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3.STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS:
The structure can be analyzed in various way such Kanis method of rotation contribution, Moment
distribution method, approximate methods, and Matrix method but in this chapter I analyzed the structure
using STAAD.Pro V8i.STAAD.Pro is a comprehensive structural engineering software. It is the
professional choice for steel, concrete, timber, aluminums and cold formed steel design of virtually
structures including culverts, tunnels and bridges.
The different load on the structures are taken based on the relevant IS 876 (part-1) 1978 in dead load
IS 876 (part-2) 1978 in live load IS 876 (part-3) 1978 in wind load.
Live load
Dead load
A AB 0.78EI 0.22
AJ 1.33EI 0.38
B BA 0.78EI 0.15
BL 1.33EI 0.26
1.33EI 0.26
BI
C CB 1.53EI 0.21
CD 3EI 0.41
CH 1.33EI 0.18
D DC 3EI 0.45
DE 1EI 0.15
DG 1.33EI 0.19
E ED 1EI 0.27
EO 1.33EI 0.36
A B C D E
AB BA BC CB CD DC DE ED
FREE
MID SPAN
DESIGNING:
3.2LIVE LOAD:
3.2.1DEAD LOAD:
The main purpose of the structural analysis is a preliminary load studies know the size of beam
and column. The design of slab were done their loads were used for the analysis of the structure
3.3DESIGN OF SLAB:
A slab is a structural element whose thickness is small as compared to its own length and width. Slabs
are usually used in floor and roof construction. According to the way loads are transferred to supporting beams
and columns. The slabs are classified into two types: one way slab and two way slab.
One way slab: the ratio of longer to shorter side is equal to 2 i.e. =2
Two way slab: the ratio of longer to shorter side is less than 2 i.e. <2
3.3.1SLAB:
In IS 456:2000 table no.26 and take the value of =1
Mu = x wu lx2
Vu = 0.5x13.7x5.1 = 34.9kN
Mu = 0.138 fck b d2
Hence it is safe.
Distribution steel:
Ast = 0.12% b D
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d {1 }
415
20.3x106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 182 {1 }
1000 182 20
Ast = 320.2mm2
1131000
Therefore spacing of bars = 320
S = 353mm
415
20.3x106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 162 {1 }
1000 162 20
S = 310 ~ 350mm
34.9 1000
v = 1000 162 = 0.21N/ mm
Ast x 100
%age of tension reinforcement =
364 100
Pt = 1000 162
Pt = 0.22%
K c = 1.x0.32= 0.32
Basic valve = 20
fs = 0.58 x fy
= 0.58 x 415
= 240.7 N / mm2
Ast = 0.12% b D
Shear force, Vu = wu lx
Vu = 8.65x3.63/2 = 15.6kN
Hence it is safe.
415
14.2x106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 92 {1 }
1000 92 20
Ast = 427mm2
113 1000
Therefore spacing of bars = 427
S = 264 ~ 270 mm
Step 6: distributors:
v =vu/bd = 15.6x1000/1000x92
v = 0.16N
pt = 100x427/1000x92 = 0.46%
c = 0.42
(l/d)provide = 2600/92 = 26
A beam is a structural member which is subjected to transverse loading. The structural concrete beam
elements are designed to support a given system of external loads such as walls and slab of roof and floor systems.
The cross sectional dimensions are assumed based in serviceability requirements. The reinforcement in beam is
designed for flexure and shear forces along the length of the beam based on the structural analysis. The main aim
of the design should be to provide economical designs consistent with safety serviceability.
Length = 230mm
Depth = 400mm
Step 4: Reinforcement:
415
78.94x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 400{1 }
230 400 20
Ast = 894mm2
No of bars = 8
38.8 1000
v = = 0.42 N/mm2
230 400
Ast x 100
%age of tension reinforcement =
894 100
Pt = 230 400
Pt = 0.97
c = 0.608 N/mm2
Since c > v. The shear reinforcement is required. Provide nominal shear reinforcement using 6mm 2 legged
stirrups @ spacing.
0.87
S = 0.4
S = 111mm
Vus=(vu- c bd)
K = 1.6
fs = 0.58 fy
()max = ()basic x kt x kc x kf
= 20x 1x1 = 20
6800
()actual = ( 400 ) = 17
() actual < ()max
The condition of the beam is satisfied as per IS 456:2000. The effective depth is 267mm and overall depth is
450mm. Use 8 numbers of 12mm bars in tension reinforcement and 6 bars of 10mm bars as hanger bar on
compression side @ 130mm c/c. Hence its safe.
3.3.3.1Design of plinth beam:
Given data:
Clear span=4.8 m
D = 4.8/20 =240 mm
STEP1:Effective span:
STEP2:Load calculation:
Consider 1m length
STEP3:Bending moment:
Mu=wul/8 = 23.1x5.04x5.04/8
= 73.3 kN
Mu limit = 0.138xfckbd 2
Mu limit =0.138x25x230x400x400
= 126.9 kN
Mu limit >Mu
Mu=0.138x fck bd
73.3x1000000= 0.138x25x230x230
Ast= 565mm
ast=113mm
n=Ast/ast = 5
Vu
Nominal shear, v =
58.2 1000
v = = 0.68N/mm2
230 400
Ast x 100
%age of tension reinforcement =
564 100
Pt = 230 400
Pt = 0.63
c = 0.63 N/mm2
Since c > v. The shear reinforcement is required. Provide nominal shear reinforcement using 6mm 2 legged
stirrups @ spacing.
fs = 0.58 fy
()max = ()basic x kt x kc x kf
= 20x 1x1.1 = 22
5040
()actual = ( 400 ) = 12.6
() actual < ()max
A=10<12
It is a short coloumn
Step2:Minimum eccentricity:
emin = 13.6<20mm
emin/d=3000/230 = 0.05
emax/d=19.3/450 = 0.042
Pu =0.4fckac+0.67 Ag Asc
Ac = Ag+Asc
No of bars =1251/314.16 =4
3. 300mm
3.3.5Design of footing:
.
Pu = 362.32kN
d = 90 mm
415
28.1x106 = 0.87 x 415 x Astx90{1 }
110 90 20
Ast = 318mm2
= x 202 = 315mm2
4
318
Number of bars = = 1 Nos
314
Step 6: Spacing
1000314.1
S = x1
318
= 987mm
leff = 1.67 m
= 1.45 m
STEP2:Load calculation:
= 1.80 KN
= 1 KN
= 0.64N
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d
Ast = 50.6 mm
N =1
N =1
Provide 1nos of 8 mm fe 415 steel bars at bottom as main reinforcement and 1 nos of 8mm
= 1.125KN
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d
-2.97x1000000=1987Ast-7.49Ast
Ast = 132mm
Ast min = 0.12/100 x 1000 x 55 = 66mm
= 213 mm
No of bars = 132/28.2
Let as assume the rise be 150 mm & tread be 300 mm. let us keep width of each flight= 1.5 m.
w= 4kn/m2
w2 = r x 1 x 1 x 25 / (2x1000)
= 1.5 kN/m
live load = 6 kN
mu =56 km/m.
mu = 0.138 fck b d2
d = 150+ 25 = 175 mm
Step5:Computation of reinforcement:
f y . Ast
1
mu = 0.87.fy.ast.d f ck .bd
Ast = 1006mm2
=0.12x200x1000/100 =180mm2
provide 240mm2
Design a septic tank for a Old age home of 20 persons with average daily flow of 120 liters per head per
day.
20 120
Flow of sewage per day = 1000
= 2.4 m3 / day
12 24
Tank capacity required = = 12m3
24
25
Add 25% extra for future extension = x 12 = 3m3
100
27
Plan area of the tank = = 24.5m2
1.1
Let the length of the tank is 2 times the width of the tank.
2bxb = 24.5m2
b = 3.5m
l = 2 x 3.5 = 7m