law directive

moral principle

NORM ideal rule

prescription custom rule

 - As soon as the feeling of the norm is instilled in the mind one begins to appreciate its talented fluctuations. The
norm may be perceived and established only when there are deviations from it, it happens so to say against their
background.

The norm is an abstract notion, an invariant which should embrace all variants with their most typical properties.
 Halperin: the norm is the invariant of phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactical patterns, circulating in
language-in-action (speech) at a given period of time.

=> it is very important to master the received standard of the given period
in order to comprehend the correspondence of this or that form to the recognized form of the period.
The norm can be grasped when there is a deviation from it.
Skrebnev: the essence of stylistic perception consists in mental confrontation of what one hears (or reads) with ones
previous linguistic experience.

I havent ever done anything

I aint never done nothing

Norm may be defined as a set of language rules which are considered to be most standard and correct in a certain
epoch and in a certain society. It is next to impossible to work out universal language norms because each functional
style has its own regularities. The sentence "I ain't got no news from nobody" should be treated as non-grammatical
from the point of view of literary grammar though it is in full accordance with special colloquial English grammar rules.

1. The concept of norm in stylistics.

The norm is the invariant of the phonemic, morphological, lexical and syntactical patterns circulating in language-in-action
at a given period of time.

Variants of these patterns may sometimes diverge from invariant, but they never exceed the limits set by the invariant lest
it should become unrecognizable or misleading.
Norm is a set of rules and restraints. Norm is a psychological and social phenomenon (not only a system of signs)
A.E.Darbyshire: The norm is a linguistic abstraction, an idea thought up by linguists and existing only in their minds.

Norm can become less rigid. Basic to all rules are grammar rules.
The notion of norm always presupposes a recognized or received standard. There is no universally accepted norm of the
standard literary language. There are different norms.
The norm is regarded by some linguists as a regulator which controls a set of variants, the border of variations and also
admissible and inadmissible variants (E.A.Makayev)

One of the most essential characteristics of the norm is its flexibility. A too rigorous adherence to the norm brands the
writers language as pedantic,

2. Variation of the norm. Hierarchy.

The problem of norm has many solutions and aspects. The most important is the RELATIVE and PROBABILISTIC nature
of the norm, as a deviation from one norm can correspond to a norm of secondary order: the presence of a deviation is
identified on the basis of probabilistic prognosis

The linguistic competence can be defeated in a qualitative or quantitative way.

e.g. Those eyes the greenest of things blue
The bluest of things grey (Swingburn)
The superlative degree, the exclamatory sentences; the repetition

Hierarchy of norms:

a. Standard (national standard) English [literary written] is more strict; Genre-normes

b. Modified standard (pronunciation) former British colonies where the British somehow modified the pronunciation
c. Regional varieties (Am., Australian, New Zealand, Indian Englishes), Estuary English is a bit simpler than BBC English
peculiarities at all language levels. National norm with specific features at all levels.
d. Local Dialects (Cockney) working class

Charles Dickens Pickwick Club servant who speaks Cockney. A lot of grammar violations.

Functional (acc. to the subject matter, situation of communication)

e. written or oral
f. individual norm
g. genre norm
h. text norm each text creates its variations acc. to USER or USE

Neutral words, which form the bulk of the English vocabulary, are used both in literary and colloquial language. Neutral
words are the main source of synonymy and polysemy. The most neutral words are of monosyllabic character. This
phenomenon has led to the development of conversion as the most productive means of word-building.

Common literary words are chiefly used in writing and in polished speech. One can always tell a literary word from a
colloquial
Coll. Neut. Lit.
Kid child infant
Daddy father parent
Chap fellow associate
Get out go away retire
Go on continue proceed

Language norm in its dynamic aspect as socially and historically determined result of speech activity, fixing traditional
realizations of the system and creating new language facts, revealing connections with the potential capacities of the
language system and the existing patterns. Variation of language units: variants within the limits of the norm as the basis
of stylistic choice: synonymic means of the language. stylistic variation of the word ( allo-lexemes). Functional nature of
norm \V.V.Vinogradov\. The conformity of expression to the literary standard is the function of communicative-stylistic
validity of the utterance, functional style, jenre. Functional validity of a language unit, as the most important criterion in
establishing the conformity of the unit to the norm... as language is a means of communication and communication always
has a purpose \A.A.Leontiev\.

. Normative level - conformity with the orthographic, punctuation, orthoepic, lexical, grammar norms of the language.
Communicative level - purposeful usage of the language means within the limits of the language norm and the norm of the
functional style for the sake of realizing a communicative task, the formation of a communicative strategy.

REFERENCES:

http://www.studfiles.ru/preview/4538381/ ---- gALPERIN BOOK

Functional Styles of the English Language 2

http://studopedia.su/14_27063_Part-VI-Functional-Styles-of-the-English-Language.html

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:5DBvkDYiJFQJ:www.novsu.ru/file/4775+&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk
&gl=ph

http://www.novsu.ru/file/4775

Lecture 1. Introduction to Stylistics http://pereklad.nmu.org.ua/ua/LECTURE%201.pdf

The notion of stylistics - Durov.com http://www.durov.com/study/1-40-1047.doc

Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary
http://oplib.ru/obrazovanie/view/517793_stylistic_classification_of_the_english_vocabulary

CAPITAL INSTITUTE OF TRANSLATION

ETC. W Y V E R S A

STILSTKA
 IN ENGLISH:
lecture notes for students of philological specialties

MOSCOW
2003

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HvfbuyywCioJ:iaya-
students.narod.ru/GAK/For_all/STYLE.DOC+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ph
 ----------------------------------------------

STYLE a selection of non-distinctive features of language

INDIVIDUAL STYLE a unique combination of language units peculiar to a given writer which makes his works easily
recognizable

The Main Terms, Categories and Notions of Stylistics.

To define the limits of stylistics it is necessary to state what we mean under its main term style.

This word is of Latin origin derived from the word stilus which meant a short sharp stick used by the Romans for writing
on wax tablets.

Now the word style is used in many senses that is why it has become a permanent source of ambiguity. It may denote:

The correspondence between

 An individual manner of making use of language
The set of rules how to write a composition sometimes style is associated with very simple notions like style is the
man himself (Buffon 18thc.)

Style is depth, said Darbyshire in 1971 A Grammar of Style; style is deviation- considered Enkvist in his book
Linguistic Stylistics published in the Hague in 1973.
All these definitions deal somehow with the essence of style that is summed up by the following observations:

Style is a quality of language which communicates precisely emotions or thoughts or a system of them peculiar to the
author
A true idiosyncrasy of style is the result of an authors success in compelling language to conform to his mode of
experience (Middleton Murry)
Style is a contextually restricted linguistic variation (Enkvist)
Style is a selection of non-distinctive features of language(Bloomfield)
Style is simply synonymous with form or expression(Benedetto Croce)

In the broad sense we understand style as a feature adherent to music, clothes, architecture, painting, historical epoch,
etc.

Archibald Hill states structures, sequences and patterns which extend or may extend beyond the boundaries of individual
sentences define style.

The most frequently met definition of style belongs to Seymour Chatman: Style is a product of individual choices
and the patterns of choices among linguistic possibilities . Werner Winter continues this idea by claiming that the style may
be characterized by a pattern of recurrent selections from the inventory of optional features of a language.

Summing up these numerous definitions we may single out the traits upon which most of the scholars agree:
 Style is a set of characteristics by which we distinguish one author from another
Style is regarded as something that belongs exclusively to the plane of expression and not to the plane of content

Individual style implies the peculiarities of a writers individual manner of using language means to achieve the
effect he desires. The speech of any individual, which is characterized by particular elements, is called an idiolect that
reveals his breeding and education. A writer will try to avoid showing his idiolect, instead he would leave room for genuine
SD. Alexander Block once said that the style of a writer is so closely connected with the content of his soul that the
experienced eye can see the soul through his style.

Some people think that one has to possess what is called a feeling for the language in order to be able to understand its
norms and variations. But this feeling is deeply rooted in the knowledge (often unconscious) of the language laws and
history. As soon as the feeling of the norm is instilled in the mind one begins to appreciate its talented fluctuations.

The norm may be perceived and established only when there are deviations from it, it happens so to say against their
background.

While studying style we come across the problem of language-as-a-system and language-in-action, that actually reflects
the opposition of language and speech (discourse), langue and parole.

All rules and patterns of language collected in the textbooks on grammar, phonetics and lexicology first appear in
languagein-action where they are generalized, then framed as rules
and patterns of language-as-a-system. The same happens with SDs. Born in speech they gradually become recognized
facts of language-as-a-system.

----
Style as Conformity

Style as conformity can be seen as the first available option for a writer to express himself.
 That is, a writer needs, first of all, to decide whether to conform with the established style or to deviate. It is not in all
situations that a writer enjoys flexibility to deviate. Style as conformity is often strictly enforced in certain fields or
circumstances. This is often in academic/educational field as regard students research projects. It is also found so in some
professional writings, where a considerable conformity to the established format or diction is expected for a text to earn
acceptability.

One major weakness of conformity to the established style is that it clips creativity.

-----

LECTURE 1 pdf

A very important notion is the distinction between automatization and foregrounding in language.

Automatization refers to the common use of linguistic devices which does not attract particular attention by the language
decoder, for example, the use of discourse markers (e.g. well, you know, sort of, kind of) in spontaneous spoken
conversations. Automatization thus correlates with the usual background pattern, or the norm, in language useit
encompasses those forms and structures that competent language users expect to be used in a given context of situation.

Foregrounded linguistic devices, on the other hand, are usually not expected to be used in a specific context and are thus
considered conspicuousthey catch the language decoders attention (e.g. the use of old-fashioned and/or very formal
words such as epicure, improvident, and whither in spontaneous spoken conversations).

Foregrounding thus captures deviations from the norm. It is obvious that what is considered as automatized and
foregrounded language use depends on the communication situation at hand. In technical fields of discourse, for instance,
specialized vocabulary items tend to be automatized (e.g. lambda marker in molecular biology), but in everyday
communication become foregrounded devices.
The norm is an abstract notion, an invariant which should embrace all variants with their most typical properties.
Halperin: the norm is the invariant of phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactical patterns, circulating in
language-in-action (speech) at a given period of time.
Characteristic property its flexibility.
Following the norm too rigorously pedantic style.
Neglect of the norm an attempt to violate the established patterns of the language.

A constant process of gradual change in the forms of a language and in meaning.

=> it is very important to master the received standard of the given period
in order to comprehend the correspondence of this or that form to the recognized form of the period.
The norm can be grasped when there is a deviation from it.
Skrebnev: the essence of stylistic perception consists in mental confrontation of what one hears (or reads) with
ones previous linguistic experience.

I havent ever done anything

I aint never done nothing
Both norm. But:
1 literary,
2 uneducated speaker.
There are as many norms as there are sublanguages.

The notion of norm. Norm may be defined as a set of language rules which are considered to be most standard and
correct in a certain epoch and in a certain society. It is next to impossible to work out universal language norms
because each functional style has its own regularities. The sentence "I ain't got no news from nobody" should be
treated as non-grammatical from the point of view of literary grammar though it is in full accordance with special
colloquial English grammar rules.

3. The concept of norm in stylistics.

The norm is the invariant of the phonemic, morphological, lexical and syntactical patterns circulating in language-in-action
at a given period of time.

Variants of these patterns may sometimes diverge from invariant, but they never exceed the limits set by the invariant lest
it should become unrecognizable or misleading.

Norm is a set of rules and restraints. Norm is a psychological and social phenomenon (not only a system of signs)
A.E.Darbyshire: The norm is a linguistic abstraction, an idea thought up by linguists and existing only in their minds.

Norm can become less rigid. Basic to all rules are grammar rules.
The notion of norm always presupposes a recognized or received standard. There is no universally accepted norm of the
standard literary language. There are different norms.
The norm is regarded by some linguists as a regulator which controls a set of variants, the border of variations and also
admissible and inadmissible variants (E.A.Makayev)

One of the most essential characteristics of the norm is its flexibility. A too rigorous adherence to the norm brands the
writers language as pedantic, no matter whether it is a question of speech or writing. To draw a line of demarcation between
facts that illustrate the flexibility of the norm and those which show its violation is not so easy. Some people think that one
has t possess what is called a feeling for the language. It is deeply rooted in the unconscious knowledge of the laws
according to which a language functions.
4. Deviation of the norm.

Deviation is a stylistic means it compels attention: for an element to be noticed it has either to be REPEATED or
UNPREDICTABLE

Deviation is a symbol. In stylistics it is important to know how to create a certain effect

Function of stylistic means is to DRAW ATTENTION. The chain of predictability should be broken.

i. He who attempts to tease the cobra

j. Is soon a sadder he and SOBRA (O.Nash)

The 2 unpredictable elements: SOBRA (gram. Unpredictable) > SOBERER > repetition
Some deviations, if they are motivated, may occur here and there in the text. Through constant repetitions such deviations
may become legitimate variants of the norm and establish themselves as members of a language system.

One of the most characteristic and essential properties of the norm is its flexibility. The extremes are apparent, but border
cases are blurred. Thus, footsteps on the sand of war (E.E.Cummings) or below a time are clearly violations of the
accepted norms of word-building or word-combinations.
But silent thunder, the ors and ifs and the like may from one point of view be regarded as a practical application of the
principle of flexibility of the norm and from another as a violation of the semantic and morphological norms of the English
language.

There is a constant process of gradual change taking place in the forms of language and their meaning at any given period
of time.

5. Variation of the norm. Hierarchy.

The problem of norm has many solutions and aspects. The most important is the RELATIVE and PROBABILISTIC nature
of the norm, as a deviation from one norm can correspond to a norm of secondary order: the presence of a deviation is
identified on the basis of probabilistic prognosis

The linguistic competence can be defeated in a qualitative or quantitative way.

e.g. Those eyes the greenest of things blue
The bluest of things grey (Swingburn)
The superlative degree, the exclamatory sentences; the repetition

Hierarchy of norms:

k. Standard (national standard) English [literary written] is more strict; Genre-normes

l. Modified standard (pronunciation) former British colonies where the British somehow modified the pronunciation
m. Regional varieties (Am., Australian, New Zealand, Indian Englishes), Estuary English is a bit simpler than BBC English
peculiarities at all language levels. National norm with specific features at all levels.
n. Local Dialects (Cockney) working class
Charles Dickens Pickwick Club servant who speaks Cockney. A lot of grammar violations.

Functional (acc. to the subject matter, situation of communication)

o. written or oral
p. individual norm
q. genre norm
r. text norm each text creates its variations acc. to USER or USE

Neutral words, which form the bulk of the English vocabulary, are used both in literary and colloquial language. Neutral
words are the main source of synonymy and polysemy. The most neutral words are of monosyllabic character. This
phenomenon has led to the development of conversion as the most productive means of word-building.

Common literary words are chiefly used in writing and in polished speech. One can always tell a literary word from a
colloquial
Coll. Neut. Lit.
Kid child infant
Daddy father parent
Chap fellow associate
Get out go away retire
Go on continue proceed

It goes without saying that these synonyms are not only stylistic but ideographic as well. The main distinction between
synonyms remains stylistic. Colloquial words are always more emotionally coloured than literary ones.
Both literary and colloquial words have upper and lower level. The line of demarcation between common literary and neutral
and between common colloquial and neutral on the other side are blurred. The process of interpenetration of the stylistic
strata becomes HERE most apparent.

The neutral vocabulary may be viewed as the invariant of the Standard English vocabulary. Common colloquial vocabulary
is a part of Standard English.

The stylistic function of the different strata of the E vocabulary depends not so much on the inner qualities of each of the
groups, as on their interaction when they are opposed to one another.
Certain set expressions have been coined within literary English and their use in ordinary speech will inevitably make the
utterance sound bookish. In accordance with, with regard to, to speak at great length, to lend assistance, to draw a lesson

Special literary vocabulary:

a) terms
b) poetic and high literary words (are called upon to sustain the special elevated atmosphere of poetry)
c) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete words
d) Barbarisms (words of foreign origin which have not entirely been assimilated into the English Language) and
Foreignisms
e) Literary Coinages

Special Colloquial vocabulary:

a) slang the special vocabulary used by any set of persons of a low or disreputable character; language of a low
vulgar type
b) jargonisms (old words with entirely new meanings imposed on them)
c) professionalisms
d) dialectal words
e) vulgarisms
f) colloquial coinages

bileti_durow-500

Norm and Variation in Language. The dynamic character of norm. The static aspect ( the system of language
units) and dynamics ( language functioning). Language norm in its dynamic aspect as socially and historically determined
result of speech activity, fixing traditional realizations of the system and creating new language facts, revealing connections
with the potential capacities of the language system and the existing patterns. Variation of language units: variants within
the limits of the norm as the basis of stylistic choice: synonymic means of the language. stylistic variation of the word ( allo-
lexemes). Functional nature of norm \V.V.Vinogradov\. The conformity of expression to the literary standard is the function
of communicative-stylistic validity of the utterance, functional style, jenre. Functional validity of a language unit, as the
most important criterion in establishing the conformity of the unit to the norm... as language is a means of communication
and communication always has a purpose \A.A.Leontiev\. The principle of communicative validity the basis of assigning
the norm \ .G. Kostomarov, A.A.Leontiev\. Literary standard as the model variant of the national language, the result of
reasonably applied rules, i.e. norm

Literary language the sum total of all the realizations of the language system adopted by the society at a certain
stage of its development and thought of as correct and model \N.N.Semenuck\.

Basic oppositions revealing normative co-relations in the language:

system : norm : individual speech
national norm : dialect
neutral style : colloquial style : bookish style
literary standard ( correct speech) : low colloquial speech \I.V.Arnold\
Written and oral forms of literary standard. Orthographic and orthoepic norms of the language. Variants of literary language
( literary language used by two or several peoples, e.g. the British and American variants of the English language. Stylistic
norm Stylistic and speech mistakes. Orthographic, punctuation, orthoepic, lexical, grammar norms of the English language.
Language Norm and Speech Culture: normative, communicative and aesthetic levels of speech culture. Normative
level - conformity with the orthographic, punctuation, orthoepic, lexical, grammar norms of the language. Communicative
level - purposeful usage of the language means within the limits of the language norm and the norm of the functional style
for the sake of realizing a communicative task, the formation of a communicative strategy. Communicatively relevant
deviations from the norm of the language. Stylistically relevant deviations. The aesthetic level of speech culture the use
of language means in the aesthetic function as a rule in publicist style and fiction. Principles and rules of communicative
interaction. Theory of social convention. X.Grices maxims. Speech etiquette. Formal and informal communication. Speech
communication in different situation and spheres of human activity. Oratory. Oratorical devices. Rhetorics as the science of
oratorical canons and devices.