AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC DOOR CLOSER

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Mechanical Engineering
SUBMITTED BY

Sachin Kumar 2313647

Sumit kumar 2313648
Rohit Sharma 2313656
Hitesh Maggo 2314788
Sajan 2314789
Khamish 2314791

SUBMITTED TO

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Ambala College of Engineering and Applied Research, Ambala
(Affiliated With)

Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra

December 2016
 AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC DOOR CLOSER
A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Mechanical Engineering

SUBMITTED BY

Sachin Kumar 2313647

Sumit kumar 2313648
Rohit Sharma 2313656
Hitesh Maggo 2314788
Sajan 2314789
Khamish 2314791

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. Amit Arya
Designation
ME Department
ACE, Ambala

SUBMITTED TO
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Ambala College of Engineering and Applied Research, Ambala
December 2016
 CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION
We, Sachin(2313647), Sumit(2313648), Rohit(2313656), Hitesh(2314788),
Sajan(2314789), Khamish(2314791) hereby declare that the work which is being
presented in the project entitled, AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC DOOR CLOSER in
partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of B.Tech. (ME) and submitted
in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ambala College of Engineering and
Applied Research, Ambala, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, is an authentic record
of my/our own work carried by me under the supervision of Amit Arya (Designation,
Mechanical Department, Ambala College of Engineering and Applied Research,
Ambala).The matter presented in this project Report has not been submitted in this or any
other University / Institute for the award of B.Tech Degree.
Dated:
(Sachin)
2313647
Dated:
(Sumit)
2313648
Dated:
(Rohit)
2313656
Dated:
(Hitesh)
2314788
Dated:
(Sajan)
2314780
Dated:
(Khamish)
2314791
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Ambala College of Engineering and Applied Research, Ambala
(Affiliated With)
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119
(Established by the state legislature Act XII of 1956)
(A Grade, NAAC Accredited)
 CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report entitled AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC DOOR

CLOSER is the bonafide work of Sachin(2313647), Sumit(2313648),

Rohit(2313656), Hitesh(2314788), Sajan(2314789), Khamish(2314791) of 7 th

Semester, Mechanical Engineering, Ambala College of Engineering and Applied

Research, Devsthali, Ambala, who carried out the project work under my supervision

during August, 2016 - November, 2016.

(Amit Arya) (Ashwani Verma)

Supervisor Project Coordinator
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
ME Department, ACE ME Department, ACE

The above statement is correct to the best of our knowledge.

( ) (Dr. S.K Jain)

External Examiner Associate Professor
Head of Department
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Project work is an important aspect in the field of engineering, where contribution is
made by many persons and organizations. The present shape of this work has come forth
after contribution from different spheres.

Give acknowledgement to Guide.

Give acknowledgement to H.O.D

I would also like to thank my parents etc who helped me in my Project.

I express my sincere gratitude to Ambala College of Engineering and Applied
Research, Ambala and Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra for giving me the
opportunity to work on the Project during my final year of B.Tech.
At the end thanks to the Almighty for

(Sachin) 2313647

(Sumit) 2313648

(Rohit) 2313656

(Hitesh) 2314788

(Sajan) 2314780

(Khamish) 2314791
 ABSTRACT

This project work title is "AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC DOOR CLOSER" has been
Tired of stopping your vehicle and manually opening/closing your door every time you
leave or come home? Simplify the process with a pneumatic door opening system which
operating the hand liver valve so that opens your door.
Automation in the modern world is inevitable. Any automatic machine aimed at the
economical use of man, machine, and material worth the most. In our project is direction
control valve is used for automation.
Contents
Candidates Declaration i
Certificate ii
Acknowledgement iii

Abstract iv

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1-2

1.1 Role and responsibility 2

1.2 Personal Engineering Activity 2

Chapter 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 3-5

2.1 Field of the Invention 3

2.2. Pneumatics 3

Chapter 3 COMPONENTS & DECRIPTION 6-26

Chapter 4 WORKING 27

Chapter 5 APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES 28

Chapter 6 CONCLUSION 29

Chapter 7 EXPERIMENTAL DIAGRAM 29

 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
Nowadays Automation occupies various electronic sections by its comfortable
nature. This is an era of automation where it is broadly defined as replacement of manual
effort by pneumatic power in all degrees of automation. The operation remains an
essential part of the system although with changing demands on physical input as the
degree of mechanization is increased. Degrees of automation are of two types, viz.

Full automation.

Semi automation.

In semi automation a combination of manual effort and pneumatic power is required

whereas in full automation human participation is very negligible.

1.1 Role and Responsibilities

My roles and responsibilities includes:

Prepare a requirement document to reach expectations of project and to come up with
functionalities which are needed to be implemented.
Documentation of expected output for various aspects with accepted margin error was
also documented.
To design overall system based on workflow requirements.
Discussion with the project guide and Head of Department on ways to improve the
design and to optimize performance.
Choosing suitable components and methods based on the configurations availability
and requirements.
Testing and remedies.
 Recommendations
As a trainee mechanical engineer, I wanted to work on a project work that would
showcase my engineering knowledge. I got the opportunity to work on AUTOMATIC
PNEUMATIC DOOR CLOSER. This project was very important as it evaluated my
skills and talents in my company.

1.2 PERSONAL ENGINEERING ACTIVITY

As a mechanical engineer, before undertaking any task I checked the feasibility of the
project. In this project, my role is as team members. This report provides an insight into
the design and fabrication of AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC DOOR CLOSER.

I wanted to know more details of the project before commencing; hence, I researched the
topic thoroughly by referring to journals and articles online. Additionally, I obtained more
information by taking references about the topic.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
Chapter 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC DOOR CLOSER.

2.1 Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to door open and close, and relates more particularly to an
automatic pneumatic door opener/closer.

2.2 Pneumatics:

The word pneuma comes from Greek and means breather wind. The word pneumatics is
the study of air movement and its phenomena is derived from the word pneuma. Today
pneumatics is mainly understood to means the application of air as a working medium in
industry especially the driving and controlling of machines and equipment.
Pneumatics has for some considerable time between used for bikerying out the simplest
mechanical tasks in more recent times has played a more important role in the
development of pneumatic technology for automation.
Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air which must be made available
in sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the system. When the
pneumatic system is being adopted for the first time, however it wills indeed the
necessary to deal with the question of compressed air supply.
The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means using reciprocating
compressor. A compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas at a certain pressure and
delivered the air at a high pressure.
Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed and delivered and the
volume expressed is that of the air at intake conditions namely at atmosphere pressure
and normal ambient temperature.
The compressibility of the air was first investigated by Robert Boyle in 1962 and that
found that the product of pressure and volume of a particular quantity of gas.
The usual written as
PV = C (or) P1V1 =P2V2

In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressured which for free is about 14.7 Psi and
is of courage capable of maintaining a column of mercury, nearly 30 inches high in an
ordinary barometer. Any gas can be used in pneumatic system but air is the mostly used
system now a days.

PNEUMATIC ACTUATOR:

Physical processes proceeding in drives are submitted to the gas laws. The gas laws are a
set of laws that describe the relationship between thermodynamic temperature (T),
pressure (P) and volume (V) of gases. Three of these laws, Boyles law, Charless law,
and Gay-Lussacs law, may be combined to form the combined gas law

Which with the addition of Avogadros law later gave way to the ideal gas law. Other
important gas laws include Daltons law of partial pressures. The kinetic theory of gases,
Grahams law of effusion and root mean square velocity explains how individual
molecules act in a gas and their relation to pressure, volume, and temperature. A gas that
obeys these gas laws is known exactly as an ideal gas (or perfect gas). An ideal gas does
not exist; however, some gases follow the laws more closely than the others in given
standard conditions.
The most important gas law is the ideal gas law, which states that: PV = nRT
Other gas laws, such as vander Waals equation, seek to correct the ideal gas laws to
reflect the behaviour of actual gases. Van der Waals equation alters the ideal gas law to
reflect how actual gases function using a series of calculated values called van der Waals
constant
Any gas can be used in pneumatic system but air is the mostly used system now a days.

SELECTION OF PNEUMATICS

Mechanization is broadly defined as the replacement of manual effort by mechanical

power. Pneumatic is an attractive medium for low cost mechanization particularly for
sequential (or) repetitive operations. Many factories and plants already have a
compressed air system, which is capable of providing the power (or) energy requirements
and the control system (although equally pneumatic control systems may be economic
and can be advantageously applied to other forms of power).

The main advantage of an all pneumatic system are usually economic and simplicity the
latter reducing maintenance to a low level. It can also have out standing advantages in
terms of safety.

PNEUMATIC POWER

Pneumatic systems use pressurised gas to transmit and control power. Pneumatic systems
typically use air as the fluid medium because air is safe, free and readily available.

Advantages of Pneumatics:

1. Air used in pneumatic systems can be directly exhausted in to the surrounding

environment and hence the need of special reservoirs and no-leak system designs are
eliminated.

2. Pneumatic systems are simple in design and economical.

3. Control of pneumatic systems is easier.

Disadvantages of Pneumatics:

1. Pneumatic systems exhibit spongy characteristics due to compressibility of air.

2. Pneumatic pressures are quite low due to compressor design limitations (less that 250
psi).
Chapter 3

COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

3.1 MAIN COMPONENTS

FRAME

DOOR

PNEUMATIC CYLINDER

COMPRESSER

SOLENOID VALVE

FLOW CONTROL VALVE

HOSES

CONNECTORS

CONTROL UNIT

HEX NUT

BOLT

WASHER
3.2 DESCRIPTION

PNEUMATIC CYLINDER

The basic, rod-style industrial cylinder consists of a tube sealed by end caps. A rod
attached to an internal piston extends through a sealed opening in one of the ends. The
cylinder mounts to a machine and the piston rod acts upon the load. A port at one end of
the cylinder supplies compressed air to one side of the piston, causing it (and the piston
rod) to move. The port at the other end lets air on the opposite side of the piston escape
usually to atmosphere. Reversing the roles of the two ports makes the piston and rod
stroke in the opposite direction. Rod-style cylinders function in two ways: Double-acting
cylinders use compressed air to power both the extend and retract strokes, moving the rod
back and forth. This arrangement makes them ideal for pushing and pulling loads.
Controlling the rate at which air exhausts determines rod speed. Single-acting cylinders
have compressed air supplied to only one side of the piston; the other side vents to
atmosphere. Depending on whether air is routed to the cap or rod end determines whether
the rod extends or retracts.
 AIR COMPRESSOR
An air compressor is a device that converts power (using an electric motor, diesel or
gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in pressurized air (i.e., compressed air).
By one of several methods, an air compressor forces more and more air into a storage
tank, increasing the pressure. When tank pressure reaches its upper limit the air
compressor shuts off. The compressed air, then, is held in the tank until called into use.
The energy contained in the compressed air can be used for a variety of applications,
utilizing the kinetic energy of the air as it is released and the tank depressurizes. When
tank pressure reaches its lower limit, the air compressor turns on again and re-pressurizes
the tank.
 SOLENOID VALVE
A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is controlled by an
electric current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on
or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet
ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on a manifold.

Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their tasks are
to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many application
areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching, high reliability, long service life, good
medium compatibility of the materials used, low control power and compact design.
Besides the plunger-type actuator which is used most frequently, pivoted-armature
actuators and rocker actuators are also used.

A solenoid valve is an electromechanical valve for use with liquid or gas. The valve is
controlled by an electric current through a solenoid coil. Solenoid valves are the most
frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their tasks are to shut off, release, dose,
distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many application areas.

For controlling the air flow in and out of the engine we use a 3/2 pilot operated normally
closed valve. The symbol of the 3/2 valve is as shown:
 Valve Symbol
The specifications of the valve are the following:

Orifice: 12mm.
Operating pressure range: 2-10bar
Flow rate: 3000Litres/minute
Coil width: 32mm.
Voltage: 24V DC
Duty cycle: Continuous

The 3/2 solenoid valve utilized in our project is shown in the following picture:
 The Solenoid Valve

The construction and the working of the 3/2 solenoid valve can be explained with the
help of the following diagram:
 Fig. Construction and Working

The figure shows the operation of a pilot operated 3/2 pneumatic valve. The solenoid
operates the small pilot valve directly. Because this valve has a small area, a low
operating force is requires. The pilot valve applies line pressure to the top of the control
valve causing it to move down, closing the exhaust port. When it contacts the main valve
disc there are two forces acting on the valve stem. The pilot valve applies a downwards
force of PD, where P is the line pressure and D is the area of the control valve. Line
pressure also applies an upwards force PE to the stem, where E is the area of the main
valve. The area of the control valve, D, is greater than area of the main valve E, so the
downwards force is the larger and the valve opens.
When the solenoid de-energizes, the space above the control valve is vented. Line and
spring pressure on the main valve causes the valve stem to rise again.
Directional control valves are one of the most fundamental parts in hydraulic machinery
as well and pneumatic machinery. They allow fluid flow into different paths from one or
more sources. They usually consist of a spool inside a cylinder which is mechanically or
electrically controlled. The movement of the spool restricts or permits the flow, thus it
controls the fluid flow.
The directional valve is one of the important parts of a pneumatic system. Commonly
known as DCV, this valve is used to control the direction of air flow in the pneumatic
system. The directional valve does this by changing the position of its internal movable
parts.
This valve was selected for speedy operation and to reduce the manual effort and also for
the modification of the machine into automatic machine by means of using a solenoid
valve.
A solenoid is an electrical device that converts electrical energy into straight line motion
and force. These are also used to operate a mechanical operation which in turn operates
the valve mechanism. Solenoids may be push type or pull type.
The push type solenoid is one which the plunger is pushed when the solenoid is energized
electrically. The pull type solenoid is one is which the plunger is pulled when the
solenoid is energized.
PARTS OF A SOLENOID VALVE:
A. COIL:
The solenoid coil is made of copper wire. The layers of wire are separated by insulating
layer. The entire solenoid coil is covered with a varnish that is not affected by solvents,
moisture, cutting oil or often fluids. Coils are rated in various voltages such as 115 volts
AC, 230 volts AC, 460 volts AC, 575 Volts AC, 6 Volts DC, 12 Volts DC, 24 Volts DC,
115 Volts DC & 230 Volts DC. They are designed for such frequencies as 50 Hz to 60 Hz.
B. FRAME:
The solenoid frame serves several purposes. Since it is made of laminated sheets, it is
magnetized when the current passes through the coil. The magnetized coil attracts the
metal plunger to move. The frame has provisions for attaching the mounting. They are
usually bolted or welded to the frame. The frame has provisions for receivers, the
plunger. The wear strips are mounted to the solenoid frame, and are made of materials
such as metal or impregnated less fiber cloth.
C. SOLENOID PLUNGER
The Solenoid plunger is the mover mechanism of the solenoid. The plunger is made of
steel laminations which are riveted together under high pressure, so that there will be no
movement of the lamination with respect to one another. At the top of the plunger a pin
hole is placed for making a connection to some device. The solenoid plunger is moved by
a magnetic force in one direction and is usually returned by spring action.
Solenoid operated valves are usually provided with cover over either the solenoid or the
entire valve. This protects the solenoid from dirt and other foreign matter, and protects
the actuator. In many applications it is necessary to use explosion proof solenoids.

WORKING OF SOLENOID VALVE:

The solenoid valve has 5 openings. This ensures easy exhausting of 5/2 valve. The spool
of the 5/2 valve slide inside the main bore according to spool position; the ports get
connected and disconnected. The working principle is as follows
POSITION-1
When the spool is actuated towards outer direction port P gets connected to B and S
remains closed while A gets connected to R
POISITION-2
When the spool is pushed in the inner direction port P and A gets connected to each
other and B to S while port R remains close

5/2 Way Solenoid Valve Sectional View

SOLENOID VALVE (OR) CUT OFF VALVE:

The control valve is used to control the flow direction is called cut off valve or solenoid
valve. This solenoid cut off valve is controlled by the electronic control unit.

In our project separate solenoid valve is used for flow direction of vice cylinder. It is used
to flow the air from compressor to the single acting cylinder.

FLOW CONTROL VALVE:

In any fluid power circuit, flow control valve is used to control the speed of the actuator.
The flow control can be achieved by varying the area of flow through which the air in
passing.

When area is increased, more quantity of air will be sent to actuator as a result its speed
will increase. If the quantity of air entering into the actuator is reduced, the speed of the
actuator is reduced.

Flow Control Valve

Flow control valves facilitate high precision adjustment of flow volumes and are used to
precisely control the piston speed of a drive.

For adjustable speed via exhaust air flow control. The piston moves between air cushions
created through freely flowing supply air and restricted exhaust air. The benefit is
improved operating behaviour, even in the event of load changes

For adjustable speed via supply air flow control. The piston is moved via an air cushion at
one end, created by freely flowing exhaust air and restricted supply air. In contrast with
exhaust air restriction, there is a tendency towards a stick-slip effect.

Flow Control Valve For Pneumatic Cylinder

HOSES

Hoses used in this pneumatic system are made up of polyurethane. These hose can with
stand at a maximum pressure level of 10 N/m. Polyurethane combines the best properties
of both plastic and rubber. It offers abrasion and tear resistance, high tensile and
elongation values, and low compression set.

Polyurethane is naturally flexible and exhibits virtually unlimited flexural abilities.

Combining good chemical resistance with excellent weathering characteristics sets
polyurethane apart from most other thermoplastics. It has exceptional resistance to most
gasolines, oils, kerosene, and other petroleum based chemicals, making it an ideal choice
for fuel lines (although additives in todays gasoline and petroleum products warrant field
testing).

Poly Urathane Tubes

APPLICATIONS OF PU TUBE:

Any time condensation can occur with small actuators, air grippers and air operated
valves. Condensation in a pneumatic system will cause operating failure and affect the
life of pneumatic equipment.

Manufacturers of electrical components.

When you need to eliminate water condensation but you cannot use a membrane or
desiccant dryer (as you cannot use a fast exhaust).

BENEFITS OF PU TUBE:

Longer life of other pneumatic equipment.

Prevents operational failure of small actuators, air grippers and pilot operated valves
due to condensation.

Avoids corrosion in other pneumatic equipment.

Diffuses water vapour in the piping to the outside before it liquefies, so we avoid
problems such as dried grease or ozone when using other types of dryers.

Easy mounting.

CONNECTORS:

In our system hose connectors are used . Hose connectors normally comprise an adoptee
hose nipple. These types of connectors are made up of brass (or) Aluminum (or) hardened
pneumatic steel. For these type hose connectors no need of hose clamp these are self-
locking hose connectors. a Multi way four way hose connecter.

The universal combination at an attractive price. Can be widely used thanks to resistant
materials. Easy to install thanks to optimised bending radii. Limited reset effect.
Attractively priced: the universal solution for metal fittings. Perfect for standard
pneumatic applications in many different fields. Wide range of variants Over 1000
types for maximum flexibility in standard applications. Hydrolysis resistant For
applications in damp environments or in contact with water at up to 60 C. Resistant to
pressure Secure connection when used with pressure ranges of up to 14 bar. Economical
for pneumatic installations in the high pressure ranges.

Hose Connector

The powerful combination for applications involving pressure ranges up to 16 bar For
example, for applications with the pressure booster Robust, flexible and reliable
connection for the automotive industry. Fulfils the requirements Heat resistant For
reliable compressed air supply in high temperature ranges. Whether with 10 bar at 80 C
or 6 bar at 150 C always delivers maximum process security. Anti-static Electrically
conductive tubing combined with a solid-metal fitting Approved for the food Industry
Food and Drug Administration certification for use in the food industry:

Four way hose connector

The hydrolysis-resistant combination with increased functions. Designed to meet the
highest demands, This combination shines in applications which require the highest
possible hygiene standards for food. The cost-effective alternative to stainless steel,
perfect for e.g. critical environments such as the splash zone: resistant to practically all
common cleaning agents, with maximum corrosion protection. Resistant to media
Completely resistant to all cleaning agents and lubricants and even permits the
transportation of acids and lyes without any problems.

Flame-retardant Safe in areas where there is a risk of fire thanks to flame-retardant

properties to Resistant to welding Spatter The economical combination for applications
not in close proximity to welding applications. Also reliable for applications in direct
proximity to welding splatter Double-sheathed tube and special fitting.

CONTROL UNIT

A pneumatic multipurpose device is an air-operated device used for many small

operations. It is a portable one. Compressed air is the source of energy for this device.
The compressed air is allowed to pass through the nozzle in such a way that the rotation
obtained is utilized for machining.

The nozzles welded to the fan can be rotated in either direction. The rpm and torque of
the shaft depends upon the pressure of the air admitted so by varying the pressure, the
RPM and torque can be varied. Thick tubes interconnect the parts. The Clamps are used
at the connecting parts to prevent leakage. In thread parts seals are used to prevent
leakage.

The compressed air from the compressor first enters the control unit. In the control unit
the pressure of the air is controlled and sent to the barrel to rotate the fan in the required
direction. The gate valve controls the pressure and volume of air. Then the pressure is
read by a pressure gauge. Later the air is admitted to the barrel, a shaft is placed and it
bikeries the fan.

The shaft is supported by bearing. The bearings are placed in the couplings, which covers
the end of barrel.
BOLT
A screw, or bolt, is a type of fastener, typically made of metal, and characterized by a
helical ridge, known as a male thread (external thread) or just thread, wrapped around a
cylinder. Some screw threads are designed to mate with a complementary thread, known
as a female thread (internal thread), often in the form of a nut or an object that has the
internal thread formed into it. Other screw threads are designed to cut a helical groove in
a softer material as the screw is inserted. The most common uses of screws are to hold
objects together and to position objects.

A screw will almost always have a head on one end which contains a specially formed
shape that allows it to be turned, or driven, with a tool. Common tools for driving screws
include screwdrivers and wrenches. The head is usually larger than the body of the screw,
which keeps the screw from being driven deeper than the length of the screw and to
provide a bearing surface. There are exceptions; for instance, carriage bolts have a domed
head that is not designed to be driven; set screws often have a head smaller than the outer
diameter of the screw; J-bolts have a J-shaped head which is not designed to be driven,
but rather is usually sunk into concrete allowing it to be used as an anchor bolt. The
cylindrical portion of the screw from the underside of the head to the tip is known as the
shank; it may be fully threaded or partially threaded.[1] The distance between each thread
is called the "pitch".

The majority of screws are tightened by clockwise rotation, which is termed a right-hand
thread; a common mnemonic device for remembering this when working with screws or
bolts is "righty-tighty, lefty-loosey." Screws with left-hand threads are used in exceptional
cases. For example, when the screw will be subject to counterclockwise torque (which
would work to undo a right-hand thread), a left-hand-threaded screw would be an
appropriate choice. The left side pedal of a bicycle has a left-hand thread.

More generally, screw may mean any helical device, such as a clamp, a micrometer, a
ship's propeller or an Archimedes' screw water pump.
HEX NUT
A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always used opposite a
mating bolt to fasten a stack of parts together. The two partners are kept together by a
combination of their threads' friction, a slight stretch of the bolt, and compression of the
parts. In applications where vibration or rotation may work a nut loose, various locking
mechanisms may be employed: Adhesives, safety pins or lockwire, nylon inserts, or
slightly oval-shaped threads. The most common shape is hexagonal, for similar reasons
as the bolt head - 6 sides give a good granularity of angles for a tool to approach from
(good in tight spots), but more (and smaller) corners would be vulnerable to being
rounded off. Also It takes only 1/6th of a rotation to obtain the next side of the hexagon
and grip is optimal.However polygons with more than 6 sides do not give the requisite
grip and polygons with less than 6 sides take more time to be given a complete
rotation.Other specialized shapes exist for certain needs, such as wing nuts for finger
adjustment and captive nuts for inaccessible areas.

Nuts are graded with strength ratings compatible with their respective bolts; for example,
an ISO property class 10 nut will be able to support the bolt proof strength load of an ISO
property class 10.9 bolt without stripping. Likewise, an SAE class 5 nut can support the
proof load of an SAE class 5 bolt, and so on.

A wide variety of nuts exists, from household hardware versions to specialized industry-
specific designs that are engineered to meet various technical standards.
WASHER
A washer is a thin plate (typically disk-shaped) with a hole (typically in the middle) that
is normally used to distribute the load of a threaded fastener, such as a screw or nut.
Other uses are as a spacer, spring (belleville washer, wave washer), wear pad, preload
indicating device, locking device, and to reduce vibration (rubber washer). Washers
usually have an outer diameter (OD) about twice the width of their inner diameter (ID).

Washers are usually metal or plastic. High quality bolted joints require hardened steel
washers to prevent the loss of pre-load due to Brinelling after the torque is applied.

Rubber or fiber gaskets used in taps (or faucets, or valves) to stop the flow of water are
sometimes referred to colloquially as washers; but, while they may look similar, washers
and gaskets are usually designed for different functions and made differently.

Washers are also important for preventing galvanic corrosion, particularly by insulating
steel screws from aluminium surfaces.

The origin of the word is unknown; the first recorded use of the word was in 1346,
however the first time its definition was recorded was in 1611.

Chapter 4

WORKING
The compressed air from the compressor is used as the force medium for this operation.
There are pneumatic double acting cylinders, Direction control valve; flow control valve
used .The arm from the compressor enters to the floe control valve.

The controlled air from the flow control valve enters to the direction control valve. The
function of direction control valve is used to move the double acting cylinder
forward/reverse depends upon the valve position. In one position air enter to the cylinder
and pusses the piston, so that the gate will open.

The next position air enters to the other side of cylinder and pusses the piston return back,
so that the releasing stroke is obtained. In that time the door is closed. The speed of the
close and releasing stroke is varied by the direction control valve manually
Chapter 5

APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES

APPLICATIONS:-

It is very useful in car parking stations.

Used in industrial areas.
In office and home Application

ADVANTAGES

It is very economical.
Stay safe in your car and 2eep out of bad weather when entering/exiting your property
Safe and easy do-it-yourself installation - no professional electrician required
Add-on accessories allow you to customize a system for you
The pneumatic is more efficient in the technical field
Quick response is achieved
Simple in construction
Easy to maintain and repair.
DISADVANTAGES

1. Initial cost is high.

2. High maintenance cost.
Chapter 6

CONCLUSION

After completing the project, conclude that our project is simple in construction and
compact in size for use. Manufacturing of machine is easy and cost of the machine is less.

Chapter 7

EXPERIMENTAL DIAGRAM