Professional Documents
Culture Documents
THE EXECUTIVE
Prepared By;
Miss Junaida Hj Ismail
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Learning objectives;
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2.1 Introduction and Classification
2.1.1 Definition
Is a branch of government responsible for executing and enforcing or
put into effects, the laws legislated by the legislative body.
The term is wide because it consists of people being in charge of the execution
of policies of the state, and being in charge of the determination of the general rules.
In the wider sense it means all government officials except those acting in
legislative and judicial capacity.
In the narrow sense the executive means only the head of government,
the chief executive head of state and members of the cabinet (council of
ministers)
The civil servants such as the secretaries, police officers etc who execute
the laws and orders and carry on administration in details are the non-
political or permanent executive.
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2.1.2 Classifications of the executive
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Classifications of the executive contd
Plural Executive
Occurs when there is a collective responsibilities between the Cabinet
and the Civil Service
The Cabinet is a policy formulating body
The Civil Service (the administrative departments of government) is
executing and enforcing the laws and orders
Both are responsible to the Parliament, they all act under the leadership
of the Prime Minister e.g. Malaysia, Switzerland
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2.2 Methods in Choosing the Executive
In practice there are five different methods of choosing the head of the
State namely;
i. Hereditary principle is associated with monarchical
government
the term of office us for life
the succession goes from father to a
son
ii. Direct popular election
the choice of the Chief Executive id
by the direct vote of the people
it shows the principle of popular
sovereignty e.g. the Governors of the
constituents of the USA, the local
executives of the Swiss Cantons
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Methods in Choosing the Executive (contd)
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2.3 Functions of the Executive
The basic function is to enforce the will of the state as expressed by the
legislature, and to carry out the decisions of the courts (judicial bodies).
In the modern states, the functions of the executive is complex
The most fundamental functions are those which relate to the essential
activities of daily administration.
The essential functions are as the following:
i. Internal administration
ii. External administration
iii. Military functions
iv. Legislative functions
v. Judicial functions; and
vi. Other functions
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Internal Administration
Every county has a society with political characteristic society has share-values
which each of the member of the society wish to achieve.
Values Security, good health, peace & harmony and a good standard of living. this
values hard to achieve if there is was not in a peaceful & harmony state.
Main responsibility of the executive form the best strategy & plan help the country
to achieve a peaceful & safe environment - Department & ministry responsible to handle
this matter under Internal State Department
The executive responsible to implement policies & gives order regarding the process
of execution of the law.
To achieve effectiveness & efficiency duties are distributed among units,
departments & ministries according to their functions & objectives. The organization is
planned & structured so can maximized effectiveness & efficiency
In Malaysia, business operation such as import & export managed by the
International Trade & Industrial Ministry.
Every state has their own sovereignty & every country in this world depends on each
other & need to respect each other & avoid the aggressive actions to maintain peace &
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security. Conflicts & problems solve through diplomatic negotiation.
External Administration
One of the functions of the executive is to manage external administrations. Ensure that
its foreign policy able to stimulate good relationship among the neighboring countries can
avoid international conflicts which can cause war.
Finance
Government needs a large amount of resources in order to implement various programs
& project planned to fulfill people needs as well as countrys needs. The source of income is
obtained through taxation & national export.
Executive needs to plan on how to obtain income from various sources in order to 11
stabilize economic condition of the country.
Legislative
The functions of the legislation is possessed by the executive depends on the
form of the government.
Generally, it is the right of the executive to call, postpone or discontinue any
parliament assembly.
In parliamentary government Executive responsible to disperse the parliament
& order a new election to be carried out. Also possibly call the Chamber to discuss
any issues that he feels need to be discussed.
Judicial
The right to pardon is assumed to be part of the executive function. It is a half
judicial function & can be maintained due to some reasons.
1st it is to correct the judicial decision judges makes decision based on the
obtained from the case not based on the political aspect. E.g; there are individuals
who are punished due to his political crime but as time passes by, the arrest of him
may not be important anymore. Through the power of forgiveness possessed by the
executive, this individual can be freed from the accusation.
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The core of politics in modern government depends on the executive & the
administrative functions of the executive.
In a Presidential System, President is the Head of Executive. According to the
concept of Check & Balance,the legislative body is equal to the executive body.
The position & status of the president is well-defined. He acts as the head of the
ruling party, head of the legislative body & to present ideas & opinion of the people.
Through the power allocated by the constitution, the president can raise opinion, call
for emergency assembly & use veto power upon the bill/draft of proposed laws
Responsibility to proposed the process of making bill through assembly, the
executive also acts as the legislative body when it approve ordinance, rules or order.
The power to approve rules & regulations as stated & allocated by the legislative
power.
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NATURE OF EXECUTIVE : Nominal Executive & Real Executive
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NATURE OF EXECUTIVE: Single Executive & Plural Executive
Single Plural
Executive Executive
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Types of Executives
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ILLUSTRATION OF EXECUTIVES
EXECUTIVE: To Formulate Policy and to ensure it is properly implemented; 2nd Organ of Government
FUNCTIONS OF EXECUTIVE
6 MAIN FUNCTIONS
APPOINMENT Conference of Rulers (CoR): Elected and appointed among Directly elected (by electoral
Chosen among the 9th state royal equal by YDPA from majority college)
Houses party
DURATION OF 5 years ( rotate) 5 years 4 years ( max 8years; 2
APPOINTMENT terms)
TERMINATION Of unsound mind & health Lost in election; prosecuted in Lost in election; after two term
incapability court of law liable to a fine in office; by impeachment
exceeding RM2,000 / jail
QUALIFICATION The most eligible Sultan/Raja as > 30 years old; Malaysian > 35 years old; Resident of
Confirmed by CoR Resident more than 14 years
POWER Disband Parliament; Power to Chief Executive and Chief Chief Administrator; Has Veto
pardon; Appointing PM; Administrator; Advising YDPA Power; Power of Pardon;
Appointing Judges Appointing Judges &
Ambassadors in agreement
with the Senate
FUNCTIONS Head of the Nation; Chief of Head of Government; Chief Head of government; Head of
Armed Forces; Head of The Diplomat; Chairman of the Nation; Chief Of Diplomat;
Islamic Affairs and Customs Coalition Party Chief Of Armed Forces; Party
Chief
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Closure.
Group Exercise :
Identify the merits and drawbacks of the single and plural executive
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Continues..Learning objectives;
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2.4 Definition of public administration
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DEFINITIONS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONS
Cole B Graham Jr. & Steven W. In ordinary stage, public administration is a generic expression for the entire
Hayo (1986) bundle of activities that are involved in the establishment and implementation
of public policies.
Grover Straling (1986) Traditionally public administration is thought of accomplishing side of
government. It is supposed to comprise all those activities involves in carrying
out the policies of elected officials and some activities associated with the
development of those policies.
David H. Rosenbloom (1986) The use of managerial, political and legal theories and process to fulfill
legislative, executive, & judicial government mandates for the provision of
regulatory and service functions for the society as a whole or for some
segments of it.
John M Pfifner & Robert Presthus Essentially concerned with the means of implementing public values-of
coordinating individual and group efforts to carry out public policy and as
such it is mainly occupied with routine work of government.
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2.5 Functions of public administration
Functions of public administration can be seen from the functions of
ministries or departments.
i. Answer for the administration to the people it translates policy into
practice, therefore it must be capable to explain its action / decision.
ii. Drawing up of its policy although policies are formulated by the
Executive but the details to work out and routine businesses are left to
them.
iii. To work out the detailed regulations necessary to give effect to the statutes
(laws / policies)
iv. To implement policies once the policies have been legislated, it is the
responsibility of public staff to ensure them to be faithfully carried out.
(responsibilities of top civil servants to direct, instruct, supervise &
control; responsibilities of the field officers obey, implement & report as
well as make suggestions if necessary)
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2.6 Principle of Public Administration
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Further readings;
Abdul Aziz Bari.
Malaysian
Constitution: A
Critical
Introductions:
Page76-80
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2.7 Principle of Dichotomy
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Principle of Dichotomy contd
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Principle of Dichotomy contd
Further readings:
Jack Rabin & J.S. Bowman, (1984) , Politics and
Administration : Woodrow Wilson and American Public
Administration, Marcel Decker Inc., New York
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CONCLUSION
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Closure.
Homework :
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