L5 Bending v1

CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
4 MATERIALS
Pure Bending
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Pure Bending
Pure Bending
Other Loading Types
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
Bending Deformations
Strain Due to Bending
Stress Due to Bending
Beam Section Properties
Bending of Members Made of Several
Materials
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Unsymmetric Bending
4-2
Pure Bending
Pure Bending: Prismatic members

subjected to equal and opposite couples
acting in the same longitudinal plane
4-3
Pure/Non-Pure Bending
4-4
Other Loading Types
Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which

does not pass through section centroid
produces internal forces equivalent to an
axial force and a couple
Transverse Loading: Concentrated or

distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple
Principle of Superposition: The normal

stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to
shear loading to find the complete state
of stress.
4-5
4-
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
Internal forces in a cross section are equivalent
to a couple moment, i.e., the section bending
moment.
Couple moment is same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple.
Due to symmetry of loading and symmetry of

cross-section, beam bends uniformly into arc of
circle and plane sections remain plane.
4 -66
4-
Terminologies/Assumptions
4-7
Physical meaning of assumptions.
Assumption that plane sections remain plane and
perpendicular to deflection curve after deformation implies
shear strain = 0. Thus Hookes law gives shear stress
= 0. This is exactly true in pure bending (since no
Shear force).
If plane sections remain plane but not perpendicular to
deflection curve after deformation, (hence ) is
nonzero but constant through depth (y-direction).
If plane sections dont remain plane or perpendicular to
deflection curve after deformation, (hence ) is
nonzero and varies through depth (y-direction). This is
what we will obtain later when we find shear stresses.
4-8
Longitudinal Strain
4-9
Normal Stress
4 - 10
Resultant of Normal Stress Distribution
4 - 11
Resultant Force
4 - 12
Resultant Moment
4 - 13
Relationship between Bending Stress and Moment
4 - 14
Area Moments of Inertia
I zz y 2 dA; I yy z 2 dA; I zy I yz yz dA; C=centroid
A A A
Here y, z , are centroidal axes, so y dA z dA 0

Translatio n of axes :
I zz y2 dA ( y d y ) 2 dA, expand, use y dA 0
I zz I zz Ad y2 . Similarly, I yy I yy Ad z2
I yz ( y d y )( z d z ) dA I yz d y d z A
Rotation of axes :
z z cos y sin ; y z sin y cos ;
sin 2
I yz yz dA I zz I yy I yz cos 2
2
sin 2
I zz I yy sin 2 I zz cos 2 I yz
2
sin 2
I yy I yy cos 2 I zz sin 2 I yz
2
2 I yz
For I yz 0, i.e., principal axes, tan 2
I yy I zz
4 - 15
Area centroids and Area Moments of Inertia
4 - 16
Area centroids and Area Moments of Inertia
4 - 17
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section
Recall: deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by curvature of neutral surface
1 x x M

y Ey EI
Although cross sectional planes remain planar

when subjected to bending moments, in-plane
deformations are nonzero,
y y
y x z x

So expansion occurs above neutral surface and

contraction below it, causing in-plane curvature,
1
anticlastic curvature

4 - 18
Section Modulii
4 - 19
Doubly Symmetric Shape
Larger the section modulus

lower the max normal stress
Review Calculations of
Centroid & I for various
cross-sections
Appendix A, Beer and
Johnston
For two rectangular beams

d with same area, the one with
h c larger depth is better
c 2
2 bh 2 Ah
S
6 6
4 - 20
Square Vs. Circular Cross-Section
4 - 21
Design of Beams for Bending
The largest normal stress is found at the surface where the
maximum bending moment occurs.
M max c M max
m
I S
Safe design requires that maximum normal stress be less

than allowable stress for material used. This leads to
determination of minimum acceptable section modulus.
m all
M max
Smin
all
Among beam section choices which have an acceptable

section modulus, the one with smallest weight per unit
length or cross sectional area will be least expensive and
hence best choice. See Appendix C of BJ book.
5 - 22
Design of Beams in Bending
4 - 23
Example 5.1
Cast-iron machine part, acted upon by

3 kN-m couple. E = 165 Gpa, neglect
effects of fillets, determine (a) max
tensile and compressive stresses, (b)
radius of curvature.
4 - 24
Example 5.1
SOLUTION:
Based on cross section geometry, calculate
location of section centroid and moment of
inertia.
Area, mm 2 y , mm yA, mm3
1 20 90 1800 50 90 103
2 40 30 1200 20 24 103
3
A 3000 yA 114 10
3
yA 114 10
Y 38 mm
A 3000

I x I A d 2 12
1 bh3 A d 2

1 90 203 1800 122 1 30 403 1200 182
12 12

I 868 103 mm 868 10-9 m 4
4 - 25
Example 5.1
Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
m
I
M c A 3 kN m 0.022 m A 76.0 MPa
A
I 868 109 mm 4
M cB 3 kN m 0.038 m
B B 131.3 MPa
I 868 109 mm 4
Calculate the curvature

1 M

EI
3 kN m 1
20.95 103 m -1
165 GPa 868 10-9 m 4
47.7 m
4 - 26
Example 5.2
4 - 27
Example 5.2
4 - 28
Example 5.2
4 - 29
Example 5.3
4 - 30
Example 5.4
Simply supported steel beam is to

carry loads as shown. Allowable
normal stress for steel used is 160
Mpa. Select the wide-flange shape that
should be used (section properties of
wide flange sections are given).
5 - 31
Example 5.4
Determine reactions at A and D.
M A 0 D5 m 60 kN 1.5 m 50 kN 4 m
D 58.0 kN
Fy 0 Ay 58.0 kN 60 kN 50 kN
Ay 52.0 kN
Develop shear force diagram and determine

maximum bending moment.
V A Ay 52.0 kN
VB V A area under load curve 60 kN
VB 8 kN
Maximum bending moment occurs at

V = 0 or x = 2.6 m.
M max area under shear curve, A to E
67.6 kN
5 - 32
Example 5.4
Determine minimum acceptable section
modulus.
M max 67.6 kN m
S min
all 160 MPa
422.5 10 6 m3 422.5 103 mm3
Choose best standard section which meets this

criteria.
Shape S 103 , A
W 360 32.9
W410 38.8 629, 4950
W360 32.9 475, 4190
W310 38.7 547, 4940
W250 44.8 531, 5700
W200 46.1 451, 5880
5 - 33
Bending of Members Made of Several Materials
Consider a composite beam formed from
two materials with E1 and E2.
Normal strain (still) varies linearly
(cannot violate kinematics).
y
x

Piecewise linear normal stress variation.
E1 y E2 y
1 E1 x 2 E2 x

Neutral axis does not pass through
section centroid of composite section.
Elemental forces on the section are
Ey E y
dF1 1dA 1 dA dF2 2 dA 2 dA
My
x
I Define a transformed section such that
1 x 2 n x nE1 y Ey E
dF2 dA 1 n dA n 2
E1
4 - 34
Alternate derivation - neutral axis for composite beam
F 0 x1dA x 2 dA E1 x1dA E2 x 2 dA
A1 A2 A1 A2
y E y
E1 dA 2 E1 dA
A1
E
A2 1

y y
E1 dA E1 dA
E2 A1 nA2

A1 A2
E1
y dA 0
A1 nA2
So neutral axis is centroid of A1 nA2
Note: widening ( n 1 ) or narrowing ( n 1 ) done

parallel to neutral axis, so that y and hence x remain unaltered.
4 - 35
Example 5.5
SOLUTION:
Transform to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of (say) brass
Evaluate cross sectional properties of

transformed section
Calculate maximum stress in transformed

section. This is the correct maximum
stress for brass portion of the bar.
Bar made from bonded pieces of

steel (Es = 200 GPa) and brass (Eb Determine the maximum stress in steel
= 100 GPa). Determine maximum portion of by multiplying maximum
stress in steel and in brass when a stress for transformed section by the
moment of 4.5 KNm is applied. modular ratio. Dont forget this
important step!!
4 -36
4- 36
Example 5.5
SOLUTION:
Transform to equivalent brass section.
Es 200GPa
n 2.0
Eb 100GPa
bT 10 mm 2 18 mm 10 mm 56 mm
Evaluate transformed cross sectional properties

3
I 121 bT h3 121 56 mm 75 mm
1.96875 106 mm 4
Calculate maximum stresses
Mc 4500 Nm 0.0375 m
m 85.7 MPa
I 1.96875 10-6 m 4
b max m b max 85.7 MPa

s max n m 2 85.7 MPa s max 171.4 MPa
4 -37
4- 37
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Concrete beams subjected to bending moments are
reinforced by steel rods.
The steel rods assumed to carry the entire tensile
load below neutral axis (since concrete is weak
in tension). Upper part of the concrete beam
carries the compressive load.
In the transformed section, cross sectional area of
steel, As, replaced by equivalent area
nAs where n = Es/Ec.
To determine the location of the neutral axis,
bx x n As d x 0
2
1 b x2 n As x n As d 0
2
The normal stress in the concrete and steel
My
x
I
c x s n x
4 - 38
Example 5.6
Concrete floor slab reinforced with 16-

mm-diameter steel rods. Modulus of
elasticity is 200 GPa for steel and 25 GPa
for concrete. Applied bending moment is
4.5 kNm per 0.3 m width of slab. Find
maximum stress in concrete and in steel.
4-
4 -3939
Example 5.6
SOLUTION:
Transform to section made entirely of concrete.
Es 200 GPa
n 8.0
Ec 25 GPa
2

nAs 8.0 2 4 16mm 3216 mm 2
Evaluate geometric properties of transformed

section.
x
300 x 3216100 x 0 x 36.8 mm
2
3
2
I 13 300 mm 36.8 mm 3216 mm 2 63.2 mm 17.83 106 mm 4
Calculate maximum stresses.

Mc1 4500 Nm 0.0368 m c 9.29 MPa
c
I 17.83 10-6 m 4
Mc 4500 Nm 0.0632 m s 127.61 MPa
s n 2 8.0
I 17.83 10-6 m 4
Check: Fs = Fc
4 -40
4- 40
Example 5.6
4 - 41
Unsymmetric Bending
Thus far analysis of pure bending limited to
members subjected to bending couples
acting in a plane of symmetry.
Members remain symmetric and bend in

the plane of symmetry.
Neutral axis of cross section

coincides/parallel with axis of couple
Now consider situations in which bending

couple does not act in a plane of symmetry.
Cannot assume that member will bend in

the plane of the couples.
In general, neutral axis of section will not

coincide with axis of couple.
4 - 42
Unsymmetric Bending
y
0 Fx x dA E dA

or 0 y dA
neutral axis passes through centroid
y
M M z y E dA
Wish to determine conditions under
which neutral axis of section of EI I
or M x , I I z moment of inertia
arbitrary shape coincides with axis of y
couple, as shown above. defines stress distribution
Resultant force and moment from M

0 M y z x dA z y dA
the stress distribution in the I
section must satisfy: or 0 yz dA I yz product of inertia
Fx 0 M y M z M appliedcouple So couple vector must be directed

along a principal centroidal axis.
4 - 43
Unsymmetric Bending
Superposition applied to determine stresses in the
most general case of unsymmetric bending.
Resolve couple vector into components along
principle centroidal axes.
M z M cos M y M sin
Superpose stresses due to My and Mz

Mz y Myz
x
Iz Iy
Along neutral axis we have,

M y M z
0 z y
M cos y M sin z
x
Iz Iy Iz Iy
y Iz
tan tan
z Iy
4 - 44
Example 5.7
180 Nm couple applied to rectangular

wooden beam in a plane at 30 deg. to
vertical. Find (a) maximum stress in
beam, (b) angle that neutral axis makes
with horizontal plane.
4 -45
4- 45
Example 5.7
Resolve couple vector along principal axes and calculate
corresponding maximum stresses.
M z 180 Nm cos 30 155.9 Nm
M y 180 Nm sin 30 90 Nm
I z 121 0.04 m 0.09 m 2.43 10-6 m 4
3
I y 121 0.09 m 0.04 m 0.48 10-6 m 4

3
The largest te nsile stress due to M z occurs along AB

M z y 155.9 Nm 0.045 m
1 -6 4
2.89 MPa
Iz 2.43 10 m
The largest te nsile stress due to M z occurs along AD
2
M yz

90 Nm 0.02 m 3.75 MPa
Iy 0.48 10-6 m 4
Largest tensile stress due to combined My and Mz occurs at A.
max 1 2 2.89 3.75 max 6.64 MPa
4 -46
4- 46
Example 5.7
Determine angle of neutral axis.
Iz 2.43 10-6 m 4
tan tan tan 30
Iy 0.48 10-6 m 4
2.9
71o
4 -47
4- 47
Example 5.8
4 - 48
Example 5.8
4 - 49
Example 5.8
4 - 50
General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
Consider straight member subject to equal and
opposite eccentric forces.
Eccentric force equivalent to system

comprising centric force and two couples.
P centric force
M y Pa M z Pb
By principle of superposition, combined

stress distribution is
P Mz y M yz
x
A Iz Iy
If neutral axis lies on section, it is found

from
P M z y M yz
0
A Iz Iy
4 - 51
Example 5.9
Open-link chain obtained by bending

low-carbon steel rods into shape shown.
For 700 N load, find (a) maximum
tensile and compressive stresses, (b)
distance between section centroid and
neutral axis
4- 52
Example 5.9
Normal stress due to a
centric load
A c 2 6 mm
2
113.1 mm 2
P 700 N
0
A 113.1 10 6 m 2
6.2 MPa
Equivalent centric load and Normal stress due to

bending moment bending moment
P 700 N
I 14 c 4 14 6 mm
4
M Pd 700 N 0.016 m
11.2 Nm 1017.9 mm 4
Mc 11.2 Nm 0.006 m
m
I 1017.9 10 -12 m 4
66 MPa
4- 53
Example 5.9
Maximum tensile and compressive Neutral axis location

stresses
P My0
t 0 m 0
A I
6.2 66 t 72.2 MPa
P I 1017.9 10 12 m 4
c 0 m y0
AM
6
6.2 10 Pa 11.2 Nm
6.2 66 c 59.8 MPa
y0 0.56 mm
4- 54
Sample Problem 5.10
Largest allowable stresses for cast iron link
are 30 MPa in tension and 120 MPa in
compression. Determine largest force P
which can be applied.
A 3 103 m 2
Y 0.038 m
I 868 109 m 4
4- 55
Sample Problem 5.10
Determine equivalent centric load & bending moment.
d 0.038 0.010 0.028 m
P centric load
M Pd 0.028 P bending moment
Superpose stresses due to P and M,

P Mc A P 0.028 P 0.022
A 3
9
377 P
A I 3 10 868 10
P Mc A
B
P

0.028 P 0.022 1559 P
A I 3 103 868 109
Evaluate critical loads for allowable stresses.

A 377 P 30 MPa P 79.6 kN
B 1559 P 120 MPa P 77.0 kN
Largest allowable load is P 77.0 kN
4- 56
Example 5.11
Also locate N.A.
4 - 57
Example 5.11
4 - 58

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CHAPTER MECHANICS OF

Pure Bending: Prismatic members

Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which

Transverse Loading: Concentrated or

Principle of Superposition: The normal

Due to symmetry of loading and symmetry of

Here y, z , are centroidal axes, so y dA z dA 0

Although cross sectional planes remain planar

So expansion occurs above neutral surface and

Larger the section modulus

For two rectangular beams

Safe design requires that maximum normal stress be less

Among beam section choices which have an acceptable

Cast-iron machine part, acted upon by

Calculate the curvature

Simply supported steel beam is to

Develop shear force diagram and determine

Maximum bending moment occurs at

Choose best standard section which meets this

So neutral axis is centroid of A1 nA2

Note: widening ( n 1 ) or narrowing ( n 1 ) done

Evaluate cross sectional properties of

Calculate maximum stress in transformed

Bar made from bonded pieces of

Evaluate transformed cross sectional properties

b max m b max 85.7 MPa

Concrete floor slab reinforced with 16-

Evaluate geometric properties of transformed

Calculate maximum stresses.

Members remain symmetric and bend in

Neutral axis of cross section

Now consider situations in which bending

Cannot assume that member will bend in

In general, neutral axis of section will not

Resultant force and moment from M

Fx 0 M y M z M appliedcouple So couple vector must be directed

Superpose stresses due to My and Mz

Along neutral axis we have,

180 Nm couple applied to rectangular

I y 121 0.09 m 0.04 m 0.48 10-6 m 4

The largest te nsile stress due to M z occurs along AB

Largest tensile stress due to combined My and Mz occurs at A.

max 1 2 2.89 3.75 max 6.64 MPa

Determine angle of neutral axis.

Eccentric force equivalent to system

By principle of superposition, combined

If neutral axis lies on section, it is found

Open-link chain obtained by bending

Equivalent centric load and Normal stress due to

Maximum tensile and compressive Neutral axis location

Superpose stresses due to P and M,

Evaluate critical loads for allowable stresses.

Largest allowable load is P 77.0 kN

Also locate N.A.

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