32

1
 Lect-32

In this lecture ...

Ideal gas turbine cycles
Thrust and efficiency
The thrust equation
Other engine performance parameters
Ideal cycle for jet engines
Turbojet engine
Turbojet engine with afterburning

2
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32

Gas turbine cycles

Gas turbine engines operate on Brayton
cycles.
Ideal Brayton cycle is a closed cycle,
whereas gas turbines operate in the open
cycle mode.
Ideal cycle assumes that there are no
irreversibilities in the processes, air
behaves like an ideal gas with constant
specific heats, and that there are no
frictional losses.

3
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32

Thrust and efficiency

We will now derive expressions for thrust
and efficiency of air-breathing engines
from the momentum and energy
equations.
We shall consider a generalized thrust
producing device with a single inlet and
single exhaust.
We assume that the thrust and
conditions at all points within the control
volume do not change with time.
4
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
The thrust equation
m f
Control surface (Reaction)
u
Ai Ae
ue
u, Pa m a
m e
Ae, Pe
Thrust producer u

y
1 2
m s

x
5
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32

The thrust equation

The reaction to the thrust, , is transmitted
to the support. The engine thrust is thus
the vector summation of all forces on the
internal and external surfaces of the
engine.

Therefore, F = u (u .n )dA
CS

Considering the components of force and

the momentum flux in the x-direction only,

Fx = u x (u.n )dA
CS
6
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
The thrust equation
The pressure and velocity can be
assumed to be constant over the entire
control surface, except over the exhaust
area, Ae.
The net pressure force acting on this
control volume is (PaPe)Ae.
The only other force acting on the control
volume is the reaction to the thrust,.
Adding up the forces in the x-direction,
F x = ( Pa Pe ) Ae +
7
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
The thrust equation
The mass flow that enters the capture area,
Ai, is m a = uAi
Similarly, the mass flow crossing the exhaust
area Ae, is, m e = eue Ae
Also, m e = m i + m f
Or, m f = eue Ae uAi
Continuity equation for the CV gives,
eue Ae + u ( A Ae ) + m s m f uA = 0
Rearranging, m s = m f + uAe eue Ae
Which is, m s = u ( Ae Ai )
8
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
The thrust equation
m f
Control surface (Reaction)
u
Ai Ae
ue
u, Pa m a
m e
Ae, Pe
Thrust producer u

y
1 2
m s

x
9
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
The thrust equation
From the momentum balance across the CV,

u x (u.n )dA = m eue + m su + u ( A Ae )u m au u ( A Ai )u
CS

This is the net outward flux of x-momentum.

This equation reduces to

u x (u.n )dA = m eue m au
CS

From the force balance equation, we have,

= m eue m a u + ( Pe Pa ) Ae

10
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
The thrust equation
If we define fuel-air ratio, f = m f / m a
= m a [(1 + f )ue u ] + ( Pe Pa ) Ae
This is the generalised thrust equation for
air-breathing engines.
The term (PePa)Ae is not zero only if the
exhaust jet is supersonic and the nozzle does
not expand the exhaust jet to ambient
pressure.
However if Pa Pe, it can be substantial
contribution.
11
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Engine performance parameters
The engine performance is described by
different efficiency definitions, thrust and the
fuel consumption.
The efficiency definitions that we shall now
be discussing are applicable to an engine
with a single propellant stream (turbojets or
ramjets).
For other types of jet engines (turbofan,
turboprop) the equations need to be
appropriately modified.

12
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Engine performance parameters
Propulsion efficiency: The ratio of thrust
power to the rate of production of propellant
kinetic energy.
u
P =
[
m a (1 + f )(ue2 / 2) u 2 / 2 ]
If we assume that f1 and the pressure
thrust term is negligible,
(ue u )u 2u / ue
P = 2 =
ue / 2 u / 2 1 + u / ue
2

13
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Engine performance parameters
Thermal efficiency: The ratio of the rate of
production of propellant kinetic energy to the
total energy consumption rate

th =
[
m a (1 + f )(ue2 / 2) u 2 / 2
=
] [
(1 + f )(ue2 / 2) u 2 / 2 ]
m f QR fQR
where, QR , is the heat of reaction of the fuel.

For a turboprop or turboshaft engine, the

output is largely shaft power. In this case,
Ps
th = where, Ps , is the shaft power output of the engine.
m f QR
14
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Engine performance parameters
Overall efficiency: The product of thermal
efficiency and propulsion efficiency.
o = pth

In the case of aircraft that generate thrust

using propellers,
o = prth
Where, pr is the propeller efficiency.

15
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Engine performance parameters
Thrust specific fuel consumption, TSFC
m f m f
TSFC =
m a [(1 + f )ue u ]
For turbine engines that produce shaft power,
brake specific fuel consumption, BSFC
m f
BSFC =
Ps
For engine (like turboprop) that produce both,
equivalent brake specific fuel consumption,
m f m f
EBSFC = =
Pes Ps + u
16
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
All air-breathing jet engines operate on the
Brayton cycle (open cycle mode).
The most basic form of a jet engine is a
turbojet engine.
Some of the parameters of a jet engine cycle
are usually design parameters and hence
often fixed a priori: eg. compressor pressure
ratio, turbine inlet temperature etc.
Cycle analysis involves determining the
performance parameters of the cycle with the
known design parameters.
17
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
Combustion chamber/burner
Diffuser Compressor Turbine Nozzle

a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Afterburner

Schematic of a turbojet engine and

station numbering scheme
18
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
The different processes in a turbojet cycle are
the following:
a-1: Air from far upstream is brought to the
air intake (diffuser) with some
acceleration/deceleration
1-2: Air is decelerated as is passes through
the diffuser
2-3: Air is compressed in a compressor (axial
or centrifugal)
3-4 The air is heated using a combustion
chamber/burner
19
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines

4-5: The air is expanded in a turbine to obtain

power to drive the compressor
5-6: The air may or may not be further
heated in an afterburner by adding further
fuel
6-7: The air is accelerated and exhausted
through the nozzle.

20
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines

4
T

5
3
7

2
a

Ideal turbojet cycle (without afterburning)

on a T-s diagram
21
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
For cycle analysis we shall take up each
component and determine the exit conditions
based on known inlet parameters.
Intake: Ambient pressure, temperature and
Mach number are known, Pa, Ta and M
Intake exit stagnation temperature and
pressure are determined from the isentropic
relations: 1 2
T02 = Ta 1 + M
2
/( 1)
T02
P02 = Pa
Ta
22
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
Compressor: Let the known compressor
pressure ratio be denoted as c
P03 = c P02
T03 = T02 ( c )
( 1) /

Combustion chamber: From energy balance,

h04 = h03 + fQR
T04 / T03 1
or , f =
QR / c pT03 T04 / T03
Hence, we can determine the fuel-air ratio.
23
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
Turbine: Since the turbine produces work to
drive the compressor, Wturbine = Wcompressor
m t c p (T04 T05 ) = m a c p (T03 T02 )
or , (1 + f )(T04 T05 ) = (T03 T02 )
T05 = T04 (T03 T02 ) /(1 + f )
/( 1)
T05
Hence, P05 = P04
T04
For an ideal combustion chamber, P04 = P03

24
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
Nozzle: With no afterburner, T06=T05, P06=P05
Therefore, the nozzle exit kinetic energy,
ue2
= h07 h7
2
Since, h07 = h06
[
ue = 2c pT06 1 (Pa / P06 )
( 1) /
]
Thrust, TSFC and efficiencies can now be
determined using the formulae derived earlier.

25
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
Thrust, = m
a [(1 + f )ue u ] + ( Pe Pa ) Ae
If ( Pe Pa ) Ae is negligible,
= m a [(1 + f )ue u ]
m f m f
TSFC =
m a [(1 + f )ue u ]
u
Propulsion efficiency, P =
[
m a (1 + f )(ue2 / 2) u 2 / 2 ]
Thermal efficiency, th =
[(1 + f )(u 2
e/ 2) u 2 / 2 ]
fQR
26
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
6a
T

7a
5, 6

2
a

s
Ideal turbojet cycle with afterburning on a
T-s diagram
27
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
Afterburning: used when the aircraft needs a
substantial increment in thrust. For eg. to
accelerate to and cruise at supersonic speeds.
Since the air-fuel ratio in gas turbine engines
are much greater than the stoichiometric
values, there is sufficient amount of air
available for combustion at the turbine exit.
There are no rotating components like a
turbine in the afterburner, the temperatures
can be taken to much higher values than that
at turbine entry.

28
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32
Ideal cycle for jet engines
For calculating the fuel flow rate required to
achieve a temperature of T6a, we carry out an
energy balance,
h06 a = h05 + f 2QR
T06 a / T05 1
or , f 2 =
QR / c pT05 T06 / T05
Where, f = f1 + f 2 , f is the total fuel
flow ratio, f1 is the fuel flow ratio
in the main combustor.

29
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32

In this lecture ...

Ideal gas turbine cycles
Thrust and efficiency
The thrust equation
Other engine performance parameters
Ideal cycle for jet engines
Turbojet engine
Turbojet engine with afterburning

30
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-32

In the next lecture ...

Ideal cycle for jet engines

Turbofan engine
Different configurations of turbofan
engines
Turboprop engines
Turboshaft engines
Ramjets

31
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay