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g Proj: Admin
Ref :
Tel:d Date: 14/08/17
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Stepped masonry retaining wall stability check to CP2

Assumptions
* Earth pressure increases linearly with depth.
Further Assumptions:
* Soil pressure coefficients are derived from Rankine's theory.
* The line of action of active soil pressure is assumed parallel to upper ground surface.
* The passive resistance of the soil is included.
* The calculation deals with local geotechnical stability. Global slope stability is not checked. The stability of the individual
masonry steps is analysed elsewhere

Geometry
Total number of steps (Excluding parapet) = 6
Step no: Height(HS m) Width(TS m) Area( m2 ) Weight(kN/m)
Parapet 0 0.9 0.44 0.396 7.92
step 1 0.225 0.44 0.099 1.98
step 2 1.125 0.66 0.594 11.88
step 3 1.8 0.99 0.668 13.365
step 4 2.475 1.21 0.817 16.335
step 5 3.15 1.43 0.965 19.305
step 6 3.825 1.76 1.188 23.76
Total area of cross section = 4.73 m2
Total weight of section = 94.55 kN/m
Thickness of base d = 0.45 m
Heel projection of base xb = 0.45 m
Toe projection of base xf = 0.45 m
Height of parapet/balustrade hp = 0.9 m
Parapet thickness ht = 0.44 m
Depth of soil for passive resistance dp = 0.75 m
Length of base L = 2.66 m
Depth of soil over base at toe st = dp-d
= 0.75-0.45
= 0.3 m
Additional loads
Surcharge load su = 10 kN/m2
Vertical load above wall supported on stem Va = 0 kN/m run
Horizontal load above wall supported on stem Ha = 0.75 kN/m run
Distance of horizontal load from parapet top hh = 0m
Unit weight of masonry = 20 kN/m3
m

Soil properties Retained soil Passive soil Unit

Unit weight of drained/moist soil = 18 = 18 kN/m3
r p
Angle of internal friction of soil = 35 = 35 degrees
p
Angle of slope =0 degrees
Height of slope at virtual back ds =0m

Foundation soil properties

Angle of base friction = 0 degrees
f
Cohesion c = 100 kN/m2
Base adhesion cw = 50 kN/m2
Allowable bearing pressure abp = 150 kN/m2

Factor of safety
FOS against overturning foso = 2
FOS against sliding (including passive soil) fos_kp = 2
FOS against sliding (excluding passive soil) fos = 1.5
Passive resistance reduction factor rpr = 0.5
Restoring effect of surcharge is included.

Rankine's theory assumes that the line of action of P (Active soil pressure) is parallel to the surface slope of the retained soil.
Angle of P (parallel to surface) = 0 degrees
Pressure diagram

Active pressure from retained soil

Rankine gives the formula for resultant earth pressure as P = Ce.gammar.(h+d)^2/2 where Ce is a pressure coefficient
Intermediate factor fi = sqr(cos()2-cos()2)
= sqr(cos(0)2-cos(35)2)
= 0.574
Pressure coefficient Ce = cos()*(cos()-fi)/(cos()+fi)
= cos(0)*(cos(0)-0.574)/(cos(0)+0.574)
= 0.271

Passive resistance
Passive resistance is assumed to act in the horizontal direction.
Angle of line of action of P p = 0 degrees
Rankine gives the formula for resultant earth pressure as P3 = Cp.gammap.dp^2/2 where Cp is a pressure coefficient
Pressure coefficient Cp = (1+sin( ))/(1-sin( ))
p p
= (1+sin(35))/(1-sin(35))
= 3.69

Vertical forces
Self weight of parapet Vp = ht*hp*
m
= 0.44*0.9*20
= 7.92 kN/m
Self weight of masonry Vw = 86.63 kN/m
Weight of concrete base Vb = (TS(NS)+xb+xf)*d*RC_WT
= (TS(6)+0.45+0.45)*0.45*23.6
= 28.25 kN/m
Load above the wall Va = 0 kN/m
On the active side
Weight of surcharge Vs = su*(TS(NS)-TS(1)+xb)
= 10*(TS(6)-TS(1)+0.45)
= 17.7 kN/m
Weight of sloping soil wbs = *((xb+TS(NS))-TS(1))2*tan()/2
r
= 18*((0.45+TS(6))-TS(1))2*tan(0)/2
= 0 kN/m
Vertical component of earth pressure due to surcharge
Psv = Ce*su*(HS(NS)+d+ds)*sin()
= 0.27*10*(HS(6)+0.45+0)*sin(0)
= 0 kN/m
Weight of soil on heel W6 = *HS(NS)*xb
r
= 18*HS(6)*0.45
= 30.98 kN/m
Vertical component of earth pressure on the virtual back
pvh1 = Ce* *(HS(NS)+d+ds)2/2*sin()
r
= 0.27*18*(HS(6)+0.45+0)2/2*sin(0)
= 0 kN/m
Weight of soil on each step wes(i) = *HS(i)*(TS(i)-TS(i-1)) kN/m
r
---------------------------------------------
Step(i) HS wes
---------------------------------------------
1 0.23 0
2 1.13 0.89
3 1.8 6.68
4 2.48 7.13
5 3.15 9.8
6 3.83 18.71
---------------------------------------------
sum 43.21
---------------------------------------------
Total weight wb = 43.21 kN/m

On the passive side

Weight of soil wps = st*xf*
p
= 0.3*0.45*18
= 2.43 kN/m
Total weight of soil above base
wp = wps
= 2.43 kN/m
Overturning Moment
Due to horizontal component of earth pressure due to surcharge (on virtual back)
Oms = Ce*su*(ds+HS(NS)+d)2/2*cos()
= 0.27*10*(0+HS(6)+0.45)2/2*cos(0)
= 24.76 kNm/m
Due to horizontal component of earth pressure at the end of heel (on virtual back)
Omh = Ce* *(ds+HS(NS)+d)3/6*cos()
r
= 0.27*18*(0+HS(6)+0.45)3/6*cos(0)
= 63.52 kNm/m
Due to vertical component of soil pressure at the end of heel (on virtual back)
mrvh = pvh1*L
= 0*2.66
= 0 kNm/m
Due to horizontal force acting at the top of wall
Oml = Ha*(hh+hp+HS(NS)+d)
 = 0.75*(0+0.9+HS(6)+0.45)
= 3.88 kNm/m
Overturning moments about toe
Mot = Oms+Omh+Oml-mrvh
= 24.76+63.52+3.88-0
= 92.16 kNm/m
Restoring moments
Rotation is assumed to occur about the toe.
Due to soil on heel rmh = W6*(L-xb/2)
= 30.98*(2.66-0.45/2)
= 75.44 kNm/m
Due to sloping soil rmss = 0 kNm/m
Due to concrete base rmp = Vb*L/2
= 28.25*2.66/2
= 37.57 kNm/m
Due to load above wall rmv = V *(TS(1)/2+xf)
a
= 0*(TS(1)/2+0.45)
= 0 kNm/m
Due to parapet weight rmt = Vp*(xf+ht/2)
= 7.92*(0.45+0.44/2)
= 5.31 kNm/m
Due to surcharge rmu = Vs*(xf+TS(1)+((TS(NS)-TS(1))+xb)/2)
= 17.7*(0.45+TS(1)+((TS(6)-TS(1))+0.45)/2)
= 31.42 kNm/m
Due to soil on toe rmo = wp*xf/2
= 2.43*0.45/2
= 0.55 kNm/m
Due to retained soil mrs = wes(i)*(xf+TS(i))+((TS(i)-TS(i-1))/2) kNm/m
Due to self weight of step sw = wt(i)*(L-((xb+TS(NS)-TS(i)+(TS(i)/2)))) kNm/m
---------------------------------------------
Step(i) mrs sw
---------------------------------------------
1 0 1.33
2 0.89 9.27
3 8.52 12.63
4 11.05 17.23
5 17.35 22.49
6 38.26 31.6
---------------------------------------------
Sum 76.07 94.55
---------------------------------------------
Restoring moment RTM1 = rmh+rmss+rmp+rmt+rmv+rmu
= 75.44+0+37.57+5.31+0+31.42
= 149.74 kNm/m
RTM2 = rmo+mrs+sw
= 0.55+76.07+94.55
= 171.17 kNm/m
RTM = RTM1+RTM2
= 149.74+171.17
= 320.9 kNm/m

Factor of safety against overturning

FSot = RTM/Mot
= 320.9/92.16
= 3.48
FS against overturning; 3.48 >= 2 - OK

Bearing pressure
Overturning moment about toe Mot = 92.16 kNm/m
Restoring moment about toe RTM = 320.9 kNm/m
Total load on foundation strata
T1 = Vw+Vp+Vb+V +Vs+wb+wbs
a
= 86.63+7.92+28.25+0+17.7+43.21+0
= 183.71 kN/m
T2 = wp+W6+Psv+pvh1
= 2.43+30.98+0+0
 = 33.41 kN/m
T = T1+T2
= 183.71+33.41
= 217.12 kN/m
Position of the resultant force from toe
xt = (RTM-Mot)/T
= (320.9-92.16)/217.12
= 1.05 m
The load centroid lies within middle third.
The pressure varies from ph at the heel to pt at the toe
Eccentricity of resultant vertical force
ecc = L/2-xt
= 2.66/2-1.05
= 0.28 m
Length of base in contact lb = L
= 2.66 m
Pressure at heel ph = (T/L)*(1-(6*ecc/L))
= (217.12/2.66)*(1-(6*0.28/2.66))
= 30.72 kN/m2
Pressure at toe pt = (T/L)*(1+(6*ecc/L))
= (217.12/2.66)*(1+(6*0.28/2.66))
= 132.53 kN/m2
Pressure diagram (kN/m2)

Pressure beneath base; 132.53 <= allowable; 150 - OK

Check Sliding
Due to horizontal component of earth pressure at the end of heel (on the virtual back)
Sfh1 = Ce* *(HS(NS)+ds+d)2/2*cos()
r
= 0.27*18*(HS(6)+0+0.45)2/2*cos(0)
= 44.57 kN/m
Due to horizontal component of earth pressure due to surcharge (on the virtual back)
SFs = Ce*su*(ds+HS(NS)+d)*cos()
= 0.27*10*(0+HS(6)+0.45)*cos(0)
= 11.58 kN/m
Horizontal force at top Ha = 0.75 kN/m
Sliding force St = SFs+Ha+Sfh1
= 11.58+0.75+44.57
= 56.91 kN/m
Passive resistance Pp = (Cp* *dp2/2)*rpr
p
= (3.69*18*(0.75)2/2)*0.5
= 9.34 kN/m
Total load on foundation strata
T = T
= 217.12 kN/m
Friction factor under base ff = tan( )
f
= tan(0)
= 0
Sliding resistance F = ff*T+cw*lb
= 0*217.12+50*2.66
= 133 kN/m
FS sliding including passive FSs = (F+Pp)/St
= (133+9.34)/56.91
= 2.50
FS against sliding (including passive resistance); 2.5 >= 2 - OK
FS sliding excluding passive FSf = F/St
= 133/56.91
= 2.34
FS against sliding(excluding passive); 2.34 >= 1.5 - OK

Results summary
Active pressure coefficient = 0.27
FOS against overturning = 3.48 >= 2 - OK
Resultant vertical load in middle third
Pressure at heel = 30.72 kN/m2
Pressure at toe = 132.53 kN/m2
Maximum pressure beneath the base ( 132.53 ) is <= the allowable pressure ( 150 ) - OK
FOS against sliding (including passive) = 2.5 >= 2 - OK
FOS against sliding (excluding passive) = 2.34 >= 1.5 - OK
Stability check status - Passed