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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Foreword V

PART 1 - DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY

Introduction J

Chapter
1 EQUATIONS OF MOTION 5

1.1 I n t r o d u c t i on 1.7 I n d i v i d u a l and Local

.
1.2 Kinematics (Velocity Time Derivative
and A c c e l e r a t i o n ) 1.8 The F o r c e of G r a v i t a t i o n
1.3 Calculation of Velocity 1.9 The P r e s s u r e F o r c e
and P o s i t i o n from 1.10 F r i c t i o n a l Forces
Acc e l e r a t i o n 1.11 The E q u a t i o n s of
1.4 K i n e m a t i c s of R o t a t i n g . Motion
Motion 1.12 S p h e r i c a l Co-ordinates
1.5 A b s o l u t e and R e l a t i v e
Velocity
1.6 A b s o l u t e and R e l a t i v e
Acc e l e r a t i o n

11 PHYSICAL VARIABLES

2.1 Introduction 2.4 The C o n t i n u i t y

2.2 The Gas E q u a t i o n for Equa t i o n
a P e r f e c t Gas 2.5 Some S p e c i a l
2.3 The F i r s t Law of Consid er a t i ons
Thermodynamic s

111 TE PREDICTION PROBLEM 45

3.1 The Complete System 3.3 The Q u a s i - e t a t i c

of E q u a t i o n s P r e d i c t i o n Problem
3.2 Boundary C o n d i t i o n s a n d
I n i t i a l Values
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IV STATIC EQUILIBRIUM I N THE ATMOSPHERE 57

4.1 The B a s i c Equations 4.3 Hydrostatic Calculations

for E q u i l i b r i u m 4.4 Examples of S t a t i c
4.2 S t a t i c E q u i l i b r i u m and Atmospheres
H y d r o s t a t i c BalPnce

V PRESSURE AS VERTICAL CO-ORDINATE 62

5.1 Introduct i o n 5.5 The E q u a t i o n s of Motion

5-2 General C o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n t h e p-system
5.3 I n d i v i d u a l a n d Local 5.6 The C o n t i n u i t y Equation
Time D e r i v a t i v e i n t h e p-system
5.4 T r a n s f o r m a t i on R e l a t i ons 5.7 The Thermodynamic Equation
i n t h e p-system

VI CIRCULILTION, VORTICITY, DIVERGWCE AND DEFORMATION 71

6.1 Introduc t i o n 6.9 Some Simple Flow

6.2 Circulation Patterns (Streamiines)
6.3 K e l v i n ' s Theorem 6.10 I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of
6.4 B jerknes Theorem V o r t i c i t y , Divergence
6.5 The S o l e n o i d a l Vector and Deformation
6.6 The C o r i o l i s Term 6.11 V o r t i c i t y Equstion
6.7 A p p l i c a t i o n s of t h e 6.12 The Divergence Equation
C i r c u l a t i o n Theorem 6.13 He1mholt z ' Theorem
6.0 D i f f e r e n t i a l Properties 6.14 Traj e c t o r i e s
of t h e Wind F i e l d 6.15 Divergence and V o r t i c i t y
i n Spherical Co-ordinates
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VI1 RFCONSIDERATION OF THE PREDICTION PROBLEM 110

7.1 Introduct i o n 7.3 Boundary C o n d i t i o n s

7.2 The Basic E q u a t i o n s i n 7.4 The P r e d i c t i o n Froblem
t h e p-system

VI11 BALANCED MOTION 115

8.1 Introduc t i o n 0.7 The G e o s t r o p h i c Thermal

8.2 The G e o s t r o p h i c Wind W ind

.
8.3 G e o s t r o p h i c Winds and 8.0 The Thermal Wind and t h e
A c t u a l Winds Solenoidal Vector
8.4 The G r a d i e n t Wind 8.9 Changes i n S t a t i c S t a b i l i t y
8.5 Motion w i t h A c c e l e r a t i o n due t o Advection
8.6 P r o p e r t i e s of t h e
Geo s t r o p h i c Wind

Ix THE STATIONARY CIRCULAR VORTEX 139

9.1 Introduc t i on 9.4 Rotationnl S t a b i l i t y

9.2 Balance Requirements 9.5 The G r a d i e n t Wind Vortex
9.3 The Shape of t h e
Isobaric Surfaces

X DISCONTImJITY SURFACES

10.1 Introduc t i o n 10.3 D i s c o n t i n u i t y S u r f a c e s of

10.2 D i s c o n t i n u i t y S u r f a c e s of t h e F i r s t Order
t h e Z e r o t h Order

XI ATMOSPHERIC WAVES

11.1 I n t r o d u c t i on 11.6 i n e r t i a Waves

11.2 S i n u s o i d a l Waves 11.7 I n e r t i a - g r a v i t y Waves
11.3 The P e r t u r b a t i o n Method 11.8 Rossby Waves ( B a r o t r o p i c
11.4 Sound Wave s Waves)
11.5 G r a v i t y Wave s 11.9 B a r o c l i n i c Waves ( Q u a s i -
g e o s t r o p h i c Model)
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XII NUMERICAL PREDICTION 2 o1

12.1 Introduct i o n 12.5 Quaci-geostrophic

12.2 The F i l t e r Problem B a r o c l i n i c Models
12.5 Numerical Advantages 12.6 The w Equa.tion
12.4 The Equival e n t
B a r o t r o p i c Model

XIII ATMOSPEERIC TURBULENCE

13.1 I n t r o d u c ti on 13.6 The P r a n d t l - L a y e r a

13.2 Reynold Stresses 13.7 The P l a n e t a r y Boundary

13.3 Mole c u l a r V i s c o s i t y Layer
13.4 Laminar a n d T u r b u l e n t 13.8 The Ekman-Layer
Flow 13.9 Turbulent Transfer
13.5 Turbulence i n t h e of Heat
Boundary Layer

XIV COME ASPECTS OF THE GENERAL C I R C U L A T I O N 269

14.1 Introduct i o n 14.5 Global Aspects of

14.2 Atmospheric Averages Atmospheric Energy
and T r a n s p o r t s 14.6 The Heat Budget
14.3 The Momentum Budget 14.7 Mountains, Heating and
14.4 Atmospheric k e r g y Friction
(ESI introduction)

App endix: VECTOR SYMBOLS AND VECTOR ALGEBRA 321

d.1 Introduction A. 4 Mul t i p 1i c a t i on Invo ivi n g

A.2 Sum, D i f f e r e n c e , More t h a n Two V e c t o r s
M u l t i p l i c a t i o n by a 6.5 The Operator V
Scalar
A.3 M u l t i p l i c a t i o n of
Vectors
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