antibiotics are only effective if administered firmly attached to the cell wall.
Anthrax early within 24-48 hours. 2. Slime layer: If substances are organized
loosely attached to the cell wall
- Gram +, non-motile, aerobic and spore
forming rod Functions of Capsule
- Streptobacilli with central pores Chapter 3: Bacterial Morphology
- Livestock (Sheep, cattle, goats) 1. Contribute to virulence of bacteria by
- Humans (handle hides, wool, goat hair, Three Basic Shapes of Bacteria preventing phagocytosis by white blood
handicrafts) cells (WBCs)
1. Coccus (pl., Cocci) Spherical, oval or e.g. Streptococcus pneumoniae
3 forms of Human Anthrax round shaped bacteria 2. Prevents drying out or dessication
Diplococci: Pairs 3. Allows bacteria to adhere to various surfaces
1. Cutaneous Anthrax Streptococci: Chains e.g. streptococcus mutans, enamel on tooth
- Enters through cut or abrasion Staphylococci: Clusters to cause dental canies.
- Results in painless ulcer (1-3cm) with black Tetrads: Groups
necrcotic center E.g. Staphylococcus, Neisseria
- 20% mortality rate 2. Bacillus: (pl., Bacilli) Rod shaped Outer membrane
2. Gastrointestinal Anthrax organisms - Gram negative
- Contaminated meat Diplobacilli: Pairs - Composed of LPS or Lipopolysaccharide
- Abdominal pain, fever, vomiting of blood Streptobacilli: Chains
severe diarrhea Coccobacilli: veryshort, resembling
- 25%-60% mortality rate 1. Lipid A: Lipid portion of LPA responsible
elongated cocci (e.g. Haemophilus
3. Inhalation Anthrax for endotoxin production
influenza)
- Initial symptoms resemble common cold 2. O Polysaccharide: Polysaccharide
3. Spiral and Curve
- Progress to severe breathing problems and component of the outer membrane is
Vibrio: Comma shape (Vibrio cholerae,
shock antigenic
cholera-producing bacterium)
- Usually results in death 1-2 days after onset
Spirilla: Spiral shape (Treponema pallidum,
of acute symptoms
causative agent of syphilis) Cell wall
- Mortality rate 99% in untreated cases
- Treatment usually not effective after Club and Spirochete: Club shape - Murein sacculus
symptoms are present (Corynebacterium diptheriae, agent using - Made of peptidoglycan
diphtheria) - Multilayered, gram+ ; Monolayered gram -
- Provides rigid support and shape
(Monomorphic: one ; Pleomorphic: two or more) - Protection from osmotic damage
Periplasmic space 3. Amphitrichous: Flagella at both ends Germination: Process of returning to vegetative state
- Fluid filled space between the outer (Spirillum serpens) when damaged by chemical and physical attacks.
membrane and the plasma membrane 4. Pentrichous: flagella all around
- Contains enzymes for breakdown of large (Escherichia coli)
molecules 5. Atrichous: no flagella
- Transports proteins for regulation of the
osmolality of the cell
Internal Structure
Cytoplasmic membrane
- Plasma or cell membrane Nucleoid
- Located near the cell wall - Doesnt contain nucleoplasm or nuclear
- Cell sack, it encloses the cytoplasm membrane
- Carrier for enzymes and is involved in - Contains genetic material (Single, circular,
selective permeability double-stranded DNA)
- Active transport of molecules in and out of
the bacterial cell
Mesosome
- For cell division Paramecium and its cilia
Pilus or Fimbria - Involved in secretion of substances by the
- Pilus (pl., Pili) bacterium
- Fimbria (pl., Fimbriae)
- Thread like structure that projects from the
Ribosome
capsule
- Protein synthesis
- Adherence to cell surface (common pilus)
- Site and action of some antibiotics
- Attachment during conjugation (sex pilus)
- Pili are commonly seen in Gram negative
organisms Granules or Inclusion Bodies
- Found in certain bacteria
- Serves as storage of food and energy
Axial filaments and Flagella
e.g. Metachromatic granules of
- Whip like structures projecting the capsule
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
and are organs for motility
E.coli with its DNA showing in Red
Endospore
5 Types of Flagella
- Composed of dipicolinic acid
1. Monotrichous: Single polar flagellum - Resistant to heat, drying, chemical agents
(Vibrio cholerae) and radiation
2. Lophotrichous: tuft of flagella at one end - Very difficult to destroy
(Bartonella bacilliformis) - Produced when the environmental
conditions are detrimental to bacteria
Chapter 4: Bacterial Growth Requirement Nitrogen and phosphorus: synthesis of - Aerotolerant anaerobes (resist exposure to
nucleic acids and ATP oxygen)
Growth - Microaerophilic anaerobes (able to grow at
- An orderly increase in the sum of all *Ammonium ion is the end product all pathways of low oxygen presence but its rate of growth
components of an organism nitrogen assimilation diminished)
- Entails replication of all cellular structure, Facultative: can grow under both
organelles and components 3. Inorganic ions environment
Microbial Growth 3. Temperature
- Increase in the number of cells and not an Magnesium: stabilizes ribosomes, cell Thermophiles: heat loving organisms which
increase in the size of the organisms membranes and nucleic acids; co-factor for grow best at an optimum temperature (50-60
Prototrophics enzymes degrees Celsius)
- Do not require an exogenous source of Potassium: normal functioning and integrity Mesophiles: require an optimum
growth factor since they synthesis their own of ribosomes and also for certain enzymatic temperature of 20-40 degrees Celsius
Autotrophics activities Psychrophiles: requires an optimum
- Requires the addition of growth factor to Calcium: constituent of the cell walls of temperature of 10-20 degrees Celsius
culture media for growth to occur. gram positive bacteria; contributes to the
Coematic resistance of bacterial endospores against *Mesophiles are the most medically important
- Grown in size but not in cell number adverse environmental conditions bacteria
Iron: part of cytochrome; functions as a co-
factor in enzymatic activities 4. pH
Nutritional Requirements Trace elements: components of enzymes and - Degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution
function as co-factors Alkalophiles: pH 8.4-9.0
1. Carbon: structural backbone of all organic Neutrophiles: pH 7.5-8.0
molecules Acidophiles: pH 6.5-7.0
Lithotrophs or Autotrophs (utilize inorganic 4. Growth factors
compounds like inorganic salts and water) - Provided in culture medium *Neutophiles are the most medically important
- Photolithotrophs: energy derived from light - Includes vitamin B complex, amino acids, bacteria at pH of 6.7- 7.5
- Chemolithotrophs: oxidation of inorganic purines and pyramidines
substances
Organotrophs or Heterotrophs (utilize 5. Osmotic conditions
organic substances like sugars or glucose) Physical Requirements Halophiles: requires high salt concentrations
- Chemoorganotrophs: oxidation Osmophiles: requires high osmotic pressure
- Photoorganotrophs: light 1. Moisture or water
- Where bacteria acquire nutrients from
*Chemoorganotrophs are most medically important - Bacterial cell is composed of mainly water
Bacterial Growth Curve
2. Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus 2. Oxygen
- Necessary for synthesis of cellular materials Aerobes: utilize molecular oxygen for 1. Lag phase
like proteins and nucleic acids energy - period of adjustment for bacteria
- 14% of dry weight of bacterial cell is - Strictly aerobes (strictly requires oxygen) - synthesis of DNA and enzymes
Nitrogen; 4% of sulfur and phosphorus Anaerobes: cannot survive in the presence of - increase in size but no increase in number
Nitrogen and sulfur: synthesis of proteins oxygen (strict or obligate)
2. Logarithmic/Exponential/Log phase
- Rapid cell division, increase number of
bacterium
- Metabolically active
- Generation time of the bacteria can be
determined

3. Stationary phase
- Period of equilibrium
- Rate of growth slows down, nutrients are
depleted and toxic waste accumulate
- Sporulation period

4. Death or decline phase


- Period of rapid cell death
- Sporulation continues to occur

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