Recombinat DNA Technology, Gene Louis Pasteur (1861) Disapproved Spontaneous
Therapy and Genetic Engineering Generation Microbiology- Study of Microorganisms 10. Microbes form the basis of the food chain Theory of Biogenesis : Cells can only arise 3 Domains Microbes do benefit us but they also capable of form pre-existing cells. causing many diseases such as: Germ Theory of Disease : Diseases were 1. Bacteria - unicellular prokaryotic organisms caused by tiny invisible Wee animalcules. with peptidoglycan. Pneumonia, Whooping cough Botulism, Typhoid fever, Measles Microbiology of Infectious Disease 2. Eukarya multicellular organisms Cholera, Scarlet fever, Mumps 3. Archae Unicellular organisms with no Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Herpes I, Herpes II Etiology: Study of the cause of disease. peptidoglycan Chlamydia, Tuberculosis, RMSV Robert Koch (1876) Meningitis, Tetanus, AIDS, Gangrene Organisms of the Study Strep throat, Lyme disease, Diarrhea - First to prove that bacteria actually caused Black plague diseases 1. Bacteria- Bacteriology - Established Scientific Rules to show a 2. Protozoans- Protozoology Characteristics of Life cause and effect relationship between a 3. Algae- Phycology microbe and disease. 4. Parasite- Parasitology 1. All living things are made up of cell 5. Yeasts and Molds- Mycology 2. Maintain structure by taking up chemicals Kochs Postulate 6. Viruses- Virology and energy from the environment 3. Respond to stimuli 1. The same organisms must be found in all Bacteria: 4. Reproduce cases of a given disease. 5. Evolve and adapt 2. The organism must be isolated and grown in - Diseases pure culture - Infections History of the study of Microorganisms 3. The isolated organism must reproduce the - Epidemics same disease when inoculated into a healthy - Food spoilage Robert Hooke (1665)- term the little boxes to cells susceptible animal - 1% of known bacteria cause human diseases 4. The original organism must again be - 4% of known bacteria cause plant diseases Anton Van Leewonhoek ( 1694) First to see actual microorganism isolated from the experimentally infected - 95% of known bacteria are non-pathogen animal Microbes benefit human life Cell theory : All living things are made up of cell Exception to Kochs Postulate 1. Bacteria are primary decomposers Spontaneous Generation : theory that life are - Some organisms have never been grown in 2. Microbes produce various food products just spontaneously developed from non- pure culture on artificial media 3. Microbes are used to produce antibiotics living matter. - In exclusively human disease, it is not 4. Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our body morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly needs but cannot synthesize. Experiments to disprove Spontaneous Generation pathogen into a Human Guinea Pig 5. Biochemistry and Metabolism Francesco Redi (1668)- Spontaneous generation of 6. Microbial antagonism Maggots 7. Insect pest control 8. Bioremediation Rudolph Virchow (1858)- Theory of Biogenesis Koch established the microbial etiology of Anthrax as Biological Weapon Prokaryotic Cell Structures 3 important diseases of his day - Deadly if not treated early Glycocalyx 1. Cholera (Fecal-oral disease) - Spores can be produced in large quantities - Substances that surrounds bacterial cells Example: Vibrio cholera using basic knowledge of Biology - Gelatinous substance located external to the 2. Tuberculosis (Pulmonary infection) - Spores may remain visible for years cell wall Example: Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Spores can be spread through missiles, - Composed of polysaccharide or polypeptide 3. Anthrax (Sheep and Cattle) rockets, bombs, mail, crop dusters Example: Bacillus anthracis - No cloud and color - No smell and taste 1. Capsule: if substances are organized and - Antibiotics are only effective if administered firmly attached to the cell wall. Anthrax early within 24-48 hours. 2. Slime layer: If substances are organized loosely attached to the cell wall - Gram +, non-motile, aerobic and spore forming rod Functions of Capsule - Streptobacilli with central pores Chapter 3: Bacterial Morphology - Livestock (Sheep, cattle, goats) 1. Contribute to virulence of bacteria by - Humans (handle hides, wool, goat hair, Three Basic Shapes of Bacteria preventing phagocytosis by white blood handicrafts) cells (WBCs) 1. Coccus (pl., Cocci) Spherical, oval or e.g. Streptococcus pneumoniae 3 forms of Human Anthrax round shaped bacteria 2. Prevents drying out or dessication Diplococci: Pairs 3. Allows bacteria to adhere to various surfaces 1. Cutaneous Anthrax Streptococci: Chains e.g. streptococcus mutans, enamel on tooth - Enters through cut or abrasion Staphylococci: Clusters to cause dental canies. - Results in painless ulcer (1-3cm) with black Tetrads: Groups necrcotic center E.g. Staphylococcus, Neisseria - 20% mortality rate 2. Bacillus: (pl., Bacilli) Rod shaped Outer membrane 2. Gastrointestinal Anthrax organisms - Gram negative - Contaminated meat Diplobacilli: Pairs - Composed of LPS or Lipopolysaccharide - Abdominal pain, fever, vomiting of blood Streptobacilli: Chains severe diarrhea Coccobacilli: veryshort, resembling - 25%-60% mortality rate 1. Lipid A: Lipid portion of LPA responsible elongated cocci (e.g. Haemophilus 3. Inhalation Anthrax for endotoxin production influenza) - Initial symptoms resemble common cold 2. O Polysaccharide: Polysaccharide 3. Spiral and Curve - Progress to severe breathing problems and component of the outer membrane is Vibrio: Comma shape (Vibrio cholerae, shock antigenic cholera-producing bacterium) - Usually results in death 1-2 days after onset Spirilla: Spiral shape (Treponema pallidum, of acute symptoms causative agent of syphilis) Cell wall - Mortality rate 99% in untreated cases - Treatment usually not effective after Club and Spirochete: Club shape - Murein sacculus symptoms are present (Corynebacterium diptheriae, agent using - Made of peptidoglycan diphtheria) - Multilayered, gram+ ; Monolayered gram - - Provides rigid support and shape (Monomorphic: one ; Pleomorphic: two or more) - Protection from osmotic damage Periplasmic space 3. Amphitrichous: Flagella at both ends Germination: Process of returning to vegetative state - Fluid filled space between the outer (Spirillum serpens) when damaged by chemical and physical attacks. membrane and the plasma membrane 4. Pentrichous: flagella all around - Contains enzymes for breakdown of large (Escherichia coli) molecules 5. Atrichous: no flagella - Transports proteins for regulation of the osmolality of the cell Internal Structure Cytoplasmic membrane - Plasma or cell membrane Nucleoid - Located near the cell wall - Doesnt contain nucleoplasm or nuclear - Cell sack, it encloses the cytoplasm membrane - Carrier for enzymes and is involved in - Contains genetic material (Single, circular, selective permeability double-stranded DNA) - Active transport of molecules in and out of the bacterial cell Mesosome - For cell division Paramecium and its cilia Pilus or Fimbria - Involved in secretion of substances by the - Pilus (pl., Pili) bacterium - Fimbria (pl., Fimbriae) - Thread like structure that projects from the Ribosome capsule - Protein synthesis - Adherence to cell surface (common pilus) - Site and action of some antibiotics - Attachment during conjugation (sex pilus) - Pili are commonly seen in Gram negative organisms Granules or Inclusion Bodies - Found in certain bacteria - Serves as storage of food and energy Axial filaments and Flagella e.g. Metachromatic granules of - Whip like structures projecting the capsule Corynebacterium diphtheriae and are organs for motility E.coli with its DNA showing in Red Endospore 5 Types of Flagella - Composed of dipicolinic acid 1. Monotrichous: Single polar flagellum - Resistant to heat, drying, chemical agents (Vibrio cholerae) and radiation 2. Lophotrichous: tuft of flagella at one end - Very difficult to destroy (Bartonella bacilliformis) - Produced when the environmental conditions are detrimental to bacteria Chapter 4: Bacterial Growth Requirement Nitrogen and phosphorus: synthesis of - Aerotolerant anaerobes (resist exposure to nucleic acids and ATP oxygen) Growth - Microaerophilic anaerobes (able to grow at - An orderly increase in the sum of all *Ammonium ion is the end product all pathways of low oxygen presence but its rate of growth components of an organism nitrogen assimilation diminished) - Entails replication of all cellular structure, Facultative: can grow under both organelles and components 3. Inorganic ions environment Microbial Growth 3. Temperature - Increase in the number of cells and not an Magnesium: stabilizes ribosomes, cell Thermophiles: heat loving organisms which increase in the size of the organisms membranes and nucleic acids; co-factor for grow best at an optimum temperature (50-60 Prototrophics enzymes degrees Celsius) - Do not require an exogenous source of Potassium: normal functioning and integrity Mesophiles: require an optimum growth factor since they synthesis their own of ribosomes and also for certain enzymatic temperature of 20-40 degrees Celsius Autotrophics activities Psychrophiles: requires an optimum - Requires the addition of growth factor to Calcium: constituent of the cell walls of temperature of 10-20 degrees Celsius culture media for growth to occur. gram positive bacteria; contributes to the Coematic resistance of bacterial endospores against *Mesophiles are the most medically important - Grown in size but not in cell number adverse environmental conditions bacteria Iron: part of cytochrome; functions as a co- factor in enzymatic activities 4. pH Nutritional Requirements Trace elements: components of enzymes and - Degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution function as co-factors Alkalophiles: pH 8.4-9.0 1. Carbon: structural backbone of all organic Neutrophiles: pH 7.5-8.0 molecules Acidophiles: pH 6.5-7.0 Lithotrophs or Autotrophs (utilize inorganic 4. Growth factors compounds like inorganic salts and water) - Provided in culture medium *Neutophiles are the most medically important - Photolithotrophs: energy derived from light - Includes vitamin B complex, amino acids, bacteria at pH of 6.7- 7.5 - Chemolithotrophs: oxidation of inorganic purines and pyramidines substances Organotrophs or Heterotrophs (utilize 5. Osmotic conditions organic substances like sugars or glucose) Physical Requirements Halophiles: requires high salt concentrations - Chemoorganotrophs: oxidation Osmophiles: requires high osmotic pressure - Photoorganotrophs: light 1. Moisture or water - Where bacteria acquire nutrients from *Chemoorganotrophs are most medically important - Bacterial cell is composed of mainly water Bacterial Growth Curve 2. Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus 2. Oxygen - Necessary for synthesis of cellular materials Aerobes: utilize molecular oxygen for 1. Lag phase like proteins and nucleic acids energy - period of adjustment for bacteria - 14% of dry weight of bacterial cell is - Strictly aerobes (strictly requires oxygen) - synthesis of DNA and enzymes Nitrogen; 4% of sulfur and phosphorus Anaerobes: cannot survive in the presence of - increase in size but no increase in number Nitrogen and sulfur: synthesis of proteins oxygen (strict or obligate) 2. Logarithmic/Exponential/Log phase - Rapid cell division, increase number of bacterium - Metabolically active - Generation time of the bacteria can be determined
3. Stationary phase - Period of equilibrium - Rate of growth slows down, nutrients are depleted and toxic waste accumulate - Sporulation period
4. Death or decline phase
- Period of rapid cell death - Sporulation continues to occur