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FRESHHH2017

part
UPSTREAM
Game
Rules
WelcometotheUPSTREAM
Simulation
part
of
Freshhh2017
Programme!

Game
concept

The online competition is a turn-based strategic game aiming to imitate reality as much as possible.
However it still contains several simplifications to make the game easier to understand and more
entertainingtoplay.

You are the managers of a well-established oil company with a diversified upstream and downstream
portfolio continuously seeking new upstream opportunities to replace the reserves and the
production. You and your teammates have to focus on the upstream process/activity in this part of
theFRESHHHProgramme.

Upppland has decided to open its oil industry to international players recently, due to a lack of funds
for exploration of the countrys petroleum potential. Several companies entered the First
International Bid Round of Upppland which resulted in significant discoveries and subsequent
increase of production and oil export levels of the country. Your company owns a big exploration
license in the country. Thanks to the success of the International Bid Round, Upppland teamed up
with its neighbouring and surrounding countries and they formed the Oil Producer Upppian
Countries,thuscreatingtheOPUCarea.

Thanks to your long-lasting successful international track record and your presence in Upppland you
are one of the few companies invited to operate in the OPUC area. The upstream industry go back
high in the past in this area as well, however, most acreage could not be explored and developed
according to the lack of funds in these closed economies in recent decades. The primary objective of
OPUC countries is to find operators who commit themselves to efficient developing and producing
the discovered hydrocarbon fields. Therefore a production license will be granted. You are delegated
exclusively to the management of the OPUC Area portfolio and you do not have to deal with other
assets of the company. Nevertheless, you have access only to the funds of your own portfolio to
developnewopportunitieshere.

Thegameiscompiledofthreecloselylinkedsections:
Development,
Production,
Commercialization

Youaregiven3000millionU$(UpppDollar)ofcashonhandtostarttheupstreamprocess.

Timing

Contestants are going to play for 15 turns. 1 turn in the game means 24 hours in the real world, so in
every24hours,thereisgoingtobeaturnchange.

(GMT 12:00 Processing a turn lasts for an hour and you cannot enter the game during that time. You
are advised to return a bit later. Financial accounting and the effects of decision-making are only
shownwhenaturnchangeoccurs.)

Financing

You begin the game with a budget of 3000 million U$ for upstream operations. You have a revolving
credit at a 10% interest rate. You can use this credit facility to finance 60% of your investments at
field development phase only. If the value of CASH IN HAND gets negative in case of financing from
credit,30%
penaltyinterestwillchargedonit.

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PLAYING
THE
GAME
IN
GENERAL

The company has 10 prospects during the game. The team decide on which field they want to start
developing. It is recommended to set up a strategy for scheduling field development. The aim is to
createanoptimalportfolio,achievereturnoninvestmentsandmaximizetheprofit.

According to the strategy your team is supposed to delineate a field by giving the crucial input
parameters (like recoverable reserves; porosity etc.) for development and economic planning. These
input parameters will be loaded into the Field Development phase. With the help of this information
you will have to evaluate the fields if you have sufficient amount of funds and of course the
opportunity is prospective enough. Your funds are scarce so do not waste them on low return
projects. If the IRR of a project is just a few percents, it might be better to wait for more suitable
opportunities. If judged rentable, your task will be to work out and fulfill a field development
programon
thefield.

Tostartfielddevelopmentpleasebenavigatedtoanotherscreenwherethemapofthelicensearea
willappearwith10locatorspointingtothefields.

3
FieldController

Byselecting
apoint(field),thenclickingontheFIELDDETAILSmenuitemontheFieldController,a
listofinput
datawillappearandyoucanalsostartthefieldbydecisionACQUIRE.

PaneloftheFieldDetails

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Developmentpanelcontainsfacilitiesthatcanbeconstructed.Fortheaimofsettingupthebest
strategypleaseseesectionFielddevelopment,facilitiesandcostsfordetailedinformationabout
buildinganditscalculations.

Selling
the
produced
hydrocarbons

Crudeoil

The oil quantity that leaves the license area is sold on the average international market price at the
end of the year. Note that there can be several bottlenecks of oil sales. (See the facilities section for
details.)

Naturalgas

The associated natural gas is used for power generation or transferred to the government for free,
according to the license agreements in force in the OPUC area. (This is done automatically; the teams
donothavetodealwithgasatall.)

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Fiscal
regime

If the teams want to plan their revenues precisely, they have to model the fiscal regime of the license
agreements
aswell.Thecountryhasitsowntaxregimewhichmeans60%taxislevied.

Inputs
&miscellaneous
rules

Thefollowingdatawillbeprovidedforeachfield.

Field
data
Depth [ft] reservoirdepth

API APIgravity

Rsi [scf/bbl] Gas-OilRatio

Area [acre] Areaofthefield

Averagethickness [ft] Averagethicknessofthereservoir

Porosity [%] Porosityofthereservoirrock

Heff/H [ft/ft] Theratioofeffectiveandaveragethickness

Initialwatersaturation [%] Initialwatersaturationinthereservoir

Permeability [md] Permeabilityofthereservoirrock

Distance from main In case a CPU (Central Production Unit) is built, its distance
[miles]
road fromtheclosestmainroad

Distance from main In case a CPU is built, its distance from the closest main rail
[miles]
trainline line

Distance from main In case a CPU is built, its distance from the closest main
[miles]
pipeline hydrocarbonroute.

Furthermore, information for the country in which the field is located will also be provided. These
dataareconstantthroughoutthegame.
Thesearethefollowing:

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Country
data
Average
[F] averageatmospherictemperature
temperature

Geothermal [F/1000
averagegeothermalgradient
gradient ft]

OPEX & CAPEX


OPEXandCAPEXlevelsinthecountryyouoperate
parameter

The % of the generated oil revenue withdrawn by the


Governmenttake
government

There are some technical parameters which are constant regardless of the country or field. These
are:

Constants

Atmospheric
14.7psia
pressure

Methane 0.037463pound/cubicft
density (0.498kg/cubicm)

the diameter of the well sections that cross the


Wellbore
radius 0.29ft
reservoir

LocationofCountryinfo

Oilpricevariesthroughoutthegame.In
thefirstperiodthepriceis50U$(UpppDollar)/bbl

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Evaluation
of
fields

production
curve

Before purchasing a development concession you will need to evaluate it. To do this, you have to
calculate the oil in place, the recoverable reserves and finally the production profile while also
considering the necessary investment, operating costs and taxes. The recoverable reserve size (i.e.
the recovery ratio) and the production profile are dependent on your field development scheme.
(Please see next section for detailed information on field development.) Note that the fields are
developed with pressure maintenance technology and ESPs (electrical submersible pumps) are used
ateachproductionwells.

With the above specified data set and by using the Vasquez and Beggs formula (1980), you can
calculate the bubble point pressure, the oil formation volume factor and the original reserve for
undersaturatedreservoir.

Followingthatoriginaloilinplace(OOIP)
canbecalculated.

During the recoverable reserve calculation use the Beggs and Robinson formula (1975) for the oil
viscositycalculation.

For water viscosity calculation use the McCain formula (1991). Water is assumed to be fresh water
withoutany
saltcontent.

For estimation of the recovery factor with pressure maintenance technology use the correlation
issuedinAPIBulletinD14(1967).

The production is separated into two phases, waterless production and production with water. The
total liquid (water + oil) production level of a field with a given well network is constant in the entire
life of a field (without taking into consideration the bottlenecks of the surface infrastructure) but
watercut of the production changes in time. For the calculation of the production profile you may use
thefollowingformulas:

Forwaterlessproductionportion(from
sensitivitycalculationmadebynumericalsimulation)

Wlp=waterless(till1%ofwatercontain)productionportionofthetotalproduction

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h
W lp = 0.6047 0.035log( o ) + 0.02861log(W d) 0.0342log(h) + 0.06 h ef f 0.0067log(k)
w avg

where;

(Wd)Welldistanceinterval=2000<distancebetweentheinjectorsandproducers<10000[ft]

Reservoirtotalthicknessinterval(h)=40<thickness<300[ft]

Permeabilityinterval=1<k<1000[mD]

Over(orbelow)thelimitsthemaximal(minimal)limitvaluehastobeused


A
Distancebetweeninjectorsandproducers=2 (n+m)

where:

A:fieldarea[sqft]

n:numberofproducers

m:numberofinjectors

ROOIPinthewaterlessproductionphase=ROOIP*Wlp*Sp,where

Sp=Scheme
parameter,acorrectionfactordependingontheinjectionwellpattern:

Atfivepointsystem(producer-injectorratio=1)Sp=1

Atsevenorfourpointsystem(producer-injectorratio=2)Sp=0.9

Atninepointsystem(producer-injectorratio=3)Sp=0.8

Spcanbecalculateddirectlyfromthefinalproducer-injectorrateforamiddlepoint.

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When the produced oil amount in the waterless production phase exceeds ROOIP*Wlp* Sp, the
waterlessphasealterstoproductionwithwaterphase.

Inproductionwithwaterphase

ForFieldlevelWaterOilRatiopredictionuseTimmermann(1971)formula,where;

Np=cumulativeoilproduction[bbl],itsdomain:ROOIPWlp<Np<ROOIP

a,b=reservoirspecificconstants,canbedeterminedfromthefirstandlastpointofthecurve

1stpoint(startingofthewaterproduction)WC=1%,Np=ROOIPWlp

2ndpoint(endofpotentialproduction)WC=99%,Np=ROOIP

Forwelllevelestimationsyoumayusethefollowingequations

Averageproducerproductivityequation:

where:

qf=qo+qw[bbl/d]

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re=drainageradius[ft]

rw=wellboreradius[ft]


A
re = 2 n

A:fieldarea[sqft]

n:numberofproducers

Estimationoftheaverageinjectorfinalproductivity:

where

i
w
[bbl/d]

K averagewaterpermeability(assumedtobeequaltok)
w=

r middledistancesbetweentheinjectorsandproducers
ei=


A
rei = 2 (n+m)

where:

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A:fieldarea[sqft]

n:numberofproducers

m:numberofinjectors

As the game itself, the model for the estimation of the production of a field should also be built using
1yearlongperiods.

Field
Development,
facilities
and
costs

To bring up the precious oil from the depths of the earth, you will need to develop the field. For this
purpose, producer and injector wells are needed as well as a well-designed surface facility. Your task
alsoincludesthedesignofthetransportationcapability.

For a well-functioning field development program you need to focus on the produced amount, the
capacities of the equipment (bottleneck effect) and the timing of your development. Both the
production and injection capacity, as well as the surface processing or transportation capacity can be
the bottleneck in the system. Also, according to the rules of OPUC, the daily oil production of a field
cannot be greater than one third of its storage capacity. It is important to optimise the number of
wells and capacity of the surface infrastructure to make the operation of the field as efficient as
possible.

Beforestartingthefielddevelopmentyouhavetotakeintoaccountthat

the
grantedconcessionrightsarevalidfor15yearsorturns.

all
fieldsneedtobedevelopedwithpressuremaintenancetechnology.

forsecurityreasonsthemaximaldrawdownpressureatwaterinjectorwellsis1500psia.

minimal bottom hole pressure at producer wells is 50% of reservoir pressure. Pressure
build-upfollowshydrostatictendency.Thehydrostaticpressuregradientis0.433psi/ft.

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PanelofFieldDevelopment

In the Field Development panel you will find the facilities that can be constructed (producer well,
injector well, oil processing train, storage tanker, road, rail and pipeline transportation units). By
clickingonCalculateTotalInvestmentbutton,youcanseetheCAPEXoftheunitstobeconstructed.

PanelofTotalInvestment

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Iftheteam
decidestorequestcredit,itispossiblebutnotethattheamountofcreditcannotexceed
60%ofallinvestment.

You can select the number of units (in case of wells) or the capacity (in case of other facilities). When
you have set the desired number or capacity of all the facilities, you may select Start Development.
Keepinmindthattherearecertainlimitationsfortheconstructionofproductionfacilities.

Note that in one turn you are able to access the Field Developments panel any time you wish. That
means you have continuous opportunity in each turn to set up what facilities are to be constructed as
furtherinvestment.Lastsettingwillbetakenintoconsiderationattheactualturnclose.

Limits
forplayers'inputs
Maximum unit/ Maximum pieces/
Step/interval
capacity built in capacity built per
ontheslider
period concession

Productionwells+Injectorwells piece 10 1 N/A

Oilprocessingtrain bbl/d 50,000 1,000 4trains*

Storagetanker bbl 150,000 1,000 6tanks*

Exportroute-road bbl/d 50,000 1,000 50,000

Exportroute-rail bbl/d 100,000 1,000 100,000

Exportroute-pipeline bbl/d 500,000 1,000 500,000

*Note:Thenumberofunitsismaximisednotthecapacity.

It can happen that the revenues of a field will not cover the OPEX and the taxes payable for the given
field. In this case you can abandon the field at the charge of 10% of all CAPEX invested for
constructions before. However, you cannot abandon a field if there are ongoing construction works
within its perimeters. Note: Every field what is in operation will be abandoned automatically at the
lastturnclose.

Below you will find a summary of the different equipment and facilities that could be developed and
thecost-functionsoftheCAPEXandOPEXrelatedtothem.

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CAPEX is charged when the construction order is given (except for oil processing train). When the
processing train is being constructed, the first part of the CAPEX is charged on the spot while the
remaining parts are charged at the beginning of the following turns. Facilities start the operation in
the turn following the construction except for the processing train that is in operation from the 3rd
yearfollowingthestartofconstruction.

Production wells are the elemental tools of oil mining. CAPEX of one unit depends on the depth to be
drilled and geological factors. The construction costs contain the installation of ESP (Electrical
Submersible Pump), pipelines connecting to the CPU (Central Processing Unit) and other well site
infrastructure. As pressure maintenance technology is used for field development, injector wells
must be also drilled. Injector wells are fed by the water of nearby rivers and lakes. Significant part of
operational costs of wells connected to the amount of liquid produced, however, the regular
maintenance of wells requires notable financials as well. Capital and operational costs for producer
andinjectorwellscanbecalculatedasfollows:

Productionwell

CAPEX-fix np 5 [106 U $]

1.5
Dr
CAPEX-variable np ( 1000 ) 0.2 [106 U $]

OPEX-fix npop 0.25 [106 U $/year]

OPEX-variable N p 0.8 0.3 [106 U $]

Where,

n
p productionwellsdrilledinperiod [#]

n
pop productionwellsinoperation [#]

N
p producedliquidvolumeingivenyear [MMbbl]

D
r reservoirdepth [ft]

In case of injection wells use ni (number of injection wells drilled in period) instead of np, niop (injection
wells
in
operation)insteadofnopandWi(injectedwatervolume)insteadofNpintheequations.

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Oil processing train or CPU is the heart of each oil field. Their main task is to transform the produced
raw oil into a transportable and marketable quality product. The construction of an oil processing
train takes 3 years. CAPEX emerges as follows: in the first year 30%, in the second year 50%, in the
third year 20% of total cost. As evident as it is the construction cost depends on the capacity of the
unit with significant initial investment. The OPEX of the unit is also related to the maximal capacity.
One processing train can be built in each period (until reaching 4 trains) of which the minimal
capacityis1,000bbl/daywhilethemaximalcapacityis50,000bbl/day.

Oil
processing
train

CAPEX-fix [ 6 U $]
2010

CAPEX-variable coptbuilt 0.9 8 [106 U $]

OPEX-fix nopt 0.5 [106 U $]

OPEX-variable copt 0.8 1.8 [106 U $]

Where,
c
optbuilt Oilprocessingtraincapacitybuiltinperiod [Mbbl/d]
n
opt Oilprocessingtrainsinoperation [#]
c
opt Oilprocessingtraincapacity [MMbbl/year]

Storagetankersarerequiredfortemporaryoilstorage,asinsomecasesthetransportation
is
notpossible
immediately.CAPEXofthesefacilitiesareproportionaltothesizeandcapacityofthe
unit.Howevertheoperationalcostsare
unitbased.Onetankercanbebuiltineachperiod(until
reaching4tankerunits)ofwhichtheminimalcapacityis1,000bbl/daywhilethemaximalcapacity
is
150,000bbl/day.

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Storagetanker
CAPEX-fix 1[106U$]
CAPEX-variable csbuilt 0.9 0.5

OPEX-fix nsop 0.1 r

OPEX-variable N/A

Where,
c
sbuilt Storage
capacitybuiltinperiod [Mbbl]
n
sop Storage
tankersinoperation [#]

Players may choose between three different means of transportation. One transportation system can
bebuiltineachperiodfromalltypesoftransportationinfrastructures.

For road transportation a road connecting to the main system must be built together with truck filling
heads. Road CAPEX must be paid in the first year road is constructed and only have to be paid.
Whereas filling station CAPEX must be paid each time additional road transport capacity is
constructed. OPEX of road has fix part due after a road is constructed and a variable part depending
on the length of the road. Fix filling station OPEX must be paid based on the number of filling stations
in operation. The external transportation cost in case of road transport is 7 U$/bbl (in excess of the
CAPEX and OPEX of the facilities). One road transportation unit can be built in each period (until
reaching the total road transportation capacity of 50,000 bbl/d) of which the minimal capacity is
1,000bbl/daywhilethemaximalcapacityis50,000bbl/day.

Road
CAPEXfix 1[106U$]
CAPEX-variable Lr 0.5 [U$]

OPEXfix 0.1[106U$/year]
OPEX-variable Lr 0.1 [106 U $/year] r

Truck
fillingstation
CAPEXfix 1[106U$]
CAPEX-variable cf built 0.8 0.5 [106 U $]

OPEXfix nf op [106 U $/year]

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OPEX-variable N/A

Where,
L
r Roadlength [mile]
c
fbuilt Fillingcapacitybuiltinperiod [Mbbl/d]
n
fop Fillingstationsinoperation [#]

For transportation with train to a pipeline a filling station at the nearest rail line must be constructed.
Pipeline CAPEX has a notable large fix part and a variable part dependent of the length and the
capacity of the pipe. CAPEX of filling station follows the same logic, self-evidently without taking into
consideration the distance. Note that each time a new pipeline is constructed a new filling station
must also be built. Fix OPEX of both units is based on the number of facilities built while variable
OPEX of the pipeline depends on its capacity. The external retransportation cost in case of rail
transport is
5 U$/bbl (in excess of the CAPEX and OPEX of the facilities). One rail transportation unit
can be built in each period (until reaching the total rail transportation capacity of 100,000 bbl/d) of
whichtheminimalcapacityis1,000bbl/daywhilethemaximalcapacityis100,000bbl/day.

Pipeline
torailfilling
station
CAPEX-fix 10[106U$]
CAPEXvariable cpbuilt 0.5 0.16Lp [106U$]

OPEXfix npop 0.1 [106U$/year]

OPEX-variable cpop Lp 0.002


[106U$/year]

Railfilling
station
CAPEXfix 5[106U$]
CAPEX-variable crf built 0.8 2[106 U $/year]

OPEXfix nrf op 2 [106U$/year]

Where,
c
pbuilt Pipeline
capacitybuiltinperiod [#]
L
p Pipeline
length [mile]
n
pop Pipelinestofillingstationsinoperation [#]

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c
pop Pipeline
capacityinoperation [MMbbl/year]
c
rfbuilt Railfillingcapacitybuiltinperiod [Mbbl/d]
n
rfop Railfillingstationsinoperation [#]

The third mean of transporting the crude oil to the international market is using a pipeline. In this
case a pipeline to the nearest international transportation pipeline and a connection point must also
be constructed. If pipeline capacity has to be increased, a new pipeline and a separate connection
point has to be built. The CAPEX and OPEX functions of these facilities are quite similar to that of the
railway units, however they have significantly higher initial costs. Meanwhile the external
transportation cost in case of pipeline transport is 3 U$/bbl (in excess of the CAPEX and OPEX of the
facilities). One pipeline transportation unit can be built in each period (until reaching the total road
transportation capacity of 500,000 bbl/d) of which the minimal capacity is 1,000 bbl/day while the
maximalcapacityis500,000bbl/day.

Pipeline
CAPEX-fix 10[106U$]
CAPEX-
cpbuilt 0.5 0.16Lp [106U$]
variable
OPEX-fix npop 0.1 [106U$/year]

OPEX-variable cpop Lp 0.002 [106U$/year]

Connection
point
CAPEX-fix 6
20[10U$]
cp 3 [106U$]Pipelinecapacity[Mbbl/d]*U$3
CAPEX-variable
mln/(Mbbl/d)
ncpop 0.5 [106 U $/year] Connectionpointsin
OPEX-fix
operation[#]*U$0.5mln/#/year
OPEX-variable N/A

Where,
c
pbuilt Pipeline
capacitybuiltinperiod [#]
L
p Pipeline
length [mile]
n
pop Pipelinestofillingstationsinoperation [#]

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c
pop Pipeline
capacityinoperation [MMbbl/year]
c
p Pipeline
capacity [Mbbl/d]
n
cpop Connectionpointsinoperation [#]

OPEX is incurred from the year the facility is in operation. OPEX is charged at the end of each turn.
Parts of OPEX that not depend on the actual throughput of a unit are paid for all the commissioned
infrastructureirrespectiveoftheirutilisation.

Itisimportanttonotethat:

Construction of facilities takes 1 year (except for oil processing trains). The operation begins in the
yearfollowingtheconstructionyear.

Facilities operate 300 days a year, taking into consideration the time spent on repair, adjustment and
maintenance.

In case more than one means of transportation is available, oil is transported via the cheapest way. If
thecapacity
isnotenoughtherestoftheproductionistransportedviaotherexistingmeans.

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Other
panelsandtheirfunctionalities

ConstructionandProduction

Construction and Production panel shows the wells and facilities in operation and under construction
andthefieldsproductionperformance.

Panelof
ConstructionandProduction

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Financialdata

LocationofFinancialDataofaField

Thepanelindicatesthemainfinancialresultsrelatingtothegivenlicensearea.

FinancialDataofaField

Repaying
credit

Inthispanelyourteamcanrepayfromtheallexistingamountsofcredit.
Creditrepaymentcanoccuranytimewhentheteamwishes,butinterestofthecreditissubtracted
immediatelyinthesameroundthecreditisrequested.

LocationofCreditRepayment

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PanelofCreditRepayment

Abandon
field

Thisfunctionshallbeusedifyouwanttostoptheoperationofafield.

LocationofAbandoneField

PanelofAbandonField

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Youcanleavethefieldbyclickingonthe
ABANDONicon.Notethatifyouleaveafield,youhaveto
pay10%of
thetotalCAPEXinvestedasexpenseofabandonment,anditcannotbedevelopedlater.

Other
iconsandtheirfunctionalities

3Dview-Youcanseethe3Dphotorealisticviewofthefieldinconstructionandproductionphase.

Locationofthe3Dview

3Dviewoftheconstructionphase

MapViewiconnavigatesbacktothelocatorpanel

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Commercial
Data-PushingtheiconofCommercialDataopensapanelwiththeactualand
forecastedoilpricesfor3years.

LocationofCommercialData

PaneloftheCommercialDatawiththepossiblerangeofoilpricefor3yearsahead.

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Financialdataofallupstreamactivity

Youcansee
theaggregatedfinancialdatainthescreenbelow.

Location&contentoftheFinancialDatapanel

Meaning
of
thevaluesandhowtheyarecalculated:

Revenue:valueofthesoldCRUDE(productsamountinBBL*actualoilpriceperBBL)

CAPEX:valueofinvestments(expensesofconstructions)

OPEX:valueofalloperationalcosts

Cash
flow
fromFields:profitlevel#1(Revenue-CAPEX-OPEX)
Interest
(lastyear):costofcredittaken(10%ofAmountofcredit)
Interest
(TOTAL):sumofinterestspaid
inpreviousyears
Cash
in
hand(lastyear):Realcash(Initialcash+TOTALCashflowfromFields+Amountofcredit
-

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TOTAL
Interest)
Penalty
interest(lastyear):ifCashinhandturnstonegative,itscostis30%ofthenegativeamount
Penalty
interest(TOTAL):sumofpenaltyinterestpaidinpreviousyears

Result:profitlevel#2(Cashinhandinthelastyear-Penaltyinterestinthelastyear-Amountof

credit)

Other
generalinformation

Alldecisionscanbemodifieduntilturnclose
DecisionsonFacilitiesconstructioncanbeannulledbysettingupthecapacitytozerountil
turnclose.Pleasenote,aftertheturnclosedecreasingcapacitiesisnotallowed.
Everydecisionwillbeactivatedafterturnclose.

Scoring
&Ranking

The teams are going to be ranked according to how much cash they have on their account, from
which amount the remaining unpaid credit (Total Credit) is substracted to get the final result. SCORE
depends on the number of teams ranked by RESULT. E.g: If 1000 teams play, the 1st team will earn
999 points (the number of teams they preceded). Decisions made in the final turn (Turn #15) are also
going to be evaluated. The 10 teams with the highest scores at the end of the Online Qualification
aregoingtobequalifiedforthesecondroundofthecompetition,theSemifinal.

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