Ain Shams Engineering Journal

Manuscript Draft

Manuscript Number: ASEJ-D-13-00069

Title: Effects of stenosis on Non- Newtonian flow of blood in blood vessels.

Article Type: Full Length Article

Keywords: Stenosis; Wall shear stress; Resistance to flow; Flow rate; Non- Newtonian fluid.

Abstract: In present investigation, a mathematical model for steady blood flow through blood vessels
with uniform cross section in stenosis arteries has been proposed. Blood is assumed to be non-
Newtonian, incompressible and homogeneous fluid. Blood in human artery is represented as Bingham
plastic fluid. Expressions for flow rate, wall shear stress, and resistance to flow against stenosis size
have been obtained. Obtained results indicate that stenosis size decreases the flow rate and increase
the wall shear stress as well as resistance to flow.
*Manuscript text (without AU credentials)

1 Effects of stenosis on Non- Newtonian flow of blood in blood vessels

2
3
4
5 Abstract:
6 In present investigation, a mathematical model for steady blood flow through blood vessels with uniform
7 cross section in stenosis arteries has been proposed. Blood is assumed to be non-Newtonian,
8 incompressible and homogeneous fluid. Blood in human artery is represented as Bingham plastic fluid.
9
10 Expressions for flow rate, wall shear stress, and resistance to flow against stenosis size have been
11 obtained. Obtained results indicate that stenosis size decreases the flow rate and increase the wall shear
12 stress as well as resistance to flow.
13
14
15 Keywords: Stenosis; Wall shear stress; Resistance to flow; Flow rate; Non- Newtonian fluid.
16 AMS NO.: 76ZXX
17
18
19 Introduction:
20 From medical survey it is well known fact that more than eighty five percent of the total deaths of people
21 are due to the diseases of blood vessel walls. Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in many
22
23
countries. It is a progressive diseases characterized by localized plaques that form within the artery wall.
24 As the disease progresses, these plaques enlarge and either directly or indirectly, lead to impairment of
25 blood flow. Due to stenosis in the human artery the flow of blood is disturbed and resistance to flow
26 becomes higher than that of normal one. Therefore the presence of stenoses in human artery could lead to
27
28 various arterial disease e.g. myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, cerebral accident, coronary
29 thrombosis, strokes etc.
30 Hemotocrit value refers to the percentage of red blood cells which is found more in males than female;
31
consequently viscosity of blood cells in male is higher than that of females. It is normally about 45% for
32
33 men and 40% for women. It is considered an integral part of a person's complete blood count results,
34 along with hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, and platelet count. People with thicker
35 blood have higher chances of developing heart disease or having a heart attack or stroke. Which causes
36
37 males tend to develop heart disease and suffer strokes at a younger age than females. A diet containing
38 fat, cholesterol, refined carbohydrates, coffee, alcohol and excessive amounts of animal protein increases
39 the viscosity of blood. Removal of these foods from the diet enables the blood to clear in several days, but
40
because most people consume these foods constantly, their blood is always polluted and viscous.
41
42 There are fluids which have a linear relationship between shear stress and shear strain and some fluids
43 require a finite yield stress begin to flow. These fluids are called Bingham plastics. Since Bingham plastic
44 fluid has high resistance than Casson flow fluid and Power law fluid in human artery according to results
45
46 obtained by Mishra and Verma [1]. Young man has high viscosity than a child and old man and women
47 of same age [source: American Heart association, date: April, 23, 1998, Author Amanda J. Lee, research
48 statistician at the university of dinburgh Medical school, Scotland]. High viscosity leads to high
49
resistance and several cardiovascular attacks. So keeping all facts in mind Bingham plastic model
50
51 becomes useful in the study of blood flow behavior of young man having high viscous blood and stenosis
52 in artery.
53 The reasons for the development of the stenoses are not well defined but its effects on the cardiovascular
54
55 system can be understood by studying the blood flow in its vicinity [2-12]. It is concluded by several
56 authors that in the arterial system, stenosis may develop due to abnormal growths.
57
58
The various characteristics of steady and unsteady flow of blood in stenosed atreries have been discussed
59
60 by Young and Tsai [13]. The various aspects of blood flow in stenosed artery assuming the blood to be
61
62 1
63
64
65
 non-Newtonian have been investigated by Chaturani and Sany [14]. Several non- Newtonian models,
1
2 including Power Law and Carreau models and compared results with actual blood samples have been
3 investigated by Cho and Kensey [15]. Blood flow characteristics through an artery in the presence of
4 multi-stenoses have been developed by [16-17]. The effects of stenoses shape and red cell concentration
5
(hemattocrit) on blood flow characteristics due to presence of stenoses were discussed by Srivastava [18].
6
7 By assuming the artery to be circularly cylindrical in shape, characteristics of blood in stenosed artery and
8 the stenosis to be symmetric about the axis of artery have been discussed by Mishra [19]. Mandal [20]
9 considered unsteady analysis of non-Newtonian blood flow through tapered arteries with stenoses by
10
11 using different schemes. The flow of blood in stenosed artery for a Power Law fluid and Casson fluid has
12 been studied by Mishra and Panda [21]. The non- Newtonian fluid flow in a stenosed coronary bypass
13 using the Carreau- Yasuda model for the shear thinning behavior of the blood has been investigated
14
numerically by Chenx et al. [22]. Ismail et al. [23] discussed a Power Law model of blood flow through
15
16 tapered overlapping stenosed artery. A mathematical model for blood flow through vertebral artery with
17 stenoses has been proposed by Ali et al. [24]. The effects of pulsatility, stenoses and non-Newtonian
18 behavior of blood have been studied by [25-26]. Effects of stenoses on non-Newtonian flow of the blood
19
20 in artery were studied by [1, 27].
21
22 Present paper deals the steady blood flow through blood vessels with uniform cross section in stenoses
23
arteries. Effect of stenoses size on flow rate, wall shear stress and resistance to flow has been discussed
24
25 graphically.
26
27 Formulation of the problem:
28
29 In the present analysis, It is assumed that the stenosis devolops in the arterial wall in an axially non-
30 symmetric but radially symmetric manner and depends upon the axial distance z and the hight if its
31 growth. In such a case the radius of artery, R( z ) can be written as follows (shown in figure 1):
32
33
34 R( z )
35 1 A L(0m1) ( z d ) ( z d ) m , for d z d L0
36 R0 (1)
37 1 otherwise,
38
39
40 Where R( z ) and R0 is the radius of artery with and without stenosis, respectively. L0 is the stenosis
41
42 length and d indicates its location, m 2 is a parameter determining the stenosis shape and is referred to
43
as stenosis shape parameter. Axially symmetric stenosis occurs when m 2 and a parameter A is given
44
45 by;
46 mm ( m1)
47 A
48 R0 Lm0 (m 1)
49
50 Where; denotes the maximum height of stenosis at z d L0 m1 ( m1) . The ratio of the stenosis height
51 to the radius of the normal artery is much less than unity.
52
53
54 Considering the non-symmetric, laminar, steady, one dimensional flow of the blood in an artery, for
55 R0 , the general constitutive equation for its non- Newtonian behavior may be written as,
56
57 dw
58 f ( ) (2)
59 dr
60
61
62 2
63
64
65
 dw
1 Where is the shear stress, w is the axial velocity, is the shear rate and f ( ) is the general function
2 dr
3 prescribed for a given fluid.
4
5
Following Whitemore [28] the volumetric flow rate Q, can be written in the form of a Robinowitsch
6 equation as:
R
7
R3
8 Q 3 2 f ( )d (3)
9 R 0
10
11 Where
12 r dp R dp
13 ; R (4)
14
2 dz 2 dz
15 dp
16 Where R is the shear stress at the wall and is the pressure gradient. In deriving equation (3) the cell-
dz
17
18 free plasma layer near the wall has been assumed negligible.
19
20 Bingham Plastic Model:
21
22
Considering the case of a Bingham plastic model fluid, the constitutive equation can be written as
23 dw 0
; for 0
24
25
dr
26 dw
27 0; for 0 (5)
28
dr
29 Where w is the axial velocity, 0 is the yield stress, is the viscosity of the fluid, In this case a
30
31 symmetrical core exists around the axis as shown in fig. (1)
32
33 Solution of the Problem:
34 From the equations (3), (4) and (5) the expression for pressure gradient can be written as,
35
R
36 R3
37 Q 3 2 f ( )d
38 R 0
39
R3 R dp 0
Q
8 dz 3
40
41
42
dp 8 Q 0
43 (6)
44 dz R R3 3
45
46 Integrating equation (6) and using the conditions p pi at z 0 and p p0 at z L ( L is the length of
47 artery), we get
48
8 Q 8
L L
49 dz dz
4 R R
p pi 0 (7)
50
51
R0 0 R R0 3R0
4
0 0

52
Where R R0 is given by equation (1)
53
54 The resistance to flow , is defined as follows
55
p pi
56 (8)
57 Q
58
59 Which on using equation (1) and (7) gives
60
61
62 3
63
64
65
 8 8 d
d d L0 L d L0 L
dz dz
4

1
dz dz 0
dz dz
d
2 R0 0 d R R0
4
d L0
3QR0 0
R R0 d L0
3
4
d d L0
8
L
dz
5 dz
4
dz

6
7 R0 0 1 A L(0m 1) ( z d ) ( z d ) m
4
d L0

d
8 (9)
8 0
9 d d L0 L
dz

3QR0 0
d 1 A L( m1) ( z d ) ( z d )m d L

10
dz dz
11
12 0 0

In case of no stenosis ( 0 or R R0 ), the resistance to flow N (normal artery) is given as ,
13
14
15 8 8 0
16 N L (10)
R0 3QR0
4
17
18
19 From equation (9) and (10), the ratio N is given by
20
d d L0
8 dz
21 L
dz
dz
R04

22 4

1 A L0 ( z d ) ( z d )
( m 1) m

d L0

23 0 d

24
25 8 0 d d L0
dz
L
dz
26
3QR0 0 d 1 A L( m1) ( z d ) ( z d )m d L dz

27 0

0

28 N 8 8 0
L
29 R 4
3QR 0

30 0

31
32
33
34

35
36 (11)
37 Shearing stress in stenosed artery at the wall can be written as;
Q
38
39 R 4 3 0 (12)
40 R 3
41
Shearing stress in normal artery ( R R0 ) at wall can be written as
42
43
44 Q 0
45 N 4 (13)
R0 3
3
46
47
Now the ratio of shearing stress at the wall of the artery can be written as;
48
49
50 Q 0
4
R 3 3
51
R
52 (14)
53 N Q 0
54 4
55
0 3
R 3

56 Now flow rate in the stenosed artery can be obtained as;

57
58 R3 R dp 0 R3 R 0
Q
8 dz 3 4 3
59 (15)
60
61
62 4
63
64
65
 1
2 Results & Discussion:
3 It is difficult to handle the problem with the extended notions considered herein, but computation with
4 MATLAB 7.0 makes it easier to describe the numerical results graphically for the present investigation.
5
The flow investigation has been carried out by studying the effect of individual factors like stenosis shape
6
7 parameter m, stenosis length L0, stenosis size and axial distance z which depends upon hematocrit. To
8 obtained the numerical results for flow rate, wall shear stress some parameters have been taken constant
9
10 with the values R0 1 cm, L 1 cm, 2 Poise, 0 0.05 dyne / cm2 . But resistance to flow for
11 different values of yield stress ( 0 0.05,3.8 dyne / cm2 ) at constant flow rate against stenosis size has
12
13 been calculated, while other values ( R0 1 cm, L 1 cm, 2 Poise) are constant.
14
15
16 Figure (2) depicts the variation of wall shear stress for different values of stenosis length against stenosis
17 height. The wall shear stress is increasing for the increasing stenosis length.The increase in stenosis
18
19 height results the increase in wall shear stress. It is due to the narrowing of artery size, since stenosis
20 causes a larger pressure drop than in a normal artery. When size of artery reduces it reduces flow rate and
21 amount of fluid increases in the artery, as a result high pressure develops on the wall. Which causes the
22
heart attack. Figures (3) & (4) illustrate the wall shear stress against stenosis height for different values
23
24 of stenosis shape parameter m. The wall shear stress decreases at (z=0.45cm) and increases at (z=0.55cm)
25 for increasing stenosis shape parameter m. Because at (z=0.45cm) the height of stenosis decreases while
26 at (z=0.55cm) it increases for increasing values of stenosis shape parameter m due to non-symmetric
27
28 property of stenosis. From figures (5) & (6), it is apparent that the flow rate decreases with an increase in
29 the value of stenosis size. It is also clear from figures that at (z=0.45cm) the flow rate increases, while it is
30 decreasing at (z=0.55cm) for increasing stenosis shape parameter m. For increasing values of stenosis
31
shape parameter m at z=0.45cm the flow rate is increasing. It is due to decrease of stenosis size, while at
32
33 z=0.55cm the flow rate is decreasing for increasing values of m. Since at z=0.55cm the hieght of stenosis
34 increases, which results the narrowing of the artery. Narrowing of artery means reduction in its radius,
35 that results decrease in amount of fluid flowing out per unit of time at a point (i.e. flow rate ). Figure (7)
36
37 elucidates the variation in flow rate for different values of stenosis shape parameter m against axial
38 distance z. In this case the length of stenosis has been taken (L0=L) to investigate the flow rate behavior
39 at different stenosis length and height properly. As it is clear from figure that the flow rate is minimum at
40
the centre of artery for (m=2). Because symmetric artery has the maximum height at centre of the artery,
41
42 which causes minimum flow rate. It is also observe that first flow rate decreases upto centre of the artery
43 afterthat it increases. Because stenosis height first increases upto centre of artery afterthat it dereases for
44 symmetric artery. We can conclude that increasing stenosis height results the decrease in flow rate. It also
45
46 has been proved that from figures (5) and (6). Figure (7) also indicates that flow rate is increasing upto
47 ( z 0.6 cm) and its reverse effect has been seen for ( z 0.55 cm) for increasing values of stenosis
48 shape parameter m.
49
50
Figure (8) describes the effects of yield stress on resistance to flow against stenosis size. The resistance to
51 flow increases with an increase in the value of yield stress. It is also increasing for increasing values of
52 stenosis size. It is due to narrowing of artery which results the increase in wall shear stress.
53
54
55
56 Conclusions:
57 We have studied the effects of stenosis in artery by considering the blood as Bingham plastic fluid. We
58
59
have the following major conclusions from the results obtained in the manuscript.
60
61
62 5
63
64
65
 Resistance to flow and wall shear stress increases as the size of stenosis increases for a given non-
1
2 Newtonian model of fluid.
3 The flow rate decrease with increase in stenosis size.
4 The wall shear stress, resistance to flow are minimum in case of no stenosis (R=R 0), while for
5
6 ( R0 ) the wall shear stress and resistance to flow are very high which cause minimum
7 velocity of blood that results the clotting of blood in artery& blockage of artery which causes
8
9 immediate death of person.
10
11 The flow rate is maximum in case of no stenosis (R=R0) while for ( R0 ) it is minimum or
12
13 zero which results the serious cardiovascular attacks due to which the death of person may be
14 within minutes.
15
16 All the results obtained in this paper verify fluid dynamical fact.
17
18
19 All the results obtained in this manuscript indicate that the growth of stenosis is a serious problem in the
20 human artery. The abnormal growth of stenosis results the blood pressure, heart attack and brain
21
22
hemorrhage problems. It cannot be neglected in modeling of problems of blood flow in human arteries. A
23 mathematical model can be developed for the deformation of stenosis with help of drug delivery models
24 in human arteries. The proposed model will be very useful in study of above mentioned problems in
25 stenosed artery.
26
27
28 References:
29 [1] Mishra BK, Verma N, Effects of stenoses on non-Newtonian flow of blood in blood vessels,
30
31
Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, Vol. 4, (2010), pp. 588-601.
32 [2] May AG, Deweese JA and Rob CB, Hemodynamic effect of arterial stenosis, Surgery, Vol. 53,
33 (1963), pp.513 -524.
34 [3] Morgan BE and Young DF, An Integral Method for the Analysis of Flow in Arterial Stenosis, Bull.
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36 Math. Biol., Vol.36, (1974), pp. 39-53.
37 [4] Fry DL, Acute vascular endothelial changes associated with increased blood velocity gradients,
38 Circulate. Res., Vol.22, (1968), pp. 165-197.
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[5] Mcdonald DA, On steady flow through modeled vascular stenosis, J. Biomech, Vol.12, (1979), pp.
41 13-20.
42 [6] Young DA, Effect of a timedependent stenosis on flow through a tube, Trans. ASME., J. Energy.
43 Ind. Vol.90, (1968), pp. 248-254.
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45 [7] Mishra JC and Chakarvarty S, Flow in arteries in the presence of stenosis, Journal of Biomechanics,
46 Vol.19, (1986), pp. 907-918.
47 [8] Haldar K, Oscillatory flow of blood in a stenosed artery, Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, Vol. 49,
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(1987), pp. 279-287.
50 [9] Perkkio J and Keskinen R, On the effect of the concentration profile of red cells on blood flow in the
51 artery with stenosis, Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, Vol. 45, (1983), pp. 259-267.
52 [10] Richard LK , Young DF and Cholvin NR, Wall vibrations induced by flow through simulated
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54 stenosis in models and arteries, J. Biomech., Vol. 10, (1977), pp. 43.
55 [11] Texon M, A homodynamic concept of atherosclerosis with particular reference to coronary occlusion
56 Arch. Intern. Med., Vol. 99, (1957), pp. 418-427.
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[12] Rodbard S, Dynamics of blood flow in stenotic lesions, Am. Heart J., Vol. 72, (1966), pp. 689.
58
59 [13] Young DF and Tsai FY, Flow characteristics in models of arterial stenosis- II Unsteady Flow, J.
60 Biomech, Vol. 6, (1973), pp. 547.
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62 6
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 [14] Chaturani P and Sany RP, A study of non-Newtonian aspects of blood flow through stenosed
1
2 arteries and its application in arterial disease, Biorheology, Vol. 22, (1985), pp. 521-531.
3 [15] Cho YI and Kensey KR, Effects of non-Newtonian viscosity of blood on hemodynamics of diseased
4 arterial flows. Advance in Bioengineering, BED, Vol. 15, (1989), pp. 147-148.
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[16] Chakravarty S and Sannigrahi A, A nonlinear mathematical model of blood flow in a constricted
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7 artery experiencing body acceleration. Math Comput Mode, Vol. l29, (1999), pp. 9-25.
8 [17] Sapna S, Analysis of non-newtonian fluid flow in a stenosed artery, International Journal of Physical
9 Sciences, Vol. 4, (2009), pp. 663-671.
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11 [18] Srivastava VP, Particulate suspension blood flow through stenotic arteries: effects of hematocrit and
12 stenoses shape, Indian journal of pure applied Mathematics, Vol. 33, (2002), pp. 1353-1360.
13 [19] Mishra BK, A mathematical model for the analysis of the blood flow in arterial stenoses,
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Mathematics Edu., Vol. 37, (2003), pp. 176-181.
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16 [20] Mandal PK, An unsteady analysis of non- Newtonian blood flow through tapered arteries with a
17 stenosis, Int. J. Non-linear Mech., Vol. 40, (2005), pp. 151- 164.
18 [21] Mishra BK and Panda TC, Non-Newtonian model of blood flow through an arterial stenosis, Acta
19
20 Ciencia Indica, Vol.31 (2005), pp. 341-348.
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22 vascular graft anastomoses, Journal of Biomechanics, Vol.39, (2006), pp. 1983-1995.
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[23] Ismail Z, Abdullah I, Mustapha N and Amin N, A Power Law model of blood flow through a
24
25 tapered overlapping stenosed artery, Applied Mathematics and Computation, Vol. 195, (2008), pp.
26 669-680.
27 [24] Ali R, Kaur R, Katiyar VK and Singh MP, Mathematical modeling of blood flow through vertebral
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29 artery with stenoses, Indian Journal of Biomechanics: Special Issue (NCBM March 7-8, 2009).
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32 (2009), pp. 2971-2981.
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34 [26] Mandal PK , Chakarvarty S and Mandal A, Numerical study of the unsteady flow of non
35 Newtonian fluid through differently shaped arterial stenoses, International Journal of Computer
36 Mathematics, Vol. 84, (2007), pp. 1059-1077.
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38 [27] Shukla JB, Parihar RS and Rao BRP, Effects of stenosis on non-Newtonian flow of blood in an
39 artery, Bull. Math. Biol., Vol.42, (1980), pp. 283-294.
40 [28] Whitmore R, Rheology of the circulation, Perg New York (1968).
41
42
43 Figure Captions
44
45 Fig1: The graph shows the schematic diagram of the problem.
46 Fig.2: The graph shows the wall shear stress at constant flow rate for different values of stenosis length.
47
48
Fig 3: The graph indicates the wall shear stress at constant flow rate for different values of m at axial
49 distance z=0.45cm.
50 Fig4 : The graph represents the wall shear stress at constant flow rate for different values of m at axial
51 distance z=0.55cm.
52
53 Fig5: The graph shows the flow rate for different values of m at axial distance z=0.45cm.
54 Fig6: The graph indicates flow rate for different values of m at axial distance z=0.55cm.
55 Fig7: The graph represents flow rate for different values of m against axial distance.
56
Fig 8: The graph indicates the resistance to flow at constant flow rate for different values of yield stress
57
58 against stenosis size
59
60
61
62 7
63
64
65
Figure1
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Figure2
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Figure3
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Figure4
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Figure5
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Figure6
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Figure7
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Figure8
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