Xof]Ndf] g]kfnL c+u|]hL

zAbsf]z

Yohlmo - Nepali - English

Dictionary

A -
-`

jU U M

Compiled by

Anna Maria Hari and Chhegu Lama

Central Department of Linguistics

Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu

2004
Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

The compilers

First published October 2004

This dictionary has been published in a shorter and longer version.
(See also note on page iv.)

Number of copies printed:

Shorter version: 800
Longer version: 400

ISBN 99946-31-30-6

For overseas orders contact:

Mandala Book Point, Kantipath, Kathmandu, Nepal
E-mail <books@mos.com.np> or <mandala@ccxl.com.np>
Maximum retail price for overseas orders:
Shorter version U.S. $ 10.- plus postage and handling
Longer version U.S. $ 15.- plus postage and handling

L BOUDHANATH BOOK STORE lL|

V j
U t 4479-731
This dictionary is also available at the BOUDHANATH BOOK STORE,
located at Bauddha, Tusal, near the main gate to the Bauddhanath Stupa.

Maximum retail price for shorter version NRs 200.-

Maximum retail price for longer version NRs 300.-

Cover design by Anna Maria Hari

Printed and bound by Jagadamba Press, Nepal

ii
Preface

Language is a fascinating affair, and there are so many different languages

spoken in Nepal. Some of the minority languages of Nepal have been
documented quite well, and others not yet too well. One of those not yet too
well documented minority languages is Yohlmo, spoken by a Buddhist people
group in the mountains north and somewhat north-east of Kathmandu. It has
been my privilege to learn and analyse this language over a period of roughly 25
years, and it is my desire to make some of the results of these studies available
in the form of this dictionary, so that Yohlmo will also become one of the better
documented minority languages of Nepal.
The dictionary is intended to be useful both to scholars with purely linguistic
interests, as well as to Yohlmo speakers who are interested in their language, or
want to improve their English or Nepali. For this reason the lexical entries and
some of the other material is given both in Devanagari and in Roman script. To
combine these two goals was not always easy, and we may not have found the
ideal solution. But we did our best to make this dictionary helpful for both target
audiences.
The introduction starts out with a Guide to the Devanagari orthography for
Yohlmo written in Yohlmo. After that follow the most important technical details
about the layout of the dictionary with illustrative examples in Devanagari and
Roman transcription.
In Appendix 2 (Various tables about numerals, measurments, etc.) the illustrative
examples and tables are given in Roman and in Devanagari so as to serve both
target audiences.
Appendix 3 (Bibliography for Yohlmo) lists all the publications on Yohlmo which
I could discover. While most of them are in English, there are also two
publications on Yohlmo in Nepali, as well as some publications in the Yohlmo
language itself.
Appendix 4 (The parts of an entry in detail), appendix 5 (The parts of speech in
detail), appendix 6 (Phonological sketch of Yohlmo), and appendix 7 (Morpho-
phonemic processes) are mainly intended for people with some linguistic
training. So in these parts the Yohlmo examples are given only in Roman
transcription.
The English - Yohlmo index is also intended for both target audiences, and for
that reason the Yohlmo item is given in Devanagari and in Roman transcription.

iii
This is a language learner's dictionary; therefore I have not restricted myself to
entering only simple lexemes, but have also entered many noun-verb collocations
and other idioms.
For more information about the name of the language, its relatedness to other
Tibeto-Burman languages, places spoken, number of speakers, and dialect
studied, the reader is referred to appendix 1 of this volume.

Acknowledgements

Language Assistants
In the course of the years the following persons have greatly contributed to the
contents of this dictionary: Miss Dawa-Kyahlmu Lama from Nee-Ngemba1, Mr.
Peema Lama and Mr. Chyahmba Lama from Chhimi, Mr. Tahndul Syarpa from
Syuhnggan-Che, Mr. Kyahlsang Tamang from Syabru (whose mother is from
Yohlmo), Misses Karmu Lama, Peema Lama, and Urken-Tohlma Lama from
Chhimi, Mr. Chhegu Lama from Syuhnggan-Che, Misses Karma-Yangjyen and
Dam-Kyahlmu Syarpa from Naahkote, and Mrs Dawa-Rhikchyung Syarpa from
Maahngu. Mr. Chhegu Lama has been especially faithful in helping with the
pitch contour classification, with the checking of the dictionary for many aspects,
and with the entering of the Nepali translations.
Further, I also want to express my gratitude to the many other Yohlmo friends
whom I met informally, and who graciously talked with me in their own
language and patiently explained the meaning of their words to me whenever it
was necessary. Most often they did this by giving me several good examples of
how they use the word in their daily lives.
In the final stages of the production of this dictionary I also received helpful
feedback and advice from Mr. Binod Lama (originally from Syom-Kharka), Mr.
Karma Kyahldzen Lama (originally from Tapka-Kharka), Mr. Dawa Chyahba
Yolmo (orginally from Sermathang), and Mr. Sangye Lama (originally from
Preehmang).
Here I want to express my heartfelt appreciation for the able assistance of all
these Yohlmo friends in learning the language, collecting these data. and
bringing this dictionary to completion.

1
For the key to orthographic Roman transcription used for the Yohlmo names in this section see
Appendix 1, section 6.
iv
Technical assistance
The following people have also helped towards the completion of this dictionary:
Miss Eleanor McAlpine from Canada did the keyboarding of the first draft of the
dictionary entries; she also helped with checking the grammar and spelling of the
English glosses and translations of the illustrative examples.
Dr. Austin Hale from the U.S.A. gave a lot of linguistic advice, as well as a lot of
help with installing and getting acquainted with the computer software
(Shoebox), which I used during the completion phases of the dictionary.
Mrs Karen Buseman, also from the U.S.A., modified the existing dictionary
formatter in ways which greatly facilitated the conversion of the dictionary data
base into photo ready copy. Mr Peter Oatly was the expert when I needed help
with other aspects of the electronic production of this manuscript.
Mr Binaya Rijal (originally from Dhading District) assisted me in the
proofreading of the Nepali glosses and the Nepali translations of the illustative
examples of this dictionary.
To these friends, too, I want to express my heartfelt gratitude. I myself am from
Switzerland, and so this volume represents a truly international collaboration
effort.

Auspices
The material presented in this dictionary has been collected between 1980-91,
and 1995-2004. The last four years I was under the auspices of the Central
Department of Linguistics of the Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal.
During that time Prof. Dr. Churamani Bandhu, and Prof. Dr. Yogendra Yadava of
the Central Department of Linguistics, Tribhuvan University were my supervisors,
and Prof. Dr. Karmacharya and Dr. Chandra Lal Shrestha of the Department of
Foreign Relations of Tribhuvan University helped with the official formalites.
Thank you for the privilege of letting me do this research in one of the minority
languages of Nepal.

Kathmandu, September 2004 Anna Maria Hari

v
Note to the buyer
This dictionary has been published in a shorter and a longer version. This is the
shorter version, which ends with appendix 3. The longer version has the
following four additional appendices:
Appendix 4 The parts of an entry In detail
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail
Appendix 6 Phonological sketch of Yohlmo
Appendix 7 Morphophonemic processes
The shorter version is quite independent from these additional appendices,
except that the grammar and phonology notes in the dictionary itself contain
occasional references to these appendices. Therefore the buyer who is interested
in linguistic details should get the full version.

vi
 Contents

Introduction.................................................................................1
1. Guide to the Devanagari orthography for Yohlmo ........................................ 1

Xo U U ..................................................................... 2
1) Xo ` () -` ` S LH .................... 2
2) J ` `
-` ` `A` S LH ...................... 3
3) -` Xo T J`UU -hU ................ 3
4) L U U w h ....................................................................... 5
5) LL h ............................................................................................. 6
6) Xo l LHU U........................................................ 6
7) "A " ` "A " U ......................................................................... 7
8) " " ` " / " U ........................................................................ 8
9) j-jL (P) H jLU U ..................................... 9
10) -` `U U TU ...................... 9
11) Xo jLU UU ` lMU
U ............................................................................................. 10
2. Alphabetical ordering of entries................................................................... 11
2.1 Note on some orthographic conventions in Devanagari...................... 13
3. The parts of an entry Overview .............................................................. 15
4. Abbreviations and notational conventions................................................... 18
5. Xo `U U M ......................................................... 20

Xof]Ndf] g]kfnL c+u|]hL .....................................................23

Yohlmo - Nepali - English .........................................................23

c+u|]hL Xof]Ndf]uL sf/5f .............................................531

English - Yohlmo Index...........................................................531
Some notes on the format of the index........................................................... 532
Semantic domains section .............................................................................. 669

vii
Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

Appendix 1 The place of Yohlmo in the Tibeto-Burman Family ................... 699

1. Name of the language ................................................................................ 699
2. Relatedness to other Tibeto-Burman languages......................................... 699
2.1 Lexical similarity calculations with Solo-Khumbu Sherpa and
Central Tibetan ................................................................................... 702
3. Places spoken ............................................................................................. 702
4. Number of speakers.................................................................................... 703
5. Dialect studied............................................................................................ 703
6. Map of the Yohlmo area with key to an orthographic Roman
transcription ............................................................................................ 703
Appendix 2 Various tables .................................................................. 707
1. Numerals .................................................................................................... 707
1.1 Numerals up to 20 .............................................................................. 707
1.2 Alternative ordinal numbers............................................................... 708
1.3 Counting the days of the lunar month ............................................... 709
1.4 Counting by twenties .......................................................................... 710
1.5 Pricing things ...................................................................................... 711
1.6 Higher numbers .................................................................................. 712
1.7 Fractional numbers and some other expressions related to
numbers .............................................................................................. 713
1.8 Coins and Notes .................................................................................. 714
2. Measures and Weights................................................................................ 715
2.1 Volume Measures................................................................................ 715
2.2 Weights ............................................................................................... 717
2.3 Length measures ................................................................................. 718
2.4 Estimating longer distances and size of fields.................................... 718
3. The calendar............................................................................................... 719
3.1 The twelve year cycle ......................................................................... 719
3.2 The twelve year cycle compared with the western calendar............. 720
3.3 Months and days of the week............................................................. 721
3.4 Counting weeks, months, and years ................................................... 723
Appendix 3 Bibliography for Yohlmo.................................................. 724
1. Linguistic field ............................................................................................ 724
2. Ethnological field ....................................................................................... 724
3. Publications in Nepali ................................................................................ 726
4. Publications in Yohlmo .............................................................................. 726

viii
 Contents
Appendix 4 The parts of an entry In detail.................................... 727
1. Headword................................................................................................. 727
1.1 Diagnostic forms to indicate whether a suffix with a voiceless or
voiced initial is needed ...................................................................... 728
1.2 Variant forms of a headword............................................................. 729
1.3 Optional elements of a headword...................................................... 730
1.4 Preferred collocational verb for a given noun................................... 730
1.5 Source designation and dialect information...................................... 730
1.6 Homophone number .......................................................................... 731
2. Parts of speech Overview.................................................................... 732
3. Sense enumerator..................................................................................... 733
4. Register and honorific vocabluary ........................................................... 734
5. Nepali gloss or definition......................................................................... 736
6. Semantic domain...................................................................................... 736
7. English gloss or definition........................................................................ 738
8. Cross-references........................................................................................ 738
9. Explanatory notes..................................................................................... 738
10. Illustrative examples ................................................................................ 740
11. Subentries................................................................................................. 741
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail ...................................... 743
1. adj. Adjective........................................................................................... 743
1.1 Adjective modifiers ............................................................................ 744
1.2 Exclamatory form of adjectives: adj.excl............................................ 745
1.3 Adjective suffixes ............................................................................... 747
2. adv. Adverb ............................................................................................. 748
3. att.p. Attitude Particle ............................................................................. 750
4. aux. Auxiliary Verb ................................................................................. 750
4.1 Dependent Auxiliary Verb: aux.dep. .................................................. 752
5. cl. Clause ................................................................................................. 753
6. clit. Clitic ................................................................................................. 753
7. conj. Conjunction .................................................................................... 753
8. cop. Copula/ Copular .............................................................................. 755
9. dem. Demonstrative................................................................................. 760
10. det. Determiner ....................................................................................... 760
11. dir. Directional ........................................................................................ 760
12. excl. Exclamation .................................................................................... 761
13. intens. Intensifier ..................................................................................... 762
14. loc. Locative ............................................................................................ 762
15. n. Noun ................................................................................................... 764

ix
Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

16. num. Numeral .......................................................................................... 765

17. p. Particle ................................................................................................ 765
18. pp. Postposition ....................................................................................... 765
19. pr. Pronoun.............................................................................................. 766
20. prf. Prefix................................................................................................. 768
21. pred.ph. Predicate Phrase ........................................................................ 768
21.1 pred.ph.non-erg. Non-ergative predicate phrases ............................... 769
21.2 pred.ph.erg. Ergative predicate phrases ............................................. 775
21.3 pred.ph.dr. Direceptive predicate phrases ......................................... 777
21.4 pred.ph.r. Receptive predicate phrases .............................................. 778
21.5 pred.ph.semi-r. Semi-receptive predicate phrases .............................. 779
21.6 pred.ph.e. Eventive predicate phrases ............................................... 779
21.7 pred.ph.cop. Copular predicate phrases ............................................. 780
21.8 Note on genitive embedding of roles................................................. 780
22. q.w. Question words................................................................................ 781
23. qt. Quantifier ........................................................................................... 782
24. sf. Suffix................................................................................................... 783
25. temp. Temporal........................................................................................ 783
26. v. Verb ..................................................................................................... 784
26.1 Active set ............................................................................................ 785
26.2 Observations on the omission of the ergative marker....................... 786
26.3 Receptive set ...................................................................................... 788
26.4 Suppression of argument markers by <-ni> ..................................... 789
26.5 Marker suppression with co-actors and co-experiencers ................... 790
26.6 v.i. or v.r. ? ......................................................................................... 791
26.7 Varying transitivity ............................................................................ 791
26.8 Stative verbs ....................................................................................... 792
27. v.imp. Verb Imperative ............................................................................ 792
Appendix 6 Phonlogical sketch of Yohlmo............................................ 793
1. Abbreviations and notational conventions used in the appendices............... 793
2. Consonants................................................................................................ 794
3. Vowels ...................................................................................................... 794
4. Tonal contrasts ......................................................................................... 794
Register contrasts:.................................................................................... 795
Contour contrasts:....................................................................................795
4.1 Restrictions in the distribution of the register contrast..................... 796
4.2 Summary table of register and contour tone contrasts in Yohlmo.... 796
4.3 Tonal behaviour and marking of suffixes .......................................... 799
4.4 Tones of stem compounds.................................................................. 802
4.5 Tonal behaviour of reduplicated verb stems ..................................... 803

x
 Contents
4.6 Stability of morpheme tone and pairing of pitch contours............... 804
5. The status of the voiced sibilant fricatives .............................................. 805
6. The status of word-medial voiced stops and affricates ........................... 806
7. Ambivalence of word-medial /pr/ and /pl/ ............................................ 806
8. Nasalization.............................................................................................. 806
9. Neutralization of stem-vowel length before suffixes with an initial
vowel or semi-vowel ............................................................................... 809
10. Centralization of /a/, /o/, and /u/ ......................................................... 809
11. Deletion and replacement of intervocalic /g/, /z/, and // ................... 809
12. Assimilation of verb stem final /n/ ......................................................... 810
Appendix 7 Morphophonemic processes ............................................. 812
1. Voicing assimilation of suffixes with initial stops or affricates............... 812
1.1 Voicing assimilation rule ................................................................... 813
2. Fricativization of affricates ...................................................................... 814
2.1 Consequences for the orthographic transcription.............................. 814
3. Further morphophonemic changes for certain suffixes ........................... 815
3.1 Deletion of intervocalic /g/, /z/, and // ......................................... 815
3.2 Two exceptional verbal suffixes......................................................... 820
3.3 The probability suffix: <-o>........................................................... 821
4. Irregular verb stems in regard to voicing assimilation............................ 822
5. A special suffix: <-ti> .......................................................................... 823
6. List of strictly verbal suffixes ................................................................... 824
7. The copulas .............................................................................................. 826
8. Other suffixes ........................................................................................... 827
8.1 Compounding with (verb) stems ....................................................... 830
9. Clitics........................................................................................................ 830
10. The two verb stem bases: verb stem and verb stem perfect ................... 832
10.1 An exception verb .............................................................................. 835
11. Imperative verb bases .............................................................................. 836
11.1 Irregular imperatives.......................................................................... 837
12. Examples for verb stems marked with voiceless suffix ........................... 837
13. The negative prefix .................................................................................. 838
13.1 Change in vowel quality .................................................................... 839
13.2 Transfer of stem vowel length ........................................................... 839
13.3 Tonal behaviour of the negative prefix and the following verb
stems .................................................................................................. 843
13.4 Nasal insertion in negative verb phrases........................................... 847

xi
 1

Introduction
Anna Maria Hari

1. Guide to the Devanagari orthography for Yohlmo

In this short guide to the Devanagari orthography for Yohlmo I first show with
some examples that the language has a conrast between high and low register, and
then give some rationale for symbolizing the low register with "h" after the vowel,
rather than with the choice or modification of the initial consonant, as
orthographies modeled on Tibetan transliteration usually try to do (1).
Further I illustrate with some examples that Yohlmo also contrasts short and long
vowels, and that phonological vowel length is signalled with a low dot under the
short vowel symbol or under the consonant carrying the short vowel symbol (2).
(For more details see section 2 below).
Then follow lists of contrastive pairs for the consonant contrasts which occur in
Yohlmo, but not in Nepali. This also introduces the characters used for the
additional consonants (3).
In (4) I explain that the voiced stops, affricates, and sibilants occur only before low
register vowels, and that therefore low register does not need to be symbolized
with "h" after those consonants.
In (5) I show that it is helpful to show the high falling contour of the suffix /-'a/
'also' (attached to the end of the noun phrase) with a high dot before the suffix.
These five points are followed by the consonant and vowel charts in Devanagri (6).
In point (7) the symboliztion of /a/ vs /aa/ in the Devanagri orthography is briefly
discussed.
In (8) the symbolization of /i/ vs /ii/ in the Devanagri orthography is explained.
(For the details see section 2.1 below).
In (9) the significance of the diagnostic forms "-k" and "-g", which occur after verb
stems ending in one of the short front vowels /i/ or /e/, is explained. (See
appendix 4, section 1.1).
In (10) the significance of (E) and (W) appearing after some of the headwords is
explained, (E) pointing out that the headword as an Eastern dialect variant, and
(W) that it is a Western dialect variant.
And finally, in point (11) the significance of the tone numbers appearing with the
Roman transcription of the Yohlmo headword is briefly explained. (For the details
see appendix 6, section 4.2).
2 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

Xo U U
Xo l U `
yE | Vl`
l ` U LH, J A` Lh hg `g
LH, J U -` w yU| Xo U
U `
` UA` tU-` U
Sl
| Ly , J
` l- J`U H
WLUA` L |
J LH Lh `

1) Xo ` () -` ` S LH
gU jL L U U `U `


() (U
)
() (k)
() (j)
L (U) L? (U?)
(AL) (L)
` (V) ` (Ew)
` (E) ` ()
U ky jL ` h `, ` U (=-h
=L-S-A) jL `L` h` H| T `` J`U
" " H L m LH , " " H L m LH| T
-h (L-S-A) , `` H |
L -`
lU` S MU jL Xo `` J`U| A
V
` J`U L U U `U `
l SH
|
l `U UU -h ` "A" H ` hM J`U
`U` `` tU Xo U ` SH, J
Xo U U "" [toh] t` tl | J `
L MU jL L ` hHU
""
" M
"" | ` V l` , U jL h`
Introduction 3

M | jL ` L M` yl

| h , U k L
l `U ` MMU ""
L ` hHU
hl` HA` LH| J jL
` L Xo U k` LH U
tUV|
L U h ` `` l LU U h hl`
LH | J
l-` tl ` J`U| L
` hl l`
` |
LA` J`U L -h(L-S-A) ` l
j -h t`k S hU U h ` m LH, J
M U M` yH| J
lA` `U, J
l-` tl S-L J`U |

2) J ` `
-` ` `A` S LH
gU jL L `U U `U g tL M
() ()
() (h)
()
()
() (L)
(tL)
()

J Xo U -h (L-S-A) , A
U U` h
U | ` -h l` y SH
U

U m SH|
U -hU g
L h |

-` Xo T J`UU -
3) - -hU
k m
k
k`U (nUy U) m
mU ()
kU ( U) mU (j)jt
k ( ) m ()
4 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

/ ` (kU) ` (E)
() (C)
() (AF)
g h
g (t) h (Lt)
g (k) h (L)
g (g) h (h)
j j
j (A) j (S)
j () j ()
j (Sl) j (h )
k l
k` (nUy U) l` (U)
k? ( U?) l ()
k () l (y)
m l

m (HEt ) l (g)
m
? (?) l
UL)
m () l ()
l - l
l () l (k)
l (y) l
()
l () l` ()
L M
L` () M` (g
U)
L `l (A ) M (L)
Ll (jM) Ml (Eg)
Introduction 5

S T
S (n) T (LL)
S
() T (L j)
S (S) T ()
U V
U
? (V?) V (j)
U (Yt) V ()
U (tEL) V (jt)
` `
`
(H) ` ()
`
g () `
(w)
` () ` (j)

(l) (E)
(t) (t)
() (Q)
( ) ()

` () (U)
U (y) (ML)
l
( ) (nL nL)

Xo l LHU -h (L-S-A) l`
` H |

4) L U U w h
[ U, k, m, l, l, y, , ] H -
-h (L-
(L-S-A)U ` L
J`U | J `U` J -hU ` L U
6 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

U LH | U, U, V, V`, k, k, m,
mU`, l, l, l, l , y, yU, , , U, |

5) LL h
A` / A / A
A () H jLL ` l ML LH|
L l -A`U tL h M tl l-
J`U| gU
`
A` / A / A (L ) - ` (`)
A` / A / A (C ) - ` ()
A` / A / A (F ) - ` (UD)

U j
l V l Xo U -`
`
tM yU, J l, tl l- J`U|

6) Xo l LHU U
-
-h (L-
(L-S-A)

L M S T U V ` `

g h j j k m l l

t w y

Introduction 7

` ()
` L-` -hU ` J`

L L
`
` ` `
` `
L L L L
L L L L
L L L L

L L L L

L L L L

` jLU ` U

A A
C D
E F
H H
J J
A A
C D
E F
H H
J J

7) "A " ` "A " U

U L-j `U
LH
` MU "A " H `
h
| U "A "
U U "A " l`, J "A "
`U U "A " ` J`y H ` MH | `
` `U M S T
- ` |
"A " l S` m LH, J y LA` `
yH| Xo S T L
- `` , S m
LH|
8 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

` ` l (C, E, H-` J)A`

-` ` J`U| J
` J ` ` lU U hl L` LH| J ` `
` hl ` U g tL M ` `Ut` j-
`U|
Xo U ` j j-` ` SU|
J `U` tU-` U h J`U| h Xo
`U j` J
|
J J h H , "A "
H V
"" M jLU M -h `U J`U V`
( ) M LH, J jLU ` U -h `
M LH|

8) " " ` " / " U

"C"-`
"C" "D" H ` `U U LlU U
Xo U w h LH|

w ` -
` ` jLU gU1 ` `l` S LLH
H| jL g
hMU `
J`U| J ` D `U
U `'U CL-` CLL g tL ( ) M, jL gU
` ` , ` J`UU ` `U CL
()M` yU
| J
`U CL-` `U CL
M LHU Lh jLU U Hl` t LH, J l
` J`U| h , jL H `U CL( )L L SU
l
`` LH `U` H J J` `-
j` U SL
V|
J l, VU w L -` L U Lh`
yU L -` L A` jLU gU ` `l` S
LH| ` hMU J T `U|

1
, ", `, " H jL jL g h` ,
` J`UU U h |
"L-t, C-, S-g" H jL jL g ` M J`U|
Introduction 9

9) j-
j-jL (P) H jLU U

L j-jL H jLU ` L l l
S-
S- khol- v.i. E| boil (water, milk).
L h lM , j-jLL ` `-j -
l (Al) LH
l J L lM |
J j-jLU ` -
-L M , J j-jLU
` -
-U M |
-L e-k v.dt. | tell; give a message.
-U i-g v.i. | die.
-L i-k v.dt. E| drive out (a spirit of sickness).
M -U kye-g v.i. E, k| sprout; be born.
-
-L ` -
-U U h ,
-
-L MMU j-jL hL U
LH
L
L ,
, h, t
|
-
-U MMU j-jL hL U
LH
MU
U , M, Ml, M|

( h C-` H HU ` ` MU j-jLL `l` l
LH , h , ` (E, J-` A)U ` A

T `U |)

10) -
-` `U U TU

Xo `U `U U -` `U U U HU
T `, jL `
` yU| `
U U jL ` M h U| -`
`U
T h
l L `U
`l` H jLU U (= AUk )U ` (E)
,
J `U `l` H jLU UU ` (W) M
h U| (E)U k Eastern , J (W)U k Western
|
10 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

LU jL L `-j `U U M
`U` `l
` HU jL l` h
t| L
L jLU U T M lM, Jl` h M
V|

11) Xo jLU UU ` lMU U

Xo jLU U (=AUk
U
)U jLU
l lM h
U| U h , L
` ` ` J`U , L ` ` ` J`U |
Ly , L LU jLU U ` L
` LH , jLU U ` l j
V` L LH | J L LU jL
`` J
Tt` | J J T ` hl jL

-
U h lM | L L ` yU
H J`U gU L-j
M lL
U U U `U
L ` rah .............. A
` nah ..............

L ` na ..............
` na ..............
jL
-
U ` `U ` ` T l` , J
U U `-j U U h l
| ` h
` J `lU` S M
J`U, J l V`
L `U U jLU tL M` yU
|
L L
M ............ h ............ , U

M ............ h ............ HL
Introduction 11

2. Alphabetical ordering of entries

Each main entry is given in Devanagari and in Roman transcription. Since the
Devanagari transcription precedes the Roman transcription, we have followed the
sequence of the Devanagari alphabet. For the readers who are not familiar with
the Devanagari script, the sequence of the Devanagari alphabet is given below
with Roman and Devanagri symbols. (Of course the tables include only the sounds
needed for Yohlmo.)
The sequence of the Devanagari alphabet is easy to remember, because it follows
articulatory principles. First all the vowels are listed and then the consonants. The
consonant sequence starts with the consonants produced furthest back in the
mouth and works its way forward to the bilabials:

Vowels: a i u e o
A C E H J

Consonants: k ky kh khy g gy y
L M S T U V ` `

ts t tsh th dz z d
g h j j k m l l

h
t w y

t th d n

p py ph phy b m

y r rh l lh w

s h

12 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

The long vowel phonemes are treated as units. Thus we have the following
sequence for the vowels:
high register short vowel, e.g. 'a' A

low register short vowel, e.g. 'ah' A

high register long vowel, e.g. 'aa' A
low register long vowel, e.g. 'aah' A
The table below spells out the sequence of the vowels after a given consonant,
and also shows that initial consonant clusters are listed after the vowels. (/l/ and
/r/ are the only consonants occurring in the second position morpheme initially.)

C a ah aa aah L L L L
C i ih ii iih L L L L
C u uh uu uuh L L L L

C e eh ee eeh L L L L

C o oh oo ooh L L L L
Cy2 (followed by all vowels)
3
Cr (followed by all vowels)
Cl4 (followed by all vowels)

The dictionary has main entries and subentries. However, all subentries start with
the morpheme of the main entry. That is, subentries are either collocations starting
with the main entry, or derivations of the main entry. Subentries can be easily
recognized by their indentation from the left-hand margin.
Occasionally it seemed desirable to draw attention to some collocation containing
the main entry, but not starting with it. In such cases a cross-reference to the main
entry is given.

2
The consonant+/y/ is viewed phonologically as a single segment. (See the consonant
chart in appendix 1, section 2). But for the purpose of alphabetization these segments
are taken as a sequence.
3
Only /br/, /pr/, and /phr/ clusters occur.
4
Only /bl/, and /pl/ clusters occur, and these are rare.
Introduction 13

2.1 Note on some orthographic conventions in Devanagari

The tables in section 2 above show how the Devanagari and Roman symbols for
the phonemes of Yohlmo match up with each other. But because of the nature of
the Devanagari script, we have established some orthographic conventions for
which further precision needs to be given. The first convention we want to discuss
is the following:
Symbolization of /i/ and /ii/: as already mentioned, basically vowel length is
symbolized with a dot under the short vowel symbol. And as can be seen in the
table above, in the case of /ii/ and /uu/ we combine this dot with the so called
long vowels symbols of the Devanagari script. (In Nepali there is actually no
phonemic contrast between long and short vowels.) The combination of the dot
and the long vowel symbol makes the difference between the short and long
vowels somewhat more visible.
In addition, it allows us to make a convenient orthographic rule for the
representation of /i/ ( = rasva) and /ii/ ( = dirgha). In order to understand
the convention, we also need to know the following restriction in the distribution
of long vowels: The phonemic contrast between long and short vowels occurs only
on the first syllable of stem morphemes. It does not occur on non-inital syllables of
stem morphemes, and also not on suffixes. Thus we can say, that in uncompound
words the contrast between long and short vowel is only relevant for the first
syllable of the word.5 Now, according to the matching up of symbols shown above,
we would have to use the rasva symbol ( ) for all non-initial i-sounds of a word.
But this results in quite an unfamiliar- and unpleasant-looking text. Furthermore,
since the rasva symbol for /i/ has to be placed before the consonant after which
the i-sound occurs, this creates difficulties in reading and writing, especially for
new literates. But the use of the dot under the dirgha symbol ( ) for /ii/,
together with the distributional restriction stated above, allows us to use the
dirgha symbol without a dot ( ) in all non-initial syllables of the word. That
means that the rasva symbol ( ) occurs only in word-initial syllables. This
convention enhances the appearance of the text and makes reading, and especially
writing, easier.
Some other features of the Devanagari orthography are discussed in the
phonological sketch of Yohlmo, together with the phonological properties of the
language to which they relate. They are the following:

5
This restriction in the distribution of long vowels does not apply to compound words
(i.e. stem+stem). For this reason we find it important and convenient to use a hyphen
in stem compounds. See also appendix 1, section 4.4.
14 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

For the representation of the register and pitch contour contrasts see
appendix 6, section 4.
For the tonal properties of suffixes and their marking see appendix 6,
section 4.3.
For the representation of intervocalic voiced fricatives see appendix 6,
section 5.
For the representation of nasalization see appendix 6, section 8.
For the neutraliztion of the vowel length contrast in certain environments
see appendix 6, section 9.
To round up these notes on the Devanagari orthography some remarks on the
representation of low register may be in order. The reader may have noted that
on the front pages Yohlmo appears as Xo while elsewhere we use . The
first version is the spelling used traditionally by the Yohlmo people. The second
version is spelt according to the convention we have chosen for the representation
of low register.
Various alternatives for the representation of low register have been explored and
rejected. For example:
Modifying the initial consonant of low-register morphemes with the
). This, however, results in quite a number of initial conjunct
h-character (
characters consisting of two half-characters followed by :
h /tah/ would be h , U

/uuhgen/ would be U
, etc.
Further, consonants which have no half-character form will have to be marked
with 'halant':
t` /ahbu/ would be t` , ` /ah/ would be ` , etc.
Furthermore, this choice also results in a conflict for the symbolization of /lh/ and
low-register morphemes starting with /l/. Compare the following pairs:
/lha/ 'god' vs /lah/ 'high hills' would both be .
The same conflict arises with the symbolization of /rh/:
/rhilmu/ 'round' vs U /rihlgen/ 'fall over' becomes U .
All this results in an unpleasant-looking text, and makes reading and writing
difficult.
Following the example of the traditional spelling of Yohlmo (Xof]Ndf]) we also
tried to place the half-character symbol X in front of the initial consonant of low-
register morphemes:

U
/uuhgen/ would be X:o"u]g, ` /ah/ would be Xf , etc.
Introduction 15

For single words this solution may seem quite acceptable. But everybody agreed
that texts written this way were difficult to read.
Symbolize low register with 'bisarga' () after the vowel:
U /uuhgen/ would be U, ` /ah/ would be `, etc.
This would be a very simple and adequate solution. But it generally met with
disfavour because of the unfamiliar appearance of the text. (Low register, of
course, is much more frequent than the occurrence of 'bisarga' in Nepali texts.)
So in the end, placing an h ( ) after the low-register vowel seemed to be the best
solution. It just means that people will have to learn that in this position does
not represent a consonant, but low register - a phonological feature of their
language which they are very much aware of. (The consonant phoneme /h/ occurs
only morpheme initially, never after a vowel. Therefore there is no conflict
between the two different usages of h / .)
For the headwords in the dictionary which are mostlly words in isolation, we
deemed it helpful to place a halant under the h ( ). This will remind the reader
that this does not represent a consonant (which according to the rules of the
Devanagari Script carries the inherent vowel [] with it), but that it is just the
symbol representing low register. For longer stretches of text, however, it is not
necessary to use the halant. The correct pronunciation of the postvocalic // can
easily be understood from the context.

3. The parts of an entry Overview

An entry consists minimally of the following obligatory parts:
the Yohlmo headword in Devanagari script
the Yohlmo headword in a phonemic Roman transcription
the part-of-speech designation
the Nepali gloss or definition
the English gloss or definition
All other parts are optional.
Headwords are given first in Devanagari script and then in Roman script. Every
entry has a headword:
LL` karku
Source: In some entries a source language is identified for the headword. In the
first example below the designation (N) identifies the headword as a loanword
16 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

from Nepali, and in the second one (H) identifies the headword as a loanword
from Hindi. ( (T) identifies the headword as a loanword from Tibetan.)
L kame (N)
A abru (H)
Free alternating forms of a given headword are separated by a slash.
`/ `/ ` ama/ yema/ ema
(For the use of the slash for meaningful alternations see appendix 4, section 1.2).
Optional elements of a headword and any corresponding elements in another
part of the entry are enclosed by parentheses:
MU (k
)
'kye-gar ('tiihzi) n.(ph.) k | birthday.
Part of speech comes next and is set in italics. Every headword has a part-of-
speech designation. The designation adj. identifies the headword as an adjective.
ihmbu adj.
Register: This field of the entry gives various kinds of information about the
appropriate register for (i.e. usage of) a given headword. For example, headwords
which are honorific lexial items have this information added in this field. It is
simple enclosed by ordinary parentheses:
`
eebu adj. (hon. of 'ihmbu') w (t.)| tasty.
This register field states that the headword is a honorific lexial item, and
it also adds for which ordinary lexical item the honorific item stands.
Sense enumerator: If a headword has more than one sense, the different senses
are numbered with arabic numerals followed by a closing parenthesis.
` yihma n.
1) Y| sun.
2) | day.
3) OL | names: personal name.
The Nepali gloss or definition comes next, and then the English gloss or
definition. See example above.
Semantic domain is optional. It appears between the Nepali and the English
definition and is underlined and followed by a colon. See sense number 3) above.
Cross-reference: Some headwords have a cross-reference to some sematically
related headword. Such a headword is followed by the related headword in
Introduction 17

Devanagari, followed by which is the Nepali equivalent for 'See also',

after which the related headword appears in Roman script:
` yihma n.
1) Y | sun. 'A `' | See also: 'ama yihma'.
Various notes: Many entries contain notes giving some information about the
phonology, grammar, or discourse features of the headword. These are enclosed in
square parentheses and introduced by the following labels respectively:
[Phon: ............ ] [Gram: ............ ] [Disc: ........... ]
Towards the end of an entry the following two parts may also occur:
[Usage: ............]
This part gives some explanatory remarks on the usage of the headword.
[Note: ............ ]
This part contains notes on some cultural detail or general semantic feature of the
headword.
Subentries: Every subentry starts wtih the same morpheme as the main entry.
That means, that subentries are either collocations starting with the headword of
the main entry or derivations of the headword of the main entry.
The Devanagari headword of a subentry is slightly indented from the left-hand
margin.
Illustrative examples: For many of the semantically more complex headwords
one or more sentences are given to illustrate the usage of the given headword in
context. Each sentence has four parts, given in the following order:
Yohlmo text in Devanagari script
Yohlmo text in Roman transcription (phonemic)
Nepali free translation (in Devanagari script)
English free translation
In order to facilitate any analytical studies of the language, the Roman
transcription shows the morpheme breaks for each word.
Subentries: In many cases the main entry is followed by subentries. The
headwords for such subentries are slightly indented from the left-hand margin, so
that they can be easily recognized as such.
For more details on the parts of an entry discussed in this overview, and for the
detailed discussion of all the potential parts for a given entry see appendix 4.
18 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

4. Abbreviations and notational conventions

act. action conn. connotation

adj. adjective cop. copula/ copular
adj.excl. exclamatory form of cus.pres. customary present
adjective
adj.tiv. adjectivizer dem. demonstrative
adv. adverb dep. dependent
aff. affirmative des. desiderative
anim. animate dest. destination
asking f.p.r. asking for positive det. determiner
response
att.p. attitude particle dir. directional
attr. attributive (E) Eastern dialect variant
aux. auxiliary verb e.e.pst. expressive, exclamatory
past
aux.dep. dependent auxiliary emph. emphatic
aux.vs.f.l.v. auxiliary verb stem for (Eng) English loan
loan verbs
C consonant erg. ergative
c.e.foc. contrary to expectation evid. evidentiality
focus
cerem. ceremonial excl. exclamation/
exclamatory
cl. clause exclu. exclusive
clit. clitic exp. experiencer (experiences
the effect of the verb)
coll. colloquial expl. explanatorily
cond. conditional f. female form
conj. conjunction (fig.) figurative sense (of the
English gloss)
Note: Abbreviations in italics are part-of-speech designations.
Abbreviations and notational conventions 19

fig.u. figurative usage (of the n.pst. neutral past

Yohlmo entry)
foc. focus neg. negative
friend.spurr. friendly spurring on nom. nominalizer
gen. genitive non-erg. non-ergative
(H) Hindi loan num. numeral
hon./ h. honorific num.ord. ordinal numeral
imp. imperative o.f. old fashioned
imperf. imperfect op. optional
inanim. inanimate opta. optative
inclu. inclusive p. particle
indef. indefinite percep. perceptive
indep. independent perf. perfect
inf. infinitive ph. phrase
infer. inferential pl. plural
instr. instrumental pol. polite
int.pres. intentional present poss. possessive
intens. intensifier pp. postposition
interj. interjection pr. pronoun
lit. literal sense pred.ph. predicate phrase
loc. locative/ locational pres. present
m. male form prf. prefix
m.p.pst. main point past prob. probable
mir. mirative (evidentiality) prom. prominent
mitig. mitigating prs. person
modif. modifier pst. past
(N) Nepali loan q.w. question word
n. noun qt. quantifier
n.inser. nasal insertion qual. quality
20 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

repo. reported (information) v. verb

S sentence v.aux. auxiliary verb
s.b. somebody v.dr. direceptive verb
S.intro. sentence introducer v.dt. ditransitive verb
s.th. something v.e. eventive verb
sarc. sarcastic v.i. intransitive verb
seq. sequential v.imp. imperative form of verb
sf. suffix v.r. receptive verb
sg. singular v.semi-r. semi-receptive verb
spec. specific v.t. transitive verb
sup. superlative vd.sf. voiced suffix
(T) Tibetan loan vl.sf. voiceless suffix
temp. temporal vs verb stem
tr.emph. truth emphasized vs.perf. verb stem perfect
undg. undergoer vsf. verb suffix
V vowel (W) Western dialect variant

List of notational conventions:

/ Slash is used for separating variant froms of a given headword. For

more details see appendix 4, section 1.2.
{ } Curly brackets are used to enclose the preferred collocational verb
for a given noun. The part-of-speech designation of such a verb, and
its Nepali and English gloss are enclosed by curley brackets as well.
For more details see appendix 4, section 1.4.
( ) Optional elements of a given headword are enclosed by parentheses.
See section 3 above and appendix 4, section 1.3.
' ' Yohlmo expressions used in English texts are enclosed by single
quotes.
~ Tilde is used for: "alternates phonologically with".

5. Xo `U U M
Xof]Ndf] g]kfnL c+u|]hL

Yohlmo - Nepali - English

A -A`

A
great-grandfather.
A a n. C jtL L| short
form for 'ada' "elder brother". [Usage: 'akhye 'mehme-'ya
AT
preceding a personal name, e.g. 'a n.ph. S, kk k| ancestors.
ai, a Mihmar'.] AT 'akhye 'yibi n.ph.
J U A V Hl L| ooh AL k A|
'yuhl-gi 'a 'gyurmi 'ma-e-i 'yehken. great-grandmother.
UE V C H| In that A`-
A`- a- v.t. `UE| bend s.th.
village there was a man called elder outwards.
brother Gyurmi. L` A`l `U,
AC ay n. jtL L| short jU| kemda 'a-de meh-yoh-ge,
form for 'ai' "elder sister". [Usage: mihn-si-'ma-na thaa-ge. L gt
preceding a personal name, e.g. 'ay `UE , gj| You mustn't

teea, ay saye'.] pull the bamboo tongs apart,
otherwise they will break.
AC Lk
l ! 'rahmne-la 'ay samden y-/ -L 'a-di o-/
A` y-
'yeh-ba 'yeh-na 'kahze 'lu lehn-de 'teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. y
LH y
/
'yeh-ba! | walk/ sit with stomach sticking
out.
AC L U UEj! If elder
sister Samden is at the dedication -A`/
A`/-A/-A -a/-aa/-aa sf.
festival she sings a lot! , | also; too; even (though).
[Phon: The variations represent
AC-
AC- ay-phal 'E' |
See: 'aw'. different styles of speech, from very
distinct to rather slurred
AE aw n. LL, w , , pronunciation. For the fusion of this
| uncle (father's brother, or husband suffix with /-la/, /-na/ and /-'ya/ and
of mother's sister, stepfather). with preceding syllable final /-a/ see
AE / / {-
{-} aw appendix 6, section 4.3.]
dawa/ dayum/ dayim {ar-} n. `U ALU A J `
{v.i.} g, k {V} moon {shine}. V! ah-gi 'arkal-gi piihmi-'aa
[Note: 'dayum/ dayim' may also be ooh 'leehmu-'ra 'yeh-ba-'gyile!
preceded by 'aw'] g j ! I think
AE J-M J`- the woman is also like this, naturally!
aw 'dayum-la 'ohp-'kyal oh- cl.dr. S ` A` -M ?
g U V| be a lunar eclipse. 'kho ah 'mee-de-'a 'thap-'thukpa
'yeh-ba le? F Yt j ?
AT akhye mehme n.ph.
Would he really be worse than I am?
AL k |
23
-A` A

E ! 'nohno-'laa 'aw peh-te, ah 'ame thame kahl-sin!

ter le! D E F ! Give L L U, L L U, A H!
little brother some apple, too! Which work shall I do now, I am in
Sg M hg `A dilemma!
`U| 'khartsani 'kyah ti-tse A`/
A`/ A -L aya/ anya
'yeh-na-ni 'da'aa dage. Sg HL (N) peh-k pred.ph.erg. A U|
k H Uj| If you have about wrong s.b.
one hundred to spend this will do.
TU `
-A`...
A`...-
...-A`... -a...-a... ` A` M | 'khya-gi
double_conj. ...... conjunctions: di 'ban-la tohbo 'tup-si-'ma-na
and; both. [Phon: For phonetic 'yih-la 'aya peh-'kyo 'yihmba.
variations and fusion with other S Lt
suffixes see previous entry.] [Gram: D A UL j | If you cut
n.ph.+-'a + pred.ph. + n.ph.+-'a + trees in this forest, you are doing us
pred.ph.] [Disc: an alternative way of an injustice.
conjoining noun phrases]
Ag/
Ag/ Aj/ A/ A! atsa/
J AA` , kA` atsha/ ata/ atha! excl. A|
M `U | ohle 'ama-'a 'ii-de, exclamations: ouch (used when feeling
pehza-'a 'ii-de 'kyohwa tagu 'du. a burning or pricking pain).
A hg j L P Aj, U j! 'atsha, 'meh-gi
U j| Both the mother and the 'tshii-sin! A, AU ! Ouch, I
child died, and they are performing got burned!
the after funeral rites.
A, SL ! 'atha, 'khap-ki
U T hU UA 'suuh-sin! A, Yh! Ouch, I
J`U, TU hU UA got stung!
J`UV! piihmi-gi 'khyowa-la
'tur-lu-gi 'gin-'aa oh-ge, 'khyowa-gi Ah/
Ah/ AhC! ata/ atay! excl.
piihmi-la 'tur-lu-gi 'gin-'aa k, A, Ah! exclamations: oh, (I
oh-gen-'gyile! V D forgot); I missed it.
UE L j, V D Ah - `C t h ! ata -
UE L j! The wife has ah-y 'ehmba 'teh 'du! A,
a method to discipline her husband, ! Oh, I forgot it!
j
and the husband has a method to Ll - Ah - S-
discipline his wife! 'kohlda-ni - ata - 'khawa-ni... g
, C C, E .... As to the lock,
A` ` y-
y- ame thame no, I mean as to the snow...
o- pred.ph.non-erg. ,
| be in a dilemma. Al ai n. | elder sister.
L L
h, ` A` A ada n. k, C| elder brother.
` L! kaahndi kaahndi 'leeh
A ado adv. L , wL |
24
A A

moderately; quite a lot; quite long; 1) , Ck, , Al,

somewhat more. kwL | aunt (father's sister, or
A t | ado 'aah-di 'yeh. L mother's brother's wife).
k HL j| He feels somewhat 2) QD U U U |
better. form of address for a nun.
J` A m y Lh ! 3) D U U U |
ohra ado 'zap-te o 'koh-te leh! form of address for one's
L `U U kj! We mother-in-law.
must go dressed up still a bit more!
A anya 'A`' | See:
LV ` L? - 'aya'.
Al L| 'moh kahl-'gyo
'yihnda 'rih-'le kahl-ba? - ado-i A A!/ A! apa apa!/
kahl-sin. E UHL L ? - L apapa! excl. A , J!
exclamations: expressing admiration.
| How long is it since she has
gone? - Oh, it's quite a while. U L, `
U L L,
M A gM , Lh L h ` l ! A A! 'laptar
'sulgar kehn-de, teega karpu kehn-de,
! di 'kyibu-ni ado tsokpa 'du,
'kahp-te peh-ku 'du! LL A ti 'so diba leh! apa apa! J!
j, tM Sl j! This is MS UH! L
quite a vicious dog, he is about to bite SHL! Wearing a Nepali
me! outfit and a white woolen jacket, how
smart, just look at him!
Al ado-mu-i adv./ adj.
(HL, UHL) quite A h-L apta te-k pred.ph.erg.
well (referring to quantity and U, t`V E| come to a decision
quality). quickly (without much deliberation).
Al L | 'leeh-ni ` yH V `U` A
ado-mu-i peh-ku 'du. L L U h, `U ! 'nama 'la
j| Oh, she is working quite well. o-en 'gyaa-la 'moh-'ra-gi-'ra apta
Ly ?- Al | 'te-ti, "meh-yoh-ge" 'mee-di lo!
'nama 'kahnu-mu 'du-ba? ado-mu-i V k wE A

'du. L j? wML j| L t`VC ! When they went to
What is the bride like? She is quite ask for the bride, she herself made a
nice. quick decision and said, she wouldn't
accept the proposal.
A ana (N) n. (o.f.) A| money:
four-paisa coin. A aba n. , | father. ''
y lU A h A`U| 'ibu | See also: 'paba'.
'i-gi 'ana tii oh-ge. g HL A A aba 'ama n.ph. (coll.)
A j| Four paisa make an 'ana'. A| parents. '' |
See also: 'phama'.
A ani n.
25
A A

A/
A/ AC! abi/ abuy! (N) excl. V kUA` A
nL,
Lt U | l yE ! di 'gyaa-la
exclamations: expressing surprise or pehza-'ya-gi-'a 'mih-la 'abru ten
fear. 'aa-di o-w 'du! wE hg
A! y J`! abi! 'lhani jD Clk U k j!
oh-sin! AC! A! Ohhh, this is In this place even the children behave
a ghost! indecently towards you!
AE/
AE/ AE! abow/ amow! j`U L `U `
excl. ! k t U l` A V , J `!
exclamations: expressing tha-gi uk-la-ni ah-gi-ni rahn-la
|
disapproval or fear. dibu-'ra 'abru ten-'gyo 'du-ba, ooh
'yihmu-ni! ML ky
M hA` S , AE!
'mikya ti-'a phii miih-khu 'du, abow! AD Clk UL j,
ASL Lg j M j, ! I realize now that in my
drunkenness I disgraced myself
AC! Oh dear, he can't even wipe his
eye secretion off! terribly that day!
AE l! h J`U ! - 'abru 'or-
A -
abow 'diiba! ta 'phuu-la 'ten oh-gu pred.ph.non-erg. Clk | disgrace
'du! , L y V! E: t oneself; become infamous. [Gram: exp.
takes <-ti>]
Y AE j! How dangerous, a
tiger is coming from over there! U J k` y ,
A` A L, SA` A
A abdali (N) adj. A, L| 'moh-gi ooh 'leehmu dzi-di
L | childless; barren mehno 'ma-si-'ma-na, 'moh-ti-'a
(of people). '' | See also: 'abru 'or-ken, 'kho-ti-'a 'abru
'thaara'. 'or-ken. nUy U k
S A | 'kho 'abdali , L Clk j, EL
'yihm-ba. F A | He has no
Clk j| If she quarrels like
children. that and says she won't accept the
U A M| 'moh-gi 'abdali proposal, she disgraces herself and
'tuh-'kyo. E A EwC| She him as well.
inherited it from a childless relative.
A MU ` | di A am att.p. Ahj Lt U |
attitude particles: expressing
'abdali 'tuh-'kyo-gi ih 'yihm-ba.
foreboding; "unlucky" emphasis.
A EwHL kVU | (He) inherited
this field from a childless relative. [Gram: is preceded by vs+<-ko>]
[Disc: occurs after foreboding
A - abru (H) ten- pred.ph.erg. questions]
Clk U, A U| disgrace s.b. or S` L ! k
oneself; defame s.b. or oneself; behave U A! di 'khaba-la 'keehlam
indecently.
26
A A

then 'du! nahm-dze-le phar rohm-go on the top of 'Yangri Kahng'.

am! Y gM j! L Lj, L!
There is a crack in this house, it may
collapse any time!
A hL hL/ A U/ A
L L L am tak tak
(E)/ am plege/ am plek plek
plek (W) adj.ph. t, S| tasteless
(of liquids).
A -/ A U y-
y- am
looh-/ am lohge o- pred.ph.dr.
ML V/ | get fed up (mostly
used for food). ' -, M -, M
U' | See also: 'na looh-,
kyu looh-, kyu lohge'.
` k A
| 'sehn mahbu seeh-di
pehza-'ya-la am looh-sin 'du. y
SH hg ML Hj| The
children got fed up with eating corn
mash all the time.
A ama n. A| mother. ''
| See also: 'ma'.
L A| 'kal 'ama. w L|
engine.
A| 'rel 'ama. L Ck|
train engine.
A `
` {-
{-} ama
yihma {ar-} n.ph. {v.i.} Y
{V}, {EE} sun {shine/ rise}.
'`' | See also: 'yihma'.
A ` J-M
J`- 'ama 'yihma-la 'ohp-'kyal
oh- cl.dr. U V| be a solar
eclipse.
A h
h ` ama tohmu
yari n.ph. Q HEt L HL| tasteless (of liquids).
| names of deities: goddess residing
Al` amda n. w|
handful-sized lump.
C h
Al`
m
`! mahy piihru-la ter-te-la 'polda
amda 'zee-do! L yD
SED wL wL y F!
Make handful-sized lumps of this
dough to give to the buffalo calf!
Al` L` amda 'kah
qt.ph. w| a handful.
g Al` L` UU| 'tsamba
amda 'kah gam-ge. w
L Sj| I will throw a
handful of roasted flour into my
mouth.
Al amdi n. A L gLL|
doctor who practises herbal medicine
(usually a Tibetan monk).
J Al ``
`U` L| ohle amdi 'mehme
'ohwa 'mahr 'phep na-ge-'ra
'yehken. A A L gLL k
`` AE | And
grandfather Ngohwang, the doctor
was on his way to come here.
A M- ambur 'kyahp-
pred.ph.erg. tL S| dig one's teeth
into food.
`U U A M M|
'yih-gi magi ambur 'kyahp-ti
sah-'kyo. L tL SHL| We
dug our teeth into the corn on the
cob.
A` A` M
amlu
amlu yeh-'kyo adj.ph.
A/
A/ AE! aya/ ayaw! excl.
27
A A!

A! exclamations: expressing a person will wander around feeling lost

sudden pain. in the place between heaven and hell.
A! M t! 'aya! 'lahkpa AE! alaw! excl. S
'em-di! AE! h! Ouch! my
| exclamations: expressing a lasting
hand got caught! pain.
A aren (N) n. A| blacksmith's AE! ` U M! alaw!
workshop. ah goo 'suh 'kyahp-sin! A!
Ag` artsa n. M y| tEL T! O dear! I have a terrible
household utensils: equipment for headache!
distilling whisky. [Note: consists of A M- almal (N) kyahp-
'phui/ phoi, miiza/ miira, pred.ph.erg. A UE, A M,
belu', and 'baa'] k U| fine s.b. for damage done
j` U Ag`| tha ten-ge by cattle in fields.
'artsa. M y| the
A {-L} ali (N) {peh-k}
equipment for making whisky. adj. Aj {U}, {} {be} lazy.
A arti n. J St| A asa n. LL, w A,
clothing: shawl worn by monks. [Note:
A| aunt (father's brother's wife).
lamas also wear it when dressing up]
A A 'asa 'ama n.ph. Lj
A arpa (W) n. n`Ut| house A, A| stepmother.
parts: tile (used for roofs). '' |
A -L asatya (N) peh-k
See: 'yarpa (E)'. pred.ph.erg. U U, | do
A T-
T- ala khyam- wrong.
pred.ph.non-erg. A , | A M j j hH|
feel lost; wander around (in circles). 'asatya peh-'kyo-di-la thaa 'tshal
'S T-' | See also: tuu-en. U ULD Yy tL V
'khorwa khyam-'. Ej| The one who has done wrong
A A k A has to bow down ceremonially in the
TU| aba 'ama meeh-na pehza temple.
'phema-'ya ala 'khyam-ge. A j
A` aa n.
j| When 1) , , kw, k| uncle
the parents are not home small (mother's brother, or husband of
children wander around feeling lost. father's sister). [Note: The latter may
` M S A also be called 'mahkpa'.]
TU| sa 'kyeeh miih-khu-na 2) D U U U |
'imbu pahrto-la ala 'khyam-gen. form of address for one's
U V L g father-in-law.
A j| If he cannot go to
heaven, the spirit of the deceased A! aha! excl. J, A!

28
A Ay
exclamations: expressing admiration or A ahna conj. H, H|
excitement. conjunctions: in that case; so.
A! Lk S`! 'aha! 'kahze A MkA` J` ?! -
khamsaa! A! L D! Oh! A, A L EC ? 'a
How much fun! 'kyahldzen-'a oh 'du rooh?! 'amo,
ahna 'kah-wa 'uy rooh? C Vk
A/
A/ H! aha/ e! excl. U
U AL n | AEHj! - A! L C
exclamations: oh, (I made a mistake). ? Elder brother Kyahldzen has
come, too! Ah, in that case it will be
A, `! 'aha, di-di
mah-yoh-ba! J, g H! Oh, good fun, won't it, my friend?
this won't do! J U U, A
H, `C k! 'e, ah-y dzol-sin! H, j y LH! | ohle-ni
'yuhl-gi 'mih-'ya-gi, "ahna-ni tshol o
! Oh, I made a mistake!
'koh-en!" 'mee-di 'ma-sin. j
A` J` aha ohe adj./ adv. UEL j, H Sl
SL| wide open. 'A`' kj! | And then the
| See also: 'ahe'. villagers said, "In that case we have to
L A` J` S M ! 'koh go and look for him!"
'aha ohe 'kha phee-'kyo 'du-ba! L
SL j! Oh, the door is wide A...
... A... ahna... ahna...
open! double_conj. ... ... conjunctions:
either... or (with aff. pred.ph.);
M A` J` ! 'phukpa 'ahe
ohe 'du! Jy L j! Oh, this neither... nor (with neg. pred.ph.).
is such a wide cave. A h ` yl H ,
A S` L H | ahna
A` ahe adj. EYL| open. tihmba ta-de o-e 'ma-e 'yihm-ba,
L A` | 'koh 'ahe 'du. L ahna khamsabu peh-ke 'ma-e
S j| The door is open. 'yihm-ba. U L , C
L S A` | kahm 'kha 'ahe U L | She says either she wants
'du. LL L S j| The lid of to give sacrificially to people, or else
the chest is open. she is going to have a good time.
Aw/ Uw
Uw! ahhe/ gahe! excl. A SH , A
H!, hg! exclamations: expressing T yH | ahna 'situp pi
wonder or astonishment. miih-khu-e lo, ahna 'khyowa-di phar
l` S` J`, Aw, mehno-e lo. E Kw L
! dibu-'ra khamsabu Mj , EL A kj |
oh-de, 'ahhe, 'rahmne-la-ni! hg! Neither is she able to pull off the ring,
C , ! The nor will her husband go away.
dedication festivities were such a lot
Ay ahna-bar (W) adv.
of fun, really! , | this way. 'Ay()'

29
Ay() A-E

| See: 'ahna(-mu) (E)'. just like that!.

` mH HU Ay T A k
, Al A! 'yih pohmbo 'zo-e L , Ly , y!
'ma-e-di-'ga 'ahna-bar 'nahle, 'ai tee 'khyim aba 'yihm-ba-'laa pehza
'aa! nP L , 'leehmu tam 'mee 'teh-ku 'du,
! Look sister, this is the
'kahnumu 'mih 'yihm-ba, 'yehnamu!
way we become a shaman! Y H hg k L U
Ay()/ y()/ y()/ j, L j j, ! Even
though he is the head of the
y() ahna(-mu)/
yehna(-mu)/ dena(-mu)/ household, he goes on talking like a
dene(-mu) adv. , | this child, such a fellow!
way. [Usage: 'dena/ dene' is o.f.] Ay`/
y`/ y` ahna-'ra/
J Al, y ! 'oo 'ai, yehna-'ra adv. , | for
dene tam 'yihm-ba! , L nothing; free.
! Yes sister, this is the way it is! A t` Ay` L?
'ahna/
Ay/ y ahna di ahmyen 'ahna-'ra ter-ke?
'yehna peh-ti adv.ph. U, H t` ? So will you
U| this way; in such a way; this give this string instrument to me for
kind. nothing?
Ay/ y 'ahna/ Ay` w `l
'yehna 'ma-na cond.dep.pred.ph. SH? 'ahna-'ra-ni 'mih-la him
, | conjunctions: in that case. ta-de-la 'su 'teh khuu-en? L
Ay/ y 'ahna/ L U L Mj? Who can
'yehna 'ma-si-'ma-na be a judge for the people without
cond.dep.pred.ph. j, getting anything for it?
j| conjunctions: in that case. A-E ahp-uhp intens.ph.
'ahna/
Ay/ y Lt U | intensifier for 'tuh-,
'yehna 'mee-di adv.ph. , khyer-, kyaa khyer-, tooh-'.
| this way (in speaking l` A-E
contexts).
g ! di pela thamdi-'ra
Ay()/ y()/ y()/ 'ahp-'uhp 'tiih-di tselba-la 'luu!
y() ahna(-mu)/ nt nt EwH yL ! Gather
yehna(-mu)/ dena(-mu)/ up all these things swiftly and put it
dene(-mu) excl. ! into the carrying basket.
exclamations: such a thing/ person!;

30
A A

A
A aa att.p. (E U U A M h- 'aar (N) 'kye tuu-
pred.ph.erg. | encourage.
) attitude particles: friendly
emphasis. [Disc: frequently used after A j 'aar (N) thimbu
A
orders] adj.ph. | courageous.
, `` A! loh AL/
L/ AL aarak/ arak ' L/
'pheebe 'meehme-'ya, 'sen na-do 'aa! L' | See: 'yeerak/ yerak'.
lk , ! Okay, ladies A/ A -L aas/ aase (N)
and gentlemen, listen please! peh-k pred.ph.erg. A U| hope for.
A, k, LU S ` hA` lL A
` LH! tee 'aa, pehza-'ya, 'mih M| ah-la ti-'a dor-ke ni
kehmba-gi 'kha-la 'yihn 'koh-en! , 'mee-di 'aase peh-'kyo. L Ej L
, L L j! Look A UL| I hoped I would get
children, you must listen to what something.
older people say!
A -L 'aase peh 'teh-k
A, `C L| di 'leeh pred.ph.non-erg. A U| keep
mah-be 'aa, ah-y peh-ken. L U hoping.
, Uj| Don't do this work, I'll do it. ` T J`U A M,
A -
- aa tap- pred.ph.erg. gt, ! ah-ni khye oh-ge 'mee-di 'aas
tM, g| sting; bite (if not peh 'teh-'kyo, rooh! AEj
preceded by snapping). 'L-' A U L ! I kept hoping
| See also: 'kahp-'. you would come, friend!
U A L| bu-gi aa 'tap-ken. ...HU A h quote +
L tMj| Bugs bite. 'ma-en-gi 'aas tii 'yeh
L CU A , M! dep.pred.ph.cop. ... A U| hope
'polda ter-ke-mu mahy-gi aa 'tap-ti, that.... [Gram: cop.= specific
'lahkpa-la! jL w SE
existence] [Disc: quote states the
tM, ! The buffalo bit my hand event hoped for]
when I gave it a lump of flour dough. SU ` J`
A aa amu n.ph. E HU A h | 'kho-gi ah-la di
'leeh-la rooh peh oh 'ma-e-gi 'aas tii
hE| foods: large orange-coloured
mushroom. [Note: grows on tree 'yeh-ba. E D L Uj
trunks] A SL j| I am hoping
that he will help me with this work.
A M-U aar (N) kye-g ...H (`U) A -L
pred.ph.dr. , E E| have quote + 'ma-en-di (ah-gi) 'aas
courage; be encouraged. peh-k dep.pred.ph.erg. ... A

31
A E

()Uj| hope that.... [Gram: transitive emphatic adjectives]

construction] [Disc: quote states the A! di seeh yaah-ba
event hoped for] 'aah! A! gk L ! Oh, how
h `U J Lh ` nice this is!
H `U A | 'mih tii T L A! khye-ni 'kah-wa
yii-gi-ni ooh 'keta 'oh ee-ro 'aah! D A j! Oh, you are
'ma-e-di ah-gi 'aas peh-ti 'yeh-ba. HL well off!
Ck L pj A Ly yl A? ` l
HL j| I am hoping that one or two A! 'kahnum peh-te o-e aba?
people would know about this. ah-ni 'dii-ba 'aah! L k ?
A
A
aah att.p. Aw Lt U D y Vj! How can I go father,
I am afraid!
| attitude particles: astonishment/
foreboding. [Disc: occurs often after

D
D, j A! , tshera aah! | interjections: expressing loneliness
elliptic_S O, ML V U U or boredom.

E
E u n. (hon. of 'goo') tEL (t.) l EC! taah 'tihri
` j
head. tsheeba 'i 'uy! Ak g ! Now
today is the forth day of the lunar
E-` 'u-'yee n. (hon. of
'yeebul/ yeembul') L, month, isn't it?
(t.) cushion. Ek -L uzur (N) peh-k
E-t 'u-a n. (hon. of 'a') L pred.ph.erg. Ek U| make a court
(t.) hair (of head). complaint.
E- 'u-'ah n. (hon. of E-
E- up- v.t. j| cover up.
'ahmu') t (t.) clothing: cap;
SU J J U E lH |
hat. 'kho-gi ooh 'om toh-gi 'up 'aa-en lo.
EC uy att.p. , C | attitude j Tj | He
E `U
particles: asking for affirmative said he would cover up that hole with
response. stones.
Al A, ` yH EC! E umali n. | work utensils:
'ai tee 'aa, 'yih 'mih-'ya 'nehpa o-en scales.
'uy! , j j,
L- 'umali-la kar-
E L-
C ? Look sister, we people pred.ph.erg. kT| weigh with
become sick, don't we?
32
Ek E-

scales. tam ma- pred.ph.erg. C gC U

Ek/ k {-L} umdze/ | exaggerate.
yindze {peh-k} n. {v.i.} pt ` J` E l
kE ( k H| ah 'poh-la oh-di 'uhru diba
tam 'ma-en. jE AH C gC
){} lamaisms: {perform the duty
of} the musician. [Note: 'puhptal U L Uj| She comes to me and
tuh-, kyahli phu-, etc., second exaggerates everything terribly.
rank of the lamaistic hierarchy] E uldumba adj. S| foolish;
stubborn.
EL urken n. OL | names:
personal name. h E , T! ti 'mih
uldumba 'du-ba, khye-ni! M S j
EL urken peema n.ph. j, ! What a stubborn person
UL | names of deities: name of you are!
a god.
E`y `-
`- uha la-
Eg -L urtsu peh-k pred.ph.erg. pred.ph.erg. hgE| strike out.
AU U, A U, L UE| urge LU E`y ` L
s.b. M ` !
S`U, T y` LH Eg prehka-gi 'uha 'la-di ter-ken
L| khu-gi, "khye o-'ra 'koh-en" 'bela-ni 'sodi-di 'yahr 'kyer 'lah-sin 'du
'mee-di 'urtsu peh-ken. E, lo! xD hgH tS Vg
k j L Ej| They are kML Ewj ! When he struck out and
urging you to go. hit the good luck, it jumped up to his
E -L urti (N) peh-k feet and stood straight up!
pred.ph.erg. E U| request to come.
E () uhp (rohwa)
` J k LH , E L intens.(ph.) tML, | intensifier for
| 'tihring ooh-la dzom 'koh-en lo, 'tiih-, tuh-, kyaa-'.
'urti peh-ku 'du. Ak j E() L!
E Uj| He is requesting 'meh-ni 'uhp (rohwa) 'tiih-di kahl-di!
people to gather there today.
AU U! The fire
E` M- uhri kyahp- devoured everything!
pred.ph.erg. E| hurl at; throw l` E L!
away (negative conn.). 'nehpa-ni 'dua 'uhp 'tiih-di kahl-di!
l , E` M! HL j L U! The sick
to-'ya sah-e meeh-ba, 'uhri person died in one moment!
'kyahp-ti! S C, Hj!
E- uhr- v.i. Ey| fly.
Instead of eating the food they threw h-` h EL| 'tihbi-da
it out! 'tahmu 'uhr-ken. g LS Eyj|
E l -
- uhru diba Birds and chickens fly.

33
E F`

E E uhr uhr intens.ph. 'tshii 'du lo. u S Hj |

- (E) intensifier for Both caught fire in one moment and
'thu-'. burnt up to completely.
M E E `U| 'thukpa 'uhr 'uhr ` Ll E |
thu-ge. S U Sj| I 'tihri sa 'ko-e-ni 'uhruru sihn-sin.
am drinking up the soup quickly. AkL t S L gy |
Today we finished digging up the soil
E/ E uhr/ uhruru (E) intens.
with gusto.
Lt U | intensifier for
'tiih-, tshar-, sihn-'. 'k' | E uhlu n. (Ug
A
See: 'dzorroro (W)'. g gt Lw) weaving terms: flattish
`L` E ` j | piece of wood used to pull out the
yi-ka-'ra 'uhr 'tiih-de 'thala 'phue warp threads alternately.

F
breathe. ' `-' | See: 'puuh
F uu n. , | breath; fermenting
gases. '' | See also: 'puuh'. ta- (W)'.
j` U F U| , S F `U/ `U |
tha ten-ge-mu 'uu 'or-na 'preeh maah-'i 'yeh, 'kho 'uu ta-gu/ 'a-gu
yahl-gen. M M 'du. L j, F j| He is not
dead, he is still breathing.
Ej| If some steam escapes
(between the 2 bottom bowls) when y- 'uu then-/
F -/ j-L/ y-
you distill whisky it becomes tasteless. 'the-k/ o- pred.ph.non-erg. k,
'uu gyo khuu-
F V` S
S- | die.
pred.ph.erg. E| be able to - 'uu 'sor- pred.ph.non-erg.
F -
control one's breath, e.g. when , U| be short of breath (when
singing. sick); rattle in throat.
U U F V` SE | di - 'uu hal- pred.ph.non-erg.
F -
piihmi-gi 'lu lehn-ge-mu 'uu gyo ` ` | pant.
khuu-w 'du. Lt U UE EL F- h 'uu-'dep tii-la n.ph.
E j| This woman is able HL | in one breath.
to control her breath when she sings. F` uuna n. , U| physical
F j- 'uu 'tshup- pred.ph.dr. well-being; vigor. [Disc: Observed with
| be choking. negative pred.ph. only.]
-U 'uu 'tshup-ti 'i-g
F j - `C k F`` ! ah-y
pred.ph.non-erg. H | choke zubu-la "uu-na-'ra meeh-ba!
to death. kE j! I feel great physical
F `- `- 'uu ta-/ 'uu
`-/ F `- weakness.
'a- pred.ph.non-erg. | ` F`` L| ah

34
F JE

'uu-na-'ra meeh-ba kahl-sin.

mother!
H| I lost all strength and vigor. F S yH h, F y|
'uuh-di 'kha o-e ti, 'uuh-di 'men-ni
F uuh (W) pr. ( UL
mehno. S kj L,
OD t ) we (inclusive). [Disc:
potential dual form '*uuh yii' not | Our mouth keeps
t k
used] 'J`' | See: 'ohra'. working, our battery doesn't run out.
A A, F A ! aba F` 'uuh-'ra (W) pr.
'aa, di-ni 'uuh 'ama mihn leh! , ( UL OD t ) we
ourselves (inclusive, emphatic).
A C! Father, this is not our

H
H e 'A' | See: 'aha'. H ! 'e rooh! J , H !
Hey friend!
H/ H e/ ee p. H| vocatives: hey.

J
J/ J o/ oo p. H, | vocatives: J Al! 'yihm-ba 'oo 'ai!
attention-drawer; imploration (when ! Yes, I agree with you, elder
used to gods). [Disc: 'o/ oo' + title of sister!
the person addressed] [Usage: to JC oy p. k| interjections: yes, I
people who are at some distance, but heard you; yes, what is it?.
not very far.] `U L M S`U JC !
J , ` ! 'o 'mehme, ah-gi 'kee 'kyahp-na khu-gi "'oy"
de-la 'phep-to leh! J k, meh-'ma 'du! H E
AE ! O grandfather, please k j! When I call out to
come here! them they don't respond to me!
J Ll, ` l m ``! JE ow p. ky E U U
'oo kindo, 'yih-la 'thu-i 'zii
( t E)
na-do! , D U ! vocatives: particle added to the name
Oh God, be gracious to us! (or term of address) of a person called
J 'o rooh n.ph. H ( out to from a considerable distance.
U U ) vocatives: hey friend. [Disc: occurs n.ph. finally]
[Usage: among friends of the same
A AE! y J` , !
sex, between husband and wife, to 'ama 'ow! de-la ombo oh 'du, o!
children.]
A ! AEHj, AE!
J/ J o/ oo p. | interjections: Mother, mother! Guests have arrived,
expressing agreement. please come!

35
J` J`-
J`-`

J` o n. AL, , AT| adj.ph.} {/ A} A`U (A`U)

authority; power. {have complete/ incomplete}
l J` LU ` members (of human body or faculty).
E ! yahmbi-i o
L`- A AU M k
'yeh-ken-'ya-gi 'mih 'prabu 'du J` j` MH | aba 'ama-gi
'mee-di-ni 'kah-neene 'ma-w 'du! 'tihkpa peh-si-'ma-na pehza obu
AL AL U j mah-'tsha-ba 'kye-en lo. A
j! The ones who have U hg A`U kj |
some power say whatever they like to People say that if father and mother
the poor people! commit sin, their children will be
J` j- o 'thee- pred.ph.erg. born as cripples.
AL gE| assume authority; J` `- obu yahm-
power. [Gram: undg. takes <-ki pred.ph.non-erg. A`U | defective
thoo-la>] member (of human body or faculty).
J U `U J` jE [Gram: exp. takes gen. <-ki>]
! ooh 'mih-gi 'prabu-'ya-gi 'thoo-la LU J` ` ! di 'ku-gi
o 'thee-w 'du! j Ut obu-ni yahm-sin 'du! L
C EwE j! That person is -Su gLHj! The limbs of this
taking advantage of the poor! idol are damaged!
J` j U o 'theemu
L J`-
J`-` o-luh n. Q Q|
'yeh-ken-gi adj.ph. AL HL, instruction; guidance; qualification
L (AL) weak (as (pertaining to religious services).
to authority).
-k HU j SU `
- o thop- pred.ph.erg./ dr.
J` - SH, SU J`-` M|
AL U/ E| get authority; lam-'rehndzen 'ma-e-gi 'thowa 'kho-gi
power. ta khuu-en, 'kho-gi o-'luh
J` o 'yeh pred.ph.cop. thop-'kyo. -k k-w
ALL | have authority; power. E Mj, L U E Q
[Gram: cop.= specific existence]
Q UL j| He is allowed to
J` obu n. A`U| member (of perform the worship ceremony called
human body). "Lam-Rehndzen", he got the
J`U k A` j U qualification for it.
| ohra-gi zubu-la obu J`-
J`-` `- o-'luh na-
`-
thimbu-di goo 'yihm-ba. L pred.ph.erg. Q Q | give
T A`U tEL | The most instruction/ guidance.
important member on our body is the -j J`-`
head. `U| h `U, M
{j`-/ j`} obu
J` {j`- `U| lama
h `U!
{'tsha-/ mah-'tsha-ba} n. {v.i./ 'rihmbur-'thee 'phep-si-'ma-na

36
J J

o-'luh na-ge. "'lobi peh-te `U () J | ah-gi

meh-yoh-ge, 'tihkpa peh-te sa(-la) 'om 'pruh-sin. D
St
meh-yoh-ge!" 'mee-di su-gen. S| I dug a hole in the ground.
-j AE Q Q `U ` J | ah-gi
j| U

, U

! i-la 'om 'pruh-sin. Lw
j| When the reincarnated lama | I carved out a hole in the piece
comes, he gives instruction. He says, of wood.
"You must not be greedy, you must
J M- om kyaa- pred.ph.erg.
not commit sin!"
| snatch away (intensified); lift up
J`-` - o-'luh 'uh-
J`- (intensified).
pred.ph.erg. Q Q U/ | get
j` `U J M T |
instruction/ guidance. ''thuma-di 'yalmu-gi 'om 'kyaa
J J`U J`-` | 'khyer-te lo. D g nP
ohle ohra-gi o-'luh 'uh-sin. A
V | The giant woman
Q Q U| And we snatched away his wife.
got instruction.
J/ J/ J omu/ omo
J om n. , | hole. 'g`, lama omu n. L jL
l J -/ -' | See
U U U | designation for a
also: 'tsahli, namdo om tol-/ lama's daughter.
tohl-'.
-/ -/ - 'om tol-/ phu-
J - J {M-} ohrta (W+E)
(E)/ 'om tol-/ 'phru- (W) pred.ph.erg. {kyahp-} n. {v.t.} {E} {build}
, jy| make a hole. a fence. 'L' | See also:
`U Lh J | 'kahrta (E)'.
ah-gi di 'kapta-la 'om tol-sin. JU`/
JU`/ JU` olga/ olgo n.
U | I made a hole into U, Yt| gullet; esophagus (body
this piece of clothing. part).
J - 'om tohl- J olba adj. kU, |
pred.ph.non-erg./ r. | get a hole;
industrious; diligent.
get pierced.
J | 'moh olba 'du. F
` J | 'haya 'om kU j| She is industrious
tohl-sin 'du. Mg j| There
U J L | 'moh-gi 'leeh
is a hole in the pot. olba peh-ku 'du. E kU H L
Lh J | di 'kapta Uj| She works diligently.
'om tohl-sin 'du. U j|
Oh, this piece of clothing has a hole. J - oe uh- pred.ph.erg.
J -/ - 'om 'pruh-/ 'phru- gE| beg instently.
pred.ph.erg. St S, | dig a `U Ll J H, `
hole. MU ``! ah-gi kindo-la
'oe 'uh-en, ah-la di 'tuhkpu-le-gi
37
JL` Jk

ten na-do! D s.th. historical.

! Oh
gEj, D St E U J`- oh- cop. | be (in the
God, I beg you instently, please take sense of general quality or existence);
me out of this trouble! grow (in the sense of growth
- 'oe 'ku-khye
J L-T - possible). [Gram: copula for general
'ma- pred.ph.erg. U| beg (as opposed to specific) existence,
insistently. location and attribution; after the neg.
`U J L-T `U t`U prefix the stem is 'yoh-']
`M ! ah-gi 'oe 'ku-khye M gM J`U| di 'kyibu
'mee-de-'ra-'ga 'aga yihkya ter-pa! tsokpo oh-ge. LL j| This
U
j E is a vicious dog.
C ! After begging
` J`U| 'yih 'yuhl-la
insistently, he finally gave me one 'he oh-gen. UE A j|
hundred rupees. Potatoes grow in our village.
JL`/
`/ J` ohka/ ohwa J`U() oh-ge(n) pred.ph. j
n. jy| house parts: ground-floor room. (L) alright; okay.
[Note: used for storage and keeping J`l w/ w oh-de hi/ he
small animals] adj.ph. k| seem suitable.
J`- oh- v.i. AE| come. [Gram: J`l w , T` y|
after the neg. prefix the stem is 'nama oh-de hi 'du, khyo-na
'yoh-'; imp. is 'o!'] ii-ro. LL k j, H
` J` J` j | She will be alright as a wife
(for our son), we might as well take
L ! ah oh oh-la-ni 'moh-ni
'phet 'thal-de kahl 'du-ba! ACV her.
F UCLj| Oh I see, while I was J`l oh-de 'du pred.ph.
coming she went ahead swiftly. j| be suitable.
J`U/ J`U ohgu/ ohgo -wU U L l
n. A| income. J`l U l lU
|
'yuhl-him-gi 'laagi-la kaahndi 'aa-na
h h, , y
oh-de 'du tee-di goba 'i 'aa-gen.
`, J`U hA` ! ti
peh-te, de-la di 'yuhl-la o-sum-di UEL k gED L L T
mahbu, oh-gu ti-'a mihndu! L U, j gk AU StCj| We
look who might be suitable to guard
UE Sg , A ! What can
we do, here in this village we have the village tradition and appoint four
many expenses, but there is nothing leaders.
coming in! J` J` -L oh oh
J`` J`VU
`VU peh-ti 'teh-k '' | See: 'meh'.
oh-'ra oh-'gyo-gi tam n.ph. Jk (`) ohze (-'ra) qt.
CAHL L| real-life experience; (), E() that much.
38
Jl J`

Jk L` ohze 'kah-la J-M L| 'yibi-la

temp.ph. | conjunctions: at that 'ohp-'kyal kahl-sin. l S E|
time. [Disc: occurs sentence initially] Sorry, this is inconvenient for you.
'L`' | See also: 'kahla'. J-M - 'ohp-'kyal phul-
Jk ohze 'bela-le pred.ph.erg. (hon. of 'tuhkpu ter-') S
temp.ph. S, ES| conjunctions: , Lt | make it inconvenient for
at that time. [Disc: occurs sentence s.b; give hardship.
initially] kU J-M |
Jk ohze-ba qt./ adv. L| pehza-'ya-gi 'yibi-la 'ohp-'kyal phul-sin.
that much (referring to quantity and hg lD S H| Sorry, the
quality); such. '-g/-k' | children were bothering you.
See also: '-tse-ba~-dze-ba~-ze-ba'.
J- ohm- v.t. LE, LE|
Jk T ! 'lahbu entice; coax; comfort.
ohze-ba 'khyer o! k F!
Bring about that much radishes! J ohma n. | milk; female
(Indicating the amount wanted on the breast.
basket.) -U/ - 'ohma 'i-g/
J -
Jk | 'ii- pred.ph.e. t| the milk goes
tahlen 'he ohze-ba yaahbu maah-yah sour.
'du. A j| -j` 'ohma-'tsha n.
J-
The potatoes haven't done too well Lgy| udder.
this year. `U J-j` hL |
Jk (`) ohze-la (-'ra) 'pahla-gi 'ohma-'tsha 'tarka
temp. S (), () mihn-du. UDL Lgy g j| The
conjunctions: just then (emph.). [Disc: udder of the cow is not firm.
occurs sentence initially] J-- 'ohma-'tar n. L |
cream of milk. 'U' | See
Jl ohndu n. also: 'priga'.
MS E g| clothing: Tibetan J- , J m ,
style blouse.
` U| 'ohma-'tar
J ohp (W) n. Sy| crevice; 'tiih-di, ohle oh 'zee-di, oh 'a-di
hole in ground. 't' | See: 'mahr ten-ge. L EwH,
'hopa (E)'. kH, A YE Lj| Taking
J M | 'baso 'ohp-la of the cream of the milk we make
'kyahp du. UD Sy j| Oh, curds, and then we churn the curds to
the animal fell into a crevice! make butter.
y- 'ohp-'kyal o-
J-M y- J` ohra (E+W) pr.
pred.ph.dr. (hon. of 'tuhkpu yuh-') 1) ( UL OD t )
S , Lt | endure hardship; be we (inclusive) (E). 'F' | See:
inconvenient for s.b. 'uuh (W)'.
39
J-j J

2) D| you (somewhat hon., sg. and ! 'ai ooh-la ee ter,

pl.). 'ohr-'thee, 'yih 'nuhmu 'nehpa 'yeh!
J` ` ohra yii pr.ph. j , UC,
Ck ( UL OD t ) j! Sister, please go there, my
we (inclusive, dual); you (dual). younger sister is sick!
[Usage: The dual form is not ` `, Al J-j! ah
obligatory, but it is good style to use mih-thu, 'ai 'ohr-'thee! j,
it when it applies.] S! I don't want to drink any,
J`` ohra-'ra pr. sister, please don't force me!
A ( UL D t ) J ohle conj. A| conjunctions:
we ourselves (inclusive, emphatic); and then.
you yourselves.
` ohle 'yehpa-'ra
J
J` h ` ohra tii yii conj.ph. A | conjunctions: further;
pr.ph.indef. HL Ck ( in addition to.
UL OD t ) some of us JU ohle-gi conj. S,
(inclusive); some of you.
t| conjunctions: after that;
J-j ohr-thee p. | afterwards.
interjections: please; polite, sincere
J` ohwa 'JL`' |
refusal. See: 'ohka'.
Al J y , J-j, `

J
that. 'L`' | See also:
J oo 'J' | See: 'o'.
'kah-la'.
J- oo- (E) v.t. t (, , , J L` U k j k
A) pick (flowers, leaves, fruit). -j L L| ooh 'kah-la
'`-' | See: 'oo- (W)'. Yohlmu-gi pehze 'theemu 'dzati
kU E JE | pehza-'ya-gi lama-'thee 'lop-ko 'yeh-ken.
'aw oo-w 'du. hg E t
L hg k -AQ
j| Oh, the children are picking H| At that time all the small
apples. children of Helambu were learning
J M- oodum kyahp- from the lama books.
pred.ph.erg. yL, ML | hit ooh hi/ he
J w/ w
with the fist. peh-ti adv.ph. , E| in that
way; in that manner.
J ooh dem. | that. ', / '
| See also: 'too, di/ de'. J ()! ooh 'yihno
(taah)! elliptic_S (L
J L` ooh 'kahla temp.ph.
(lamaistic) j| conjunctions: after LL YtL E Lt U

40
J -L

) interjections: yes, that's quite so!. conjunctions: the same way.

[Usage: means the same as 'ooh J `U`/ J ` ooh
yihmba taah', but has a sarcastic or sogo-'ra/ ooh sobe conj.ph.
funny overtone] HL , L| conjunctions:
J ooh rohwa adv.ph. therefore. [Disc: occurs clause
, E| like that; that way. initially]
J L , ` J
ooh-la loc. | there.
mH HU| ooh rohwa peh-ke J ooh-'ya-la loc. |
'nahle, 'yih pohmbo 'zo-e ma-e-di-'ga. somewhere there.
Uj , nP E L J ooh-le-gi loc. S|
U
| That is the way the shamans from there.
work.
J
/ J

`/
J ooh 'leehmu adv.ph. J
` ooh-le peh-ti/
, E| like that; that way. ooh-le peh-temba-'ra/ ooh-le
J `/ J


peh-simba-'ra seq.dep.pred.ph.
ooh 'leehmu-'ra/ ooh 'leehmu
| conjunctions: afterwards; after that.

peh-ti adv.ph. / U, E U|

L
L ka n. AW| commandment. `- 'ka na- pred.ph.erg. AW
L `-
`VU L H J` L | | give order; instruction.
sagye-gi 'ka 'ma-e-di ohra 'ka J MU L ` | ohle
'yihm-ba. L AW g 'kyahlbu-gi 'ka na-sin 'du-ba. A
AW | The commandment of the UHj| And we realized
k L
god is our commandment. that the king had given the order.
S LlU L M` ! L ` 'ka nahdar n.ph.
'kho-la kindo-gi 'ka bap-'kyo-'ra AW, A| precepts; commandments.
'yihm-ba! E t AW L M- ka kyahl-
HL ! He did get the word of God. pred.ph.non-erg. A, j ,
L S- 'ka khur- pred.ph.erg. | get a shock.
AWL | follow a commandment. -`
L M
L `- 'ka 'yee- pred.ph.non-erg. | di tam 'thee-'luh meeh-ba
(high hon. of 'thusem ee-', only 'ka 'kyahl-di thome 'lih-sin. L
used for gods) | be pleased. L AH t | When I
L ` | 'lha 'ka 'yee-sin. heard this, I got a shock and was
| The god is pleased. completely perplexed.
L g- 'ka 'tsii- pred.ph.erg. AW -L/
L/-U -ka~-ga sf. PD
U| obey a commandment. E A| verb stem

41
-L L`-
L`-

nominalizer. [Phon: For the regular `- h-L !

phonological alternations of suffix di-ni i-par 'mee-ba-ni taa-par-'ka
initial stops and the exception verbs 'du-ba! LwL j L L
marked with <-k> see appendix 7, j j! I thought this was a
sections 1-3.] [Disc: This nominalizer wooden printing block, but it is one
is not very productive.] made of iron!
` T`V h LL ` LC kayn n.
| cerem. terms:
S| 'tihri khyo-'gyo 'tini kar-ka portal-like structure spanning the
'loh maah-khu. Ak HL gL path, decorated with religious
U | The weight of the sugar I symbols. [Note: built for protection of
brought today was less than what I the village or region]
asked for.
L ` | di LC L`/ LC L` kayn
'paalo 'bree 'tahp-ka 'loh-sin 'du. kah/ kayni kah n.ph. LL|
place names: Kakani (village on the
L gL C Uj | Oh,
today the rice makes up the expected eastern slope of the Melamchi River
quantity! valley, after Timbu on the way to
Langgyapsa).
-L/
L/-U -ka~-ga clit. |
contrastive focus; contrary to LM` LM` kakta kukti
expectation focus. [Phon: For the adj.ph. Y| very winding.
regular phonological alternations of LM` LM` yH| 'lahm
suffix initial stops and the exception 'kakta kukti peh-ti o-en. t `U
verbs marked with <-k> see appendix t`U U kj| It's a very winding
7, sections 1-3. This alternation also path.
applies to clitics.] [Disc: occurs phrase LM` LM` -L 'kakta
finally and is used very generously] kukti peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. `U
t `U Al t`U U| wriggle (e.g. snake).
` ! 'moh 'or-ti 'mini 'a-la-'ga L` ka n.
amdi-'ya 'phep na 'du-ba! E L 1) , U| marrow.
HL g tj 2) S, | close relative; race.
ACVHj! The practitioner of k` , L``
herbal medicine with his companions `, `-h! 'meehme
finally arrived five minutes after she 'dzamma-'ra 'i-sin, 'ka-'ra 'to-sin,
had died! ni-'thowa! ,
k `U ! , g! The whole family died,
'dzomo 'yihm-ba 'mee-ba-ni 'pahla-'ga the race just died out, how sad!
'du-ba! gUD L UD j! I
L`-
L`- ka- v.t. | fill. [Gram: filling
thought is was a 'dzomo, but it was a
amount may take instr. <-ki>, in
cow!
which case the liquid to be chosen is

42
L`V L`

emphasized] pred.ph.non-erg. HL L | step

` j L`` ! di further than intended or allowed.
'elbu-la thu 'ka-do le! L` - 'kaba paa-
! Fill this bottle with water. pred.ph.non-erg. C tM, Su tM|
` JU L``| di put one's feet down (on the ground);
'elbu-la 'ohma-gi 'ka-do. step onto.
| This bottle you fill L` ` 'kaba pila n.ph.
with milk. Y| thigh (body part). 'L`- m'
L`V kagyur n. L | See also: 'kaba-zuu'.
HEt LL | cerem. utensils: name L` `/ 'kaba
of a religious book. [Note: contains pihba/ pihmba n.ph. y| calf of
some details about creation of the leg.
world] - 'kaba
L` M -
'lahkpa 'or- pred.ph.non-erg. Su
L` kaba n. Su| foot; leg. g M, Q | be paralyzed.
L` M 'kaba kyili n.ph. [Gram: exp. takes gen. <-ki>]
SuL ky| hip joint. L` 'kaba lohma n.ph.
L` T- 'kaba khyoo- L U| top part of foot
pred.ph.non-erg. AU k, U (body part).
(k ALU C L` / M-
k) marriage: a girl who has been 'kaba 'set 'set/ 'seht 'seht 'kyaa-
asked for marriage changes her mind pred.ph.erg. Su kML-kML EwE|
and takes off with/ accepts s.b. else. tap one's feet.
' T-' | See also: 'sem
y- 'kaba-gi o-
L`U y-
khyoo-'. pred.ph.non-erg. y k| walk; go on
L` `` 'kaba 'ahrto foot.
n.ph. SuL | shin (body part). L`U - 'kaba-gi 'nem-
L` kU/ kU/ k 'kaba pred.ph.non-erg. Su Lg| trample
'dzugu/ 'dzugi/ 'dzubi n.ph. SuL on s.th.
K| toe. L`-j 'kaba-'tshii n. Yy
L`- |
L` ` 'kaba 'tiba n.ph. knee.
LLhg| heel (body part). L`-j g- 'kaba-'tshii 'tsuu-
L`-
- 'kaba tuh-
L` ` pred.ph.non-erg. Yy tM| kneel down.
pred.ph.non-erg. Su k| stamp one's
L`-m 'kaba-'zuu n. |
L`-
foot/ feet (on ground). thigh (of humans and animals).
S `U L` `U | 'kho h L` m hU` M
'ihta-gi 'kaba tuh-gu 'du. F J` ! 'tahmu 'kaba-'zuu
Su kj| Oh, he stamps his foot in tii-gi-'ra 'kyilo 'phee oh 'duba!
anger. LSL HEt A L Hj! A
- 'kaba 'thal-
L` - single chicken leg weighs half a kilo!
43
L`` L-
L-

L`-
L`-`/ L`-
L`-g L L katar kotor
'kaba-'tih/ 'kaba-tsoo n. | peh-ti adv.ph. LM
L U| huddled
sole of foot. up.
L`` {-} kali {phu-} n. L L L !
{v.t.} z {M} (L z) 'nohno-ni katar kotor peh-ti 'teh-ku
musical instruments: {blow} human 'du! C LM
L U j! Oh,
bone of lower leg. [Note: blown like a little brother is sitting there huddled
horn; used in lama ceremonies] up!

L` `-
`- kasu ta- pred.ph.erg. L() h-L/ h`-
h`- kadu (E)/
LD nE ()
kadup (W) te-k/ ta-
ceremonies: drive away anticipated pred.ph.non-erg. Lt U, S U| work
hardship by placating the house god/ hard; toil and labour.
spirit. [Note: This is also called l` L h L |
'khaba-gi suma kyo-gen'.] 'moh dibu-'ra 'kadu 'te-ti 'leeh
peh-ku 'du. E Lt U L U
L` `U ML| 'kasu
ta-gen 'bele lii 'kyur-ken. LD j| She is working very hard.
nE U j| During the 'kasu' L L
kandar kundur
ritual millet flour statues are thrown peh-ti adv.ph. L U| huddled up.
out. L L lH |
'roh-la kandar kundur peh-te 'aa-e
Lg g y-
y- katsa matsa o-
'nahle. D L Tj | The
'' | See: 'sem-la'.
corpse is placed into a huddled up
Ll kae n. C| place names:
position.
Raithan (first Yohlmu settlement on
the ridge when coming up from L kandi adj. M ( n
Melamchi Pul). ) thick (of sauces, mashes, milk,
etc.).
L-
L-t/ Lt/ L-
L-t / Lt L L | 'balu 'kandi kahl
ka-ihn/ kain/ ka-ehn/ kaen 'du. ky M Hj| Oh, this grain
n. , L| graciousness. beer is too thick.
h SM l , LlU
L-t ! ti peh khuu-'kyo L-
L- kap- v.t. J| cover.
'yihn-de le, kindo-gi 'ka-ehn 'nahle! ` L L LL|
'yahl 'teh-ken 'bele 'irak 'kap-ken.
L U LL j , L L
! Whatever I could do, it's the grace L Jj| For sleeping

of God! you cover yourself with a quilt.
L-t k-L 'ka-ihn 'dze-k
L- S` Lh ` ` l
pred.ph.erg. L | be gracious. LH| 'khaba 'kap-te-la 'toh-le
tuhma 'aa 'koh-en. Y jE
Lt/
Lt/ Lt kain/ kaen Tj| To build the roof of a
'L-t' | See: 'ka-ihn'.
44
L L

house you first must put the charisma).

horizontal rafters into place. S` t` `UU L
L kapu n. OL | names: M| 'kho-'ra-la ahmyen
personal name. tuh-gen-gi 'ka-bap thop-'kyo. E
kE HL j| He
t`
LM `-
`- kapkyen na- received the gift of playing the string
pred.ph.erg. (hon. of 'barta la-') U instrument.
U (t.) scold. LlU L `U| kindo-gi
Lh kapta n. 'ka-bap na-ge. D j|
1) U, Ly, J| clothes; bed God gives gifts.
covers; (W) also cloth.
L kabe n. L| raw cotton wool.
2) j| roof. [Note: Very rarely L (`) {g-} 'kabe (dure)
'kaptar' is also used for 'roof'.] {'tsuu-} n.(ph.) {v.t.} U {}
S` U Lh | di cerem. utensils: {fix} wick for butter
'khaba 'thoo-gi 'kapta 'yihmba. lamp.
YL j | This is the roof of the
house. L-
L- kam- v.i. M| dry.
Lh LU/ LU| 'kapta L kambu adj. LL | dry.
kehn-gen/ ken-gen. U UE/ [Gram: no excl. form (see appendix 5,
section 1.2)]
UC| dress yourself/ dress s.b.
else. L-/ L l- kam-/ kam 'aa-
L-
v.(ph.)t. LE| dry/ put to dry.
Lh -- 'kapta 'po- pred.ph.erg.
change clothes. [Usage: In transitive contexts 'kam
U |
aa-' is more common.]
-L 'kapta 'u-/
Lh -/ -
pi-k pred.ph.erg. U E, LE| `U ` L l| ah-gi
take off clothes. thama kam 'aa-sin. L
LHL j| I have spread out the
Lh kaptar 'Lh' | See: grain to dry.
'kapta 2)'. U Ly| 'lhaaba-gi kam-o.
L kapi n. , S| house M| The wind will dry it.
parts: supporting post (in houses and
L kama 'L' | See: 'kema'.
temples).
J `U L L h L kame (N) n. Ek, LC|
produce from fields; crops.
| ohle 'en-gi kohmba-la 'kapi
tiiru 'yeh-ba. A U 16 t L M- 'kame 'kyahp-
pred.ph.erg. LE| cultivate fields.
j| And in the old temple
there are 16 supporting posts. L - 'kame 'tuh- pred.ph.erg.
A EwE, LC EwE| harvest.
L {-
{-} ka-bap {thop-} n.
{v.dr.} DL { U} L m-
m-/ L
l-
{receive} gift (in the sense of kayam (N) zo-/ kayam (N)

45
L -L()
peh-ti aa- pred.ph.erg. L T|
divination: bring under control.
`U `M ` L ta-gen'.]
mH! 'yih-gi 'mih 'yo-'kyo-'ya
'nahre-'ra 'kayam 'zo-en!
D A L Tj! The 'tor-ke, ohle kar ta-ge 'ma-en. U
people who are insane (because of
spirit possession) we bring under
control in one moment!
L kayul 'L' | See:
'karyol'.
L-
L- kar- v.t. kT| weigh.
E LL| j L? ! 'thap ni kar? 'mee!
Yohlmu-la 'umali-la 'mahr kar-ken.
YE kSj| In
Helambu butter is weighed with
scales.
LL/ L kar-ka/ kar-lu n.
kSC| weight. '`-' | See ky j| For this pattern you
also: 'loh-'.
J ElU LL / gM L -L()/
| ooh 'sawdi-gi kar-ka yaahbu/
tsokpa ter-ku 'du. EkL kSC
wL/ Yt j| That shopkeeper gives
good/ bad weight.
L-
L- kar- v.semi-r.(E)/ v.dr.(W)
nE| lie on a hard spot.
` ` ` L! 'tihri
ah-la 'yahlsa-la kar-ti! (E) Ak D
Jj n! Last night I lay on a
hard spot!
` ` ` L! 'tihri
ah-la 'yahlsa kar-te! (W) Ak D
Jj n! Last night I lay on
a hard spot!
L `-
`- kar ta- pred.ph.erg.
Lt U| cerem. terms: offer a milk
product instead of blood. [Note:
Offering eggs can be interpreted
either as 'kar ta-gen' or as 'mar
w L V J L, J L
`U H| 'haa ter-ken 'gyaa-la 'ohma
wE k Uj, A gE
j| Instead of offering blood, milk
is sprinkled about, and this is called
'kar tagen'.
L {} kar {du} adj./ adv. {cop.}
ky {j} it's an odd number.
ky L ky? ! Is it an even or an
odd number? Tell me!
J Mh t` L
LH| ooh 'rehmu 'kyahp-te-la
'ohba kar 'koh-en. uL U Y
need an odd number of stitches.
L()/-U() -ka(r)~-ga(r)
num.sf. -t| numeral group. [Phon:
For the regular phonological
alternations of suffix initial stops and
the exception verbs marked with
<-k> see appendix 7, sections 1-3.
Note, however, that numerals ending
in long vowels get shortened and
require the vl. sf. Further, if the
num.sf. is followed by /-'ra/ (which
is frequently the case) doubling (i.e.
lengthening) of the [r] sound does not
occur.]
`L ! yi-kar de-la o!
k AE! Both of you come here!
` ` L` `L`
HM C | 'ti-me 'yihmu-di
'kaba yi-ka-di-'ra 'eks 'rey ten-sin.
AL g SuL HM L|
46
L L

The next day they made an x-ray of L` L S, LM y |

both legs. 'kah-ri karpe 'khawa, karkyen a-sa
h U` ! 'tahmu mihn-du. gL E, L
sum-ga-'ra 'i-di! t LS j! tLk j| There is white snow on
All three hens died! the mountains, but nothing is like the
butter mark.
L {h`-
{h`-} kara {ti-} n. {v.t.
and dt.} tL {} clothing: {put on} Lh kartu n. (hon. of 'ohma' and
cummerbund. 'oh') (t.) milk; curds.
L {-/ -} kara {'u-/ 'ii-} Lh
karten n.
n. {v.t. and dt.} tL L| {take off} 1) P | big star.
cummerbund. 2) OL | names: personal name.
LC karay (N) n. LD| cooking
L karta (N) n. L, gML| small
utensils: small iron pot for frying
knife.
(bowl-shaped with handles).
L` l` -L kar-ta
LL` karku n. p, SyL| aa-da peh-k pred.ph.erg.
window.
S-kS U| lamaisms: weigh and
LL` ` karku 'puba n.ph. keep record of a person's sins and
pL wy gL| house parts: merit. [Note: done in the place of
vertical part of window frame. punishment for the dead (=iyala)
L-
L-M kar-kyahp n. OL by 'ini-thee-gi kyahlbu']
| names: personal name, m. y jU MU M-`
LM karkyi n. OL | names: U L` l` k `U |
personal name. 'ini 'thee-gi 'kyahlbu-gi 'tihkpa-da
'phayin-gi kar-ta 'aa-da 'dze na-ge
LM M- karkyen kyahp- lo. k L S-kS Uj
pred.ph.erg. L tL {UE} cerem. | It is said the judge of the dead
terms: apply dabs of butter on food or
weighs their sins and merits.
drink offered to gods or given as gifts
L` l` J`- kar-ta
to people. 'L' | See also: 'aa-da oh- cl.cop. S-kS |
'yahrka'. lamaisms: there will be weighing and
U gH S LM keeping record of a person's sins and
M LH| 'ahlgar 'tsuu-e merits. [Gram: cl.cop.= general
'belale tahmbe 'kha-la karkyen sum existence]
'kyahp 'koh-en. Lh T LwL
L S wE L tL L karna marna n.ph. k,
Ej| When you present a k (tPtP `U Ly) scraps
ceremonial gift of alcohol, you must of cloth.
apply three dabs of butter on the U ` jL L
bottle's mouth. LH| pohmbo-'ya-gi 'suhbu

47
L L

'the-ken 'bele karna 'marna-'ya L karmu adj. `UL |

'koh-en. nP U S tPtP colours: white (used only for white
`U LyL k gj| When female animal).
the shaman sacrifices an animal to the J k Ll | ohle
spirits some scraps of colored cloth 'dzomo karmu-i 'tor-sin 'du lo. A
are needed. HEt gUD Hj | And a white
'dzomo' got lost.
L karpu adj. | colours: white.
M- karpu 'kya-'tele
L M- L karmu n. LtL | names:
adj.ph. Ek | colours: very white. personal name, f.
w ! M` L M- L/ L/ L karyol/
L ! 'haa then raah-di! kayul/ kalyor n. HL LL
'lahkpa-'ra karpu 'kya-'tele kahl 'du!
Lg| household utensils: small china
U LL Hj! He lost bowl. [Note: cup-size, used for serving
a lot of blood! His hand has become salt tea]
all white!
L/ L/ L l
L karpu n. LtL | names: karyol/ kayul/ kalyor mehnda
personal name, m. n.ph. LD UHL Lg| household
utensils: small enamel bowl.
L karma n.
1) | star. L` karsa n. OL | names:
2) t| minute. personal name.
L h` kU Ctt L {M-} kahrta (E)
L| karma teea-ze-la-'ga 'balla {kyahp-} n. {v.t.} {E} {build}
'bas 'isar kahl-sin. t fence. 'J' | See: 'ohrta
tt | Finally, after about 15 (W+E)'.
minutes the motor of the bus started.
3) OL | names: personal name. L` {J`-} kahrna {oh-}
4) | day of week. n. {v.i.} Sy {} {be} a drought.
h L J`U? ti karma-la L` J` `U,
oh-ge? L AEj? Which day will J L| kahrna
you come? oh-si-'ma-na 'baali 'rebe noh-ge,
L h? karma ti? L ? What ohle 'mih 'tooba 'lih-ken. Sy
day of the week is it? [Note: t j, A L
'*kaahndi karma?' is not used.] j| When there is a drought the
` L | 'tihri crops fail and people go hungry.
karma 'sombar 'yihm-ba. Ak L` -L kahrna 'teh-k
pred.ph.e. Sy | drought
| Today is Monday.
persists.
- karma ta- pred.ph.erg. U
L -
| observe auspicious days. L kahrpa adj. | strong in
taste. '' | See also: 'haa
48
L` L

(W)'. L-
L- kal- v.dt. LE| load.
` ` g L L | -tU J y- `
'tihri ''those 'martsa kahrpa kahl 'du. `U L | 'min-'ohlma-gi ooh
Ak L Hj| Oh, today ul-'mih yii-la lehgu 'kal 'du lo.
the curry is too peppery. -t C tU S wC
h L| 'tah kahrpa. Ly `UL | Min-Tohlma gave the two travelers
g| strong tea. a message to carry.
h j L| 'tah 'tsha kahrpa. L`-
L`- / L`-
L`-
g gL| too salty tea. kala-seeh/ kala-siih n. |
h h L| 'tah 'tini kahrpa. fruits: a kind of sour fruit (malla
g g gL| too sweet tea. dubla). [Note: used to make chutney]
j` L| tha kahrpa. jHL
ky, Ly M| strong beer, strong L {y-
{y-/ -L} kalam {o-/
whisky peh-k} n. {v.i./t.} L, t
{/ U} {have} a disagreement;
L`/ L` kahri/ {make} a fuss; {have} an argument.
kahi n. P| work utensils: pole. ` L L|
L` LH| tamra-la 'mih-'ya nah-la kalam kahl-sin.
kahi ter 'koh-en. D P
L | An
j| Beens must have poles. argument arose among the people.
L kal (N) n. U l L `
1) L, A, Ahj| cerem. terms: L| 'moh-gi tam 'phema-i-la kalam
inauspicious sign on the calendar. mahbu peh-ken. E L
L t` T`l L Uj| She makes a big fuss
`U| 'kal-la 'paar-'tii-si-'ma-na about little things.
'ohba khyo-de meh-yoh-ge.
L kalam malam ''
kS A S | See: 'sem'.
U| You must not get married on
a day which has the inauspicious sign L kalama n. OL |
names: personal name.
of "kal".
2) L| machine. L L
kale kaahbu (W) adj.ph.
Lh gU L| 'kapta 'tsem-ge HL Aw, HL U| very
'kal. U E L| sewing machine. ' | See:
difficult. 'S L
L A 'kal 'ama n.ph. T 'khenda kaahbu (E)'.
Ck| engine. h L L | di tam
LSU L A j 'lop-te-la 'kale 'kaahbu meeh.
| di 'kaar-'khana-gi 'kal 'ama MD U j| It is not very
'the-o di 'yihm-ba. LSL T difficult to learn this language.
Ck | This is the main engine
L `
kalda tuhbu n.ph.
of this factory.
L S| trees: silver fir.
49
L LL

L kaldo (E) n. SL U| of Yohlmu, in the upper Tadi Khola

share of food. '' | See: 'bo valley, north of Kulu.
(W)'.
L kah n. U (UL
T AU k` L U) bit (for the horse).
L| 'khyim 'ama-gi 'meehme
L U L hU mM J`U|
'dzamma-la-'ra 'kaldo 'keeh ter-ken. tabu-gi 'kah taa-gi 'zo-'kyo oh-ge.
Y A D S YyL U HL j| The
yj| The mother of the home bit for the horse is made of iron.
dishes out to each family member his
share of food. L- kah- v.dr./t. | be fond of;
like s.th. or s.b. ' L-' |
L kalba n. U| age (time span). See also: 'sem kah-'.
/ ` kalba
L M ` LH| ah-la 'he 'kah-en.
'tuhkpu/ 'ehmba n.ph. LU
D A j| I like potatoes.
(S U) bad age. LU J LE |
L m` kalba zabu n.ph. karma-gi ooh piihmi-la 'kah-w 'du.
U, L U| good age; L LtD Ej| Karma
preceding age. likes that girl.
L kalyor 'L' | See: L 'kah-wa adj. S, A|
'karyol'. well-off; prosperous.
L kawa n. (C Lt HL Ll ! de-la 'kah-wa-i 'du!
) house parts: post; pole. [Note: in A j! It's lovely here!
houses, sheds, or outside, with forked T L A! khye-ni 'kah-wa
top] 'aah! M A! You are
well-off!
L h-L kawa te-k pred.ph.erg.
(poetic for 'kadu(p) te-k') S U, LL/
/ LML kahkala/
U| endure hardship; work
kahkkala (W) adv. HL, A|
hard. extremely, very much. 'LL
'
hU t L hL
| See: 'kaahkala (E)'.
g y H hA` ! J T h t` `U
'tomdende-gi loh 'uuh 'kawa 'te-ke LL` k L | ohle
'bela-le 'tsamba 'u 'ma-e-di ti-'a 'khyim tii 'ohro yii-gi piihmi
maah-seh-ba! U j kahkala-'ra thimbu 'dzamu 'yeh-ken
'du lo. A jLL C A
A, w L SH!
When Buddha was enduring hardship H | And the two close
for six years, he ate no flour or grains neighbor ladies got along with each
at all! other extremely well.
J -h` U
L kair n. wEL | place
y
LL` ` L
names: settlement in the western part
! ohle 'moh-ni "tah pohmbo-gi
50
L` L`-

'yuhl-la meh-no" 'mee-de kahkala-'ra L` U | 'kah-di

'tuhal peh 'teh-ke 'nahle! A E 'ahl-ge 'samma. S| full to
E nPL UE k overflowing.
U j! She said, "I am not going L` 'kah qt. | full; whole.
to the village of the north shaman!" ` L`| 'yihma 'kah.
And she worried terribly. | the whole day.
L` kah n. yy| hill; low L`
/ L` L

()
mountain. 'kah 'yeh-ba/ 'kah 'yeh-ken(-di)
qt.ph. HL| everything at hand;
L`-L 'kah-kar n. |
snow mountains. everybody present; the full amount.
L`-g 'kah-'tse n. yyL t| t y SU
top of hill. L` L| 'mehme pohmbo-la
'iih o-si-'ma-na 'kho-gi 'kah 'yeh-ba
L`- 'kah-daa n.
e ter-ken. nP kD U
(j) spirits: dangerous being
living in the mountains. [Note: E Cj| If you go and
sometimes also called 'kah-gi taa'; ask grandfather shaman he will tell
its footprints can sometimes be seen; you everything.
possibly an animal (yeti?)] L`V 'kahgya qt. | all full;
all over.
L` 'kahdo n. y yy|
hill. L L`V ! kayul 'kah-gya
'luu! L ! Poor a full cup!
L` 'kah-ba n. yy UEL
SL| person living on a hill. L`- -L 'kah-nee peh-k
pred.ph.erg. U| do whatever
L` t ! di 'kah-ba
'pai 'yihm-ba! yy UEL SL ! occurs to you.
This is the group from the hill! S S` L`- L ! 'kho
'kho-'ra 'kah-nee peh-ku 'du! F
L`-` 'kah-'luh n./ adj.
yy S, g AU| mountainous U j! He is doing whatever
country. he likes!
L`-` ` | S`U S L`- | khu-gi
Yohlmu-la 'kah-'luh mahbu 'du. 'kho-la 'kah-nee peh-sin. E
yy S j| Oh, ED U| They did everything
Yohlmu is a very mountainous to him (i.e. treated him badly).
country. L` - -L 'kah nee-nee
peh-k pred.ph.erg. A U|
L`- kah- v.i. , | fill treat s.b. according to one's own
up; be full. [Gram: filling amount must whims and wishes. [Gram: undg. takes
take instr. <-ki>] <-ki thoo-la>]
M jU L`| di nekyi L` - ``
thu-gi 'kah-sin. y | L
` L, J A`
This pot is full of water.
H| 'mih 'thoo-la 'kah nee-nee
51
L` L`

peh 'yuh-na 'keehna peh-ken, ohle L`, L`, J L`'

mihn-si-'ma-na tam-'a meh-'ma-en. | See also: 'ohze kah-la, di
A U H Ej, C kah-la, ooh kah-la'.
| If he gets to treat people
L U ` yH L` T `
according to his own whims and L| 'yih o-e 'kah-la khye lep-'ra
wishes, he is happy, but if not, he mah-lep 'yehken. wE jy
won't even speak to you. ACUL H| When we left you
L` (`)/ L` (`) hadn't arrived yet.
'kahye (-'ra)/ 'kahyi (-'ra) qt. yy L`| o-o-pa 'kah-la.
H L| everything; all; k k| after having walked for
including. some time.
h` ` MU T L`| 'khyaabu 'kah-la.
L` l ! 'yuhrma tii-'ra ky | during the cold
pi-to 'mee-ba-ni 'kyahgar 'kahye pi season.
'aa 'du! n ES L L
L`-SL kah-kharka n.
ESj! I told him to pull out only U`-SL| place names: Kahng-Kharka.
the weeds, but he pulled out the [Note: one of the two villages east of
millet as well! Langgyapsa behind the ridge on the
L`` J`| 'mih western slope of Yangri Khola. The
'kahye-'ra oh-sin. k AH| All inhabitants are "Sherpa", i.e. they
the people came. speak a different dialect, which
A` 'kahye-i-'a
L`lA` Yohlmowas find difficult to
temp.pp. | even while. [Gram: understand.] '``' | See
vs+-ken + temp.pp.] also: 'pahda'.
w ML L`lA` h
l? 'mih 'hii 'kyahp-ken L`k kahdzi '`k' | See:
'kahye-i-'a ti ta-e? A HL 'yadzi'.
L ? Why are you looking L`-
kah-yuhl n. U`U|
even while he/she is taking a bath? place names: Gangjawal (village on the

L` () kah-la loc. | on eastern slope of the Melamchi River,

top of (e.g. on top of shoulder, head, about 1 1/2 hours' walk north of
etc.). Sermathang on the way to
Langgyapsa).
U L` l yE |
'yuhldum goo 'kah-la 'aa-di o-w L`- (
) `-
'du. F L tEL S k j| kah-suhr (peh-ti) yahl-
He is walking along with a bundle on pred.ph.non-erg. Lt U | lie on
top of his head. one's side.
L` () kah-la temp.pp. , L` ( ) `-
| at the time of "verbing". 'Jk kahyal (peh-ti) yahl-

52
L-j Ly

pred.ph.non-erg. E U | lie on the leaders and lamas of that village

one's back. held counsel, and they decided that
L` ` - kahyal they would have thangkas painted.
dae rihl- pred.ph.non-erg. E L-w kah-hi q.w. L SL|
y| fall flat on one's back. how; what kind.
L-j/
/ L-j S L-w ? 'kho 'kah-hi
kah-thewa/ kah-thowa q.w. 'mih 'du-ba? F L SL j j?
L w? how big?. What kind of a person is he?
L L-j l? 'kee 'kah-hi peh-ti
L-w
'kah-'thowa ten-de? L L? adv.ph. L U, L| which way; in
How high (or loud) shall I sing? which manner.
Lk kahze q.w. L| how much; L-w h? di 'leeh
how many. 'kah-hi peh-ti peh-te? L L
` Lk M? di U? How is this work done?
'mehlo-la 'kahze ter-'kyo? I L
L / L kahna thete/
L LL? How much did you give kahne thete loc.ph. k |
for this mirror? wherever (you like); everywhere.
Lk ? 'kahze 'bat-'tii-ba? L L- `, L !
l? What's the time? 'theka-sire su, 'kahne 'thete 'uuh-di
Lk 'kahze excl. L| how...! mah-teh! kF, E !
(exclamatory). [Gram: 'kahze' + Go there straight, don't enter and stay
exclamatory adj.] wherever you like.
Lk h`! 'kahze 'taa! L L -/ L - 'kahna
gS! How clever! nee-nee/ 'kahne nee-nee loc.ph. k
Lk / Lk 'kahze Vj | wherever (you) wish;
'ma-na/ 'kahze 'ma-'ma qt.ph. k H wherever (you can think of).
| as many as you like. L - jA` L`
Lk 'kahze-ba q.w. LL| l! kahne neene tshol-de-'a
how well; how much. [Note: may refer kaah-'la mahn-dor! k Sk
to quantity or quality] L C! I looked for it wherever I
could think of, but I haven't found it
Lt -L kahi peh-k
pred.ph.erg. (lamaistic) U| hold anywhere!
counsel. Ly/ Ly/ Ly kahnu/
J U U-` lU kahnu-m(u) q.w./ excl. L?,L!
Lt `U l
y| how...?; how...! (exclamatory).
ooh 'yuhl-gi goba-da lama thamdi-gi Ly ! di 'mehndo
'kahi peh-ti thagu 'pruh-e 'mee-di 'kahnu-mu yaah-ba! L !
'sala ii-sin. UEL S What beautiful flowers!
`L T U| All 'kahnu-m(u)
Ly
53
Ly L

peh-ti q.ph. L| which way. same thing as a few days ago!

T t `k`U `U L- kahp- v.t. tM| bite
? 'khya ooh
Ly ` l (preceded by snapping). 'A -'
nahdza-gi tam 'yih-gi 'kahnumu | See also: 'aa tap-'.
peh-ti 'oh ee-e? L L
MU LL| di 'kyibu-gi
L E? How shall we 'mih-la 'kahp-ken. LL jD
know what's going on among the two
tMj| This dog bites people.
of you?
Ly 'kahnu-m 'ma-na L kahpa 'L ' | See:
cond.dep.pred.ph. L | in any case. 'kehpa'.
[Disc: S introducer] L kahpu (W) adj. w| big.
L Ly | 'sarki [Gram: no excl. form (see appendix 5,
'kahnum 'ma-na 'mih 'yihm-ba. L section1.2)]
k H | In any case the J k ` j L L
leather worker is also a human being. L | ohle-ni pehza yii 'tshar-te
Ly 'kahnu-m kahpu kahpu kahl-de lo. A Ct
'ma-si-'ma-na cond.dep.pred.ph. L hg L w w Hj | And the
| to explain how. [Disc: S two children grew and became big.
introducer]
L kahpu 'L ' | See:
Ly , CyU U 'kehpu'.
M l` M
`U| 'kahnu-m 'ma-si-'ma-na, L-t kahp-ih (E) n. SL|
di 'Indiya-gi 'pahl-le-gi thaa-'kyo tehn big, curved knife (Nepali dagger).
thamdi-'ra 'yahr peeh-gi 'kyahmi ' | See: 'uhgu (W)'.
'tU
'yuhl-la ta-ge. L , Cy L-t m- 'kahp-'ih zer-
U L
Ug
g pred.ph.erg. SL | gird a dagger.
wEj| To explain how it works, all L-t - 'kahp-'ih 'thoo-
the carpets woven with this Indian pred.ph.erg. SL | carry a dagger.
wool are sent up to the Chinese in L-t - | 'kahp-'ih
Tibet. lehm-lehm 'thoo-di. gL SL
H| with an unsheathed and
Ly kahnu-bar (W) q.w./ flashing dagger.
excl. L| how?; how! (exclamatory).
L-t - |
'Ly' | See: 'kahnu-mu (E)'. 'kahp-'ih 'mar lehm-lehm 'thoo-di. U
, T Ly U HL SL H| with a bloody
Ay ` ! pohmo, khye dagger.
daanu 'kahnu-bar 'mee-ba 'ahna-bar
'mee 'teh-to loh! j, A L kahba n. | Newari
L L , goldsmith.
S ! Daughter, keep saying the gM M LU
L| di ser yaahbu tsokpa tahkar
54
L L

'kahba-gi peh-ken. SLL y gj| To fix

g Uj| The the handle to a khukuri blade you
Newari goldsmith will ascertain need black resin.
whether this is pure gold or not. -yU Sh L`! di
phul-'in-gi 'khaptu kahr-to!
L kahm n. L| work utensils:
box; chest. LL L E! Put the lid onto
this fountain pen.
Ll` kahm-du n. L|
work utensils: small chest. LL LL kahrak kohrok
adj./ n. g AU| obstacles on paths
L kahma n. ty
| hair of grain
ears. (rocks, etc.).
h`-` kE L ` `, j LL LgL
J`U| tada-da 'dzaw-la 'kahma J`U|
mahbu oh-ge. L kL ty 'lahm-la i 'tsherma 'kahrak 'kohrok

'leehmu-'ya sal-si-'ma-na 'phayin
j| The barely and oat ears have
lots of hair. oh-ge. t HL Lw, Ly, ny
A t j| If you clear
L kahmu 'L
' | See: the path of obstacles like fallen trees
'kehmu'. or thorny brushwood you gain merit.
LV {-} kahmgya {pruh-} L` L`/ U` U`
n. {v.t.} kL {T} kahra kohro (E)/ gara
marriage: {make} written marriage
goro (W) adj./ n. `U
`U
HL,
contract with agreements for HL| rocky, uneven
restitution in the case of divorce (an (ground).
optional custom). L` L` ` L y LE
L kU U | 'kahra 'kohro nah-le phar-ki o
U LV H| paahma peh-ken 'koh-w 'du. `U
`U
t k
'bela-le 'pandza-'ya-gi piihmi-gi j| Oh, we have to go through this
'laagi-la kahmgya 'pruh-en. rocky area.
US Lt QL j LtL U
kL Ej| When L- kahl- vs.perf. kL
getting married the witnesses write a QL | perfect aspect base of 'o-'
marriage agreement for the woman. (to go).

L kahyen 'L' | See: L kahlda n. | bag. [Note:

'kahwun'.
L- kahr- v.t. UE| push onto;
fix s.th. by inserting s.th; push onto.
L-t LL
l LH| 'kahp-'ih-la yohwa
kahr-ken 'bela-le 'laha 'koh-en.
made of cotton material, used for
keeping flour]
L {j-} kahlba {thaa-} n.
{v.i.} {k} {get/ end up with}
scales of dirt (on the skin).
L` M w` w

55
L L
L jH| 'kaba 'lahkpa-'ya
'hu-'ra mih-'hu-si-'ma-na 'kahlba
thaa-en. Su L H L 'mih, kaah-gi 'mih? ? A LL j,
kj| If you don't wash your feet
and hands you end up with scales of
dirt on them.
L/ L
kahwun (E)/
kahyen (W) n. LP| foods:
cucumber.
L` kahi 'L`' |
See: 'kahri'.
L() kahi(-le) conj. (poetic;
elevated) Lt, | conjunctions: in
case; in the event that.
L M event that).
! pohmo kahi-le ter-na 'lahmo
'kyahp-la mah-ter! j
yy Lt ! In case you give
away your daughter, don't give her to
a place behind the mountains!
L- kaa- v.t. M, jM| stop;
obstruct.
` L ` L y LL
h| 'tihri 'pulis-ki 'yih-la
'kaa-di o maah-tu-ba. Ak D
L k H| Today the
police stopped us, and did not let us
go (where we wanted to go).
Ll kaai n. OL | names:
personal name, m.
Lt/
t/ Ly kaani/ kaane (N)
(W) n. C| work utensils: knitting
needle. 'C' | See: 'suyro (E)'.
L kaandar (N) adj./ n. L,
yj| easily alarmed; overanxious.
L kaami (N) n. L| blacksmith.
L kaah q.w. L| where.
LU , LU ?? di kaah-gi
LL j?? Where could this
person be from? ?
L() kaah(-la) q.w. L|
where.
J L ? ooh 'mih
kaah-la 'du-ba? L j?
Oh, where is that person?
- kaah-la nee-nee
L
loc.ph. k V| wherever (you)
like.
A` kaah-le-'a conj. ,
L
Lt| conjunctions: in case (in the
LA` J` S `
`U `` ! kaah-le-'a oh
miih-khu-si-'ma-na ah-la lehgu
ta-do loh! AE L D
S wE ! In case you should not
be able to come please send me a
message!
kaahkala (E) adv. HL,
A| very much; extremely. 'LL'
| See: 'kahkala (W)'.
J LL `
` | ohle 'moh-ni kaah-kala
'ita 'lah-sin 'du lo. A ED A
Ewj | And then she became very
angry.
t` LL ! di
ahmyen-ni kaah-kala yaahbu 'du!
t` HL j! Oh, this string
instrument is extremely beautiful!
L kaahndi q.w. L g| which
one.
? di
` L U
'aahma yii-la kaahndi yaahbu
56
L Ll

nee-ge? Ct ( Lk j t t l LL|
jy Ly) Lg Vj? kindzam-la 'thee 'aah-de 'aah-de
Which one of these two back-aprons 'uu 'koh-ke. U j|
do you like better? During the retreat they must keep
reading the religious books.
L
kaahbu adj. U| difficult.
'S L' | See also: Ll {`-
{`-} kindam {na-}
'khenda kaahbu'. n. {v.i./t.} (hon. of 'ahpru tham-')
S h L J`U | h (t.) {perform} a dance.
'kho-la de-la 'teh-te-la 'kaahbu oh-gu L `U Ll `U | 'mih
'du. ED D U j| keehgen-'ya kindam na-gu 'du.
Oh, it is difficult for him to stay here. - h j| Oh, the
L -L 'kaahbu peh-k old people are dancing.
pred.ph.non-erg. Aw | be
Ll kindo n. t U |
unwilling (to do s.th.). creator God.
S yl L L | 'kho h SM l , LlU
o-e-la 'kaahbu peh-ku 'du. F k
L-t ! ti peh khuu-'kyo
U j| Oh, he is unwilling to 'yihn-de le, kindo-gi 'ka-ehn 'nahle!
go.
L U LL j , L L
L`U kiga 'L`U' | See: Whatever I could do, it's the grace
'kihga'. of God!
L(L)/
L(L)/ L(L) `-/ `- Ll(U) L -
kiti(k)/ kihti(k) oo-/ aa oo- kindo(-gi) 'taarik 'uh- (E)
pred.ph.erg. LEL E| tickle. pred.ph.erg. LL gv | cast
lots (to distribute responsibilities).
`U ` LL `H| 'Pasa-gi
'yih-la 'kitik oo-en. ` D Ll(U) L -
-/ -
-
LEL Ej| Pasang is always
kindo(-gi) 'taarik thop-/ bap-
tickling us. pred.ph.dr. gv | lot falls to s.b.
(for a certain responsibility).
L (`) kin (-'ra) qt. , `U| Ll ` l M-
M-
the whole. [Usage: collocates only kindo pabu 'aa-di 'na 'kyal-
with 'luhba'] pred.ph.erg. L L S|
` L` M` J`U| ceremonies: oath performed in the
'luhba 'kin-'ra 'kyasae oh-ge. 'kohmba' to establish a person's
El j| The whole world/ innocence or guilt.
region is light. Ll kindo sum n.ph.
Lk kindzam n. (hon. of DL | lamaisms: the essence
'tsham') HL wE of lamaism. [Note: i.e. (1) 'sagye
L L U kindo': the deity; (2) 'thee
(t.) retreat (lama's); seclusion. kindo': knowledge and teaching; (3)

57
L` -L

'genden kindo': the priesthood L/ L-

/ M/
(ulgu, lama, kehlo)] M- (`) kihnup/
, J Ll U H| kih-nuhp/ kyihnup/ kyih-nuhp
'paapi 'su 'du-ba, ooh-di-ni kindo (yihmu) temp.(ph.) g AY| four
sum-gi ta-en. L j, days ago.
U j| God will Ll L kihndi pako n.ph.
decide who is the guilty one.
Yt t| place names: Ghope Pai
L` {`
-} kindi {tuh-} n. (lodge settlement between harepai
} work utensils: {tread
{v.t.} L {Lt and Gosainkuna).
on} device for husking grains.
L/ M/ L
/ M
kihpu/
L kii (W) n. E| insects and kyihpu/ kehpu/ kyehpu adj.
worms: flea. 'LM' | See: U| expensive. [Gram: no excl. form
'kiikpa (E)'. (see appendix 5, section1.2)]
LU A ! 'kii-gi aa L/ M kihbe/ kyihbe temp.
'tap-te 'nahle! E tM ! The
Y ( j) in three
AYL
flies bit me! years (three years ahead).
LM/
LM/ MM kiikpa/ -L/
L/-U/-
U/-C 1 -ki~-gi/-y sf. -|
kyiikpa (E) n. E| insects and ergative; instrumental; reason
worms: flea. 'L' | See: 'kii
(causer). [Phon: For the regular
(W)'. phonological alternations of suffix
J LMU ` `` initial stops see appendix 7, sections
h, L`` A ! 1-3; and for the deletion of
ooh-la 'kiikpa-gi 'ah-la yahl-'ra intervocalic /g/ see appendix 6,
maah-tu-ba, 'nuhp 'kah-'ra aa section 11.]
'tap-ti! E D H,
S`U l ` `
tL! There the fleas did not t`U| khu-gi lohemba 'yambu
let me sleep, they bit me the whole 'yambu 'mahni 'ah-gen. E
night!
U UU Ej| They
L`U/
U/ L`U kihga/ kiga n. sing ritual prayers together with the
(poetic) g | winter. prayer specialist.
Ll kiha n. wEL | place C w T`U l `
names: small village on the eastern LH| lama-y 'lahmna 'hi-ti
slope of the Melamchi River valley, khyo-ge-mu 'darpu 'tho 'koh-en.
below Sermathang, near Kolama. (D) Ly
yE E Sj| When the
L`/
`/ M` kihni/ kyihni lama leads (the corpse) with the long
temp. L ( AY) three white cloth it must look fittingly.
years ago. J L ` `V|

58
-L L

ooh 'ahmu-di yahp-ki ah-la miih-khu-e(-gi) 'mih-'ya-la 'dzara

na-'gyo. t g D 'kyal-de-la ta-ge 'nahle. Ut Lt

HL | My father gave me that MD Sk E wEj |
hat. The people who are not able to break
`C L-tU ML, T! up stones are sent to take the snacks
ah-y 'kahp-'ih-gi 'se-ti 'kyur-ken, (to the workers).
khye-la! D SL Lt j! I
-L/
L/-U/-
U/-C
-ki~-gi/-y peh-ti
am going to kill and finish you off adv.ph. -, - U| instrumental;
with my dagger! through the mediation of. [Phon: For
L U M the regular phonological alternations
` U `U L| of suffix initial stops see appendix 7,
'yuhl-la 'teh-ken 'mih-gi yopta sections 1-3; and for the deletion of
'kyahp-na-ni i meeh-ba-gi intervocalic /g/ see appendix 6,
meh-yoh-gen kahl-sin. UE section 11.]
j S ED E D S A `U yH|
| When the people in the villages 'khawa-ni 'ama 'yihma-gi 'iih-de
want to cook, they can't because they o-en. E Y Uj V kj|
have no firewood. The snow melts when the sun shines.
-L/
L/-U/-
U/-C 2 -ki~-gi/-y sf. -L M L U
(ALgL, LL gL) h `| taah 'kyohwa
possessive; genitive; optional peh-ke 'bela lama-gi peh-ti 'mih-la
adjectivizer. [Phon: For the regular tihmba ta-sin. Y (Z) US
phonological alternations of suffix U AD C| At the
initial stops see appendix 7, sections time of the death rites the people are
1-3; and for the deletion of given food through the mediation of
intervocalic /g/ see appendix 6, the lama.
section 11.] [Gram: With personal
L` kiisa n. OL | names:
possessive pronouns <-ki> is often personal name.
omitted.]
S`U A L` L| L M- kiih kyahp- pred.ph.dr.
khu-gi ani 'kalimpo-la 'yehken. EL Yt , M | have a loss.
L` C| Their paternal L ` L
aunt was in Kalimpong. ML| kar-lu yaahbu ter-na-ni
ah-la 'kiih meh-'kyahp-ken.
J` ``U |
ooh-di-'ra 'yune-gi tehnda kS D Yt | If you

'yihm-ba. L A | give me good weight I will not have a
That is the meaning of fasting. loss.
Ut ` SH(U) k L/ M (`) kiih/ kyiih
Ml `U | 'gii tuh (yihmu) temp.(ph.) g j| in

59
L -L

four days (four days ahead). -L/-U -ku~-gu sf. PD E

` M ` S` yH| ah A| verb stem nominalizer.
'kyiih 'yihmu 'khaba-la o-en. g [Phon: For the regular phonological
j Y kj| I will go home in alternations of suffix initial stops and
four days. the exception verbs marked with
<-k> see appendix 7, sections 1-3.]
L ku n. (hon. of 'zubu') kE
[Disc: This nominalizer is not very
(t.) body.
productive, except in the aux.ph.
- 'ku sil- pred.ph.non-erg.
L -
(hon. of 'zubu hu-') E (t0) <-ku> + 'the-k, see next entry.]
take a bath. `U HU ``U l! ah-gi
'ma-e-gi tam 'yihn-gu 'oo! L
L `U | 'mehme 'ku sil
na-gu 'du. k E j| L S! Take note of what I am
Grandfather is taking a bath. saying!
L J`- 'ku silbu oh- J` ` L `U | ohra
pred.ph.non-erg. (hon. of 'khyaa-') ky yii-di ter-ku leh-gu meeh. CL
(t0) be cold. j| We don't owe each other
anything.
L J`U | 'yibi-la 'ku
silbu oh-gu 'du. lD ky
j| -L/-U j-L -ku~-gu the-k
Oh, grandmother feels cold! aux.ph. M| be able to keep up with
the activity of vs. [Phon: For the
L- 1 ku- v.t. E, | apply s.th;
-' | See also:
rub in. 't regular phonological alternations of
'uhl-'. suffix initial stops and the exception
verbs marked with <-k> see appendix
/ LU | 'men/ 'num 'ku-gen.
7, sections 1-3.] [Gram: vs+aux.ph.]
K/ E| apply medicine/ oil.
k yU j?- j| di
L- 2 ku- v.t. g| steal. [Usage: rare, pehza ogu 'the-pa? - 'the-sin.
more commonly 'kumen kyahp-'] hg y M? M| Was this
L/ Ly {l`-
`-} ku/ kuna child able to keep up with you on the
{a-} n. {v.t.} {E} {make} way? - Yes.
an idol; statue. [Usage: 'ku/ kuna' is k yU jL? di
the same as 'dzogu/ dzo-ku'.] pehza 'lahm-la o-gu 'the-ko-'wa?
J Ly l`UU L L| hg t y M ? Will this
` L` l` j| ohle 'kuna child be able to keep up with us?
'a-gen-gi 'leeh 'baaki 'yehken. 'ti-le (when walking).
'ku-'yaa 'a 'tshar-sin. A E SUA` ` tU jL ?
L L | j CH| 'kho-gi-'a rooh 'yambu 'aah-gu
Then the making of the idols was left the-ko le? E U M ?
to do. Later the idols were also Do you think he will be able to keep
finished. up with his friend in reading?

60
-L LM

SU LH L jL? LL kuku n. LC| birds: cuckoo.

'kho-gi ter 'koh-en pela-'ya ter-ku
LL {g-U/ g-
g-} kuku {tse-g(E)/
the-ko-'wa? E tsa-(W)} n. {v.t.} ` {S} swing.
M ? Will he be able to give the `A` LL gl, t! ah-'a
things he needs to give? 'kuku 'tsa-e, oohbu! ` Sj,
-L/-U/-E/-
E/-/-
/-L/-
L/-U l! I also want to swing, my
-ku~-gu~-w~-wa~-ko~-go vsf. - special friend!
(A Q kE PL A) LL(L) -L kuku(k) teh-k
imperfect aspect. [Phon: For the '` -L' | See: 'noma
regular phonological alternations of teh-k'.
suffix initial stops and the exception
verbs marked with <-k> see appendix LM`/
`/ LM
` kukti/ kuhkti
7, sections 1-3. For more details on adj. `U| bent (e.g. of a tree, not at
the imperfect aspect see the same the top but at the middle or lower
appendix, section 3.1.] [Gram: This part, stick, path). 'L ' |
M
suffix does not occur pred.phrase See also: 'kuuh-'kyo'.
final; it must be followed by an ` LM` T LH| tah
auxiliary.] kukti peh-ti 'khyer 'koh-en. L
S J`U | 'kho oh-gu 'du. F YH j| You must speak with
AE j| He is just coming. contour tones.
` yE | ah o-w 'yeh. k j| ` LM` | tohbo 'rin
I am about to go. kukti 'du. SL `U j| Oh,
J`U L| the tree trunk is crooked.
'yibi-la-ni petam oh-go 'yeh-ke. LM -L kukpa teh-k
lD L AE| Grandmother pred.ph.non-erg. (
used to know stories. U) fast. [Note: go without
U ` U ` | food and, if done strictly, also without
'tohm-gi sah-wa-'ra magi noh 'du. talking]
SHL L Uj | Because the j M
` k` LM
bears came to feed on it the corn L| tsheeba 'kyeeh-la 'yih
harvest is spoiled. 'dzamma-'ra kukpa 'teh-ken. Aw
J` SU L `U j| On the eighth day
L| taah ohra
L L of the lunar month we all fast.
'kho-gi peh-ko-'wah ah-gi LM ` kukpa 'yihmu n.
peh-ko-'wah 'mee-di kuuh-di 'teh-ken. gyL | festivals: 3rd
A E U U S day of 'yune'. [Note: participants
L j| Now we are waiting for fast completely, and also abstain from
each other to act (and nobody is talking]
doing anything). LM ` hA` l

61
LU L

`U, A` l `U| k n Tj| The two of

kukpa 'yihmu-di ti-'a sah-e them put all their money into a
meh-yoh-ge, tam-'a 'ma-e common fund.
meh-yoh-ge. L S
L`/ jL` kuu/ theku n.

| On the fasting
, L U | cerem. utensils: lamp stand for
day you are not allowed to eat butter lamp.
anything; you are also not allowed to
L` L t g LH| 'kuu-la
talk. 'kabe 'ihl-di 'tsuu 'koh-en. U
LU kugar 'L' | See: L j| The raw cotton
'kuwar'. wool must be twisted and put into the
lamp stands
L`- ku- v.t. ShE| pull up
limbs. Lh kuta (N) adj. `U| crippled.
L` L` L| 'kaba ku-di [Usage: offensive if said in presence of
'teh-ken. Yy
ShH | sit with the person concerned] 'St'
knees pulled up. | See also: 'khoo'.
M L` `! 'lahkpa phar ` AlC L` Lh L
ku peh-to! E ShF! Bend AlC U, St
your arm towards the other side! L LH| 'yih 'ai-y
'kaba 'kuta kahl-di 'yeh-ba 'ma-na
L` ku n. n| common fund.
'ai-y sem-la 'phoo-ge, 'khoo kahl-di
` ` L`U Sg
'yeh-ba 'ma 'koh-en. L Su
L| di 'paalo 'rah 'rah mihm-ba
ku-gi 'khartsa peh-ken. Sy j D Vj,
A-A C Sg Uj| This Lk j j| If you say "our
time we will pay the expenses from sister's foot is crippled" she feels hurt,
the common fund, not each one you must say "her foot is incomplete".
separately. Ll` {`-
{`-} kua {ta-} n.
L` ku-la 'yeh pred.ph.cop. {v.t.} (hon. of 'neebar ta-')
n | have common funds. U P (t.) ceremonies:
[Gram: cop.= specific location] burn a piece of paper which carries
` `U L` t`U k | the name of the deceased person.
'yih yii-gi ku-la 'aga de-ze
L` kudu 'L' | See:
'yeh-ba. CL n S 'kubur'.
j| We have this much money in our
common fund. Ly kuna 'L' | See: 'ku'.
L` l- ku-la 'aa- pred.ph.erg. L kup n.
n T| put into a common fund. 1) (W) gL| buttocks (body part).
S` `U t`U Lk L L` 'U' | See: 'goondo (E)'.
lH| khu yii-gi 'aga 'kahze 2) (E) U, | anus; vagina.
'yeh-ken-di ku-la 'aa-en. E CkL
62
L L

L kupa n. U| thread; yarn. 'mih-'ya 'i phando 'ide 'theki

LU S| 'kupa-gi 'kha. UL t| 'kyahlbu-gi 'kumden-la lep 'koh-en lo.
beginning/ end of thread. j kL AUy Vj
L kubar n. (hon. of 'par') M | It is said that as soon as people
die, they have to stand before the
(t.) picture of a venerated
person. judge of the dead souls.
jt U L lU| L kumbu 'L' | See:
'thei-la 'dale lama-gi 'kubar 'aa-ge. 'kombu'.
C L t Sj| On the L
{M-} kuyen {kyahp-} n.
house altar we put a picture of the {v.t.} , Q {} {give} reward for
Dalai Lama. ritual services (in cash).
L/ L` kubur/ kudu n. (hon. , U L hU
of 'roh') , | corpse. '`, ' L ML| lama, pohmbo-gi 'kurim
| See also: 'phubu, peh-ti-le tihnda-gi 'kuyen 'kyahp-ken.
phumbu'. , nP k Uj kk Q
L/ L` h`- 'kubur/ 'kudu j| When the lamas or shamans
tah- pred.ph.erg. (hon. of 'roh have performed rituals the sponsors
saa-') L U| burn a corpse; give them a reward in money.
cremate. J `U MU L S`U
L kumen n. g| thief. ` | ohle thagu
'pruh-'kyo-gi 'kuyen khu-gi ah-la
L M- 'kumen 'kyahp-
pred.ph.erg. g| steal. phul-sin. A `L SL l
L g- 'kumen 'tsuu- pred.ph.erg. E D H| And then they gave
me the reward (pay) for painting the
gL E| accuse of theft
(accusation has to be specific). thangkas.
- 'kumen 'or- pred.ph.e.
L - L kuri n. L| work utensils: big
g | have burglars. hoe with short handle. 'k'
` S` L | 'yih | See also: 'toozi'.
'khaba-la 'kumen 'or-sin. Y LC L MU gH| 'kuri-y sa
g | We had burglars in the 'kee-di 'kyahgar 'tsuu-en. L t
house. tH L j| The big hoe is
used to dig up the fields for planting
Ll kumdi n. (hon. of 'pin') k,
millet.
C, , (t.) sibling.
L () kumden(-la) loc. L -L kurim peh-k
(elevated) AUy, S (t.) pred.ph.erg. nP k
before; in front of. UE| ceremonies: an individual or a
family sponsor a ceremony for monks,
l `l jL
nuns, lamas, or shamans. [Note: in
MU L LH |

63
L L

order to have good luck and success; L- -

- kur-tap or-
not involving the community] pred.ph.non-erg. (hon. of 'rihl-') y
, , , g M`, (t.) fall over.
k` L M | 'lha, 'lu, , , L-
'tiih, 'tsen-'ya kyo-na, di ! 'lop-'see peh-ti 'phep, 'mehme,
'dzamma-'ra 'kurim peh-'kyo kur-'tap 'or-'wa! , k,
'yihm-ba. k , , y ! Walk slowly, grandfather,
- D j, LD you might fall over!
L U j| When we placate L/ L -
-/ - kurpa/
gods, forest spirits, demons and other kurwa tap-/ uh- pred.ph.erg.
evil spirits, this all is called 'kurim 1) (hon. of 'barta la-' and 'meemu
pehken'. kyahp-') U U, (t.) scold;
`- 'kurim ta- pred.ph.erg.
L `- curse.
nP k U| perform the U S j L
'kurim' rituals.
| di 'paalo 'mehme-gi 'kho-la
J A h L tshem meeh-ba kurpa 'tap-ti lo.
` yH| ooh ani 'tohmu-'ya 'mih k ED |
sa-la 'kurim ta o-en. Q They said this time grandfather
L Y k U kj| Those scolded him terribly.
nuns go to people's houses to perform 2) U| blaspheme (inferiors
the "kurim" rituals. "scold" superiors).
L/
/ L -L kurimba/ SU L M| 'kho-gi 'lha-la
koremba peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. L kurpa 'tap-'kyo. E UL
gy H Y-Y U S| U| He blasphemed the gods.
festivals: take turns in giving house
L(`) kurma() n. U ALL
parties. [Note: done after 'lohsar' and
LP| household utensils: round basket.
at other festival times]
L L| L kurwa 'L' | See:
loh-sar-la Yohlmu 'mih-'ya 'kurimba 'kurpa'.
peh-ken. L kurwa (N) n. L| measures
D U SEj| At the and weights: measuring pot. [Note: for
beginning of the New Year the people grains, flour and whisky: 2 maanas =
in Yohlmu take turns in giving house 1.1 litre]
parties. LU - 'kurwa-gi 'tahp-
` ` V L | pred.ph.erg. L | measure with
'tihri 'yih 'gyaa-la 'kurimba 'yeh-ba. the 'kurwa'.
Ak D SE j|
L kura n. (hon. of 'aa') wu
Today we have a house party at our
(t.) joke.
place.
`U L M| ah-gi

64
L- L`

'mehme-la kura 'uh-'kyo. kU L kuh num. | numerals: nine.

wu UL| I am just telling you a joke. LM
` kuhkti 'LM`' |
U L `U/ kL| 'mehme-gi See: 'kukti'.
kura su-ge/ 'dze-ken. k wu
Uj| Grandfather is joking. LL
kuhk-'se 'L ' |
See: 'kuhr-'se'.
L- kul- v.t. AE| order. 'L
`-' | See also: 'kepa ta-'. L`
/ `
kuhmu/ nuhmu
LU M M J`U | temp./ n. | late evening; earlier part
'leeh kul-ge 'mih 'nahkpu 'nahkpu of the night. 'l, , , `
oh-gu 'du. L AE j ' | See also: ''tahi,
L`
L j| The people who give the toohri, tahlda, da kuhmu'.
orders for the work are very black. [Gram: temp. does not take <-la>]
J `C L l V L` L` h` l `U|
V J`! ohle ah-y kuhmu kuhmu tii-'ra yuuh-e
'leehmi kul 'aa-di gyooba gyooba meh-yoh-ge. - HM y

|
looh-di oh-di! A S You must not wander around by
U jt-jt L AH! And then, yourself at night.
having arranged for field workers, I S ` | 'kho
came back quickly! nuhmu sum de-la 'teh-sin. F
| He stayed here for three
L kulu n. UEL | place names:
nights.
village in the western part of Yohlmu,
in a corner below Gosainkuna range; L`
kuh-la ' L' | See:
outsiders call it Kulu, the inhabitants 'nuhp-ki'.
talk of Tsyang-Sahzyu and L`
-` - kuh-sa ten-
Kyah-Thang. pred.ph.e. LS n L| clear up
L/ in the evening after a rainy day
/ LU -
-/ `-
`- kuwar/
kugar sol-/ ta- pred.ph.erg. U, (usually red clouds can be seen).
AD L | ceremonies: ` L`-` | 'tihri
yearly celebration performed for the kuh-sa ten 'du. Ak L j`U
upkeep of religious monuments, Hj| Oh, today it has cleared up.
especially to repaint them. L`
/ L`
kuh-se/
L U U kuh-see temp. L| evening; late
L ML| 'kuwar sol-gen 'bela-le afternoon.
'mahni-'ya-la sagar karpu 'kyahp-ken. `-t L` j
k U L j| J`! 'yihm-'ohlma kuh-'see-la
When the religious monuments are tshur looh oh-di! `-t
renovated the prayer walls are L L AC! Ngyihma-ohlma
whitewashed. came back here in the evening!

65
L
L

L
kuhba num.ord. | ordinal S U g L L | 'kho
numerals: ninth. 'mih-gi tsoo-la kuhr-ti 'teh-ku 'du. F
L kuhr n. LL (LL ALL j| Oh, he is
submissive to those people.
Ly HL AL) cerem.
terms: effigy representing the dead L -L kuhr peh-k
person during the 'kyehwa' rituals. pred.ph.non-erg. | bend over/
down.
J M ` L mH
L| ohle 'kyehwa 'yihmu-di l L ! yahmbi-i kuhr
kuhr 'zo-e kahl-sin. A YL peh! HL j ! Bend over a little
bit!
LL E | And on the
day on which the death rites are U L L | 'moh goo
performed and effigy has to be made. kuhr peh-ti 'teh-ku 'du. F tEL
H j| Oh, she sits with
L - kuhr- v.i. , J V| take her head bent over.
shelter; bear; endure. [Usage: endure: kuhr-'se/
L / LL
restricted contexts, more commonly kuhk-'se '-/-' | See:
'naa-'] '-se~-see'.
jt ML J` LL| ` L ! di tohbo-ni
nam 'thata 'kyahp-ken 'bele ohra kuhr-'se 'du-ba! S HL k
kuhr-ken. J j! Oh, this tree is somewhat bent!
Vj| When it rains heavily we take
shelter. L kuhram n. S| raw sugar;
jagary.
` ` L |
'yih tohbo 'rin-la nam kuhr 'teh-sin. L ` kuhri n. ES| sugar
SL J U | We cane.
waited under a tree for the rain to
L
- kuhl- v.t.
pass. 1) (E) g (Su) move limbs.
L ` kuhr ta-di adv.ph. 2) (E+W) YE (E) push wood
U, U U| into the fire.
uninterruptedly; diligently. [Disc: not
used as indep. pred.ph.] 'L `, L
jL t
-j kuhlbu
SL `' | See also: 'thak thubar-ki uhp-thu n.ph. g
tadi, khuk tadi'. (guL gt L wEL
L ` LH| kuhr ta-di ) place names: rock spring near
'leeh peh 'koh-en. SS L U j| Gyang (near Golbhanjyang).
You must work diligently. L
(
) kuhlbu (peh-ti)
-L kuhr-ti 'teh-k
L adv.(ph.) (U) slowly.
pred.ph.non-erg. | be L L | 'leeh kuhlbu
submissive. [Gram: superior party peh-ku 'du. L U j| Oh, he
takes <-ki tsoo-la>] is working slowly

66
L L-

S L yE | 'kho kuhlbu o-w / E| arrest s.b.

'du. F y
j| He is going S` ` wM M `U`
with slow movements. `L L Ay L T |
khu yii daanu 'hukpa 'or-'kyo
L kuu n. , L| cause; pretext.
'(U) L' | See also: sogo-'ra yi-kar-la 'pulis-ki 'aa-la
'tam(-gi) kuu'. kuu 'khyer 'du. E CkL A
h LU k`V? ti kuu-le-gi nUy HL D Az
nUy UL? What is
dzi-'gyo? L Uj| Because the two of them had a
the cause of your fight? fight some time ago they were both
arrested by the police.
l- kuu dor- pred.ph.erg.
L l-
LL A E| get the point; get L kuuda 'h`
' | See:
the idea. 'sohrtu'.
Ly l L
L kuuma n. | corner which is
L S L l| 'kahnumu the result of bending s.th. (e.g.
peh-ti 'ma-e 'mee-di kuuh-di 'teh-ti bamboo when weaving it).
'yeh-ken 'bela 'kho-la kuu dor-sin.
L S L E L
kuusa n. `, ``|
place names: Tarangmarang,
D A | When he was
waiting to see how he should say Talamarang. [Note: not inhabited by
things, he got an idea. Yohlmuwas]
`- kuu 'la- pred.ph.erg. L
L `- L- kuuh- v.i. | hang down; be
U| start an argument. bent (e.g. branch); be obstructed.
L- kuu- v.t. ` h LM | tohbo
1) E| bend s.th. down (e.g. a 'todo kuuh-'kyo 'du. SL t
branch). HL j| Oh, the tree top if
hanging down.
`U U L | ah-gi
yahlga-la kuu-sin. UD H| I J M jU L M | ooh
bent down the branch. 'phukpa 'tham-gi kuuh-'kyo 'du-ba.
2) LE () redirect; fetch (e.g. A L L j| The
cattle). cave was obstructed with boards.
EL-t L` C L L- kuuh- v.t. S, jM| wait;
LU| 'urken-'ohlma-'ya stop; obstruct.
kuh-'se-la mahy kuu kahl-'gyo. U ` L L | 'nama-gi
EL-t LS LE ah-la kuuh 'teh-ku 'du. Ek D
UH| Urken-ohlma and her S HL j| My sister-in-law
companions went to fetch the buffalos is waiting for me.
in the evening. `U L-M UyU
T`- kuu(-di)
L() T-/ T`- | thaga kor-kyihle 'pulis
L
'khyer-/ khyo- pred.ph.erg. LH 'gaar-'ya-gi kuuh-sin. gD `U

67
L Lh

CL H| All L k` y L
around the meadow the police guards ! de-la 'yahr-ki 'mih-'ya
were keeping people within their 'dzamma-'ra ombu 'ke-ti lo!
limits. L j D HL
L
- kuuh-da 'thal-
- j ! I heard that they invited all the
pred.ph.non-erg. A | become people from up here!
too late; wait too long. [Gram: exp.
Lh {/ -} keta {yeh/
takes gen. <-ki>] yihn} n. {cop.} L {} a matter
HL l L L
M, {be}; a subject {be}.
L
, J h Lh ? ti 'keta
J`V| 'ek 'bae 'samma kuuh 'yeh-ba leh rooh? L L ? What's
'teh-ke 'ma-'kyo, taah-ni kuuhda on your heart, friend?
'thal-sin, ohle looh oh-'gyo. HL
J ` J `
k S j L H| S, L H Lh ,
A L AH| I said I would wait | ohle 'ti-le ooh
until one o'clock, but now it is later 'yalmu-'ya 'tor-te 'tor-te 'lah-la
than that, and so I came back. kahl-sin 'ma-e keta yeh-ba, 'yahr
`U L , L S| Yohlmu-la-ni. A j nP
ah-gi kuuhda 'thal-sin, taah-ni kuuh

L UH L j,
miih-khu. LL , A L | Up in Helambu they say
M| I have waited for too long, that later those giant women
now I can't wait any longer. gradually disappeared and went into
`- kuuh-da 'rih-
L the high mountains.
pred.ph.non-erg. Q U|
`t AL L H Lh
wait for a long time.
| rooh 'eup 'amrikan-la
L `, J` y LH, kahl-de 'ma-e 'keta 'yihm-ba.
SH| kuuh-da 'rih-sin, `t AL UHL L | It's about
taah-ni ohra o 'koh-en, 'toohri lep my friend Ngeup who went to
miih-khu-en. SC , A America.
y | We can't
j, V L h Lh `? ti 'keta-le
wait any longer, we must go now, 'phep na-ba? L L ?
otherwise we won't be able to reach What did you come for?
there today.
Lh J` SH 'keta oh
S` L ` | khu kuuhda khuu-en cl. | be possible.
'rih-sin 'du. E Lj | I [Gram: cl.= general existence]
see, they waited for a long time.
Lh J` SH| di 'keta oh
L -L ke-k v.dt. E| call for a khuu-en. j| This is possible.
visit. 'y L-L' | See also: H 'keta
Lh J`` S
'ombo ke-k'. oh-'ra miih-khu-en cl. A |

68
Lh -L

be impossible. [Gram: cl.= general Tsiiri.

existence] T U h Lh M?
Lh J`` SH| di 'keta 'khya 'meehme-'ya-gi ti 'keta 'lahp
oh-'ra miih-khu-en. A j| 'teh-'kyo? D L U U
This is impossible. HL? What are you ladies
Lh j` j` 'keta 'thaa talking about?
'thue n.ph. - L|
L-/ L - ken-/ ken ter- v.dt.
insignificant matters.
UE, UC| dress s.b. else.
Lh 'keta mihm-ba k Lh L / L`!
pred.ph.cop. | be untrue. pehza-'ya-la 'kapta ken ter/ ken-do!
[Gram: cop.= identification; evid.:
hgD Ly UCF! Please
truth emphasized] dress the children!
Lh 'keta 'yihm-ba
pred.ph.cop. | be true. [Gram: -L/-U/-
/-H/-L/-U
cop.= identification; evid.: truth -ken~-gen~-en~vvn/-ke~-ge vsf.
emphasized] kE PL A|
present; intentional present;
Lh | Lh Ly
customary present; repetetive action
J` SH H? di 'keta 'yihm-ba.
di 'keta 'kahnumu peh-ti oh in the past; adjectivizer. [Phon: For the
miih-khu-e ma-en? L | occurrence of the phonological
L A L? This is variations of this suffix see appendix
true; how can you say that this is 7, section 3.1. The variant separated
impossible? by the slash is conditioned by the
dialect or personal preference of the
Lh {-L/ -/ -
-} keta speaker.]
{e-k/ lahp-/ ma-} n. {v.dt.} ,
` S` yH| ah 'khaba-la
g {U, } {talk about} a matter. o-en. Y kj| I am going home.
[Usage: rare in collocation with these (i.e.: I intend to go home; I want to
dt. verbs; 'tam' is more common in go home.)
these contexts, 'keta' more common
` `
with the copulas 'yeh-k/ yihn']
` `
LU
EL|
J ` L` `C g 'yih arpa-di 'mih 'i-si-'ma-na
LU Lh k` M 'toh-le 'too-le 'yahr tae 'yal-de 'reeh
M | ohle ah karpu-gi 'up-ke. L j
kahl-sim-ba-'ra ah-y 'tsiiri
D H
kohmba-gi 'keta-'ya 'dzamma-'ra
L Lj| When somebody dies,
'kyahlbu-la e-'kyo 'yihm-ba. A we Sherpas first lie him down there
UH g UL L kD vertically and cover him with a white
L | And then I went and told the death cloth.
king everything about the temple of
Jk h` MU

69
L -L

l t lU | 'ohze 'bele 'yihn-si-'ma-na 'kema mahbu 'dzaa

'nuhmu 'tu-o-di 'kyahgar 'sipa-i 'koh-en. k EL
am 'aa-ge lo. S Lj gj| If you go to Helambu, you
AL L jT L U | have to climb a lot of steep paths.
At that time the youngest sister would l` L | di 'lahm
scatter about some millet. dibu-'ra 'kema 'du. t EL
Jk U AlU U j| Oh, this path goes ascends very
h` LU L ` steeply.
| 'ohze 'bele simbu-gi 'ai-gi goo -L/-U/-H
'thoo-la ta-de 'yeh-ke-gi 'laahwor -ke-mu~-ge-mu/-e-mu vsf. -
'mahr 'phok ta-sin 'du lo. S
(O L kE PL A)
Q LtL tEL nyCSL concomitant action participle 1.
k HML jy | At that '-M/ -V' | See also: '-kya~
moment the monster quickly loosened -gya'. [Phon: For the occurrence of the
the millstone, which was hanging phonological variations of this suffix
above the head of the girl. see appendix 7, section 3.1. The
L `-
`-/ -L/ - kepa ta-/ variant separated by the slash is
peh-k/ ten- pred.ph.erg.
| conditioned by the style of speech.]
oversee work; give orders. 'L-' J L l`UA` j
| See also: 'kul-'. MLA` l ML| ohle
`U L ` LL| kohmba 'a-ge-mu-'a thaane
ah-gi 'yahr 'mahr peh-te 'kepa ta 'kyahp-ke-mu-'a 'baandam
'koh-ken. wE
'kyahp-ken. A U E ,
j| I have to alternate between U S gj| And when the
being down there and up here to building of a temple is started, as well
oversee the work. as when it is dedicated, masked
S` `U L - HU dances are performed.
L l` | khu yii-gi 'kepa L yH L |
peh-ti yii-samye ma-e-gi kohmba ''kohre-la ta o-e-mu-ni kehpu-ni
'a-sin lo. E CkL t mihn-du lo. Uw k j
- U HL | The two j | When she went to look in the
of them gave the orders and built the cattle shed the old man was not there,
Yii-Samye Temple. she said.
L/
/ L {k-} kema/ kama L`/
`/ L kemda (E)/ kemba
{dzaa-} n./ adj. {v.i.} EL, wy (W) n. L gt| household utensils:
{g} {climb} steep incline. '-g' bamboo tongs.
| See also: 'thur-tsuu'. -L/
/-U/-
/-H
yl L ` -kemba~-gemba/-emba vsf. g
k LH| Yohlmu-la o-e UL kE PL A|
70
L L

decided future. [Phon: For the her).

occurrence of the phonological
L kere p. S, S-S| interjections:
variations of this suffix see appendix well...; let's see....
7, section 3.1. The variant separated
L, hU l? 'kere, ti-'ga
by the slash is conditioned by the 'ma-e? S, L ? Well let's see,
style of speech.] what shall I say?
`U L | 'yih-gi pohmo L, ` !
ter-kemba. j UL j| 'kere, tahnda 'samma ah-la meeh-ba
We have decided to give our 'yeh-ba! S, A U L j!
daughter. Well, up to now I have not had any
S `A` yU/ with me!
yH| di 'paalo 'Pokhara-la 'yih-'a
o-gemba/ o-emba. S LL
kehk n. L S
kj| We have decided that | spirits: evil spirit which
we too are going to Pokhara this time. particularly troubles people in relation
to their wedding and marriage.
L kembu 'L' | See: LL -L 'kehk 'se-k pred.ph.erg.
'kombu'.
U U L| marriage: kill evil
-L`/
`/-U`/-
`/-H` spirit by performing a ritual dance.
-ke-'ra~-ge-'ra/-e-'ra vsf. - [Note: is part of wedding ceremony]
(C A Q kE A) ' g-U' | See also: 'silu
imperfect continuous aspect. [Phon: tse-g'.
For the occurrence of the
L
kehn n. L E
L
|
phonological variations of this suffix old age. 'L U' | See also:
`
see appendix 7, section 3.1. The 'keehgen'.
variant separated by the slash is
V- kehn-la 'gyur-
L
conditioned by the style of speech.] pred.ph.non-erg. ,
L V|
A L ` | 'ama 'balu become old.
'nur-ke-'ra 'yeh. A ky t j|
y- kehn-o
L y L y y-
Mother is just mixing beer. kehn-o o- '-/-y/-t...' |
AU j `U` | 'ada-gi See: '-ro~-o~-o...'.
'thee 'lo-ge-'ra 'yeh. C L
L `/ L
-` j-/ y-
y-
Sl j| Older brother is just kehn-di/ kehn-'tih thaa-/ o-
searching in the books. pred.ph.non-erg.
L {j}
J M-T `-` become middle-aged.
`-` yH` L | ohle J L` y`,
'kyep-'khyowa-di-ni 'toh-'to
` y L H M |
'toh-'to o-e-'ra 'yehke lo. A ohle-ni kehndi o-wa-'ra-ni, ''mahr
Vj g AUy AUy y | roh-la o 'koh-sin' 'ma-en sem 'kyee
And the man kept going ahead (of 'du lo. A
L
71
L
- L

kj wj | When he got `U t` LH|

middle-aged he thought he should go 'imbu-gi tshe-di-la 'leeh 'kehwa
down to the lowlands. 'tihkpa 'oh maah-e-ba 'yehna 'tihkpa
taah-e'gi 'thir-la 'mih mahbu-gi
L
- kehn- v.t. UE| put on
(clothes, etc.); dress yourself. 'mahni 'ah 'koh-en. L kE

HL H g
L
/
/ L kehpa/ kahpa n. k kj| The
L| terrace wall (steep slope of deceased person may not have been
terraced fields). much aware of works of merit or sin
L
kehpu 'L' | See: when he was alive; so in order that
'kihpu'. his sin may be wiped out many
people must recite ritual prayers.
L
/ L kehpu/ kahpu n./ adj.
( ) old man; old male L 1 kee n. | voice; noise; sound.
animal. [Usage: 'kahpu' is mostly (W)] L M`() - 'kee
kyah(-da) ten- pred.ph.non-erg.
L / M kehper/
kyahpar n. A| spices: ginger. w L ( U
L) shout continuously (sustained
L
`
kehbe een n. shouting).
(lamaistic) | wise man. 'kee
L M`() `
L
/ L kehmu/ kahmu n./ kyah(-da) 'rihbu peh-ti adv.ph.
adj. ( ) old woman; old w U| continuously
female animal. [Gram: adj. has no (shout, speak, sing loudly for a long
excl. form (see appendix 5, time).
section1.2)] [Usage: 'kahmu' is mostly L M- 'kee 'kyahp- pred.ph.erg.
(W)] E| call.
S`U L M L , `U
L kehmba adj. (poetic)
L M L| khu-gi 'kee 'kyahp
L| old (of people; m. or f.).
kahl-sin 'du-ba, 'yih-gi 'kee 'kyahp
L
`/
`/ L
` kehlo/ kehlu n. mah-kahl. E E UHj,
U (Q ) monk. E UHL C| They went to call
` - 'kehlo 'uh-
L them, we didn't go.
pred.ph.non-erg. U J () L M
(Q ) take the vows of a T` h | ohle-ni
monk. pohmbo(-la) 'kee 'kyahp-ti khyo-di
L
kehwa n. , , P| 'moh ta tuusin 'duba. A nPD
religious merit. 'M' | See H D kS Hj| I
also: 'kyahwa'. learned that then they called the
U j L M ` shaman and had him perform a
M lU j divination ceremony.

72
L L

L g`U 'kee 'tsaga n.ph. , L 'kee 'bolbu n.ph.

gL | high voice; screeching | full voice; resounding voice.
voice. L U| 'kee 'bolbu
L l` g`U L| 'kee peh-ti 'lu lehn-gen. L
dibu-'ra 'tsaga kahl-sin. gL U UEj| They sing with a full and
| My (his/ your/ etc.) voice resounding voice.
sounds very high. L -L 'kee 'reh-k
S`U L g`U U pred.ph.non-erg. M, | croak;
`U` ` ` y S | have laryngitis. [Gram: exp. takes attr.
khu-gi 'lu 'kee 'tsaga peh-ti lehn-ge <-ti>]
sogo-'ra ah 'yambu ii miih-khu L- 'kee-'lu n. g| manner
'du. E gL UE of talking.
U UE M| Because they sing L 2 kee p. SC, L| interjections:
so high we can't sing together. where; what about; why. [Disc: occurs
U ` l` g`U , clause intially or finally]
t`-t` E | 'mehme pohmbo-gi
aa dibu-'ra 'tsaga 'du, o-o L- kee- 'g' | See: 'tsamba'.
'ma-w 'du. nP kL `U gL L`
keeyer n. U g U
l j, ` ` U j| The j| person hired to look after a
drum of the shaman has a temple.
high-pitched, clear beat. L `UU L` hU
L j 'kee thimbu n.ph. w U h`U| kohmba
V
| loud/ deep voice. su-gen-gi 'keeyer-la tihnda-gi
L j/ 'kee 'theemu/ phul-'gyo-gi seeh-'ya-gi 'phowa
'phema n.ph. | soft/ high tah-ge. UL S-S U j The
voice. person who looks after the temple
L - 'kee ten- pred.ph.non-erg./ lives from the things the adherents
erg. ghE/ U U| shout/ shout at. offer to the temple.
H, L ! 'e, 'kee mah-ten! H,
L
` keesa n. OL | names:
ghF ! Hey, don't shout! personal name.
y- 'kee ten o-
L y-
pred.ph.non-erg. Ek U| complain. L ` keei n. M ()
MU lM w `U thickening of sauces with flour. 'g
` , L yl J`U| L-' | See also: 'tsamba kee-'.
'kyahlbu-gi 'aa-'kyo him ta-gen 'mih MU g L ` j J`U|
'yeh-'ra 'yeh, 'kee ten o-e oh-gen. 'kyahgar 'tsamba 'keei thimbu
k SL U j j j, Ek oh-ge. LL w ()
U k Lj | There are the judges M j| Millet flour thickens (a
appointed by the king; you can go soup) well.
and complain there. L
keeh n. (poetic) U (U )
73
L
- L

clothes. 'kapta n.ph. LyL U|

h ` `, L costly, colourful dresses.
`! yahpten yahm-di 'phep-so, L

`/
`/ L

` -L keehda/
'keeh-la lhemba 'phoo-so! keehna peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. S
k, A U t E! E| rejoice.
(UL tML) My honoured father, S L ` L| 'kho
dying has gone, and I had to patch nahm-'ma-na 'keehna peh-ke. E
my clothes!
k S Ej| He always
L - 'keeh kehn- pred.ph.erg.
L rejoices.
nPL U UE| cerem. terms: L

`/ L ` `- 'keehda/

{put on} the white robe the shaman 'keehna 'lah- pred.ph.non-erg.
dresses up with for certain
, S | be joyous; be happy.
performances. ' ' | See
also: 'meeyol'. L

U
keeh-ba-gi leeh n.ph.
g L, AL L| necessary
L
- keeh- v.i. gL| crack up; split. work; needed work.
L () - 'keeh(-di) ter- 'L-
)' | See: 'koh- (divide)'.
(y L

M- keehmu kyahp-
L
{-} 'keehlam {then-} n. pred.ph.non-erg. | laugh; smile.
{L} crack
{v.i.} gLL L
- 'keehmu 'or-
-
{appear). pred.ph.non-erg. Ew| laugh
(involuntarily).
L
`
U keehgen n./ adj. L| ` L | ah-ni 'keehmu
' | See also:
old (people). 'L 'orsin. D Ew| I had to
'kehn'. laugh.
L
-g` keeh-tsama adj. gS, L-
L- ko- v.t. S, S| dig; carve.
, | clean.
-g` | di 'gyaa
V L -L/
L/-U/-
U/-E +-
+-/-
/- -ko~-
'keeh-'tsama 'du. wE j| go~-w +-wa~-wah '-/-'
This is a very clean place! | See: '-wa~-wah'.
U k AU k L-
L- kom- 'S' | See: 'kha'.
L
-g`! 'nooh-gi pehza'ya 'mee-di-ni
L koma n. HL LL tt
'ada-gi pehza'ya 'keeh-'tsaa! CL
L L U| cerem. utensils:
hg kL hg ! red colour applied to the rice statues.
The children of the older brother have
[Note: gained from the roots of the
cleaner habits than the ones of the
'koma tuhbu'; mixed with butter
younger brother!
before being applied to the rice
L
l
keehen n. C statues (tshoo)]
Ly| costly, colourful cloth.
L ` 'koma tuhbu n.ph.
L
l U Lh 'keehen-gi L C L t| trees:

74
Lk L

bush from the roots of which the red, M-' | See also: 'kora
edible colour is obtained. kyahp-'.
L ` - `U| ` Ay` L J`V| 'yih
'koma tuhbu 'lah-la 'praah-dep-la 'ahna-'ra kor oh-'gyo. L
'tho-ge. UL t LL Y AHL| We came just to have a
Sj| The 'koma' bush can be seen look around.
in the mountains on rocky cliffs. `U L | ah-gi
Yohlmu kor sihn-sin.
Lk `- komdze lah-
pred.ph.non-erg. S V| be thirsty. YL| I have been to Helambu.

L komba n. g| work utensils: L (-

(-) -/ L - / -
big carrying basket (tightly woven). kor(-len) loo-/ kor tuh-/ sah-
', g' | See also: pred.ph.erg. L U
'sohlma, tselba'. (SE, E A U LP)
cerem. terms: reciprocal system of
L/ L/ L kombu/ eating at each others' death rites and
kumbu/ kembu adj. L, L, other festivals sponsored by individual
A| rare. families.
` l` t L ! `` M `U MH
ah-ni dibu-'ra 'ehmba 'kombu ` `` j
'yeh-ba! O L j! I am
L ``U L |
very forgetful!
J ` M `|
L/ L/ L y-
y-/ J`- M L di 'yih-'ra
'kombu/ 'kumbu/ 'kembu o-/ oh- 'kyehwa-di ah-gi sem-la 'kye-e
pred.ph.dr. A , L | be needy 'leehmu 'yihnsimana 'toh-le 'yih-'ra
(be in need); become rare. 'thoo thata-la kahl-di 'yih-'ra-gi kor
gC CL j L yH| 'tsayta 'tuh-sin. ohle 'yehpa-'a di 'kyehwa
'baysak-la thu 'kombu o-en. g ta-sin. 'kyehwa-la kor loo-sin.
S L A j| In April and Pg, g wE
May the water becomes rare. UH Sj | A AD
` j L L| 'yih-la P SEj| A Uj|
thu 'kombu kahl-sin. D L If it's the way I think with our death
Sg j| We are in need of water. rites, we go to different places (to
H L J`U| di eat), and we get ritually indebted.
'yuhl-la sah-e seeh 'kombu oh-ge. Then again we perform death rites
U SLL A j| It's (ourselves) and so we reciprocate.
difficult to get food in this region. L - kor 'phoo- pred.ph.dr. S
L-
L- kor- v.i./t. Y| walk around; V (L U M
trek. [Gram: actor takes <-ki> in past A) cerem. terms: accumulate debts
tenses if scope is mentioned] 'L in the 'kor' system. [Note: not be able

75
L L`

to reciprocate in the 'kor' system] abusive term for a lama (sponger).

L kora n. Y-| walk. korna piihru n.ph.
L
A j L LV| 'ama LwL j| abusive expressions:
'thorten kora-la kahl-'gyo. A L abusive term for lama's children.
U Y kHL j| Mother has L` J`-/ y-
y- korya-la
gone to the circle of Bauddha. oh-/ o- (W) pred.ph.non-erg.
L M- kora 'kyahp- LL U AE/ k| make a trip for
pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. Y| go for a a special purpose.
walk; trek. [Gram: actor takes <-ki> ` `y` L` yl| 'yih
in past tenses if scope is mentioned] Laa-la korya-la o-e.
'L-' | See also: 'kor-'. kj| We want to
`t` j t
`U L M J`| go and meet somebody in Langang.
ah-gi Yohlmu kora 'kyahp-ti oh-sin.
L kohrmu adj./ n. t, U|
Y AH| I have come back circular; round (but not ball-shaped).
from a trip to Helambu. '' | See also: 'rhilmu'.
L koremba 'L' | U L| loma-gi kohrmu.
See: 'kurimba'. `L UC| roundness of bamboo
tray.
L-
L-M kor-kyihle loc. `U|
on all sides; from all around. U M LU t j L
'-L' | See also: L | 'lah-gi kyil-la 'yeh-ken-gi
'ti-kohre'. [Gram: does not take 'uhpu tsho-di kohrmu kohrmu
<-la>] 'yeh-ba. LL g HL t S
L` L-M`| 'kah t j| The Pilgrimage Lake in the
kor-kyihle-'ra. yy `U (yyL middle of the mountains is very
round.
g)| all around the hill.
J ` L-M E ! L
L kohrmu n. , gL
ohle-ni ah-la-ni kor-kyihle ta-w 'du! | Indian Rupee; Chinese coin.
A D j! And she is L-
L- kol- v.t. E| boil (milk,
looking at me from all sides! water, etc.). 'S-, -, -'
L-
L- -
- kor-tam ma- | See also: 'khol-, yo-, bloo-'.
pred.ph.erg. YH | talk deviantly.
L kolama n. UEL | place
L- l S l` S | names: village on the eastern slope of
kor-tam 'ma-e-la 'kho dibu-'ra the Melamchi River valley, located
'kheebu 'du. YH L UD F between Syuhnggan-Che and
j| He is very clever in Nuhrpu-Kahng.
distorting the truth.
L` kolda n. SL P|
L korna n. U D U thick bark. [Note: of fir trees, e.g.
U U U | abusive expressions: 'kyel tuhbu, kalda tuhbu']
76
L L

L kowar n. | animals:: v.dr. g| need.

weasel?; small marten? (long-tailed, -w ml Jk LH|
kills chickens). 'yuhl-him 'zo-e-la ohze 'mih 'koh-en.
L koh n. L| door; gate. UEL ED O
L M- 'koh 'kyahp- gj| To establish the village laws
pred.ph.erg. L U| close door. you need that many people.
L ` 'koh 'puba n.ph. L-U/ L-U
LL wy gL| house parts:
'koh-'rihmba-gi/ 'koh-'rimba-gi adv.
doorjamb. AM A| as needed (as much
as needed and at the time when
L-V 'koh-'gyaa n. LL t|
doorway. needed); as necessary. 'U/
U' | See also:
L- koh- v.t. U UE| divide '-rihmba-gi/ rimba-gi'.
s.th. 'L M-' | See t`U L-U y `!
also: 'kohpa kyahp-'. di 'aga 'koh-'rihmba-gi o-sum
J A-` `C peh-to! AM A
L | ohle 'ada-da 'nooh gE! Use this money as you need
yii-y 'phai 'koh-sin 'du lo. A k it!
C Ay Uj | And then the L-

/ L- t`
two brothers devided up the 'koh-'rihm/ 'koh-'rim 'ahma
inheritance. '-/ - t`' | See:
S` , T` L '-rihm/ -rim ahma'.
! 'khaba-la to 'yeh-ba, 'khya-'ra
pin-'ya 'keeh-di 'soh! Y j, L -U/ L -L koh-g/ koh-k
aux. | must. [Gram: vs + aux.]
y SF! There is food at
home, divide it up among yourselves ` S` y L|
and eat it! taah-ni ah 'khaba-la o 'koh-sin. A
) - 'keeh(-di) ter-
L() D Y k| I have to go
pred.ph.erg. y | share out; home now.
distribute. 'M-' | See also: TU ` hA` LH|
'kyee-' v.dt.'. khye-gi ah-la ti-'a ter meh-koh-en.
l` L LH| | You don't
D L
thamdi-la-'ra 'keeh-di ter 'koh-en. need to give me anything.
D y j| We must L j-L koh the-k pred.ph.erg.
distribute it to everybody. L V| come in handy; be useful.
AU k L L| 'ama-gi J kU L jL| di
pehza-'ya-la to 'keeh ter-ken. A 'leeh-la ooh pehza-gi 'koh
hgD S y j| Mother meh-'the-ken. L hg
shares out the food to the children. U M| That child will not be
suitable for this work.
L -U/ L -L koh-g/ koh-k
77
LL L`k

l m`l U L 'dii-de 'dar-te 'dar-te thaa 'tshal-sin!

L ! 'leeh yaahbu-i
jL E L HL yH U! As
zu meeh-ba-'ga 'koh meh-'the-ke for them, they bowed down
'leeh peh-ken 'nah! HEt L huddled-up in fear and trembling!
U g L Uj ! Instead of h j` L` L| 'tahmu
engaging in a good occupation he is 'tsha-la 'koh-di 'teh-ken LS J
doing some useless business! j| Hens hatch eggs.
L j 'koh 'thepu adj.ph. L 2) Sg| shrink in size; get wrinkled.
V, EU| useful; handy. [Gram: t w L`V| di 'swiar
excl.: 'koh thewa!'] 'hii-di 'koh-'gyo. Ct H
J k L j | ooh pehza SgHL| This sweater has shrunk
'koh 'thepu 'du. hg L V from washing.
j| That child comes in handy. L`- koh- v.t. j
| knead; form
LL kohko n. | foods: crisp s.th.
layer of corn mash. [Note: scraped off SU L`U | 'kho-gi 'polda
the pan in which the corn mash was 'koh-gu 'du. E w j y
cooked] j| Oh, he is kneading a ball of
roasted flour.
L
LL
/
/ LL
kohkor/
kohrkor aahma n.ph. UE L
S` U L`U | khu
phee-be-'ya-gi torma 'koh-gu 'du.
E Ly| clothing: back
apron of firm cotton material. [Note: E j E j|
the kind the Tamang women usually Oh, the gentlemen are forming rice
wear] (or flour) statues.

LM kohkpa n. | spices: L` koha n. , Ay| egg;

garlic. testicle.
L` M-U 'koha 'kye-g
LU/
/ L kohga/ kohwa n. pred.ph.non-erg. | lay eggs.
g| house parts: firepit. L` L - 'koha pako 'u-
`U LU U V| ah-gi pred.ph.erg. L P j| peel
'kohga sasa-gi 'thel-'gyo. g boiled eggs.
t | I plastered the firepit with L` M- 'koha
mud. 'baabar 'kyahp- pred.ph.erg. AyL
LU kohgre 'L ' | See: At E| foods: make an omelette
'koohre'. (without flour).
L`- koh- v.i. L`k {`-
{`-} kohdzo {ta-} n.
1) LP, L| take a huddled-up {v.t.} (hon. of 'kyehwa ta-') P
position; get stiff from cold. {U} (t.) ceremonies: {perform}
S` L` L` l j funeral rites.
j! khu-ni 'koh-de 'koh-de
78
L` L`

L` `-
`- kohba na- L Uj| I hope that all my
pred.ph.erg. plans will be fulfilled.
1) (hon. of 'chhui ter-')
L` `-/ `-
`- kohba su-/
(t.) give leave; dismiss s.b. so- pred.ph.non-erg. (hon. of 'ihta
` ` Ll lah-/ peh-k') E, ML
, L` ``! ah nahbar (t.) be upset. [Disc: affirmative
lehmen 'leeh peh 'koh-e 'yeh-ba, usage is rare]
'kohba na-do! L L U
L` `! 'kohba mah-su!
j, D ju ! I have L E ! Please don't get
something else to do tomorrow, please angry!/ Please don't mind!
give me leave for it.
A, Ly L` `!
U ` L` `, 'amomo, 'kahnmu 'kohba su-de!
J ` J`| 'mehme A, L ML HL! Oh, he
lama-gi 'yih-la 'kohba na-sin, ohle became very upset!
'yih looh oh-sin. k D
ju , L A| The L` - kohba uh-
lama dismissed us, and so we came pred.ph.non-erg. (hon. of 'chhui
back. lehn-') V, AW V (t.)
2) (hon. of 'lee ta-') take one's leave. [Gram: addressee
(t.) forgive. takes <yambu/ yimbu>]
`U k, h J ` L A
L` ``! ah-gi 'leeh dzol-sin, yMt ` L`
lehma tii-la 'kohba na-do! L J`| ohle 'yih
U, HL gtD ! I made 'pheebe sum 'Kullu 'aspatal-le 'akar
a mistake, please forgive me for this 'yambu 'kohba 'iih-di 'yahr
time! 'Yahmbu-la looh oh-sin. A
k L AL yMtU
L` -L kohba peh-k U Lwy A| And the three of
pred.ph.erg. (rare) A U, L us took leave from the doctor of the
U| hope. hospital in Kullu and returned up to
` ` y ``l Kathmandu.
L` L| ah 'mih 'luhba-la o
'yuh-du 'mee-di 'kohba peh-ken. L` - kohba uh-
pred.ph.erg. V| apologize.
k Ej L A UL
j| I am hoping to get to go to a kVU U `U L`
foreign country. M, J L` `V| di 'leeh
k` yh
`U dzol-'gyo-gi 'laagi-la ah-gi 'kohba
L` L| 'leeh 'dzamma-'ra 'uh-'kyo, ohle 'kohba na-'gyo.
tehnda 'up-tu 'mee-di ah-gi L UL U, E
'kohba peh-ken. L | I apologized for my
mistake, and he forgave me.
79
L` L

L` kohbi n. L L| L-` - koh-yi looh-

lama's assistant. [Note: mainly pred.ph.non-erg. S S AY E|
performs when the lamas are in fall asleep before the meal.
seclusion] k L-` U! di
'kohbi 'aa-
L` l- pehza-'ya 'koh-'yi looh-ge! hg
pred.ph.erg. L T| choose lama's S S AUy Ej! These
assistant. children fall asleep before the meal!
L` -L 'kohbi 'teh-k L-g` (L) koh-tsili
pred.ph.non-erg. (kohmba) n.(ph.) Z`| place
1) L | serve as lamas' names: lama settlement with temple on
assistant. the eastern slope of the Melamchi
2) , A | be at leisure. River valley (above the path between
`-` ` L` L| Kahng-Yuhl and Langgyapsa).
da-'tihri ah 'kohbi 'teh-ken.
Ak j| These days I am L-t koh-ohmu adj. Aw|
at leisure. strange; unpredictable.
S L-tl L U
L`- -
- koh-yar or- ! 'kho-ni 'leeh 'koh-'ohmu-i
pred.ph.non-erg. Ejt, jy| be left peh-ken 'mih-'ga 'du-ba! F L
out; be left behind.
L L U j j ! He
S L`- M| 'kho surely is an unpredictable person!
'koh-'yar 'or-ti 'lih-'kyo. F jy| He
`U h L-tl L!
was left behind. ah-gi sem ti 'koh-'ohwa-i kahl-sin!
g ` U
L`- D Aw V! I experienced a
h| di 'tsamba 'eebi thaa-ge-mu strange feeling!
'koh-'yar 'or maah-tu.
Ejt | When you grind these L kohndum n. L()
parched grains, don't allow any to be vegetable garden near the house.
left out! (i.e. unground) '-L ' | See also:
'lahp-koohra'.
L`/
/ L`- kohlo/ L j, LM, j - gU|
koh-loh n. (hon. of 'loh') 'kohndum-la 'thabi, 'kohkpa,
E (t.) year (used when asking tsheema-ree 'tsuu-ge. L
for people's ages).
j, , U A j| In the
U L`- Lk L? vegetable garden near the house we
'mehme-gi 'koh-loh 'kahze kahl-ba? plant small onions, garlic, and
k L L ? How old is spinach-like vegetables.
grandfather?
L M- kohpa kyahp-
L`- koh-op n. AyL pred.ph.erg. U y UE| divide up.
P| egg shell. 'L-' | See also: 'koh-'.

80
L- L

t`U L M S` ` villagers hire a person to look after

l j` - L | 'aga the temple.
'kohpa 'kyahp-ti khu yii di 'dawa S`U l`V LA`
'yihndu 'tsho 'so-'so peh-ken lo. J`U| lama 'kho-'ra-gi 'a-'gyo
E Ck U UH kohmba-'a oh-ge. L k U
S ju-ju U | They j| There are also temples which
said they would divide up the money, have been built by a lama personally.
and each one would pursue his own 2) place names: alternative name for
business starting this month. Langgyapsa.
L- kohm- v.t. k| meditate; Ll kohmdur n. UL
wish fervently. y| porch of a temple.
L`! 'lha kohm-do! E L-U/
U/ L-U
k! Meditate before a god! koh-rihmba-gi/ koh-rimba-gi
` `
`U 'L-U/ L-L' | See: 'koh-g/
L LL ! "ah-la di 'leehmu koh-k'.
'la" 'mee-de 'rah-gi sem-la kohm
L kohre n. Uw| cattle shed.
'kohke 'nahle! D F
` L`U k L `
kj , A! In your heart | yari 'kah-gi 'rin-la 'dzomo 'kohre
you must wish fervently, "Give me mahbu 'du. ` yyL
one like this!"
g Uw j| Oh, at the foot of
L M- kohmda kyahp- the Yangri peak there are many
pred.ph.erg. L | sling across dzomo cattle sheds.
shoulders.
L kohrowa n. Uw, L,
k L ML| 'dzoola gL| herder (e.g. of sheep or pigs);
kohmda 'kyahp-ken. L n | servant.
sling shoulder bag across shoulders.
S L L
L kohmden n. g| place | 'kho 'nooh 'baabu sa-la
names: Chitre (small settlement on the 'kohrowa 'teh-ken-di 'yihmba. Fg
western slope of the Melamchi River CL Uw | He
valley, high above Kyahldum, near is the one who serves in brother
Chipling and Thodung). Baabu's household.
L kohmba n. L/ L (
) kohle/
1) U| temple. kohlee (peh-ti) adv.(ph.) ,
k L L` U lU| | slowly; softly. [Phon: The
'diizo kohmba-la 'keeyer 'yuhlba-gi second syllable becomes long with
'aa-ge. n U g U UEL emphatic intonation.]
j HLk j Tj| L () `! yahmbi
For the community temple the 'kohle (peh-ti) 'mee-do! A

81
Ll L

! Please say it slowly/ softly! L kooba n. j| skin of animals;

J UA` L L ` leather; animal hide.
-j m j j ! ohle J A VU U L T`
'moh-gi-'a 'kohlee 'kohlee 'tohba L` | ohle 'a
de-'thowa 'zee-de thaa 'tshal-sin lo. 'gyurmi-gi 'baso-gi kooba khyo-di
A E (E) S H 'kaba-la yaahbu peh-ti tahm-sin. A
U ! And then she made an V C UDL j H Su
ugly grimace and also bowed down | And brother Gyurmi took
very slowly! an animal skin and wound it tightly
around the leg.
Ll kohlda n. g| lock.
Ll ML| 'kohlda L kooma n. h, gEy| chin
'kyahp-ken. g E| put on the (body part ).
lock.
L` kooi n. | fruits: wild
Ll (S) U | 'kohlda ('kha)
fig.
'phee-gen. g S| unlock.
L` ` kooi tohbo
L` kohlda n. U| gate n.ph. L S| trees: fig tree. [Note:
which is closed with sliding bars (for grows wild in the lower regions of
enclosure). Yohlmo]
L` M`! 'kohlda Lk
koohzum 'L
' |
'kyahp-to! U F! Close the gate! See: 'koohbur'.
L` `! 'kohlda 'phee-do!
U EY! Open the gate! L
koohdum n.
1) wEL | place names: upper part
L kohwa 'LU' | See: of Timbu.
'kohga'. ' | See also:
2) 'L
L L` kohwa kah 'koohbur'.
'M-L`' | See: 'kwah-kah'.
L
/ Lk
/ L
koohbur/
L koo gC, | three koohzum/ koohdum n. LwL
quarters full or long. S (S, , A D)
L| 'mana koo. gC | household utensils: small wooden
3/4 of a "maana". mortar. [Note: used for grinding
w L-` `| 'hu koo-da yii. spices]
C | 1 and 3/4 cubits. L koohra '-L ' |
L kooti n. Lw HL See: 'lahp-koohra'.
| work utensils: small rake (used to L / LU {j-} koohre (E)/
pull together dry leaves). kohgre (W) {thaa-} n. {}
L koodap '' | See: scales of dirt {accumulate}.
'lahdap'. w `MU L

82
M-L` M`

jU| maah-'hi-ba peh-ti wEL | place names: Ghwakang

'teh-si-'ma-na yokpa-gi koohre (settlement on the western slope of
thaa-ge. DL L the Melamchi River valley, opposite of
kj| If you don't wash yourself, Phaadungdung Chhyu.
scales of dirt will accumulate.
M
M
t- kwaahn
M-L`/ L L` kwaahn aah- pred.ph.non-erg. M
kwah-kah/ kohwa kah n.(ph.) M U (LS) cackle (hens).

M
'keehna 'lah-sin! D O
M / M kya
rhaba rhibe/ kya rhaba rhebe Vj, AE| E k C
temp.ph. El| at dawn V! Coming back (from festivals) I
(partly light). get very sad; going over there I was
rejoicing!
S M ` `
L | 'kho 'kya 'rhaba MM kyakpa n. , U| feces;
'rhibe-la-'ra 'lah-de kahl-sin 'du. F excrements.
El Ew UHj| I saw him `- 'kyakpa ta-
MM `-
getting up and leaving when is was pred.ph.erg. , U V| defecate.
just getting light.
MM kyakya 'MM' | See:
-M/
M/-V () -kya~-gya 'kyaakya'.
(lahmu) vsf. - (O L kE
M`-
M`- kya- v.t. , ME|
PL A) concomitant action stretch one's limbs.
participle 2. '-L/-U/-H' |
`t ` l `U M
See also: '-ke-mu~-ge-mu/-e-mu'.
M`U| au 'lah phando ah-gi
[Phon: For the regular phonological 'lahkpa kya-ge. Ewj
alternations of suffix initial stops and
LEj| In the morning when I get
the exception verbs marked with up I stretch my arms.
<-k> see appendix 7, sections 1-3,
and for the exceptional behaviour of M`k` kyadza n. y
this suffix in regard to voicing kE w k| work utensils:
assimilation see section 3.2.] [Disc: cupboard and shelves beside the left
frequently used in the W dialect, but side of the fireplace.
rarely in the E; +'lahmu' occurs in M` t`- kyaba ah-
elevated speech] pred.ph.erg. U| money: count
` jL , j money in Mohars (half rupees).
J`V| yM L ` `! 't`U, y' | See also: 'aga,
ah-ni 'pata meehba 'tsher-ke 'nahle, ibu'.
tshur oh-gya. phar o-kya-ni

83
M` M-
M-

M` L-
L-/ - kyaba sa trustworthy.
ko- (E)/ ter- (W) pred.ph.erg. `C M hU, J
gt Uy| cultivate s.th. the first S`U j ML| ah-y 'lha 'lhamu-la
time. [Gram: 'he(-la)/ may(-la)' + 'kyap 'tol-ge, ohle khu-gi tshur
pred.ph.erg.] 'kyap-ken. QL
S`U M` l L| Uj, A E D Q
khu-gi 'he kyaba sa-i 'ko-sin. j| I trust the gods and
U
E A gt Uy| They goddesses, and in return they protect
broke the ground and weeded the first me.
time in the potato fields.
M-
M- kya-mahr n. YE|
M-
M- kyap- v.t. foods: fresh, unboiled butter. 'l-'
1) Q U, kUE| protect. [Usage: | See also: 'u-mahr'.
usually gods protecting people]
My/
My/ My/ M `-
`-
LlU M `U| kyamo/ kyamu/ kyamru ta-
kindo-gi 'mih-la 'kyap na-gen. pred.ph.erg. kw U| ceremonies:
L Q U j|| God perform personal worship. [Note: recite
protects people. prayers and light butter lamps, etc.]
S `U M T`V| 'kho-la j U U M `U| 'thee

ah-gi 'kyap-ti khyo-'gyo. ED ee-gen 'mih-'ya-gi kyamru ta-ge.
kUH HL j| I brought him here U k kw Uj| The
safely. people who know the books perform
2) T| trust s.b. (without this personal worship.
knowing whether he is fully
trustworthy or not). M/
M/ M kyaya/ kyaye
J M y L| ooh 'MM' | See: 'kyaakya'.
'mih-la 'kyap-ti o 'koh-sin. M-
M- kyal- v.t. E| take s.b./
L k| I have to go s.th. to some other place.
with him hoping that he is
M-
M- kyal- v.dt. E| deliver
trustworthy. s.th.
h- kyap tol-
M h-
pred.ph.erg. QL U| trust M-
M- kyal- v.i. S (V) last
s.b. (without knowing whether he is (of things). [Gram: inanim. "actor"
fully trustworthy). ' S-, L-, takes instrumental <-ki> and is
-' | See also: 'lee followed by an obligatory time span]
khal-, lee kal- (E), lee phral- (W)'. S` hU j L` M |
J M h y L| 'khaba tii-gi tshe 'kah meh-'kyal
ooh 'mih-la 'kyap 'tol-di o 'koh-sin. 'du. HEt Y kU E
jL k| I must go j| One house does not last for the
with this person, hoping that he is whole of your life.

84
M M`-

M kyalba n. jL | purse M - 'kyah 'mehndo

(leather bag to store money and prup- pred.ph.erg. g n| get rid of
precious metals); fig.u.: forever dandruff.
hungry children.
MMg (`) kyahktse (-'ra) qt.
M Lk h ` | much; a lot.
L` ! di 'kyalba-'ya-la 'kahze ` `U MMg` t|
topta 'luu-'na meh-'kah 'du! 'tihri ah-gi 'sowa 'kyahktse-'ra
k S j! 'ap-sin. Ak | Today I
However much food you give to these winnowed a lot of unhusked rice.
children, they are forever hungry!
MM kyahkpa adj. t| strong;
M kyawa n. (Lw ) healthy; fat.
cooking utensils: flat ladle (of wood).
MU/
/ M kyahgar/ kyaahr
M-
-`/
`/ M-
M-` {-L} n. L| millet.
kya-sa/ kya-ha {peh-k} n./ adj. MU j` 'kyahgar tha n.
{v.i.} QL l {gL} flash of light
LL M| foods: whisky made of
{appears}. millet.
g ML M`/ MU 'kyahgar 'balu n.
M-` L `| tsilim LL ky| foods: beer made of
'kyahp-ken 'bele nam-la 'kyasa/ millet.
'kya-'ha peh-ken 'tho-sin. k
gL AL El HL S| MU/
/ M kyahgar/ kyaahr
When it was lightning I saw the n./ adj. , | lowland; of the
flashing in the sky. lowlands.
M-A` 'kya-'ahe n./ adj.
M- MU 'kyahgar peena n.ph.
AL El| faint light. | fruits: naspati (Manchurian
pear).
M- 'kya-'tele 'L' |
M-
See: 'karpu'. M`- kyah- v.t. LE| stretch
M-` 'kya-sae adj. El|
M- s.th.
bright light; clear (of weather). M M` LH| di thakpa
kyah 'koh-en. y LEj| This
M M-U kyah kye-g pred.ph.dr.
E AE| have a beard. rope has to be stretched.
M`() ` kyah(-da)
M (h) kyah (tii) num. (HL) 'rihbu 'L' | See: 'kee'.
| (one) hundred.
M- 'kyah-lor '' | M`- kyah- v.i. Su t,
See: 'lor'. LE| stretch one's limbs apart.
L` M`` ` `!
M M- kyah mehndo 'kaba kyah-simbara 'lah-di
kyahp- pred.ph.dr. g | have 'teh-to! EH Su t !
dandruff. Stand with legs astride!
85
M` M-

`l h M M` LH| 'kyahp-ki 'pohwa

ML
'prahda 'tap-te-la 'lahkpa kyah n.ph. w EwL| hunch back.
'koh-en. A`U D S ML U L
LEj| In order to hug somebody yE ! 'kho 'kyahp-ki 'pohwa-gi peh-ti
you have to spread out your arms. kuhr-ti peh-ti o-w 'du! EL w
M`U kyah-le-gi loc. A j! Because
EwL U y
tt| from some distance. of his hunch back he walks bent over!
'V`U ' | See also: M() 'kyahp(-la) loc.
'gyabu-le-gi'. jyu| behind.
SU M`U | 'kho-gi M L 'kyahp-la
kyah-le-gi ta-sin. E A tt kahl-di ' ' | See: 'mih

| He watched from some meehba'.
distance. y- 'kyahp-lu o-
M y-
pred.ph.non-erg. jy y
, Et y
|
M` -L kyah se-k
pred.ph.erg. ( ) kill go backwards.
(intensified). M-L - 'kyahp-lohk ten-
pred.ph.erg. jy SE, jy T|
-U kyah 'i-g
M` -
pred.ph.non-erg. ( ) die neglect s.b; turn one's back on s.b.
(intensified). M 'kyahpa n. jyL t|
back part (of clothes).
Ml kyahe n. | place names:
M` 'kyahpu n. wE
Pheedi? (lodge settlement between
( U) lower back (body part).
harepai and Gosainkuna).
M- kyahp- v.dt. LE| hit.
M`/
`/ M-` kyahda/
kyah-tha n. M
M- kyahp- v.t. | throw.
1) , | plains. S`U M|
'khu-gi 'thoo-le 'mahr 'baso-la toh
M` M- J`U|
'kyahda-la 'kyah-'lahm oh-ge. C 'kyahp-sin. E D t
w yL j| In the plains there are | They threw stones at the
`U
big roads. cattle from above.
2) wEL | place names: settlement S` `C h Mh?
in the western part of Yohlmu, in the khu 'baso-la 'yih-y ti-be toh
upper Tadi Khola valley, eastern part 'kyahp-te? EL D L
of Kulu. ? Why should we throw
`U
stones at their animals?
M {m-
{m-} kyahdu {zo-} n. {v.t.} M` h` 'kyahp-ta
gE gE, M {E} foods: {cook} tii-la-'ra n.ph. HL S , HL
noodles.
gt | in one throw.
M kyahp n. w| upper back M- kyahp- v.i. , V| hit
(body part). against; fall into s.th. accidentally.
86
M M

[Usage: has many other meanings as M 'kyahla adj. A, U,

well, depending on the collocation | outshine (fig.).
and grade of transitivity] S`` L C
L jU ML | `U T`V C M !
phar-ken 'dep-la thu-gi pahlap khu-'ra sa-la 'yeh-ken mahy 'mee-di
'kyahp-ku 'du. u L j tahnda 'yih-gi khyo-'gyo mahy
j| The waves are lapping against 'kyahla 'du! EL HL
the other bank of the river. A HL U j! The
S j M ! 'kho thu-la buffalo we bought outshines the one
'kyahp 'du! F j! Oh, he they have!
landed in the water!
M- kyah-lahm n. DL
M/ M kyahpre/ kyahbre yL L yL| road in plains.
(W) n. | plants: buckwheat. 'E'
M` {-} kyahli {phu-} n.
| See: 'prahw (E)'. {v.t.} kAk U kE k
M/ M kyahper/ ( Lw, , g
kyehper n. A| spices: ginger. A L ) musical instruments:
{blow} small wooden trumpet. [Note:
M kyahmi n./ adj. g
with silver or brass rings; used in
(gL ) Chinese.
lama ceremonies]
M 'kyahmi 'yuhl n.ph.
g| China. M-S kyahl-khap n.
U M CyU U (lamaistic) l| kingdom.
M l` M ` ` M-S
`U| peeh-gi 'kyahmi-'ya-la di -S t | tahbu tahbu
'India-gi 'pahl-le-gi thaa-'kyo tehn peeh 'kyahl-'khap-la de-kham 'uuh
thamdi-'ra 'yahr 'kyahmi yuhl-la 'yeh-ba lo. E L l 6 t
ta-gen. gL Q L k H | Formerly there were
gD F L six districts in the kingdom of Tibet.
Ug wCj| All the carpets woven MU` kyahlga n. kL |
from Indian wool are sent up to to the king's palace.
Chinese in Tibet, in the Chinese
regions. Mk kyahldzen n. OL |
names: personal name.
Mk kyahmdzo n. OL |
names: personal names, m. M-w kyahl-him n. I
'j-Mk' | See also: L| law of the country; secular law.
'tsho-kyahmdzo'. M kyahldum n. V`|
place names: Gyalthung. [Note: not
M- kyahl- v.t. k, k |
win. [Gram: undg. frequently takes inhabited by Yohlmuwas]
<-ki thoo-la>] M kyahlbu n.
87
M M-

1) k| king. U h MU|
2) names: OL | personal name, m. nahm nahm lama-gi tihnda-la
'kyaa-ge. LL kkD
M kyahlmu n.
1) | queen. L Ej| Sometimes the lama praises
2) OL | names: personal name, f. his supporters.
` U ` MU | 'rah
M` kyahlsa n. OL | sem-gi 'rah-la 'kyaa-gen. A
names: personal name, m.
AD w w| praise oneself.
M/
/ M
/ L
/ M M T- 'kyaa 'khyer- pred.ph.erg.
{`-
{`-} kyahwa/ kyehwa/ kehwa EwH | snatch away.
(E)/ kyohwa (W) {ta-} n. {v.t.} `- 'kyaa-di ta-
M `-
Y (Z) {U} (Lk P U) pred.ph.erg. Eg wE, L L
ceremonies: {perform} funeral rites. wE| incite s.b.
[Gram: beneficiary takes gen. <-ki>] T U M `? khye-la 'su-gi
[Note: performed 3-7 weeks after a 'kyaa-di ta-ba? D L Eg
person dies] w? Who incited you?
M U MM/
/ M/ MM/ M/ M
`U| 'kyehwa-la lama-gi nee par-ti {-
{-/ -L} kyaakya/ kyaaya/
'imbu-la 'lahm ta-ge. Y (Z) kyakya/ kyaya/ kyaye {ma-/
LL SL LUk kH peh-k} n. {v.dt.} wu {U} kLE|
D U SEj| During the joke; tease.
funeral rites the lama lights the
` , MM M
ceremonial paper with the deceased | di 'tehmba-'ra 'mihm-ba,
persons name on it, and thus he sends 'kyaakya peh-'kyo 'yihm-ba. g
the spirit (soul of the deceased) on his C, wu UL | This is not true, it's
way. just a joke.
M `- 'kyehwa
h `- `U M M! ah-gi 'kyaya
tihmba ta- pred.ph.erg. U 'ma-'kyo! wu UL! I was just
LE| perform funeral rites (for joking!
oneself) when still alive. `U M M,
M-
-` kyahwa-riha n. `A` `! ah-gi 'kyaye
Lt (M LUk HL g peh-ti tam 'ma-'kyo, 'moh 'ihta-'a
`UL) cerem. utensils: crown of 'lah-sin! kLH L UL, E
cardboard with coloured pictures. C! I was just teasing her, but she
[Note: put onto 'kuhr' during the got angry!
performance of the after funeral rites]
M- kyaah- v.i. tE| become
M- kyaa- v.t. fat; become strong. '` M-'
1) EwE| lift up. | See also: 'yahm kyaah-'.
2) E E| praise (people). M- kyaah- v.t. | squander.
88
M M()

SU `U t`U L M ! M kyidu n. S| painful

'kho-gi ah-gi 'aga 'phok 'kyaah-sin circumstances of life; troubles.
'du! E u j! He `U `U M |
squandered my money just like that! ah-gi rooh-la 'rah-gi kyidu esin.
M kyaahbe n. A, S | S D SH| I told my
provisions (food). troubles to my friend.
m- 'kyaahbe 'zo-
M m- -L kyidu 'kuhdu
M L
pred.ph.erg. A, S `L e-k pred.ph.erg. S-S SE| tell
one's troubles.
U| store up provisions.
M -/ S- 'kyaahbe 'thoo-/ V kyidu
M ``
khur- pred.ph.erg. A, S 'yuh-'gyo 'mih n.ph. S HL
M| carry provisions. O| a person wise through
hardship.
M kyaahr 'MU' | See: `- kyidu yom-
M `-
'kyahgar'. pred.ph.non-erg. S-S | be/
M-` kyaahr-ih n. become equal in prosperity. [Gram:
L| millet field. experiencers take gen. <-ki>]
A `U M ` S|
-M/
M/-V -kyi~-gyi clit. M|
attitude particles: as you probably 'ada 'nooh yii-gi kyidu yom
know. [Phon: For the regular maah-khu. C k CL E
phonological alternations of suffix H| The brothers did not prosper
equally.
initial stops see appendix 7, sections
1-3. This alternation also applies to J` `U M ` |
clitics.] [Disc: occurs clause finally] ohra yii-gi kyidu yom-sin taah-ni.
`U h` A CkL E k j|
We two are equally prosperous now.
LHV| 'lahm ta-gen 'bela-le
tahbar-la 'mihn 'pruh 'koh-e-'gyi. M j kyidu thimbu n.ph.
w S| misfortune; tragedy.
D U wE kE LUk
LL Tj M| When you U M jl
send him (the spirit) on his way you j HU M| de
rohwa-gi kyidu thimbu-i yohlmu
must write his name onto the ritual
Thimi 'ma-e-gi 'yuhl-la 'par-'tii-'kyo.
death paper, as you probably know.
SL w S L j
L l L y`
UE L j| Such a big tragedy
`-` ` J`UV! 'mih sa-la
happened in the Helambu village
kahl 'yihndu-ni kaah-la o-'na
'ti-ti 'e-ti oh-gen-'gyi! LD called Thimi.
L Uj k UH jH M()...
M()... M()... kyi(-ni)...
AEj M! If you accept a fellow he kyi(-ni)... double_conj. L ... L ...
will come chasing after you later! conjunctions: either... or. [Gram: 'kyini'

89
Ml M

+ cl. + 'kyini' + cl.] M-

M-h
kyip-'te

M j L` J`y M 'leehmu peh-ti adv.ph. AU, g
J`y| 'kyi tshe 'kah oh-o 'kyi U| comfortably.
'aah sum oh-o. L kU ` M-h `
L C L | Either it will be for L| 'yihma-la kyip-'te 'leehmu
the whole life, or it will be for a few peh-ti 'yahl 'teh-ken. Y A U
days only. | sprawl out in the sun.
Ml kyindi n. AV S g M kyibu (E) n. LL| dog. 'T'
(L) house parts: iron hook | See: 'khyi (W)'.
which is used to pull shut the inside M MM/ TM 'kyibu
door bar from outside. 'kyihrkya/ 'khyirkya (E) n.ph. LLL
S` ` L V L UL y| excrements of dogs.
Ml g`U J J`U| 'khaba M -L kyibe yarpe
niba 'yehken 'gyaa-la 'koh-la kyindi peh-k pred.ph.erg. t U, Hgg

'tsah-ge 'om oh-ge. SL
U| practise borrowing and lending.
YL L AV SD g U U t` `` M
jE j| In older houses the ` L| 'yuhl-gi 'mih-'ya-gi
door has a hole, through which the 'ohro nahdo kyibe 'yarpe mahbu
iron hook key can be pushed. peh-ken. UEL jL
M kyipu n. S, A| comfort; -t Uj| Among neighbours
ease. the villagers practise a lot of
- kyipu 'yuh-
M `` borrowing and lending.
pred.ph.non-erg. S E| become M - kyibe 'yarpe-la ta-
-
prosperous. pred.ph.erg. Hgg | be willing to
M -L kyipu peh-k lend (habitually).
pred.ph.non-erg. S U| live a t` A` M `
comfortable life. ! 'ohro 'yihn-de-'a kyibe
'yarpe-'la meh-ta 'du! jL H
M kyipu adj. A, | at
ease; prosperous; warm (for climate Hg
g j! Even though he is

and clothes). ' M' | See a neighbour he is not willing to lend
also: 'sem kyipu'. anything.
` M | ah sem kyipu M h-
h- kyimba tal-
'yeh. S j| I am happy. pred.ph.erg.
M | 'meh kyipu 'du. AU 1) | take revenge.
j| It's nice and warm by the fire. 2) t HL | return
UM` M M J`U| borrowed money.
nembu garkya kyipu kyipu oh-ge. M - kyimba ter- pred.ph.erg.
L j| The woolen , t | lend (food, money;
1) g
blanket keeps you very warm. to receive back the same in kind). '
90
M -M

-, M -' | See also: 'yar LtU M` t l |

ter-, kyii ter-'. 'koa-gi pahrkyi-la-'ra 'ebul 'aa
2) g, t | return 'du-ba. LwL g t Sj| Oh,
borrowings (foods, etc.; return the they put a table into the very middle
same in kind). ' M-, M of the room.
h-' | See also: 'loo kyal-, ` `U M/ M !
kyimba tal- 2)'. 'yih yii-gi pahrkyi/ kyil-la 'teh!
- kyimba lehn-
M CL g ! Sit between us!
, t | borrow
pred.ph.erg. g M M `U M
(food, money; to return the same in t`U ` M | di 'kyahlbu
kind). 'kyahlmu yii-gi pahrkyi-la 'aga 'a
y j` j` M `U ter-'kyo 'yihn 'de. k CtD
A` M | 'ibu U g HL | For these
'thaa 'thue ter-'kyo-di ah-gi brooches of the king and queen I paid
nahm-'a kyimba meh-lehn 'yeh. five mohars for both together.
L t L U| It is M-
M- kyi-lahmdo n. wEL
not my custom to borrow just small
| place names: crossing of paths on
amounts of money here and there. the ridge above Chhimi where the
M kyirpu 'M' | See: path from Chhimi and Sermathang
'kyurpu'. meet.
MM kyihrkya (W) n. | M {M-} kyili {kyahp-} n.
excrements of chickens or birds. {v.t.} AV {E} {bar} door with a
[Usage: usually tahmu ; tihbi ] wooden bar. 'L` M' |
See also: 'kaba kyili'.
M-
M- kyil- v.t. Y, Y |
surround. Jk L() M M
MU ` M L L| ohze-la 'koh kyili(-la) 'kyahp-ti
'yehken. S L AV UHL
J`! 'kyibu-'ya-gi ah-la kyil-di
'kahp oh-sin! LL D Y tM | At that time the door was
barred.
AH! The dogs surrounded me and
snapped at me! -M/-V -kyile ~-gyile clit.
M/
M/ M kyil/ pahrkyi n./ loc. , | attitude particles: it's
obvious, isn't it?. [Phon: For the
g, n| middle. ' M'
| See also: 'di pahrkyi'. regular phonological alternations of
suffix initial stops see appendix 7,
M` S L M
sections 1-3. This alternation also
! 'lahm kyil-la-'ra 'kheebu lohk
'kyahp-ti rihl 'du! tL g Yt applies to clitics.] [Disc: occurs clause
finally]
yj! In the middle of the road
he fell flat on his nose! jl h` ,
`A` J`UV! di
91
My M-

'tshiiu di 'paalo ti-'ra mihm-ba, MM kyiikpa 'LM'

'ti-le-'a 'paalo oh-gen-'gyile! | See: 'kiikpa'.
jlL gy C, j M kyihtu 'M-' | See:
! We don't celebrate the 'tshiiu' 'kyeh-toh'.
festival just this year, there will be
other years as well, obviously! M` kyihni 'L`' |
M w jL, -M! See: 'kihni'.
di-ni thakpa hi meh-'the-ke, di-ni M/ M-
kyihnup/
'taar-'kyile! y k gy


, kyih-nuhp 'L' | See:
! This will not break like 'kihnup'.
string does, this is wire! (As you can
M/
/ M
kyihpa/ kyuhpa n.
see, or as you know that wire doesn't 1) (E) k, , | tribe; race; clan.
break easily.)
' | See: 'riihba (W)'.
'
My kyili n. L ( 2) (W) k, | tribe; race.
AL) cooking utensils: kettle. M kyihpu 'L' | See:
M` kyilda (W) n. 'kihpu'.
C HL
M kyihbe 'L' | See:
| fruits: fruit of a vine (grape-like). 'kihbe'.
` UU kyilda 'guugi n.ph.
HL L | plants: vine M` kyihlda n. y| birds:
with red, grape-like fruit. pheasant. [Note: colourful bird with
long pointed tail]
M h- kyildum tee-
pred.ph.erg. t L | cross M` kyihlda phuu n.
one's legs. wEL | place names: Keldang (cattle
M h
, g L | shed settlement north of Yangri
kyildum 'tee meeh-e 'du, piimu 'tsuu Kahng).
'teh-ku 'du. t k Yy tL M- kyii- v.t.
j| Oh, she is not able to cross 1) L| bind. 't M-' | See
her legs, she sits kneeling on the also: 'peei kyii- (W)'.
floor. J h M
M h() - L kyildum ` | ooh 'luhndi tipu-di-la
'tee(-di) 'teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. t yaahbu peh-te kyii-de tuh 'du lo.
L | sit cross-legged. HEt D tj | This
` M h L| ah kyildum one jackal he bound firmly and beat
'tee-di 'teh-ken. t L j| I him up.
am going to sit cross-legged. , t | borrow (money,
2) g
M` kyildo n. | house parts: foods, that is, things which are used
top cross beam of roof (axis). up and to be returned the same in

92
M M

kind). [Gram: lender takes <yambu/ See: 'sem-la'.

yimbu>] 'M -, -'
M kyiih n. , g| knowledge;
| See also: 'kyimba lehn-, yar-'. awareness.
U U `C t`U l ` M | ah-la kyiih 'yeh.
S ` M| tahnda-gi 'laagila D j| I know it.
ah-y 'aga 'sipi-i 'kho 'yambu
M J`- kyiih oh- pred.ph.dr.
kyii-sin. AL U EU L
| realize.
t H| For now I borrowed ` ` M
some money from him.
`| 'moh de-la-'ra 'yeh 'mee-di
M - kyii ter- pred.ph.erg. g , ah-la kyiih mah-yoh. E j
t | lend (foods, money: things D H| I didn't realize
which are used up; to receive back that she was just here.
the same in kind). 'M -, '
kyiih-'tha meeh
M-j
| See also: 'kyimba ter- 1), pred.ph.cop. A- j| without
yar ter-'. letting you know; by surprise. [Gram:
ElU S t`U M | cop.= specific existence; affirmative
'sawdi-gi 'kho-la 'aga kyii tersin. usage not observed]
k ED t | The M-j J` !
shop keeper lent him some money. kyiih-'tha meeh-ba peh-ti oh 'duba!
M M- kyii-da 'kyahp- L S D AHj! He came without
pred.ph.erg. , L| bind up letting us know beforehand.
firmly.
t`U `U A A
`` `C M M `U! M| di 'aga
M-j
'toh-o-'ra ah-y kyii-da 'kyahp-te 'yih-gi aba 'ama-la kyiih-'tha
tuh-gen! D meeh-ba peh-ti ter-'kyo.
tj! I will bind him and beat him up AD HML H | We
right away! gave this money to our parents as a
M - kyii meh-ter- surprise.
pred.ph.erg. | give no peace. l-/ `-L kyiih dor-/
M l-
[Usage: affirmative not yet observed] ye-k pred.ph.erg./ dr. E, g
kU ` M` ! di E| get to know.
pehza-'ya-gi ah-la kyii-'ra mah-ter! TU h M `U/ `
hg D H! These M l/ `| 'khya-gi ti tam
children gave me no peace at all! 'ma-'kyo-di ah-gi/ ah-la kyiih
J U ` M/ M | dor-sin/ ye-sin. k L U
ooh 'lha-gi ah-la kyii/ kyipu mah-ter. H| I got to know what
U D S H! That you said.
god gave me no peace. M `- kyiih 'loh-
M J`- kyii oh- '' | pred.ph.erg. UE| find out. [Note:

93
M M-

is more volitional than 'kyiih dor-' S`U ` ! `

(pred.ph.erg.)] M-U L| khu-'ya-gi tam
S y gM L , mah raah-di! ah-la 'kyu-lohge
`U U M `! kahl-sin. EL L D
'kho-ni 'yehna-mu 'leeh tsokpa ML V| They talk too much! I am
peh-ken 'du-ba, ah-gi-ni tahpse-'ga fed up with it.
kyiih 'loh-sin. F L
ML t- kyuk oh-
U j, A H! He is pred.ph.non-erg. Y V| find s.b./
doing such evil work, I have found s.th. disgusting.
him out now!
ML t! 'kyuk 'oh! excl. L
M kyiih n. | line of Y V! exclamations: how
ancestory; family tree; genealogy. disgusting!.
`U M(U ) L | ML tE! 'kyuk
'rah-gi 'kyiih(-gi tehnda-la) e-ken. 'oh-w-'wah! excl. j, L Y V!
A L E| explain exclamations: how disgusting!.
one's family tree. ML t
tl

'kyuk 'oh-e
'leehmu adj.ph. Y V k|
M ` kyiih yihmu 'L'
disgusting.
| See: 'kiih'.
M
kyiihba n. jL y| M- kyur- v.t.
musical instruments: string of stringed 1) | throw away.
instrument. SU Lh A` M |
'kho-gi 'kapta pi-te-'a 'phe 'kyur-sin
M L L J`-/ -L kyu 'du. E Ly L j|
lohk lohk oh-/ peh-k He took off his clothes and just threw
pred.ph.semi-r./ non-erg. ML ML U| them down.
be about to vomit. 'M-, SM -' 2) -u, - | throw to s.b.
| See also: 'kyuu-, khokpa [Gram: goal takes <oo-le>]
looh-'. `U l ` MM| ah-gi
Ml M L L L ! 'bool dimi oo-le 'kyur-'kyo.
'kyuu-e 'mee-di 'kyu lohk lohk peh-ku Ly k | I threw the ball
'du! ED AE ML ML to Jimi.
Cj! He is about to throw up! J E j M` ! ooh 'aw
y- 'kyu-lohge
M-U J`-/ y- tshur 'kyur-to le! E !
oh-/ o- pred.ph.dr./ non-erg. ML Please throw that apple to me!
, UUE| get fed up. `- 'kyur
M g`-/ M `-
` ` M-U J`U! 'tsah-/ 'kyur ta- pred.ph.erg.
di 'mih 'tho-na ah-la 'kyu-lohge
| throw away for good.
oh-ge! j S D ML Vj!
`U `M` M `|
I am fed up with this person! ah-gi yohkto 'phe 'kyur ta-sin.

94
M M-

H| I threw the rubbish jD L UD yj |

out. If somebody wants to institute a new
M l- 'kyur 'aa- pred.ph.erg. festival he holds counsel with the
jy T| leave behind. lamas and village leaders, and then
U k M l `-` they distribute the money to the
L ! pehpa-di-gi pehza 'phi people of the village.
'kyur 'aa-de ta-'lah kahl 'du lo!
M 1 kyuh n. | wealth;
t hgD tML jy UHj ! possessions.
They said the Tibetan left the child
m- 'kyuh 'zo- pred.ph.erg.
M m-
behind and took off!
LE| acquire wealth, possessions.
M/ M kyurpu/ kyirpu adj./ n. A AU M H, ` H,
A, A | sour. fruits:: J l`
sour citrus fruits. ` yH| aba 'ama-gi 'kyuh ta-en,
'leeh-na ta-en, ohle 'na thamdi-'ra
MM kyuhrkyen n. UEL
yaahbu 'yeh-si-'ma-na 'nama 'la
(L L) U A
o-en. A j , j ,
C | festivals: money given to
villagers when a new festival is S V kj|
established. [Note: instigater gives the The parents look at the wealth and at
money to the village leaders who then the way she works, and if everything
distribute it to the villagers] is favourable, they go and ask for the
girl (as a bride for their son).
t- 'kyuhrkyen am-
MM t-
pred.ph.erg. UEL UD L M m T`
U | (village leaders) distribute the V? 'barma-la kahl-di 'kyuh
money. yaahbu 'zee-di khyo-di 'yeh-ba-'gyi?
MM - 'kyuhrkyen loo- UH LH HL j
pred.ph.erg. UEL U M M? Did you bring back a lot of
wealth with you when you came back
A U| return the
money to the festival fund. [Note: in from India?
order to get out of the obligations M 2 kyuh n. Y (Ly C
involved] ) weaving terms: warp.
hU j ml M- kyuh- v.t. E, Yg| thread
M U ` t (beads); push a long object through
M U MM tU| loops or holes; stab.
'mih tii-gi 'thepa samba 'zo-e sem
` `U M|
'kye-si-'ma-na lama goba-'ya 'yambu 'phowa-la-'ra i-gi 'kyuh-sin. t

'eeh 'kyahp-ti 'yuhl-gi 'mih-'ya-la
E Yh The piece of wood
'kyuhrkyen am-ge. LD UE E, stabbed his stomach.
, gy, L U H S L M ! 'khap-la 'kupa
UU U UEL kyiih ter! U EF! Thread
95
ML
My

this needle for me! hard-hearted.

ML
kyuhk n. YL T J `U `U M
t| house parts: lath. [Note: fixed MU M M| ohle ah-gi
onto 'ahlu' (vertical roof rafters) to 'ahba-gi 'kyuhma 'nahkpu-gi 'kyiih
fix 'palep' (shingles) to them] e-'kyo. A ` L t
TL H| And then I told
MM
kyuhkpa n. w| long, them about the evil ancestory line of
heavy stick. ' ' | See also:
L the "ahba".
'prehka'.
L Mh MM ` M - kyuhr- v.t. M, P |
sell (used in the context of carrying
` T` | kahrta 'kyahp-te
'mee-di 'kyuhkpa 'rihbu 'rihbu on trade); redirect (e.g. irrigation
khyo 'du. E - canals).
w Hj| Oh, he brought poles gHl Mt`
to build a fence. M | 'pasal 'tsuu-e-di peh-pa-ni
'kyuhr-'a mih-'kyuhr 'du. L
M`
kyuhba 't' | See: P - j| I wanted to run a

'a'. shop, but I am not selling anything.
M`
kyuhbu 'M`' | SU j-L M T`
See: 'kyohbu'. `U ` yH |
'kho-gi thu-'kula 'kyuhr-ti 'khyer-'na
M
kyuhpa 'M' | See:
mih-'yihn-gen peh-ti phar-ti-'ra phar
'kyihpa'.
o-e lo. E L L L
M h {m-
{m-} kyuhpte {zo-} n. (A S) U g ALu
{v.t.} S {`L U} festivals: UCj | He would redirect the
{prepare} food supplies for festivals irrigation canals (to his fields), but
and other special occasions. the water would not obey, but always
`U U Mh m only go to the other side.
Ll | di 'paalo 'yih-gi
'naahra-gi 'kyuhpte 'zo 'koh-e M- kyuu- v.i. j, U| throw
up food; vomit. 'SM -, M L
'yeh-ba. L
L, M-U' | See also:
U SLL U j | This
'khokpa looh-, kyu lohk lohk,
year we have to prepare the food
supplies for the 'naahra' festival. kyu-lohge'.
k l` M| di
M
kyuhma n. A| intestines. pehza-ni dibu-'ra 'kyuu-sin.
C M H| mahy 'kyuhma hg j This child vomited
sah-en.
L A SCj| The terribly.
intestines of buffalos are eaten.
M 'kyuhma 'nahkpu
M My M- kyuune kyahp-
pred.ph.erg. EUE| ruminate.
(W) adj.ph. t, w| evil;
U My ML| 'baso-'ya-gi
96
M M

'kyuune 'kyahp-ken. 'kye-'yuhl n. kL UE|

M-
EUEj| Cattle ruminate. birth place.
M kyuundi n. U ALL M () 'kye-sa ('phayu) n.ph.
j| work utensils: chisel. [Note: for kL Q| birth place; homeland.
wood carving, with roundish blade] M -U kye-g v.t. kE, E| give
J L l M LH| om birth.
kohrmu 'phru-e-la 'kyuundi 'koh-en. CU M| di
U ED U ALL j mahy-gi piihru sum 'kye-sin.

gj| To carve round holes you gt | This buffalo cow has
need a chisel with a roundish blade. given birth to three calves.
M- kyuuh- v.i. M kyeda n. E t|
1) (E) yy U ( ) roam around. weaving terms: weaving belt. [Note:
2) (W) | flow properly (e.g. of ink). used to fasten the loom around the
'k M-' | See also: '(W) weaver's waist]
naaza kyuuh-'. U
M M M LH|
L` j y thaa thaa-e-la 'kyepa-la 'kyeda 'kyahp
k g MU lU, | 'koh-en. MS L t
kuhmu phar tshur o-si-'ma-na 'lahm Ej| For weaving you must put
sumdza-'ya-la 'tsen 'kyuuh-ge 'mee-di the weaving belt around your waist.
'dii-ge, 'mih-'ya. E y M y-
y- kyen o- pred.ph.dr.
t Vj yHj, | come to harm.
j| When people are on errands `- 'kyen ta- pred.ph.erg.
M `-
in the dark, they are afraid that there
| inflict harm.
will be evil spirits roaming around at
L U
cross roads.
M `U H| yohlmu-la 'thablo
M kyuuhbu n. | kahl-si-'ma-na 'lha 'lu-gi 'kyen ta-gen
father-in-law. [Usage: not used as term 'mee-di 'ma-en. E
of address; term of address: 'aa'] A AU
M kyuuhmu n. | Uj j| In Helambu we say
mother-in-law. [Usage: not used as a that if something boils over the hearth
term of address; term of address: spirit or gods will inflict harm on us.
'ani'] M - 'kyen taa- (E) pred.ph.erg.
S U| despise s.b; look down upon.
M -U kye-g v.i. E, k| '-' | See: 'phya-(W)'.
sprout; be born. J U S
) 'kye-gar ('tiihzi)
MU (k L, J U M U
n.(ph.) k | birthday. ! 'moh-ni ooh rohwa peh-ti 'gaal
Ml 'kyeu n. L | spring khur-ti kahl-sin, ohle 'mih-'ya-gi 'kyen
water. taa-gen 'nahle! E U
97
M M

U, A S Uj ! a house, lest they become sick.]

Misbehaving like that she went (with 't' | See also: 'ihp'.
him), and now people look down E L M-
upon her. (`-)` l `U|
-/ M- 'kyen 'or-/
M - 'siw 'yeh-ken 'mih 'kye-'rip (pah-'rip)
'kyahp- pred.ph.dr. V| get hurt nah-la 'uuh-e meh-yoh-ge. E
(physically or mentally). UHL j L L Y
` ` `, `

| (E nP
T` M L! 'nomsa ) A person who wears rudraksha
yaahbu ta-di tam 'mee-do, 'ti-le seeds as an amulet must not enter
khye-'ra-la 'kyen 'or-ko-'wa! into a place defiled by birth. See:
g U L U, j AD Aw 'raaha' for 'rudraksha'.
! Think things over well before M kyere adv. wy, w`U| straight
speaking, otherwise it will be and stiff.
awkward for yourself afterwards.
M `A` L | 'kyere
M kyepa n. L| waist (body 'lah-de-'a 'teh-ku 'du. w`U EH
part). j| He remains standing
M J`- 'kyepa oh- straight up.
pred.ph.dr. j , | have M 'kyere peh-ti adv.ph.
menstruation. [Usage: This is more w`U U, wy U| stiffly.
modern than 'zubu 'liih oh-'.] j M
` t M
M-T kyep-khyowa n. | t` j j L! tsheeba
man; fellow. 'kyeeh 'yihmu-di 'ehpa 'too-ba 'kyere
peh-ti 'mahni 'ah-di thaa 'tshal-di
M `- kyer lah- 'teh-ken! AtL L
pred.ph.non-erg. kML Ew| get up k U U j| On the eighth day
(intensified). 'M' | See also: of the lunar month one sits with a
'kyere'. very hungry stomach and says
M ` ! mantras and prostrates oneself.
'sodi-di 'yahr 'kyer 'lah-sin 'du lo! M ` -L 'kyere 'lah
EL Vg w`U EHj ! The 'teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. w`U EH
good fortune jumped right up onto his
| stand up straight.
feet!
M ` kyel tohbo n.ph.
M- (`-) kye-rip U | trees: Himalayan cedar.
(pah-rip) n.(ph.) LL kw (wE,
Y) cerem. terms: defilement caused by M` kyeldo n. wEL | place
names: very small settlement north of
birth. [Note: The house becomes
ritually unclean and therefore some Chhimi in the forest.
people have to avoid going into such M M {} kyewa kyemu

98
M M-

{yeh} n.ph. {cop.} g {} {be S`U ` Ly LM

in} distress; {get} extreme hardship. , M M ` `
M M M-U 'kyewa kyemu M| khu-gi ih 'kahnumu
'kye-g pred.ph.non-erg. S | be peh-ti 'koh-'kyo 'ma-na, 'kyehn
born into distressed circumstances. 'kyahp-ti 'rah 'rah 'mihn-la
M M / J`- 'kyewa thop-'kyo. E A L U
kyemu bap-/ oh- pred.ph.dr. S UHL , U A-A
ACV| go through distress; go L H| To tell you how they
through hardship. allotted the fields, they cast lots, and
each one received his portion
M - kyewa lehn-
pred.ph.erg. k | enter into a according to the lot he received.
different form of life. M k {M-} kyehndzen
S U MU M l! {kyahp-} n. {v.t.} L
laa 'khase 'mih-gi 'kyibu-gi 'kyewa U {E} jewelry: festive belt-like
mah-lehn-du! L LL L silver and gold ornament. [Note: worn
k E! If possible, people should by women; with silver chains hanging
not take the life of a dog. down]
M-/ M/ M ( ) M l {-} kyehnda {taa-} n.
kyeh-toh/ kyihtu/ kyihpu (pin {v.t.} U {E} jewelry: {put on}
sum) n. (qt.ph.) g| work utensils: jewelry. ' -' | See also:
(the three) hearth stones. 'taa ter-'.
M- kyehn- v.dt. U| adorn. M
kyehpa num.ord. Aw|
-k mL M ordinal numerals: eighth.
l J`U| piihm-pehza-'ya M
kyehpu 'L' | See:
'zap-ke 'bele pela-'ya 'kyehn-di 'yeh-na 'kihpu'.
'darpu oh-ge. U
LL U H Sj| When M kyehper 'M'
the women dress up, it looks nice if | See: 'kyahper'.
they adorn themselves with all sorts M
kyehldar n. wEL |
of ornaments. place names: small lama settlement
M M | with a temple above Prahwal, on the
'kyahlbu-la 'rahna 'rihne 'kyehn-di 'du. western slope of the upper Indrawati
kD LL `U U valley.
UL j| The king is adorned
M
kyehwa 'M' | See:
with all sorts of ornaments.
'kyahwa'.
M M- kyehn kyahp- M- kyee- v.i. | move away.
pred.ph.erg. U , gv | cast
S` S`U M | khu di
lots.
'khaba-le-gi 'kyee-sin. E Yt

99
M- -M

| They moved away from this M

kyeema adj./ n. (UD
house. ) cow or buffalo which has

M y- 'kyee-di o-
y- recently given birth to a calf.
pred.ph.non-erg. k| move on. ` M | di 'pahla
[Usage: often used instead of the 'kyeema 'yihm-ba. UD S HL
intransitive 'kyee-'] | This cow has recently given birth
to a calf.
M- kyee- v.t. | move s.th.
| khu-gi 'kohre
S`U L M M
kyeeh num. Aw| numerals:
'kyee-sin. E Uw | They eight.
moved the cattle shed.
M

kyeehba adj. | with
M- kyee- v.dt. U, y
| much expense; abundantly.
distribute. S`U M
J`|
y l Ml
khu-gi paahma 'kyeehba oh-sin.
L| taah-ni ombu-'ya-la eero L | They had a
'kyee-e 'bela kahl-sin. A bountiful wedding.
D YE LHL UL t -M/
M/-V -kyo~-gyo vsf. -HL
! Now it's time to
y ( L T kE PL
distribute the fried wheat bread.
A) telling past; main point
MU
T`-
T`- kyeega khyo- past. [Phon: For the regular
pred.ph.erg. L E| bring a phonological alternations of suffix
present; gift. [Note: most often done initial stops and the exception verbs
when coming home from traveling] marked with <-k> see appendix 7,
MU l- 'kyeega dor-
l- sections 1-3, and for the exceptional
pred.ph.dr. L E| receive s.th. as behaviour of this suffix in regard to
a present. voicing assimilation see section 3.2.]
`U MU l/ [Gram: can be used with or without
MU `U l| 'moh-la pagap an auxiliary]
'kyeega dor-sin/ 'moh-la 'kyeega J yH E `
pagap dor-sin. E L `U LV, `| ohle pohmbo o-en
(jy Ly) C| She bela-le pihw 'la kahl-'gyo, ah. A
received a fine back apron as a nP k j-j V
present. UHL| When the shaman went (for the
MU - 'kyeega ter- pred.ph.erg. festival) I went to ask for a calf.
L | give as a present. M ` j jU
U ` MU M! di M | 'kyehwa
'situp rooh-gi ah-la 'kyeega ter-'kyo! 'yihmu 'mahni 'thepa 'tham-gen-di
Aw D L HL| My 'imbu-la rooh-ram peh-'kyo 'yihm-ba.
friend has given me this finger ring as Y (Z)L UH gL g
a present. LD UL | The reciting
100
M`-
M`- M-
M-

and dancing of ritual prayers at the god has to be satisfied. If we don't

death rites is to help the deceased satisfy it, it will harm the people of
soul (to enter into heaven). the house.
T` A ` ` U ` M` LH|
M `U| "khyera 'ama'ya lama-'ya-gi 'luhba-la kyo 'koh-en.
'yambu 'yahmbu-la'ra 'teh" 'mee-di UE L Uj| The
'ma-'kyo ah-gi. , AU lamas have to attend to the needs of
Lwy ! L| I told the people.
her that she should stay with her
M`/ M`/ `` kyomu/
mother's family in Kathmandu. kyomo/ yomo (E) adj. AyL
-M/- -'kyo~-'gyo seeh
M/-V (g UL) oval (ball-shaped,
vsf.+p. -HL | irrealis (perfective); not flat). '``' | See:
would have. ' , -h ' | 'yomu (W)'.
See also: 'seeh, <-te> seeh'.
h L` Lk M` | di
S S yl M , y 'tahmu 'koha 'kahze kyomo 'du.
S! 'kho di 'kha-le phar o-e LSL L g UL j|
'mee-di peh-'kyo seeh, o Oh, this is a very longish egg.
maah-khu-ba! F t k
SkL , k L! He wanted M kyoma (W) 'g' | See:
to walk over this ledge, but he 'tsamba'.
couldn't! M-
M- kyor- v.t. AyE, Ay |
`U k` S support s.b./ s.th.
h` M ! ah-gi j`U mM M T LH,
mah-zu-ba 'yeh-na 'kho de-le 'mahr U| tha-gi 'zi-'kyo

'tahp-te-'ra peh-'kyo seeh! 'mih-la 'kyor-ti 'khyer 'koh-e,
L H F t S ! If I lehmen-ni 'praah-la rihl-ge. L
had not caught him, he would have D j, t
fallen down here! yj| When leading along a drunk
person, you have to support him,
M`-
M`- kyo- v.t. E, nE|
satisfy (the gods by giving them otherwise he will fall down a
offerings); attend (to people). [Gram: precipice.
with first sense recipient of the M-
M- kyol- v.t. j, U|
offering (=undg.) does not take avoid s.th; make pretexts.
<-la>] SU l M| 'kho-gi sah-e
jM` ` M` LH| M` kyol-sin. E S j| He pretended
MU| 'thekyo suma kyo to have already eaten.
'koh-e. meh-kyo-na 'mih-la 'ne S U M
'kyal-ge. LED nEj| L| 'kho 'leeh peh
YL D S j| The house mah-'lahm-ba-gi kyol-di kahl-sin. F

101
M- S

L U U j U| He didn't | See: '-le~-lee'.

feel like working, so making a pretext M`- kyoh-'leeh n. S
he left. L| rough work.
L, S U
`U
MU| M kyohwa 'M' | See:
'leeh peh meh-'lahm-na ah-gi 'leeh 'kyahwa'.
kyol-ge. L U U L
jj| If I don't feel like working, I M- kyoo- v.i. j| deviate from
avoid doing it. the original course.
` `U` S` MM| ah
M- kyoh- v.i. (vulgar) U U| 'tho-go-'ra khu kyoo-'kyo. D
have sexual intercourse. [Gram: v.i.
S E jL| They saw me and
because co-actors do not take erg. sf.] avoided me.
M`/ M`/ M`
y- kyoo-di o-
M y-
kyohbu/ kyohbo/ kyuhbu pred.ph.non-erg. j k| avoid s.b.
adj. S, | clumsy (hand); thick 'U M' | See also: 'goo
(pen line); coarse (things, e.g. flour). kyoo-di'.
M` kyoh-'le '-/-'

S kha n. S, | mouth; snout;
entrance; beginning; cutting edge of a
tool. 'LU S, MU S' | mouth.
See also: 'kupa-gi kha, phukpa-gi
kha'.
L-t SU` ! 'kahp-'ih S M- 'kha 'kyahp- pred.ph.erg.
'kha-gi-'ra ter-ti! SLL L E| close (e.g. a pot). 'Sl
! He hit him with the very
cutting edge of the dagger!
J- 'kha ol- pred.ph.non-erg.
S J-
LME, SE| have an
astringent taste in the mouth. [Gram:
exp. takes gen. <-ki>]
` , j S
JU| 'he umbu sah-na, yaa
maah-tshe-ba sah-'naa 'kha ol-ge.
A, LL y S S
LMEj| If you eat green potatoes or
unripe arum you get an astringent
taste in your mouth.
S
S LL -L 'kha kuluk peh-k
pred.ph.non-erg. S L U| rinse
L- 'kha kom- pred.ph.non-erg.
S L-
SE, S V| be thirsty.
M-' | See also: 'khau
kyahp-'.
SU M() S M| 'kho-gi
nekyi(-la) 'kha 'kyahp-sin. E y
L U| He closed the pot.
S S -/ S - 'kha
'khapi ten-/ 'khapi ten-
pred.ph.erg. S wML, L ML!
utter empty words; make empty
promises. [Gram: addressee takes
<poh-la>]
S g- 'kha tsum- pred.ph.erg. S
U, g V| close mouth; close

102
S S

s.th. by pulling together (e.g. a purse). sense = pred.ph.erg.] '`-'

`U S S g| ah-gi 'khuma | See also: 'tah-'.
'kha tsum-sin. L S U| I ` U L S |
closed the purse. 'ti-le-ni 'nuhmu-gi 'koh 'kha 'phee-sin.
S () h 'kha ('lee) 'tolbu j L S| Then later
adj.ph. Lt| talkative (with negative the younger sister opened the door.
connotation). S 'kha phodol n.ph.
S S () h | 'kho 'kha lee Yt| Adam's apple.
'tolbu 'du. F Lt j| He is too S ` - 'kha
-
talkative. mah-yah-ba peh-ti 'ma- pred.ph.erg.
S k- 'kha 'dzem- L jtL | say s.th. briefly.
pred.ph.non-erg. S | restrict one's S - 'kha 'yer- pred.ph.non-erg.
diet. S LME| have a prickly sensation
S l 'kha 'dambu adj.ph. in mouth. [Note: e.g. when eating
, S g| courteous; deceitful green potatoes, timmur, etc.]
(talk). - 'kha 'rup- pred.ph.non-erg./
S -
S , l J`U! 'nama erg. S / E (L)
'kha yaahbu, 'dambu oh-gen! opening becomes narrower/ make
L j, j! The bride opening narrower. [Gram: undg. takes
will talk in a nice and friendly way! < ->]
S l| 'mih 'kha 'dambu. S `U k M` , S |
g HL , L | a ah-gi 'dzoola kyah ter, 'kha 'rup-sin
deceitful person/ a courteous person. 'duba. nL S A EYF,
S - 'kha tohl- pred.ph.erg. Hj| Please open up my bag, the
1) A L U| admit (a crime). opening has become too narrow.
LU S | 'kumen-gi 'kha g U TU S h `U!
tohl-sin. g A gL L tselba thaa-ge-mu khye-gi 'kha 'rup-te
U| The thief admitted his theft. meh-yoh-ge! yL yLL
2) L gt (nP), U S Y ! When you weave a

L S| divination: speak as an carrying basket, you must not make
oracle for the first time. the opening at the top narrower!
- 'kha 'thal- pred.ph.erg.
S - `U k S L| ah-gi di
, , A L U| blab out; 'phazi 'kha 'rup-ken. PL S
make indecent talk. [Gram: addressee Uj| I will gather together the
takes <poh-la>] opening of this sack.
S - 'kha 'phee- pred.ph. S `- 'kha 'lah- pred.ph.erg.
non-erg./ erg. P U| revolt.
1) jt/ juE| become separate/ J U S ` J` EC!
separate s.th; sort out. ohle 'tiih-gi 'kha 'lah-de oh-de 'uy!
2) S| open. [Gram: this second A kU A ! And then the
103
S S

demons started to make a revolt! S - 'kha 'aah-

S M-/ -L 'kha pred.ph.non-erg.
'lahpi 'kyur-/ peh-k pred.ph.erg. U 1) A , L |
M, Uy | talk insincerely. swear. [Gram: speaker takes gen.
S / S 'kha lemba <-ki>]
(m.)/ 'kha lema (f.) adj.ph. t S, TU S M ! khye-gi 'kha
| simple and honest; 'aah-'kyo 'duba! LL U
pronounce very poorly. j! You betrayed (me)! / You let
S - 'kha lehn- pred.ph.erg. (the secret) out!
C S| kiss (appropriate among 2) S t | be split at the top. [Gram:
grown up persons). 'hL -L' undg. is unmarked]
| See also: 'tuk peh-k'. L S ! 'koohbur 'kha
S - 'kha looh- pred.ph.erg. S 'aah-sin 'du! JSL S tj ! Oh,
V| talk back to. the rim of the mortar split!
S 'kha salbu adj.ph. S, - 'kha 'or- pred.ph.non-erg.
S -
| outgoing; friendly. L U UL| not be covered
J S | ooh 'mih 'kha tightly. ' (S) -' |
salbu 'du. j| This See also: 'tam (kha) or-'.
person is outgoing. j` S | tha 'kha
S - 'kha sah- pred.ph.erg. 'or-sin 'du. kyL L U U
U U| tell off s.b. sharply. [Gram: LH A Hj| The beer
undg. takes gen. <-ki>] was not covered tightly and so it
SU ` U S became sour.
| 'kho-gi tehnda - 'kha-la
S k (`) -
meeh-ba-la-'ra 'mih-gi 'kha sah-sin. then-de (-'ra) 'ma- pred.ph.erg.
E L U U| He | talk indiscriminately.
scolded/ cursed him without any SU L - 'kha-le-gi 'phok
reason. then- pred.ph.non-erg. St
S ( ) - 'kha (yaahbu) L| blurt out. [Gram: speaker
sah- pred.ph.non-erg. | cut takes gen. <-ki>]
well (e.g. tools).
S () kha(-la) loc. -| on top
L S | di 'karta 'kha of.
meh-sah 'du. L V j| This
L S |
knife doesn't cut. 'luhndi-di yuuh 'kehpa 'kha-la 'teh 'du
S- -L 'kha 'see-/
S -/ S- lo. g L j | The
'kha-'see peh-k pred.ph.erg. kw jackal was sitting up there on the wall
SE ( L kw SE of the terraced field.
LP) marriage: bride and groom U S S yH l M|
drink from the same cup. [Note: is part 'gaari 'khawa 'kha-la o-en-mu
of the wedding ceremony]
104
SM S`

rihl-de peh-'kyo. Uy Et k y stuttering.

AtL | Running over the snow S SM | 'kho 'khakle 'du. F
the car was about to turn over. LL j| He is a stutterer.
S S/ S S 'kha 'kha-da/ S SM E | 'kho
'kha-da 'kha loc.ph. | along 'khakle peh-ti tam 'ma-w 'du. F LL
on top of. U L U j| He stutters.
l- S S lU| 'u-'mahr S` {-} khaden {ter-} n.
'kha 'kha-da 'am-ge. SL YEL {v.t.} Y
{E}(Yg
k nLj| You skim the LL A k U) ceremonies:
melted butter. {give} a house-warming party.
, J h j S S yE ! tee, S` yU| 'khaden sah
ooh 'tihbi thu 'kha-da 'kha o-w 'du! o-gen (W). Y E k|
, g y j! go to a house-warming party.
Look, that bird is walking on the
S` yU| 'khaden-la o-gen
water! (E). Y k| go to a
S(U) 'kha-le(-gi) loc. t| house-warming party.
from the top.
j t S(U) | di S` khaba (E) n. Y| house.
'thee 'ebul 'kha-le(-gi) 'tahp 'du. 'T' | See: 'khyim (W)'.
L tt Sj| This book fell off - 'khaba 'ehn-
S` t
the table. pred.ph.non-erg./ dr. YL AE| be
homesick.
S 'kha-le 'mahr loc.ph.
t| from above. S S` tU | 'kho 'khaba
'ehn-gu 'du. ED YL AE
`U A J S
J` | 'tihri-'ga 'a pemba ooh j|| He is homesick.
'kha-le 'mahr then-de oh 'du. Ak S S` tU | 'kho-la
D L AHj| Just 'khaba 'ehn-gu 'du lo. ED YL
today brother Pemba came appearing AEj | They said he is homesick.
from above there. S` M 'khaba tahkpu
n.ph. Yt, Yu| landlord.
S 'kha-le phar loc.ph.
t| along the top of. S`-` 'kha-su n. YL|
S`-
S S yl M| 'kho watchman. 'T-`' | See
di 'kha-le phar o-e 'mee-di peh-'kyo. also: 'khyim su'.
F t k AtL j| He wants S` ` khasa ihsa
to go along the top here. n.ph. Y kVU| property (house and
fields).
SM khakti adj. | bitter.
SL 'khatik adj. A | S` ` ` j yH|
somewhat bitter. 'khasa ihsa pa-di 'thee-la o-en.
Y kVU U Q j| I will
SM khakle adj. LL| give up house and fields and become
105
Sk() S

a monk. E j! Here they are building

the houses poorly (with modest
Sk() -L kha-zum(-ba)
teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. gg | be means)!
quiet. S {-} khada {taa} n. {v.t.} S
Sk , k! 'kha-zum 'teh, {E} cerem. terms: {present}
pehza-'ya! g U, hg! Children, ceremonial scarf. [Note: presented to
keep quiet! s.b. you want to honour]
Sk()
/ Sk S - 'khada 'luu- pred.ph.erg.
'kha-zum(-ba) peh-ti/ S | marriage: present a
'kha-zumba-le adv.ph. gg U, ceremonial scarf and a gift of money
ggU| quietly; secretly. to the marriage couple.
S` Sk A` L| khu S U | 'khada pra sal-di
'kha-zum-ba peh-te-'a kahl-sin. E 'luu-gen. Hj H S
gg UH| They left quietly/ secretly. UC| announce the amount of the
Sk ! 'kha-zum-ba-le o! g gift and put the 'khada' around the
U AF! Come secretly! neck of the bridegroom or bride.
Sl khau 'Sh' | See: S (`) khadi (phue) adj.(ph.)
'khaptu'. EL , L| unfinished (intensified);
incomplete (intensified). ' l-'
Sl l- khaem aa-
pred.ph.erg. C A Dhj | See also: 'phior aa-'.
g| give last instructions (a dying J ` S ` ` j|
person). ooh doma 'khadi-di 'time 'yihmu
'tshar-sin. L L wg AL
l L U `U
` Sl lH| 'lahla 'i-e H| The unfinished reading
peh-ke 'mih-gi 'rah-gi 'yohwa-la of the book called 'domang' was
'khaem 'aa-en. UL L finished the next day.
AD A Dhj Tj| Some ` t H S ` | ah
people who are about to die give last 'swiar thaa-e-di 'khadi 'phue 'yeh.
instructions to their relatives. t LL, L L j| I
know only a little about knitting
S S khatar khotor adj.ph. sweaters.
| rickety; in poor shape (used l l S L |
for biggish things). 'leeh 'phior 'aa phando 'khadi
S` S S L | 'khaba 'lih-ken 'nah. L U L Sj L
'khatar 'khotor kahl 'du. Y Hj| j| If you interrupt the work it
The house is in poor shape. obviously remains unfinished.
S` S S mE
! de-la 'khaba-'ya 'khatar 'khotor S J`-/ y-
y- khadu-la oh-/
peh-ti 'zo-w 'du! S S Y o- pred.ph.non-erg. t t
AE/
k| come/ go to meet. [Gram: met
106
S-
S- S

party takes gen. <-ki>] U jCF ! - jH|

- 'khadu-la 'ma-
S - Please thread this needle! - I did it.
, | tell
pred.ph.erg. S S-L` 'khap-ku n. w |
S-
to one's face. work utensils: awl-like needle. [Note:
S L/ L M- 'khadu used for sewing leather or sack-cloth]
lok/ lohk 'kyahp- pred.ph.non-erg. Sh
Sh/ Sl {M-} khap-tu/
wL t| run into s.b./ s.th; be an kha-u {kyahp-} n. {v.t.} L
unfortunate coincidence.
{UE} {put on} lid. 'S M-'
S-
S- - kha-nem sah- | See also: 'kha kyahp-'.
pred.ph.erg. Skj S SL | eat `() Sl M` !
s.th. more substantial after a eating a 'haya(-la) 'khau 'kyahp-to le!
snack. yMgL L UE! Please put a lid
k l ` `U S- onto the aluminium pot!
M| 'he 'dzara seeh phando 'ti-le Sh ML|
'yih-gi 'kha-'nem sah-'kyo. AL 'phumba-la toh yemba 'khaptu
Sk SHj AL SL 'kyahp-ken. Z `U L
SHL | After eating potatoes for a L UEj| For a lid I am going to
snack we also eat some more put a flat stone onto the big earthen
substantial food. pot.
S-
S-/ S-
S- k-L kha-nem/ S-
S-h khap-te qt. w|
kha-nen dze-k pred.ph.erg. measures and weights: brimful.
(elevated) D U| bind evil S-h L| 'bree 'padi
spiritual powers/ forces of nature. 'khap-'te 'tahp-ken. E g
' -/ l-, l L-' w j| (He) makes the measuring
| See also: 'tahm-la taa-/ aa-, container brimful when he measures
tahmda kal-'. out the rice.
U S- kL | S khaptar adj. Uy, Lt|
lama-'ya-gi simbu 'kha-'nen 'dze-ken. talkative.
QD Uj| The S Sh ! 'kho 'khaptar-ti 'du!
lamas bind the giants.
F Uy j! He is very talkative!
S khap n. | needle. S () khaptur(-la) loc.
S t 'khap 'ohwa n.ph. S() opposite. [Gram: opposite
, t | safety pin. takes gen. <-ki>]
SL / SL ` 'khap-ki SU S() L| 'kho-gi
'mii/ 'khap-ki 'miyo n.ph. L 'khaptur(-la) 'teh-ken. EL S
| eye of needle. | sit opposite of him.
SL L M` ! -`C S` ` St` m |
M| 'khap-ki 'mii phar 'kupa di 'khaba yii-ni 'khaptur-'a 'zo-sin
'kyiih-do le! - ah-y 'kyuh-sin. L
107
S S

'du. Ct Y A- CHj| predestined from birth; the lama can

These two houses were built just look it up in the books: 'meh-kham,
opposite of each other. sa-kham, thu-kham, etc.]
horoscope.
S khapla 'S' | See:
'khabla'. S
S - `- kham thin-/ thi-
-/ `-
pred.ph.non-erg. U | horoscopes
S khapse n. A E match; destinies match. [Gram:
HL LL SL| foods: deep-fried experiencers take gen. <-ki>]
slightly sweet pastry. [Note: a Tibetan S` `U S ` | khu
speciality made for 'lohsar'] yii-gi kham mih-thi 'du. E
S - khapi ten- 'S' | CkL U j| Their
See: 'kha'. horoscopes don't match.
S khabup n. p, LL S
/ kham sehn/ to n.ph.
gL S Lw| SH A w U LLD
house parts: board supporting the wall y | small handful of cereal
above the door or window frame. mash. [Note: given to the dog from
one's own plate]
S/
S/ S M-U khabla/
khapla (E) kye-g pred.ph.non-erg. S khame pp. U S (U ) in
U E (L L) branch out; no way; it won't do. [Disc: has to be
sprout doubly. [Gram: location of preceded by neg. pred.ph.]
sprouting takes <-la>] '' | t` L l
See: 'habla (W)'. S! 'mih 'ohba-la kahl phando-ni
U S ME | yahlga-la meh-'teh 'khame! U UCLj
'khabla 'kye-w 'du. U L S ! After you have gotten
Hj| On this branch another twig married you can't say that you won't
is branching out. stay with him, that will never do!
t h S ME | a 'todo-la S khamda n. -g, |
'khabla 'kye-w 'du. LL t U care; matter needing attention.
tj| The hair ends are splitting. ! peema-la
k S
S kham n. pehza khamda meeh! D hg
1) | power; authority. nnt j! Peema does not have

J S j , UA` to care for children!
S hA` S| ooh 'mih-di S| 'leeh khamda. LL
kham thimbu 'du, 'su-gi-'a 'kho-la -g, LL | work needing
ti-'a 'ma maah-khu. jL w to be done.
j| L EL L Lt S| 'baso khamda. L
M| That fellow has authority; -g, L | animals
nobody could talk back to him. needing to be cared for.
2) U| cerem. terms: destiny. [Note: fate ` S `` ! ah-la
108
S SM`

khamda mahbu-'ra 'yeh-ba! D `- khamsabu 'tho-

S` `-
tt j! I have a lot of things to care pred.ph.r. C S| look beautiful
for! (beautiful sight).
S g-U khamda 'tse-g y- khamsae
S` J`-/ y-
pred.ph.erg. -g U, U| pay oh-/ o- pred.ph.cop. A, ML |
attention; consult each other. [Gram: feel good about s.th; feel relieved.
partner takes <yambu/ yimbu>] [Note: physical or mental relief]
T ` ` S` g! khye [Gram: cop.= general attribution/
'yimbu ah-ni khamda-'ra meh-'tse! eventive form]
U L U! I won't have S {-} kharal {thuu-} n. {v.t.}
anything to do with you!
{uE} {come upon} a carcass.
J` y j` L `U S gM
J`U V S g LL| ohra H| nahm nahm 'yih-gi rih-la kharal
ii-di 'tsho peh-si-'ma-na 'kaahbu tsokpa 'thuu-en. L L
oh-gen 'gyaa-la khamda 'tse 'koh-ken.
k`U LQ uEj|
n U Aw Sometimes we come upon ghastly
j| If we
AC wE U carcasses in the forest, and we take it
partner in business we must consult as a bad omen.
each other when things become
difficult. SL kharka (N) n. wEL | place
names: village on the eastern slope of
S khamba n. | plants:
the Melamchi River valley, south-west
fragrant weed of the wormwood of Kolama,.
family with little yellow flowers.
[Note: rubbed on the wooden floors to SM` kharkya qt.pp. | only;
keep them clean and shiny] exclusively.
J U SM`
S khambu n. A| fruits: peach. yE | ooh 'mih-gi 'mih-la yaahbu
S` khamsabu adj. C| kharkya peh-ti o-w 'du.
pleasant; happy; joyful. AD C U y j| That
S` -/ J`- khamsabu person does only good things to
nee-/ oh- pred.ph.dr. C V/ others.
| be fun; be enjoyable. J U L SM` M yE
` S` J`| | ooh 'mih-gi 'kumen kharkya
'rahmne ah-la khamsabu oh-sin. 'kyahp-ti o-w 'du. g
EYt D C V| I j| That person is always
y
found the dedication ceremony (for stealing.
this monument) enjoyable. J kU l`
S` -L khamsabu m` SM` ! ooh 'tiihzi-gi 'mih
peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. C U| tham-di-'ra semba zabu kharkya
rejoice; have a good time. 'yeh-ba! kL
109
SM S

HL H! All the people of that twenties: twenty, forty, etc. [Note: for
time were generous! more details see appendix 2, section
1.4]
SM M-/ SMU -
kharkyal kyahp-/ kharkyal-gi SL khalak (N) n. , ,
ter- pred.ph.erg. LE, L, n| SL| race of men.
grumble about s.b; find fault with s.b. -` SL gM ! di
S`U ` lM , J phar-ee 'khalak-'ya tsokpu 'yihn!
MU `U SM M! tL j! The
khu-gi 'leeh no 'aa-'kyo 'du-ba, people over there are a bad lot!
ohle tahkpu-gi ah-la-'ga kharkyal jU SL |
'kyahp-ti! E L U Sj, Thimi-gi 'khalak yaahbu 'yeh-ba. j
L D n! They UEL j| The people of
spoiled the work, but now the master Thimi are good people.
is finding fault with me!
S khale ' S -L, t
Sg khartsa (N) n. Sg| expense. S' | See: 'sem-la khale lih-k,
ehmba khale'.
S
/ S-
S-
kharnup/
khar-nuhp temp. A| day before Sy khali (N) n. S| pocket.
yesterday.
S khalma n. MD M
S khal (N) n. SL, S| kind k k | pleura (body part).
(what kind? this kind). S U | 'khalma
S `/ ` 'khal 'lawa-gi rooh 'yihm-ba. MD M
'yihm-bu/ mih-'yihm-ba adj.ph. k ML | The pleura is
AWL/ AWL| obedient/ the companion of the lungs.
disobedient. [Gram: excl.: 'khal
S {M-} khawa {kyahp-} n.
yihmba!'] {v.i.} E {} snow {fall}.
J k S `/ S S ML| 'khawa 'yulu
` | ooh pehza 'khal 'muhlu 'kyahp-ken. y E ,
'yihm-bu/ 'khal mih-'yihm-ba 'du.
E M| everything is covered with
hg L / j| Oh, snow.
this is an obedient/ disobedient child.
` ` ` J w
S-
S- khal- v.t. U L| spin. h S M| 'yihma yii
` U SU | 'yih nah-la-ni ooh 'yuhl-la 'hu tu
'yibi-gi 'pahl 'khal-go 'yeh. k 'thumbu 'khawa 'kyahp-sin. C
F L j| Our grandmother UE AV E |
spins wool. Within two days ten cubits of snow
fell in that region.
S h, S `, A
A khal
tii, khal yii, etc. num. , S 'khawa 'lah n.ph.
g, A| numerals:: counting by g| snow mountains.

110
S SC

`U S ` S ` khasal ohsal
`U| Serma-tha-le-gi 'khawa 'lah adj.ph. , S| socially clever;
'poh-la-'ra 'tho-gen. `t friendly.
kL Sj| From - l`U `k Lk S
Sermathang you can see the snow `! 'mih-'yuhl 'u-gi 'yendzen
mountains at close range. 'kahze 'khasal 'ohsal! A wEL
S S -L khasar khusur L ! How friendly are these
peh-k pred.ph.erg. jj jj U| friends from foreign places!
fumble around. S khaser n. S| place names:
SU S` ` S S L settlement below the ridge behind
| 'kho-gi 'khaba nah-la 'khasar (the former) Yangrima School,
khusur peh-ku 'du. E Y jj Sermathang.
jj U j| He is fumbling S () khaso(-la) loc. jE| on
around inside the house. the edge (of).
S S khasar khosor S` | di
S`
, | rickety; in
adj.ph. , 'khaba 'praah 'khaso-la-'ra 'du. Y
poor shape (used for smallish things). L jE j| This house is on the
'S(L)' | See also: very edge of the abyss.
'"khotro(k)'.
S khaee qt. (lamaistic) L|
S S L | di pela some.
'khasar 'khosor kahl 'du.
U jU g S
Hj| These things are in poor l | lama-gi di-la 'thee-gi 'temba
shape. 'tsuu-di loh 'khaee 'uu 'du lo.
SU L S S m | U L
'kho-gi 'sendok 'khasar 'khosor 'zee 'du.
| Establishing buddhism the lama
E L S U () Hj| stayed here for some years.
Oh, the finishing of this chest is
rough. S/
/ S khaaba/ khaama

S S -L 'khasar 'T/ T' | See: 'khyaaba/
'khosor peh-k At U| have just khyaama'.
enough. St khaaso (N) n. St| clothing:
` S S L ! 'yih shawl (fine quality).
'khasar 'khosor peh 'teh-ken 'nah!
S/ SC khii/ khuy (W) n. n,
At U L j! We just had | foods: sauce; juice. 'S/ SC'
enough to get along!
| See: 'khowa/ khuy (E)'.
k S S m |
'bidzuli 'khasar 'khosor peh-ti 'zee 'du. S- khu- 'S-' | See: 'khuu-'.
kL L L kyj| The SC khuy 'S, S' | See:
electrical wiring is rather poorly done. 'khii, khowa'.

111
SL S

SL ` khuk ta-di adv.ph. oh- pred.ph.non-erg. | have

U, U U| leisure; spare time. '`' |
uninterruptedly; diligently. [Disc: not See also: 'loh'.
used as indep. pred.ph.] 'L `, l U S-``
L `' | See also: 'kuhr `UV, h h? 'thuu-e-la
tadi, thak tadi'. 'leeh-gi 'khum-'luh-'ra
J`U SL ` LH| meh-yoh-ge-'gyi, ti peh-te? t D
ohra-gi khuk ta-di 'leeh peh 'koh-en. L , L U? Because of all

SS L U j| We must the work I have no leisure time to
work without interruption. meet with you, what to do?
S` khu pr. E, | they. S khuma n. | small bag;
S` ` khu yii pr.ph. E, purse. [Note: used to keep precious
Ck| they (dual). [Usage: The dual things or money]
form is not obligatory, but it is good
S `-
`-/ -
- khumbu ta-/
style to use it when it applies.] or- pred.ph.erg./ non-erg. L |
S`` khu-'ra pr. E A| sigh.
they themselves (emphatic).
` ` `U S `` `
A S`` j J`l? ahna LH! da 'tihri ah-gi 'khumbu
khu-'ra 'tham oh-de? H mahbu-'ra ta koh-en! AkL
E A h AEj? Some will D L j! Nowadays I
they come and dance themselves? have to sigh a lot!
S` -L khu peh-k pred.ph.erg. ` S | ah 'khumbu
ShE, L | bend a body part. 'or-sin. D L | I
SU L` S` L | 'kho-gi sighed just like that.
'kaba khu peh-ku 'du. E Su
S- khur- v.t. M| carry on back,
ShE j| He pulls up his legs. head, or shoulders. '-' | See
S- khum- v.i.
| fit in also: 'thoo-'.
timewise; have time. S/ S khuru/ khurpu n. |
` SU| ah 'khum-ge. D
load.
j| I have time for it. `U S ` j| ah-gi
S 'khumbu 'yeh khurpu 'ahl tsho-sin. H| I
| be unoccupied.
pred.ph.cop. put down the load to rest.
[Gram: cop.= specific attribution] S khur-pa n. | carrier.
L, T S j `! J ` A S ? ohle
'kaami, khye 'khumbu 'yeh-na thu 'yih 'ada-la khur-pa 'du ni? A
lehn so! L, D H CU j L? And does our
kF! Kaami, if you are free go brother have a carrier?
and fetch some water!
S khura n. t| foods: bread (flat,
J`- 'khum-'luh
S-`
112
S- S

unleavened). work that I could not come.

S- khuu- v.i. wL, V | (W): Sl khuu-e-ni (W)
materialize; (E): be adequate. ' dep.pred.ph. L| if possible.
S' | See: ''rihn maah-khu'. Sl J T` y Lh
-` S l | khuu-e-ni ooh 'khyowa-la-'ra
o 'koh-te 'nahle. L LtU
S H| tahra-da 'mahr 'kha 'phee
phando '' 'mahr khuu-sin' 'ma-en. (W) j | If possible at all, she
U
must marry the man (she has been
AVU Hj YE wL
promised to.)
j|| When the buttermilk and
the butter have separated you say, S/ S khuut/ khut (N) adj. S,
"The butter has formed." S| in reality; the real one.
Sl | taah 'mahr L S S` U , U
khuu-e peh-sin. (W) A LU ! 'kumen 'khuut-ni 'kho-'ra
V| Now the butter is about to 'yihn-ge 'nah, 'mih-la-'ga 'dos ken-gu
form. 'du! S g g F A , AD
S- khuu- v.t. U k (, A UEj! He is accusing s.b. else
while in reality he is the thief himself!
A U ) take
after; be exactly alike. [Usage: take S khen n. L, S| kind (what
after a parent or an older relative; kind? this kind).
only used for physical appearance, not Ly SU j` ? di
for character] [Gram: relative taken 'kahnu-mu khen-gi 'tsho 'yihm-ba?
after is unmarked] L LL ? What kind
S A S | 'kho ani khuu-sin of business is this?
'du. F U UHj| He took after his
S - khen paah-
(maternal) aunt. pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. / | be
S AU j S ! 'kho aba-gi added; add.
tshenda khuu 'du. EL A
`U U U M,
L k j! He looks exactly ` S A` `!
like his father. ah-gi to 'mehnda sum-gi 'laagi-la
S-/ S- khuu-/ khu- aux. M| be yo-'kyo, 'mehnda yii khen paah-di
able; can. [Gram: vs + aux.] to-'a mahn-da-ba! kD
J U y S! LHL, Ck H, U ! I
ooh simbu-gi pohmo paahma o cooked for three people, then two
maah-khu-ba! QL jL people were added, and I had not
L! The daughter of that giant enough food!
could not get married! j S | di
`U ` J` S| 'leeh tshooba-la 'mih khen paah-sin.
mahbu-gi ah oh maah-khi. y H| The number
L U AE C| I had so much of this congregation grew.
113
Sy S

`U t` h S ` mH| lehn-'gyo. Y ED k
ah-gi 'ohba tii khen paah-di yii HL j| I took the responsibility for
'zo-en. HL Y Ct Ej| building that house.
Adding one stich I make two out of it. SU S m`V| 'kho-gi
'khee lehn-di thin zu-'gyo. E A
Sy/ Sy khenamu/
khenomu n. OL , L k H kL j| Having
taken a vow he devotes himself to
| names: personal name, f; name of
a goddess. meditation.

Sy kheno n. OL | names: S - kheendo ten-

personal name, f. pred.ph.non-erg. k U| show
off with a skill or one's cleverness; be
S L
khenda kaahbu (E) priggish.
adj.ph. Aw| very difficult. 'L U L Lk M T
' | See: 'kale kaahbu (W)'.
L h S y LH? 'mih-gi
j h ` l` S peh-ken peh-ken-dze-la pahrkyi-la
L J`| lama 'thee 'lop-te-la khye tibe 'kheendo ten o 'koh-en?
ah-la dibu-'ra khenda 'kaahbu A L UL wE L
oh-sin. U MD D g k H U ? Why do you
U | I found it very difficult to need to interrupt and show off while
learn the buddhist scriptures. they are doing it?
S-g( /
/ M) `- S
kheeba n. , S
khep-tsuu (peh-ti/ kyahp-ti) HL j| person skilled in art or
yahl- pred.ph.non-erg. Yt (U/ handicrafts.
)| lie on one's stomach.
S-g M() l- 'khep-'tsuu S
kheebu adj. , k|
'kyahp(-ti) 'aa- pred.ph.erg. Yt skillful; clever.
T| put s.th. upside down. -L 'kheebu peh-k
S
pred.ph.non-erg. Ct| want
S -gU - 'khep-'tsuu
lohge rihl- pred.ph.non-erg. Yt to be clever.
y, t| fall flat on one's stomach. ` `U` S L m
H

(L) M-' | See
'S ` ! ah 'rah-gi-'ra 'kheebu
also: 'kheebu (lohk) kyahp-'. peh-ken 'zee-di 'lha-en seeh noh-sin
'du! A CtL L
S khea n. U, | animals:
! Making this I wanted to be
Uj
deer. clever, but my knitting is spoiled!
S
-/ -L khee lehn-/ S
(L) M- kheebu
seh-k pred.ph.erg. k | take (lohk) kyahp- pred.ph.erg./ non-erg.
responsibility. (u)Yt , | turn upside
J S` ml `U S V| down (intensified); land on one's
ooh 'khaba 'zo-e-la ah-gi 'khee
114
S SM

stomach. 'S-g' | See also: pred.ph.erg. g , S |

'khep-tsuu'. interrogate s.b. [Gram: undg. takes
U S
L M ` gen. <-ki> or <-la>]
`! 'nuhmu-gi tehrma 'kheebu h- khokpa 'tol-
SM h-
lohk 'kyahp-ti to 'phu 'pu-sin! pred.ph.erg. , U| trust
L u Yt SHj! s.b; depend on.
Little sister turned the plate over and SM - khokpa ta- pred.ph.erg.
SM -
all the food is spilled. gL Q U, Uk kh| test s.b.
S 'kheebu peh-ti adv.ph. [Note: find out what the other person
Yt , | turned upside down. thinks] ' -' | See also:
S S A` | 'kho 'sem ta-'.
'kheebu peh-te-'a rihl 'du. F Yt SM M khokpa 'nahkpu
yj| He fell on his nose. adj.ph. L , Yy, w| evil;
hard-hearted.
S kheelo adv. Lw AE U| by
heart. S SM M | 'kho khokpa
'nahkpu 'du. F L L j| Oh, he
S`U S U | khu-gi
'lu-'ya 'kheelo lehn-gu 'du. E is evil.
U Lw U UE j| Oh, they SM M -L khokpa
are singing the songs by heart. 'nahkpu peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. Yy,
`- 'kheelo ta- pred.ph.erg.
S `- w | be harsh; pursue evil
designs.
w Lw U| recite by heart.
S h` -L 'kheelo S SM M L | 'kho khokpa
tahdar peh-k pred.ph.erg. Lw U 'nahkpu peh-ku 'du. F Yy U j|
He pursues evil.
U| learn by heart habitually.
S m`- 'kheelo zu- pred.ph.erg. SM `U khokpa
nah-gi tam n.ph. AL L,
Lw U, t | learn by heart.
L| motives.
S kho pr. F, E, | he. [Usage: SM - khokpa 'pruh-
generally only for humans, very rarely pred.ph.erg. g , g LE|
also for 'it'] interrogate s.b. [Gram: undg. takes
S` 'kho-'ra pr. F A| he gen. <-ki>]
himself (emphatic).
`- khokpa 'lo-
SM `-
SM khokpa n. , A, t| pred.ph.erg. | pry for motives.
inner self; conscience; heart. [Usage: [Gram: undg. takes gen. <-ki> or
for concrete and abstract concepts] <-la>]
` j SM` l ! SM - khokpa looh-
'prah tshee-di khokpa-'ra 'aa-e pred.ph.non-erg. (elevated) U,
peh-sin! j t
k ! I j| throw up food; vomit. 'M-'
have a stabbing pain in my chest! | See also: 'kyuu-'.
L- khokpa kor-
SM L- SM - khokpa 'uu-
115
SM` S

pred.ph.non-erg. j, V| have yH| khye-gi 'mahr khyo meh-ter-na

diarrhea. ah-la 'khoo o-en.
SM` khokso (W) adj. LhgHL| CH D Sg j| If you
lame; crippled. 'St' | See don't bring any butter, I will be left in
also: 'khoo'. need of it.
A` U L` SM` ` ` L St L|
'tihri ah-la 'mahr-ki 'khoo kahl-sin.
L? 'aa 'dame-gi 'kaba
khokso kahl-ba? L Su Ak D YEL Sg | Today I
should have some butter, but I don't!
Lhg L? Are uncle Dame's feet
crippled? S(L) khotro(k) adj. |
SM` y- khokso peh-ti
y- rickety; in poor shape. 'S S'
o- (W+E) pred.ph.non-erg. ShH | See also: 'khasar khosor'.
| hobble.
y M Sl | nekyi 'khotro-i
A` SM` yE | 'du-ba. HEt y j| Oh, there
'aa 'dame khokso peh-ti o-w 'du. is a dirty old pot.
ShH y j| Uncle
` V S` Sl |
Dame hobbles. ah-ti 'teh-sa 'gyaa 'khaba 'khotro-i
'yeh-ba. D HEt n Y j|
St khoo (N) adj./ n. Sg, A`U|
defective; crippled. [Usage: not My dwelling place is a rickety house.
offensive if said in presence of the S j-L khoda the-k
person concerned] 'Lh, SM`' pred.ph.non-erg. , L | get
| See also: ''kuta, khokso (W)'. fed up; be deeply wounded.
` Al(C) L` St L M LH, ` S
| 'yih 'ai(-y) 'kaba 'khoo j! 'leeh 'tuhkpu peh 'koh-e,
kahl-di 'yehba. L Su A`U ah-ni 'khoda 'the-sin! S U j,
HL j| My elder sister's foot is H! You have to work hard, I got
crippled. fed up with it!
L` M St M AU l` ` l
j `l L | 'kaba k AU S j yH
'lahkpa 'khoo peh-'kyo 'mih-'ya | 'paba 'ama-gi dibu-'ra barta
'thorten-la 'la-de-la 'teh-ku 'du. 'la phando pehza-'ya 'paba
Su Sy HL Q 'ama-le-gi 'khoda 'the-ti o-e 'yihn.
U j| Around the stupa in A A U U S hg
Bauddha people with crippled feet AS L kj| When
and hands are sitting there begging. parents scold their children too
y- 'khoo o- pred.ph.r. Sg
St y- harshly, the children get deeply hurt.
| be left in need of s.th. [Gram: the S khona 'S' | See:
needed thing takes gen. <-ki>] 'khoona'.
TU T` ` St

116
S T

S {-/ `-`-} khopin {luu-/ S/

ta-} n. {v.t.} {} weaving terms:
shuttle {push through}.
S-
S- khor- v.i. (poetic) Y|
visit; come by.
S khorlo n.
1) U| wheel-like things (e.g. the
round stone at the top of a prayer flag
pole).
2) gS| work utensils: spindle for
hand-spinning of wool; distaff.
S/ SC khowa/ khuy (E) n.
n, | foods: sauce; juice. 'S/ SC'
| See: 'khii/ khuy (W)'.
S/
/ S -L khoona/ khona
peh-k pred.ph.erg. kLE, nME|
irritate s.b; provoke s.b.
`U k` S M|
ah-gi-ni 'nooh-la 'dzen-'ra khoona
peh-'kyo. CD n kLHL| I
provoked my younger brother all the
more.

S T-
T- khorwa khyam- S `- khoonro lah-
pred.ph.non-erg. A , AU | pred.ph.non-erg. | be irritated.
wander around without finding rest S S `! di tam-la
(soul in 'pahrto'). 'A T-' 'kho khoonro 'lah-di! L F
| See also: 'ala khyam-'. ! He was irritated by this matter!
L -` , Lh `-/ -L khoonro 'la-/
S `-
j T` S TU |
peh-k pred.ph.erg. L hgE| make
'teh-ken 'mih-da 'nohr, 'kapta-'ya-la a fuss.
sem thaa-na-ni khye-'ra khorwa S` J` SU S `U |
'khyam-ge 'yihm-ba. kE , 'khaba-la oh-di 'kho-gi khoonro
'la-gu 'du. Y AH E L
Ly T AU
j| I your heart-mind remains hgE j| When he comes home
attached to the living people, to your he makes a fuss.
possessions and clothes your soul will S ` h- khoonro 'lah
wander around without finding rest. tuu- pred.ph.erg. E| irritate
s.b.
S-
S- khol- v.i. E| boil (water, U U AlU A
milk). 'L-, -, -' | See S ` h! 'nuhmu-gi tam-gi
also: 'kol-, yo-, bloo-'. peh-ti 'ai-gi 'ada-la khoonro 'lah
j L L SU | thu 'blok tuu-di! L L U
'blok 'khol-gu 'du. LL EHj| kD C| Elder sister has
Oh, the water is boiling briskly. irritated her elder brother because of
S M- 'kholbi 'kyahp- their younger sister's affairs.
'g' | See: 'tsamba'.

T
T khya pr. | you (pl.). T ` 'khya yii pr.ph.

117
TL T

Ck| you (dual). [Usage: The dual () stretch oneself (e.g. in the
form is not obligatory, but it is good morning); try to make oneself tall.
style to use it when it applies.] ` `U T` L|
T` 'khya-'ra pr. A| 'yahl-di 'lah-gen 'bela-le khya
you yourselves (emphatic). peh-ken. Ew
TL TL (hA`) - LEj| When I get up from sleep I
khyak khyok (tii-'a) meh-be- stretch myself.
pred.ph.erg. L g, | not lift T`` T`` y- khyaa
y-
a finger (to help with work). 'khyuu pehti o- pred.ph.non-erg.
TL TL hA` ! E `U t`U U k| wriggle
'mih-ro-ni 'khyak khyok tii-'a along (e.g. a snake).
meh-be 'du! A AL T` khyae peh-ti adv.ph.
j! He is not lifting a finger! U| stiffly erected.
J g ` UA` T`
TL-
TL-TL TL-
TL-TL -L | ooh pruhl 'tsa nah-la
khyak-khyak khyok-khyok goo-'a khyae peh-ti 'teh 'du.
peh-k pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. Y tEL wy j| That
1) , t | be reserved; snake is lying there in the grass with
be unfriendly. his head stiffly erected.
2) pu U| make abrupt movements.
T` -L khyae 'se-k
T`
TM`
TM` TM` -L khyakta pred.ph.erg. w | kill (intensified).
khyokto peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. T-
T- khyam- v.i. y y
|
`U t`U U| wriggle about. wander around aimlessly. 'A, S'
TM j- khyakpa thaa- | See also: 'ala, khorwa'.
pred.ph.e. YE, , A k| grease ` S ` L` T|
on liquids or pots. [Gram: loc. takes 'tihri 'kho 'yihma 'kah 'khyam-sin.
<-la>] Ak F L U y y|
jl TM j | 'tsha-a-la Today he walked around aimlessly all
'khyakpa thaa 'du. g YE day.
| Oh, there are globules of butter
j TV 'khyam-gyi n.
floating on the salt tea. LL , UE y LL | abusive
expressions: vagabond.
T`-
T`- khya- v.i. k| solidify (of
things which melt). TV ! 'khyam-gyi di!
lH k ` T`U| 'u-e 'dzati LL k! You vagabond!
'rebe-'ra khya-ge. VL k T 'khyambu-wa n. y,
| vagabond.
kj| Anything which can be melted
solidifies afterwards. T T y-
y- khyala khyole
T` -L khya peh-k o- pred.ph.non-erg. ,

pred.ph.non-erg. LE, U | feel weakness in one's limbs.

118
T` T

'T-' | See also: 'khyol-'. 'khyaa-w 'du. Su g Hj| Oh

h `l L, my feet are cold.
m` T T L! ti tam T 'khyaabu adj. ky| cold (of
meh-yem-ba-i 'thee 'koh-sin, weather).
zubu-'ra 'khyala khyole kahl-sin! T J`U | 'khyaabu oh-gu
L L , kE U! 'du. ky j| It is cold.
These are very disturbing news, I just T J`- 'khyaa-ri oh-
feel week in my limbs! pred.ph.e. g | become cold (of
weather).
T` T` y-
y- khyalda
khyoldo o- pred.ph.non-erg. L T/
/ S khyaaba/ khaaba n.
, M| be exhausted. 'T` E(h) abusive expressions:
j-' | See also: 'khyoldo such quarrelsome people (m.).
thaa-'. T ` h LV? 'khyaaba
T` T` -
L 'yambu tibe kahl-'gyo? EU
'khyalda khyoldo peh-k L UHL? Why did you go with such
pred.ph.erg. At U, Aj U| idle quarrelsome people?
(about); potter (about); waste time.
T/
/ S khyaama/ khaama n.
J`U T` T` A (h) abusive expressions:
h `U| di 'leeh-la ohra-gi such quarrelsome people (f.).
'khyalda khyoldo peh-te
y, lU! - T ?
meh-yoh-ge. L At 'phi-la mehn-o, 'dii-ge! - 'khyaama
U | We must not waste any time 'duba? k, y Vj! - A
doing this work.
j? I am not going outside, I am
T T ( ) khyasar afraid! - Do you think there is a
khyosur (peh-ti) adv.ph. k U| ghost?
inexpertly.
T khyi n.
SU T T E | 'kho-gi 1) (W) LL| dog. 'M' | See:
'khyasar khyosur 'pruh-w 'du. E 'kyibu (E)'.
AA T j| Oh, he is writing 2) (E) g Dg| measures and weights:
like a beginner. "hand-span" with the index finger bent
T- khyaa- v.e./i. ky | be cold at the second joint.
(of weather)/ feel cold. T- 'khyi-'so n. LL |
T-
` ` TE | da 'tihri canine tooth. '-, y-'
'khyaa-w 'du. Ag ky
j| It's | See also: 'din-so, am-so'.
cold these days.
T khyim (W) n. Y| house.
` ` T| ah 'tihri 'S`' | See also: 'khaba'.
'khyaa-sin. D Ak ky | I am
T A 'khyim aba n.ph. YL
cold today.
, Y | father of the house.
`U L` TE | ah-gi 'kaba
119
T T-

T A 'khyim 'ama n.ph. flour soup).

YL A, Y | mother of the TM khyukpu adj. kU, gS|
house. industrious; agile. [Gram: excl.:
Tk 'khyimdzi n. jL| 'khyukpa!/ khyuga!']
neighbour. 't`' | See also:
h TM , k! 'leeh
'ohro'. peh-te-la 'khyukpu 'du, di pehza-ni!
J Tk J` | L U kU j, hg !
ohle 'khyimdzi-'ya lee oh-di ta-sin. This child is very industrious in his
A jL AH | And the work!
neighbors came and looked.
T M 'khyim tahkpu n.+ n. T khyubu 'T' | See:
'khyobo'.
Yu, Yt| landlord.
T-` 'khyim-su n. Y L|
T- T- khyuu- v.i. tL| have a
watchman. 'S`-`' | See throbbing pain (in a wound); seep.
also: 'kha-su'. 'k T-' | See also: 'naaza
T khyimbur n. (o.f.) gg| khyuu-'.
spoon. TE | owa 'khyuu-w 'du. YE
tL j| I have a throbbing in this
TM khyirkya 'M' | See: wound.
'kyibu'.
T khye pr. | you (sg.).
T-
T- khyil- v.i. k | T` khye-'ra pr. A|
fill up (with liquid). you yourself (sg., emphatic).
L S j T
| 'nuhp-ki 'khawa mih-'uh-na tsho T- khyen- v.t. (hon. of 'ee-')
mih-khyil 'yeh. g E V g, (t.) know.
S k | If the snow in
j J`U ` , J`U
the west does not melt, the lakes will TU| 'thee ohra-gi 'nom-do
not fill up. 'laah, ohra-gi 'khyen-gen. L k
, kD Mj| You
Tl khyildu n. S, | pool take the book, you know (how to
(of water, small or biggish). read) it.
L S Tl `
U| 'yarka rih-la toh 'kha-la
h T- khyep- v.dr. A-A
khyildu mahbu 'teeh sihn-ge. U E| receive one's share. 'U
T-' | See also: 'sem-gi
k`U `U kL
khyep-'.
uEj| During the rainy season you
find many little pools of water on the S` l T | khu
rocks in the forest. 'meehme-'ya-la eero mah-'khyep 'du.
E D YE LHL UL t
T/
T/ T khyildo/ khyilto j| Oh, these ladies didn't get their
U
n. LLL S| dog's meal (millet share of fried wheat bread.
120
T() T

T() {

/
} khyepa(r) T- khyer- v.t. , V| take
{meeh-ba/ yeh-ba} n. {cop.} L along/ with/ to.
{HL/ HL} {there isn't/ is} a J S L L T L
difference. | ohle 'kho-ni 'bet-ki prehka
` h T ? di yii-la 'khyer-ti kahl-di mihn-du leh. A
ti khyepar 'yeh-ba? Dt L L E L v U UHj | And he
j? What is the difference between took a cane stick with him!
these two? T-! 'khyer-o! v.imp. F!
bring!. [Gram: imp. of 'khyo-']
T` {-/ J`-} khyepsa
{sah-/ oh-} n. {v.t./ dr.} {} T M- khyer kyahp-
{make} a margin; profit. pred.ph.erg. gM E, yLE|
J j`U T` ` H| slander s.b. behind his back; incite
ooh 'tshoba-gi 'khyepsa mahbu (through bad talk).
sah-en. Sj| gM m` T
That businessman makes a large M yH| 'moh-ni tam tsokpa
margin on his goods. 'zo-simba-'ra 'khyer 'kyahp o-en.
U l T` J`U EL L H ELE k
| 'brumsi thaa-ge-mu yahmbi-i j| She makes up scandalous stories
'khyepsa oh-gu 'du. Ug A and stirs up other people.
j| Oh, you can make a T khyere intens. S
little bit of profit when you weave
Lt U | abusive expressions:
carpets. intensifier used in cursing talk.
T khyemu adj. | cheap. T `!/ T y Ll!
'thala 'khyere so!/ 'thala 'khyere o
T/
/ T khyemba/
khyembo n. k , | 'koh-e! Ck! ! May
knowledgeable person; scholar. you become all ashes!
T M
/ T M -g T M! pi-'tsar 'khyere
'khyemba 'kyaahbu (E)/ 'khyemba 'kyohp! Yt yk! May you fall
tahkpu (W) n.ph. k| especially right upside down!
knowledgeable person. T y-
y-/ `-
`- khyero (N) o-/
T T MU m ` ta- pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. S k/
, ` hA` ! 'khya | be wasted/ waste s.th.
'pheebe 'khyemba 'kyaahbu-'ya-gi 'zii
T
khyee meeh pred.ph.cop.
na-na mihm-ba-ni, 'rah-ni ti-'a
L j| there is no difference.
meeh-e! D k [Gram: cop.= specific existence]
, A L k! Unless you [Usage: observed only with neg.
knowledgeable gentlemen look into it, pred.ph.]
I myself don't understand anything!
` T -da khyee

121
TL T

meeh-ba 'mih n.ph. L HL our son.

j (LL wE L L T/
T/ T khyobo/ khyubu n.
A Sj) be equal to ; behave V| husband. '`-S' |
like . [Disc: The dash is filled with See also: 'yih-kho'.
the name of an animal or some other
T M T j yH

unflattering designation.] 'khyubu 'kyahp-la 'khyubu tshol
`U-` T ! 'lago-da o-en piihmi n.ph. U
khyee meeh-ba 'mih! Uk j!
T | adulteress.
He behaves like a bull!
`-` T ! T-
T- khyor- v.i. , S|
'yomba-da khyee meeh-ba 'mih! stagger; feel wobbly.
L ! What a fool! S j`U m TL | 'kho
tha-gi 'zii-di 'khyor-ku 'du. F M
TL -L khyok peh-k S j| He is staggering
pred.ph.non-erg. jL| bend sideways; because he is drunk.
look sideways.
` hhC M TL | T-
T- khyol- v.i. E| stagger;
ah-ni 'tehte-y 'kyahp-la khyok wobble. 'T-, T T y-,
peh-sin. jL jy jLH | T-' | See also: 'khyor-,
I bent sideways hiding behind my khyala khyole o-, sem khyol-'.
mother's sister. S j`U m TU | 'kho
tha-gi 'zii-di khyol-gu 'du. F M
TM` khyokto adj. `U| j| He is staggering
uneven; crooked; slanting (e.g. a because he is drunk.
pole).
L` TU | kindi khyol-gu
TM`| tam khyokto. `U 'du. L `U V j| (The arm
L| distorted statement. of) the rice pounding device wobbles.
TMg khyok-tse adj. jyL| T` j- khyoldo thaa-
somewhat slanting. '-g/-k' | pred.ph.non-erg. , AO, h |
See also: '-tse~-dze~-ze'. be unsettled (life style); be idle.
L l TMg L | di 'T` T` -L' |
'kawa yahmbi-i khyok-tse kahl 'du. See also: 'khyalda khyoldo peh-k'.
S AL `UHj| Oh, this post ` ` ` T` j
is somewhat slanting.
| ah 'tihri nahbar khyoldo
T`-
T`- khyo- v.dt. E| bring. thaa-di 'yeh. Ag h HL j| I
[Gram: imp. = 'khyer-o!'; have an unsettled life these days.
'*khyo-do!' does not exist]
T - khyololo then-
`U T` LH| pred.ph.non-erg. L| appear
taah-ni 'yih-gi puh-la 'nama khyo swiftly.
'koh-en. A jL
Uj| Now we must get a wife for T khyowa n. (somewhat
122
TL U-
U-

elevated) , V| husband; ugly; strange looking; bungling (not

man. capable).
TUU h `U | TL h h L
'khyowa-gi-'ga 'puhptal tuh-ge 'nah. ?! di 'mih khyosor-ki ti ti
Vj nt kEj| The men peh-ken 'yihm-ba?! L L Uj L
play the cymbals. L? Look, what is this bungler about
T k 'khyowa pehza n.ph. to do?!
Vj, Ltj| menfolk. T- khyoo- v.t. A | waver;
TL khyosok (W) adj. Aw get off course. 'L`, ' |
( k) queer. See also: 'kaba, sem'.
H, l TLL k M l U TU | 'lahm-le-gi
| 'ee, dimi khyosok-ki pehza 'phi khyoo-gen. t Y k| wander off
'kyur 'aa 'du lo. l hgD the path.
jyj | Oh, they said Jimi, this queer y- khyoo-di o-
T y-
fellow just left the child behind. pred.ph.non-erg. `UH k, AL t
T khyosor adj. , | V| skirt s.th; avoid s.b./ s.th.

U
'gara goro'.
-U -ga '-L' | See: '-ka'.
` U` U` | i gandra
UE -
- gaw ma- pred.ph.erg. yL| gondro 'du. L L E j|
burp. There are small and big pieces of
k t L` j , UE wood scattered around.
E | taah-ni pehza-'ya 'ehpa U` U` | 'so gandra
'kah-ba tshee 'du, 'gaw 'ma-w 'du. A gondro 'du. EL L
hgL t HL k j, yL j| His teeth are out of row.
j| Now the children seem to have
had enough, they are burping. Ut gapu (N) adj. U| hidden
away.
Uw gahe 'Aw' | See: j `C Ut l
'ahhe'. | lama 'thee-la-ni tahbu-y tam
Ul gandir (N) n. t, Uk| 'gapu 'aa-di 'yeh-ba. L
clothing: sweater; T-shirt. EL L LH SHL j| The
ancient myths are hidden away in the
Uy gana (N) n. Yt| hour.
buddhist scriptures.
U` U` gandra gondro
adj.ph. , HL HL| U-
U- gam- v.t. S
uneven (in size or arrangement). | throw into mouth.
'U` U`' | See also: ` g ` , `U L

123
U UE

L UV! di 'thosi 'tsiibu mah-ta bedspread; ordinary shawl.

'yeh, ah-gi 'phok 'phok gam-'gyo!
U gale n. L | clan names:
L kw L j, non-lama clan (='maba').
S SHL ! This curry is not
defiled, I just threw some pieces into U galba n. EL yy| piece of
my mouth! wood (for fire).
U h` ! di 'galba
U gara (N) n. U, y`| terraced tuu-do leh! E ! Please
field. put this piece of wood onto the fire!
U` U` gara goro adj.ph. U {t-
{t-} galbandi (N)
A g, HL| uneven {il-} n. {v.t.} U {} clothing:
(ground, piles). 'U` U`' {put on} neck scarf. [Note: long and
| See also: 'gandra gondro'. narrow, also used like a turban]
U` U` ` J`U| toh
'gara 'goro mahbu oh-ge. U/
/ UU {-} galburi(E)/
`U -`U HL k | This is galgole(W) {then-} n. {v.i.} y,
uneven stony ground. U {AE} mumps {get/ have}.
` U` U` , g | k U | di pehza-la
i-'ya 'gara 'goro peh-ti 'du, 'galburi then 'du. hgD y
maah-'tsi 'du. E AV g U AHj| Oh, this child has the mumps.
Sj, H Sj| This is a U- gaa- v.t./i. AyL| plug up; get
disorderly pile of wood, it's not stuck (in the throat, food, talk).
stacked up properly. [Gram: actor is often inanimate] mate
(for dogs, vulgar).
U/
U/ U gari-la/ gari-le (N)
temp.ph. Yy, | at the time. ` U U, j `! ah-la
J` gH U g yy to-gi 'gaa-sin, thu 'la! D
L` h l LLV| ohra AyL, ! Some rice got
'muta 'tsa-en 'gari-le 'muta 'tsee-de stuck in my throat, please give me
o-o-pa 'kah-le 'saati 'aa some water!
'kohken-'gyile. S t L t U| 'prin
S k Q Tj | When peh-ke-mu 'prinar 'gaa-sin. t U U
we have a court case, as we go to the t AyL| The printer got stuck
court, we obviously must have a during printing.
witness with us. M UE | 'kyibu-'ya 'gaa-w 'du.
LL kwj| Oh, the dogs are
U garu n. L| household utensils:
mating.
metal urn with straight spout. [Note:
you pour the water into your mouth UE gaanwra (N) n. E, Uy|
directly from the spout of the urn] desolate place; ambush.
E-t l UE
UM` garkya n. , L| gM | 'Bawne 'paai 'poh-la
124
U U

yahmbi-i 'gaanwra tsokpa 'yeh-ba. 'nahle. SL `U , A

tL jE A k wE j| Lt L| There is a
Near Bahune Pai there is quite a stone like this, and from this corner
desolate place. water flows down.
UE L-/ -L 'gaanwra-la UU/
/ UC gugi/ guy n. | vine
kuuh-/ 'teh-k pred.ph.erg. L , (wild).
E | lie in ambush.
SU UE L | 'kho-gi U {m-
{m-/ M-} gumi {zo-/
'gaanwra-la kuuh-sin 'du. E Uy kyahp-} n. {v.t.} E LE
L j| We realized that he had {E/ } {make} loop on the rope
been lying in ambush. for tying up cattle, bow of a loop.
't' | See also: 'ohldi'.
U S- gaal (N) khur- CU (U) U j L |
pred.ph.erg. U | bear a bad mahy-gi 'rehl(-gi) 'gumi 'theemu kahl
reputation. 'du-ba.
L L LE
t J U S Hj| The loop on the cord for tying
L| 'ohlma-ni ooh rohwa peh-ti up the buffalo is too small.
'gaal khur-ti kahl-sin. y
L U A U U| U j
gumba tsheden n.
Because olma behaved like that she OL | names: personal name, m.
left, bearing a bad reputation. U gur n. (hon. of 'diba') Yt
`- 'gaal ta- pred.ph.erg. U
U `- (t.) throat; neck.
| defame; bring s.b. into ill-repute; U-j M- gur-'tham
defame. 'kyahp- pred.ph.dr. (hon. of 'thamba/
J U U `U| ohle themba' 'kyahp-) U (t.) catch a
'mih-'ya-gi 'moh-la 'gaal ta-gen. A cold.
j ED U j| And now U-jU J-M L |
people defame her. 'mehme-la gur-''tham-gi 'ohp-'kyal
U gin (N) n. U| kind deeds. ter-ku 'du. kD U S j|
Grandfather is bothered by a cold.
h- 'gin tal- pred.ph.erg. U
U h-
| reciprocate. U guri n. | cat.
U l- 'gin 'aa- pred.ph.erg. U U guru (N) n. U| teacher (in
T| do something kind in return. religious contexts).
U -L 'gin peh-k pred.ph.erg. U - /- 'guru 'thuu- (E)/ 'tuu-
U U| do something kind. (W) pred.ph.erg. UL |
U gu n. L, S| corner (of associate oneself with a teacher.
room); notch (of landscape). -j 'guru
U
L, J U 'rihmbur-'thee n.ph. EL
j U | di 'leehmu toh 'yehken, | names of deities: an important
ohle di 'gu-le 'mahr thu then-ge god. [Note: He is often the main deity
125
U
Uy

of the 'kohmba'.] mountain cedar has no pointed top, it

U - 'guru 'uh- is roundish.
pred.ph.non-erg. U U| get oneself
U gus (N) n. Y| bribe.
a teacher; become a pupil.
U 'gua (N) n. Y| bribed
J S U | ohle 'kho 'guru person.
'iih 'du. A E U Uj| And
he got himself a teacher. U- guu- v.i. `U, `U| be bent
U' | See
over; sag. ' `
U
{M-} gurtum {kyahp-} also: 'rihn maah--gu'.
(W) n. {v.t.} Uw {} {make} a knot ` U | padap tohbo
in cloth. '' | See: 'butur (E)'. guu-sin 'du. L `U `UHj| The
U {`-/ -} gurma {su-/ bamboo is bending over.
thaa-} n. {v.t.} (hon. of 'lu lehn-') U T U | 'khya-ti 'darni guu
{UE} (t.) {sing} a song. 'du. L UHj| Oh, your
ceiling beam is sagging.
U- gul- v.i. g ( LS)
move limbs. [Usage: Only appropriate U`U - gego ter- pred.ph.erg.
for babies moving in the mother's , AyLE | impose on s.b.
womb; in other contexts 'tsaal-tii' h U`U h? 'mih-la
(N) is used.] tibe gego ter 'teh-te? AD L
k UU ! pehza gul-gu 'du! C? Why should we keep
g j! Oh, the baby is kicking (in imposing on people?
my tommy)! y- gego oh-/ o-
U`U J`-/ y-
pred.ph.dr. / | be imposed
U {-} guldar {luu-} n. {v.t.}
on.
E
{} marriage: {give} wedding gifts ` J` T U`U
in kind and money. 'U' | L ! 'yih oh-di 'khya
See also: 'godar'. 'meehme-'ya-la gego kahl-sin taah!
kV U U U|
AH DD !
paahma-la dzom-'gyo 'mih-'ya-gi Sorry that we have come, we are
guldar 'luu-ge. HL imposing on you!
E U- gen- v.i. AyL| get caught in
j| At the wedding s.th.
ceremony the people give the couple S ` UU | khurpu
a turban, a 'khada', and money. tohbo-la gen-gu 'du. S
U guldum adj. wy
| blunt point. AyL j| Oh, the load got caught
in the tree.
M ` h `U, U
J`U| 'kyel tohbo 'todo Uy gene pombo n.ph.
meh-yoh-ge, guldum-ba oh-ge. U (poetic) w () honoured
L SL t
j| The
, wy leader.

126
UU U`

UU gergen (W) n. L E U| field quite big clods of earth are

lamaisms: teacher of Buddh. scriptures. turned up.
U-
U- go- v.i. V| stick to. UM U y-
y- gokpa goo-di o-
kU y M U | di (E) pred.ph.non-erg. | crawl on
pehza-gi 'amba-la dakpa 'go-sin 'du. all fours. '-, U-, -' | See:
hgL U Uj| This 'boo- (W), goo- (E), puhr- (W)'.
child has mud on his cheeks. UM g -L gokpa 'tsuu-di
U - go then- pred.ph.non-erg. 'teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. tL |
lean on one's hands (when kneeling).
A Su E| become
independent; self-reliant. 'U' UU goge adj. y (AL, L)
| See also: 'goba'. big and ball-shaped.
S U | taah 'kho go ! goo-la
U w UU h
then-sin. A F A Su E M 'haambur 'goge 'tee-di! tEL
| Now he has become ttL Ewj! I have a big round bump
independent. on my head!
UL `/ UL-
UL-UL gok UU l- 'goge 'aa- pred.ph.erg. HL
ta-di/ gok-gok peh-ti adv.ph. wE T (Ag) put down s.th.,
not attending to it; leave uncovered
tt, , tCt | do s.th.
C
intently. (e.g. food).
`A` ` UL UU
- L 'goge 'teh-k
pred.ph.non-erg. HL wE
` yE | 'tho-de-'a mah-'tho-ba
rohwa peh-ti 'gok ta-di o-w 'du. S (U) be immobile and unmoved;
sit around idly.
S n U k j| Even though
he sees us, he proceeds intently on his U` {M-} go {kyahp-} n.
way as if he didn't see us. {v.t.} U, E U| {set} the price;
{set} the rate.
UL-
UL-LL gok-kok adj.ph. A w
t kEL| quite big and roundish `U L U` ML| ah-gi
(of animate beings). di lekam-la 'go 'kyahp-ken.
k UL-LL h | pehza kL Tj| I will set the price
'gok-'kok tii 'du. A w t for these shoes.
kEL j| The child is quite chubby. U E U`
l, J | yohlmu-gi
UL-
UL-UL gok-gok adj.ph. A w 'aw-la 'yahmbu-la 'go yaahbu
U| quite big and roundish (of mahn-dor, ohle 'tor-sin. L
inanimate things).
EL Lwy E HL
`U H y UL-UL U | EL S | The apples of
'lago 'mo-en 'bele 'allo 'gok-'gok Helambu did not get a good price in
then-gu 'du. k tL y Kathmandu, and so they dissappeared.
y Lj| When ploughing the (Are not cultivated anymore.)
127
U`-
U`-U` U

U`-
U`-U`/
U`/ U``` go-go/ LyL ) clothing: kind of thick
gooo adj. L, L
, A cloth.
O U U U | big and U` gondo '`' | See:
bouncy, fluffy (e.g. cumulus clouds). 'i'.
`
` U``` j!
di tohbo-ni tee-de tee-de-'ra U U gop gop intens.ph. V
'gooo 'tshar-sin! S V (S) intensifier for 'sah-'.
ML ! This tree grew big and U/ U M- gopu/
bouncy quickly! gopi kyahp- pred.ph.erg. A`L
U` 'goro adj./ adv. V, V| (-t AD
big for roundish or cubit-like things. E) lamaisms: call the dead soul.
` U` ! ah-la 'sehn lU M U U
'goro 'luu ter-ti! D y V U M T`U| mahlsa
C! She gave me a big lump of 'aa-ge-mu 'i-'kyo 'mih-gi sem lama-gi
corn mash! 'gopu 'kyahp-ti khyo-gen. LL
` ` U` j | U A LyD Lk D
di tohbo loh yii sum-la 'goro 'tshar T D H
'du. S C ML j| Ej| When the cloth dummy (for a
This tree grew lush in only two to person who just died) is prepared, the
three years. lama calls the spirit of the deceased
U` 'go 'leehmu adv.ph.
person into it.
(slang) A w (, ,
U goba n. AU, CL| leader.
Ak U ) big and showy.
`L ` UU
U gotor adj. | deformed; h| nahbar-ki 'leeh-'ya 'tihri
misshapen. goba-'ya-gi thaa 'te-sin. CL
S U h | 'kho 'gotor tii 'du. F U LL Ak U| The
j| Oh, his body is deformed. leaders decided today what needs to
U {-} godar {luu-} n. {v.t.} be done tomorrow.
E {} marriage: {give} U -L goba peh-k
gifts of money. [Note: given to the pred.ph.non-erg. AU , CL | be
bride and bridegroom during the a leader. 'U ' | See also:
wedding ceremony] 'U' | 'go then-'.
See also: 'guldar'. L`-j`U A U L|
S ` U H| 'kah-'tshiri-gi aba goba peh-ken.
paahma-la 'khada 'yimbu godar L`-j`L UEL AU j|
'luu-en. SU E Kahng-Tshiring's father is as village
leader.
j| At weddings you give a gift
of money with the ceremonial scarf. U-j go-'thewa n./ adj.
U-
L| elder.
U gonam n. U (HL LL
128
U-
U- U

U-
U- gom- v.i. Z, Ej| jump idly; waste time.
over. U (TL) M- goo ('khyak)
S M-w U | 'kho 'kyaa- pred.ph.erg. EwE| hold up
'kyahl-him-la gom-sin 'du. E head (connotation: be innocent).
L D Ejj| He broke the U TL TL TL TL
law. M- goo 'khyak 'khyak 'khyuk
'khyuk 'suh 'kyahp- pred.ph.non-erg./
U t gombo ohlma n.
dr. tEL kyU T| have splitting
OL | names: personal name, f.
headache. [Gram: if non-erg.: exp.
U-
U- gor- v.i. | be delayed; takes gen. <-ki> or attributive <-ti>]
delay.
- goo yii tuh-
U ` `
` M `g UL| ah pred.ph.erg. tEL kE wLE
'ahkpu yi-tse 'yuhl-la gor-ken. C (L A
k UE j| I intend to be two L) marriage: knock the heads of
or three days in the village. the new couple together three times.
U {h-/ M-} gorto {tee-/ [Note: is part of the wedding cermony;
kyahp-} n. {v.t.} Uw {} {make} a performed by the 'paahrol' on the
knot. 'U' | See also: 'gumi'. instruction of the 'mihktemba']
U gormu n. HL L| U j- goo 'tshuu- pred.ph.erg.
household utensils: lid made of U| get involved; start s.th. new.
mountain bamboo strips (used to U wM goo hakpu adj.ph.
cover the pot for making curds). ( L-g U) stern when
bargaining.
U M gormen kyahlmu j` U wM | di 'tshoba goo
) names
n.ph. HEt L ( U hakpu 'du. Lw j| This
of deities: queen of the earth. is a stern businessman.
U -L gowaar (N) peh-k U ` ` M- goo thi
pred.ph.erg. U U, U| give free thi 'suh 'kyahp- pred.ph.non-erg./ dr.
labour. tEL A A T| have a mild
headache. [Gram: if non-erg: exp.
U goo n. tEL, t, | head;
takes gen. <-ki> or attributive <-ti>]
beginning (of songs, 'mahni', etc.).
U / / goo
L- goo kor- pred.ph.erg. tEL
U L-
'thu-la/ 'thur-la ten-di/ then-di
S, Uk SE| confuse s.b. (in
adv.ph. E t U| head-down.
a deceitful way); take up s.b.'s time
[Note: vertically; or if horizontally:
(with idle talk, etc.).
with head in the wrong direction in
- goo kyoo-di ta-
U M
relation to the house altar, i.e. feet
pred.ph.erg. j | avoid looking.
pointing to the altar]
S- goo khor- pred.ph.non-erg.
U S-
L U `
A| be confused; hang around
M | kehpu-ni goo 'mahr
129
U- U

'thur-la then-di 'yahl 'teh-'kyo 'du-ba. me.

j| We
E t U L U- goo- v.i.
found the old man lying (on a rock) 1) (W) tH | sit around idly.
with his head hanging down.
A T` UU , `h
U ` -L goo yah-di g`U| 'ada-ni 'khyim-la-'ra goo-gen,
'teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. | be 'yohpte-'ya 'tso-gen. C Y
engrossed in/ with s.th.
tC hj| My elder
U - goo 'yihr- pred.ph.non-erg. brother sits around idly at home, and
t V| feel dizzy. [Gram: exp.
`U he sells some goods.
takes gen. <-ki>] 2) (E) | crawl (e.g. small
U- - goo-yuu 'so-yuu
- children). '-, -, UM U y-'
peh-ti adv.ph. E tEL E| | See also: 'boo- (W), puhr-
gesticulating with your head. (W), gokpa goo-di o-'.
U `
U goo 'rin-'ra k U yE | pehza goo-di o-w
meeh-ba-gi adj.ph. t, jE t 'du. hg j| Oh, the child is
HL| mixed up; senseless. crawling.
U ` U / / U| goo k U SH L |
'rin-'ra meeh-ba-gi tam/ 'lu/ 'yihgi. tahnda-ni di pehza goo khuu-en
jE t HL L/ U/ | senseless 'samma kahl 'du. A hg
talk/ mixed up song/ letter.
Hj| I see, this child is able to crawl
U goo serpu n.ph. LC, S now.
(U ) white person (a
caucasian). U goondo (E) n. gL| buttocks
(body part). 'L' | See: 'kup
U -L goo e-k pred.ph.erg.
L L| comb hair. (W)'.
U L- goo-la ken- 'U' U M- goola kyahp- (W)
| See: 'mih-gi'. pred.ph.erg. gv | cast lots.
- goo-la bap- pred.ph.dr.
U - U
gruup (Eng) n. | group.
AC, ACV| fall to; be under
`y -L 'gruup 'loh-i
U
obligation. peh-k pred.ph.erg. j U|
j U` L| make a public investigation.
'thewa-di-la lama 'leeh goo-la-'ra
U U
`y L SU
bap-ken. kwD L L
LU ! 'mih-'ya-gi 'gruup
j| The oldest (son) is 'loh-i peh-ken 'bele 'kho-gi
obligated to take on the lama
'narko-la-'ga 'phoo-sin! jL
occupation.
U E V!
`U U` | di 'leeh When they conducted a public inves-
ah-gi goo-la-'ra bap-sin. L tigation, the blame fell on himself.
A| This work just fell to

130
V` V

V
V`/
V`/ t-j V` gya/ U| He changed what he said.
uhp-thu gya n. wEL | place V (j) J`- 'gyur
names: settlement on the western ridge (thimbu) oh- pred.ph.dr. (w)
of Yohlmu, after Golbhanjyang. | gain (great) merit. [Note: by
offering s.th. or performing a ritual at
V` gyabu adj. t, | distant an auspicious time]
(relatives); at some distance. '`
'
| See also: 'yehwa'. V gyurmi n. OL | names:
personal name, m.
gyabu
V` V`
gyabu peh-ti adv.ph. t t U, V- gyul- v.i. j| sneak under;
L L U| well spaced. slink up to.
U L V` V` g t g A V L | 'ebul
LH| magi 'sen 'tap-ke-mu gyabu tsoo-le phar-'aa 'gyul 'teh-ku 'du. F
gyabu peh-ti 'tsuu 'koh-en. LL E t t jj| He keeps
wL wL j| When sneaking back and forth under the
sowing the corn you must make sure table.
that it is well spaced.
V/ l gyul (E)/ dul (W) n.
V`U gyabu-le-gi loc. A AV| black salamander.
tt| from some distance.
'M`U' | See also: V -
-/ J`-/ `- gyepa
'kyah-le-gi'. ar-/ oh-/ lah- pred.ph.dr.
SU V`U | 'kho-gi jE| regret s.th.
gyabu-le-gi ta-sin. E A tt ` CL , U V
| He watched from some | ah 'iskul 'paar maah-'ti-ba,
distance. 'nahre-'ga 'gyepa ar-sin. L
UC, A jHL j| I did not go
V gyaa n. wE| place. to school, but now I regret it.
-V -gyi '-M' | See: '-kyi'. t`U , ` V `U |
'aga 'tor-te, ah-la 'gyepa 'lah-gu
-V -gyile '-M' | See:
'-kyile'. 'du. H D j V| I lost
some money, I regret it so much.
V- gyur- v.i./t. / U| V -L 'gyepa peh-k
change. pred.ph.erg. jE| wallow in
T j V | khye tshenda self-pity; regret s.th.
'gyur-sin 'du. A Hj|
h m
l LU V
Oh, your appearance has changed!
h` | tii-di zubu
SU J V| 'kho-gi ooh meeh phando-ni 'teh-ken-di-gi 'gyepa
tam 'gyur-sin. E L

131
V`-
V`- `

peh-ti ti-'la phen meeh-'tho 'du. 'du. U

UE EL E
j|
HLk gLj h jC She doesn't have enough breath when
L C j| One is not
she sings.
alive anymore; but I realize that it is
V (
) gyooba (peh-ti)
no good for the one who remained to adv.(ph.) jt U, U| fast;
keep wallowing in self-pity. quickly.
V`-
V`- gyo- v.t. E| contain; V gyoo-'se '-/-' |
hold (fig.). 'U V`-' | See See: '-se~-see'.
also: 'sem-gi gyo-'. V ! 'yihn gyoo-'se o!
U U F V` S | 'lu UH gy AE| Come in a
lehn-ge-mu 'moh-gi 'uu gyo miih-khu short while!

`
arrive in good time for this wedding.
` a num. g| numerals: five.
`/ ` 'a-ba/ 'a-wa `/
`/ `/ ` ama/ yema/
num.ord. g| ordinal numerals: fifth. ema n.
1) hj| tail.
`-
`-/ `-
`- a-/ o- v.t. Lt (Y,
2) (AL) ear (of grains).
E, A) cut (grass, stalks, etc.).
[Usage: 'ema' is rare.]
``-
``- a- v.i. n`U , |
start; jerk (of people; for animals see ` ar (T) temp. AYL, L|
'oo-'). former.
k ` ` ``U| `L arko n. `L| place names:
pehza-'ya 'yi nah-la 'a-gen. small settlement below Sermathang.
hg nLj| Children `h/ `-
`-h arta/
sometimes jerk in their sleep. ar-tah n. U g| foods: sweet
L ``U| phrik 'a-gen. n`U tea.
| jerk, intensified.
` armu adj./ n. U| sweet.
`l ao n. OL | names:
personal name, f. `M -L ahrkyal peh-k
pred.ph.erg. AL , wL|
`t au (E) temp. | morning. lamaisms: be overbearing. '`
' | See: 'oohle (W)'.
' `M' | See also: 'ihta
` andi temp. | early; in ahrkyal'.
good time.
`` ahrto 'L`' | See:
`` LH| di 'kaba'.
paahma-la andi-'ra lep 'koh-en.
gy ACVj| We must `/
`/ ` M y-
y-/ j`-
j`-
ali/ ale kyahp-te o-/ tho-
132
`` `

(W) pred.ph.non-erg. g k| not afraid to beat people.

trot fast (horse). 'h`
M
`- ahm- '`-' | See:
j`-' | See: 'phirtu kyahpti 'ohm-'.
tho- (E)'.
` jM ahm thakpu
`` asa temp. gy| early (has '` jM' | See: 'yahm
comparative conn.). [Usage: not thakpu'.
necessarily early in the morning.]
'`' | See also: 'phisa'. `- ahr- v.i. Uk| roar. '` -,
`-' | See also: 'uhr-,
l `t `` !
taah 'yihndu au yahmbi asa o! ohr-'.
AS A gy AF! From `- ahl- v.i. U, M| become
now on come a little bit earlier in the tired. [Usage: for limbs, not the whole
morning! person]
` a-'se '-/-' | See: `U| 'phet thule
'-se~-see'. 'ahl-gen. U| be exhausted.
`` M` m`/ `l` j- 'ahl tsho-
` j-
M m` aa ekya pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. E| stop for a
zabu/ aa akya zabu n.ph. rest (when carrying a load); rest s.th.
g U U (AkL (i.e. put s.th. down). '` -'
ED UL j) lamaisms: | See also: 'tha so-'.
founder of 'tsiiri kohmba' near ` l ` j| ah
Langgyapsa. [Note: around 1680; yahmbi-i 'ahl tsho-sin. HLj
nowadays worshipped as a god] H| I stopped a little while for
a rest.
` `` M` m`U M
| 'yih 'aa ekya zabu-gi `U S ` j| ah-gi
'kyiih 'yihn. `` M` khurpu 'ahl tsho-sin. H| I
m`L | We are of the line of put the load down to rest.
Ngasyang Syekyang Zangbu. ` M-/ t`- aa kyahp-/
` ah pr. | I. ah- pred.ph.erg. nL U
`` ah-'ra pr. A| I (D L L ) say
myself (emphatic). mantras. [Note: murmur holy verses,
and if it is a curing ritual, it also
` ahbar adj. k, | includes blowing on the sick person]
self-assured; relentless; unyielding.
U ` M l `
` A ` , `l t`U| lama-'ya-gi phraa 'lahkpa-la
l | pasa aba ahbar 'du, 'mih 'aa-di aa 'ah-gen.
tuh-de-la miih-n-'di 'du. `L
H kj| Holding the
j, jD Lt yE
j| prayer beads in their hands the lamas
Pasang's father is self-assured; he is murmur mantras.

133
` ` -

` `
- aa tuh- pred.ph.erg. AE| perspire.
`U kE| musical instruments: ` `l ` Lh`
beat big drum (used in lama `| ah-la 'uldu mahbu
ceremonies); beat smaller drum with then-di 'kapta-'ra pah-sin.
handle (used by the shaman}. [Note: L U k| I perspired so
The big drum is hung up on a rafter much that my clothes are just soaked
when beaten.] S `l ` L | 'kho-la
'uldu 'thiiba-'ra 'tahp-ku 'du. EL
`-/ ` aa-baa/ aaba n.
jl g-U U U n j| Oh,
he is dripping with perspiration.
S T L| cerem. terms:
masked dancer in the 'tshiiu' `- uh- v.i. | weep; cry.
ceremony.
`
`/ `
j -L
`-/ ` j- aa-'baa 'thee- uhpra tihra/ uhpra thapra
pred.ph.non-erg. T L SL peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. ghE,
UE| dress up as/ take on the role U| wail.
of a masked dancer.
TL ` j
jl tU ` jU

| `H| roh 'khyer-ken 'bela-le
'tshiiu-la 'iga lama aaba 'thee-gen. 'mih-'ya uhpra 'thapra peh-ti
jl S T L uh-en. S
SL UEj| For the U j| When a corpse is taken (for
'tshiiu' ceremony the head lama cremation) the people will wail.
dresses up as a masked dancer.
` / ` uhmbu/ ohmbo
` umbu '`' | See: (E) adj. , | real (as opposed
'ombo'. to dream). [Gram: no excl. form (see
` - urpa ten- pred.ph.non-erg. appendix 5, section1.2)] '` ,
Y| snore. '` -' | See also: ' | See also: 'ehmbu
`
'uhr-'. (W), ehsum'.
` ul n. g| silver. , ` ! di
'milam mihm-ba, 'uhmbu 'yihm-ba!
`-L 'ul-'kooti n. L
( g A kyL SL) C, ! This is not a
work utensils: silver-plated knife sheath dream, this is reality!
and knife handle. ` -/ `- uhr-/ ohr- v.i. Y,
`-E 'ul-'diw n. gL | Uk| snore; roar; rattle in throat.
jewelry: silver bracelet. '`-' | See also: 'ahr-'.
'ulbur n. | household
` ` ` J -` h `L |
utensils: small wooden bowl lined with da nuhmu ooh phar-oo-la 'ten
silver. 'uhr-ku 'du. k u Y
`l - uldu then- pred.ph.dr. | Last night a tiger roared
UkL

134
` `

over there. times; ancient.

SU ` H| 'kho-gi tam J` `U` M
'uhr-ti 'ma-en. F LL U j| He | taah di-di ohra-la
rattles in his throat when he speaks. 'en-le-gi-'ra thop-'kyo 'yihm-ba. A
` -L/ ` -L e-k (E)/ ye-k () g gLS
(W) v.t. St | pursue; run
, S HL | Now, we have this
after. (custom) since ancient times.
U S ` ` J` ` ema (T) temp. L, L|
| 'mehnda sum-gi 'kho-la 'ye-te former.
'ye-te oh 'du-ba. k ED S ` - `U Ll h`
S AHj| Three people came V| taah 'tohma - 'ema-gi
pursuing him. kindo-ni tii-'ra 'yeh-ba-'gyile. A
`-/ ` g`- 'e ta-/ 'e
` `- - HEt | Now
'tsah- pred.ph.erg. St, S| as to the first - the original God, there
drive away. is only one.
` M-/ `U - ` J` j ` M
'eal 'kyahp- / 'eal-gi ter- (E) `U` | tahbu
pred.ph.erg. C, UC| chase ohra tshe 'ema yaahbu peh-'kyo
away. sogo-'ra 'mih 'mihli thop-sin. E
` - 'yeel ter- (W) k L UL A
pred.ph.erg. C, UC| chase L k | We received human
away. life, because formerly, in our former
life we did good works.
``V -L egyul peh-k
pred.ph.erg. U, U| spoil s.th. ` ema n. '`' | See:
(concrete things). 'ama'.
U ` ``V ` ` {-} emba {ter-} n. {v.dt.}
` l | 'phaa-gi ih-la 'egyul E {} ( D)
peh-ti 'he 'rebe-'ra 'lo 'aa 'du. marriage:: wedding gift of the groom's
A S Sj| The family to the bride {give}. [Note: This
wild pigs spoiled the potato field; they is not an obligatory gift; usually the
turned over everything! "gift" is agreed upon before the bride's
`t eup n. OL | names: family agrees to the marriage; it may
personal name, m. be a sum of money or a certain
amount of gold for jewelry.]
`l -L enden peh-k
pred.ph.erg. U, U| despise `t
-L ehi peh-k '`t
s.b; hate s.b. -L' | See: 'ohi peh-k'.
`(U) en-le(-gi) (T) temp. `
ehn n. M-| sorcery;
gLS, S| from old spell.

135
` `

M- 'ehn 'kyahp-
` ` () ee(-le) '`()' | See:
pred.ph.erg. U (t) practise 'oo(-le)'.
sorcery; cast a spell.
`
(g) eebi (tsamba)
- 'ehn loo- pred.ph.erg.
` n.(ph.) | foods: flour made from
U tE (t) counteract parched grains.
sorcery.
` k ` g H| 'tihri
U ` SE ! pohmba-gi 'dzara 'eebi 'tsamba sah-en. Ak Sk
'ehn loo khuu-w 'du. nP U
Sj| Today we are going to
tE M j! I realize that the have parched flour for our snack.
shaman is able to counteract spells.
- 'ehn 'suuh- pred.ph.dr.
` `
eerup n. A, AL|
U V| be affected by a spell. supernatural gift; gift of blessing.
-UM 'ehn-gokpa n. M|
` ` `- 'eerup na- pred.ph.erg.
`-
sorcerer. A | give a supernatural gift.
[Note: the gods give it]
` ehnda '` ' | See: ` - 'eerup thop- pred.ph.dr.
-
'ehmba'.
A U| receive a supernatural
`
-/
/ ` - ehn-lo/ gift.
yehn-lo n. (lamaistic) k| - 'eerup 'uh-
`
people; humans (as opposed to gods). pred.ph.erg. A | ask for a
supernatural gift.
` /
/ ` / ` / `
ehmba/ yehmba/ ehnda/ ` -/ ` T- eei ee-/
yehnda adj. g, L, eei khyen- pred.ph.erg. W
g, A, | evil; immoral. | have foreknowledge.
` -L 'ehnda peh-k ` - 'eei ee-di
-
pred.ph.non-erg. g, A, L, tam 'ma- pred.ph.erg. L|
U| act immorally; be evil. foretell.
` ehmbu (W) adj. , | ` -
-`
` {`-
{`-/ -
-}
real (as opposed to dream). '` ' eei-eelu {na-/ thop-} n.
| See also: 'uhmbu (E)'. {v.dt./ v.dr.} A, AL {/ E}
supernatural gift; gift of blessing
`
/ `
` ehsum/ ehsu
adj. , E| true; real. '` , {give/ receive}.
` ' | See also: 'uhmbu, `
eeh att.p. g Lt U |
ehmbu (W)'. attitude particles: intimidating.
Ll ` ` lU| j ` y L
kindo 'ehsum 'poh-la-'ra dal-gen. J ` ! thu mah-'pu 'ma-na
g L E| have a 'amba rhop rop ter-ke ohle eeh!
vision of the true God/ see the true SF L, A U gyLCj
God. A! I told you not to spill the water.

136
` `

Just wait, I am going to slap you on dark tan.

the cheek!
` o n. | scabies.
`U | 'o-gi owa hg Y yj| The sun gave
'dal-sin 'du. U HL YE L the children a dark tan.
ML Uj| The sores of the scabies
have spread quite a bit.
`-
`- o- v.t.
1) t| roast; parch.
2) Lt (Y, E, A) cut (grass,
stalks, etc.). '`-' | See also:
'a-'.
`/
`/ ` ombo/ umbu adj.
, | colours: generic word for
blue and green. [Gram: excl.: 'owa!']
` `k umbu 'oze n.ph.
U| leafy green vegetables; lush
green plants.
` -/ - umbu L | be very
'naa-rhile/ 'naa-'rihle adj.ph.
U-, U-| colours: deep
green/ blue.
` umbu seeh n.ph.
| greenery; vegetation.
`k oze n. L| foods:
curry made from leafy green
vegetable.
`-L/ L o-'nahk/ 'nak adj.
`-
L `U HL| colours: k| know.
navy blue.
`-U o-lohge adj. -,
`-
-| completely green/ blue.
`-` o-sa adj. gL ,
`-
AL | colours: sky blue; royal
blue.
`-` o-'hi adj. L ,
`-
L | colours: pale blue/ green.
`-
`- or- v.t. y| scorch; give a
k `U ` |
pehza-'ya-ni 'yihma-gi 'or-sin 'du.
` oh n. jt| cut; form.
` | di toh-'ya 'oh
yaahbu 'du. `U L jt
j| These stones are cut well.
j- 'oh 'tsha- pred.ph.non-erg.
` j-
k V, | be shy (transitory
shyness). '`k -L' | See
also: 'oh-za peh-k'.
` ` ` jH !
Pemba ah-la 'tho-di 'oh 'tsha-en
mihn-du! D S k j !
Pemba is shy with me!
` k k k -L 'oh dzum
dzum dzum 'teh-k pred.ph.non-erg.
upset.
` w- 'oh 'hee- (W)
pred.ph.non-erg. | sulk
angrily.
'oh tee-di '' |
`
See: 'mih'.
` - 'oh 'naa- pred.ph.non-erg.
SE| be upset; be unhappy.
` - 'oh ee- pred.ph.erg. g,
SU l` ` E |
'kho-gi tam tham-di-'ra 'oh ee-w
'du. E L p j| He knows
everything.
`U S ` U | ah-gi 'kho-la
'oh ee-ge. ED gj| I know
him.
`U SU ` ! ah-gi
'kho-gi sem 'oh ee-sin! EL

137
`k `-

L L n! I found him out! ! I am

SL S E g n
` hg- 'oh ee tuu- dissatisfied because I didn't get to eat
pred.ph.erg. g U, gC| this particular food.
introduce s.b.
`-/ `-2 ohm-/ ahm- v.t.
`k -L oh-za peh-k L gk V| (W) cherish (e.g.
pred.ph.non-erg. k , U| be food or possessions). [Usage: especially
shy (long-term shyness). '` j-' said of children]
| See also: 'oh tsha-'. k U, ` ` l
`t/
/ `t/ `
`
t
-L ohi/
`U, J `l H|
ohe/ ehi peh-k pred.ph.erg. pehza 'phema-'ya-gi, "ah-la-ni 'prah
dor-sin" 'mee-di 'ohm-gen, ohle
LL AU L U (
'ohm-dar ten-di sah-en.
A P U) cerem. terms: give the
spirit of the deceased person hg gMt H j,
instructions. [Note: done by the lama A SH Sj| Little children
shortly after a person dies] settle cherish the sweets they have received,
things with the spirit of the deceased and they eat them displaying them
person. [Note: The nearest relatives of before the others.
the deceased person tell the spirit not ` l- 'ohm 'aa- (W)
to remain attached to this world, but pred.ph.erg. g U SE|
to leave for good; this ritual is awake false hopes in others by
performed during 'kyehwa'.] displaying s.th.
`l -/ `k
k h-L
` ohdo adj. MS, hg| real 'ohm-dar ten- (E)/ 'ohm-dzar
(primarily used for kinship terms). 'te-k (W) pred.ph.erg. L
Al `` ? 'ai U SE| cherish s.th; show off
'ohdo-'ra 'yihm-ba? DL MS (with one's possessions); awake false
? Is she your real sister? hopes in others by displaying s.th.
`-/ `-1 ohm-/ ahm- SU ` `U | 'kho-gi
v.dr./r. (elevated) , t | be 'yen-la 'ahm-gu 'du. (W) E
sufficient; be satisfied. [Gram: if r.: CtL U j| Oh, he is so
exp. takes gen. <-ki>] proud of his relatives.
j ` ` Lk `` ` ohma adj. , L|
`| di thu thu-di ah-la original; real.
komdze 'ohm-'ra mah-'ohm. Ll `| kindo 'ohma.
H S t tH| This water | the real God.
didn't kill my thirst.
U `U ` ` ohmbo '` ' | See:
'uhmbu'.
`! di seeh maah-seh-ba-gi
ah-gi sem-'ra mah-'ohm! `- ohr- '` -' | See:

138
`` `-
`-

'uhr-'. 1) (E+W) E| irritate s.th. '

`-' | See also: 'sur oo-'.
`` ohwa n. OL |
names: personal name, m. ` k H| owa-la oo-na
'dzen ya-en. YE n
` y-
y- ohi o- gEj| If you irritate the wound it
pred.ph.non-erg. g , gk | will become even more itchy.
be acquainted. 2) (W) t ( A) pick (flowers,
`- 'ohi karto
` L `- leaves, fruit). 'J-' | See: 'oo-
ta- pred.ph.erg. kL U| (E)'.
establish a social relation. [Gram: goal
takes <yambu/ yimbu>] ` ()/ ` () oo(-le)/
ee(-le) dir. -u, -| towards.
`- 'ohi ta-
` `-
pred.ph.erg. g U| get acquainted. S ` `! 'kho oo-le su! Fu
[Gram: goal takes <-la> or kF! Go towards him!
<yambu/ yimbu>] ` ` ! ah oo-le o! u
AF! Come towards me!
`- oo- v.t.

`
`-
`- ya- '` `-' | See: ` ` ` E !
'ti yaa-'. ah-la-ni yap-ti yap-ti ta-w 'du!
D L L j! Stretching
`-
`-F ya-uu n. | white round her body she looked and looked
sediments in water. at me!
j `-F | thu-la 'ya-'uu 'du.
j| Oh, there are white `h/ `h/ `h
sediments in the water. yaptu/ yapte/ yapti n.
, , L| oppression.
`` ya n. kU y| animals:
`h - yaptu 'naa-
wild mountain sheep. [Note: the ram pred.ph.erg. L | suffer
has big, curved horns] oppression.
``U` -L yagu peh-k `h -L yaptu peh-k
pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. LE (kE) pred.ph.erg. L U| oppress s.b.
stretch oneself (as in stretch and
`-
`- yam- v.t. gT| taste
yawn). '` M`-' | See: 'yee s.th.
kya- (W)'. `U j`U lA` `
`-
`- yap- v.t. , L, ``! ah-gi tha-gi
LE| stretch (arm or body) to 'preeh-i-'a yam mah-'yuh!
`-' |
reach for s.th. 'h j` gT C! I have never
See also: 'teeh yap-'. even tasted whisky.

139
` `

`/ ` yambu/ yimbu children]

(E) pp. -, -U| with. kU A A ` L|
` ` LV| 'yih pehza-'yagi aba 'ama-la yamser
rooh-'ya 'yambu kahl-'gyo. peh-ken. hg AU
U UHL| We went with our Uj| Children keep begging for
friends. things from their parents.
T ` ` ` y LH! `-
`- yal- v.t. E| lay down
khye-ni ah 'yimbu thi-te-'ra o s.b./ s.th.
'koh-en! U tH kj! You
must come with me keeping close to ` yala '`' | See:
me! 'yalwa'.
) 'yambu/
`/ ` ( ` ` yala yile adj.ph.
'yimbu (peh-ti) adv.ph. U (H) ML| limp; listless.
together. ` ` ` L | di
` ` ` tohbo-di 'yala 'yile kahl 'du.
| di 'paalo 'yih tg ML Hj| Oh, this plant has
'meehme 'rebe-'ra 'yimbu peh-ti become limp.
lohsar sah-sin. ` T F``
`
k H | This year our ` L! ah 'too-raa 'khyer-ti
whole family celebrated the New 'uu-na-'ra meeh-ba 'yala 'yile
Year's day together. kahl-di! D L UL ML
A ` yH ! ahna H! I am so hungry that I am
'yimbu o-e 'nahle! H U kK completely listless and without
! So let's go together! strength!
`/ yambu/ yambu ` yalmu (W) n. nP|
(W) pp. -, -U| with. spirits: female forest spirit. [Note: lives
! S ` ` J`V ! in the forest or mountains] ''
'thuu-de! 'kho 'yih 'yambu oh-'gyo | See: 'yalmu (E)'.
leh! t! F U AHL ! We h` M `U
met him! He came with us! S L J` | rih-la
J AjA` tii-'ra 'lih-'kyo 'beleni yalmu-'ga
M` L| ohle 'Atsham-'a 'kho 'poh-la 'phok then oh 'du lo.
'yambu 'yambu tahda 'kyahp-te-'ra k`U HM HL nP
'yehken. A Aj E U-U LACj | When he was left
jE | And Atsham was also behind alone in the forest, suddenly a
following them. female forest spirit appeared before
him.
` -L yamser peh-k
pred.ph.erg. U (hg) keep `/
`/ ` yalwa/ yala n.
begging. [Usage: especially said of U, L| hell.

140
`` `

`/ ` j-
j-L/ - 1) Yt| lose intrinsic value; lose
'yalwa/ 'yala-la 'thi-k/ 'uuh- merit.
v.i. L | go to hell. L` h lM g
J J`U , M k `U| 'kehlo 'tohmu-'ya
` jL | ohle 'dikten 'tsuu-si-'ma-na tahmdzi
ohra-gi 'se-si-'ma-na, 'tihkpa yahm-gen. Q Q U
peh-si-'ma-na 'yala-la 'tik-ke lo. A g t j| If monks or nuns get
, U L married they destroy the merit of
j | They say that if you kill and their vows.
commit sins you will go to hell. 2) [Usage: poetic] | die.
`` {L-
{L-} yai {kal-} n. `/ ` yahm/ ahm n.
{v.t.} k {} {put on} yoke. k, , S| pleasure; experience;
appearance.
` yah n. j| animals: fish.
` m`UU 'yah j , h M
zu-gen-gi 'oo n.ph. j E
`` | 'thee-la ta-na
mihm-ba, de-la-di ti 'ma-'kyo 'du
() tL| work utensils: basket for
catching fish. 'mee-de yahm-'ra meeh-ba.
`l` 'yahu n. (poetic) L L L
j (U ) animals: small D E A | Unless I

fish. look up the book, I have no
experience in saying what it says in it.
`M {-} yahkta {taa-} n. ` M- yahm 'kyaah-
{v.t.} P {E} jewelry: {put on} pred.ph.non-erg. (W: hon. of 'kyaah-';
chain jewelry. E: not hon.) tE, tE| put on
`U `U yahga yohge weight.
adj.ph. -, jt| messy; old l LH,
and odd bits and pieces. JU ` MU! sahe ihmbu
M `U `U lH| ihmbu sah 'koh-e, ohle-'ga yahm
nekyi yahga yohge-'ya 'phi-la 'kyaah-ge! S w U Sj,
'aa-en. - y A tEj! You must eat good
Sj| Odd old pots and pans are food, and then you will put on
put outside. weight!
`` -L yahen peh-k ` h-L yahm 'te-k
pred.ph.non-erg. L O U| worry; pred.ph.erg. A U, U T,
grieve. gE| examine s.th; check up on
s.b. [Usage: not necessarily secretly,
`` M-U 'yahen 'kye-g
pred.ph.dr. L | have deep positive checking up]
regrets. `/ ` jM/ jM
yahm/ 'ahm thakpu/ 'tshakpu
`- yahm- v.i.
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` `

adj.ph. g, SCV| stately and j-L 'yahlsa-la

` j-
imposing appearance. [Note: well-built, 'thi-k pred.ph.non-erg. Jj |
well-dressed, self-assured] be seriously ill.
` (j/ j) / `L `L y-
y-
/ ` {-/ -L} yahm yahlak yohlok peh-ti o-
('thewa/ thimbu) peh-ti/ ten-di/ | slip
pred.ph.non-erg. n U y
ta-di {sah-/ teh-k} adv.ph. {v.t./i.} through.
k- U S/ | {eat, live} S ` `L
luxuriously.
`L yE | 'kho 'mih nahle
` -L yahm peh-k phar 'yahlak 'yohlok peh-ti o-w
pred.ph.erg. k U| enjoy life. 'du. F L k y
` yahm 'yeh j| Oh, he is just slipping through
pred.ph.cop. A | be experienced. the crowd.
[Gram: cop.= receptive possession]
L U S ` | ser-ki `L `
L -L
'laagi-la 'kho-la yahm 'yeh. L yahldak yuhlduk peh-k
pred.ph.non-erg. y, E|
ED A j| He is
experienced in dealing with gold. wriggle (e.g. snake).

` J`- yahmlen oh- `L `L yahsak

pred.ph.dr. A | experience s.th.
-L yahmlen peh-k
`
pred.ph.non-erg. A U, A
U| attempt s.th; investigate s.th.
`` - yahmsa ten-
pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. SE, H
SE| show off with one's
prosperity.
` -L yahmser peh-k
pred.ph.erg. kg U| inspect s.th.
yohsak peh-ti adv.ph. `,
U| messy; dirty.
` yaa n. | semen.
`- yaa- v.t. Yh| adhere to.
[Usage: lit. and fig.] 'M , `'
| See also: 'tuhrkya, ti'. [Disc:
Often used for scolding somebody.]
TU `? khye-gi to
'yaa-sin?
Yg? Why are you
eating with such bad manners?

` ` yahra yohre `/ m`-/ -/ - yaah/

adj.ph. k, Uklk, Y V|
crumpled up; rumpled; disgusting.
`- yahl- v.i. | lie down.
` 'yahlsa n. ,
Jj| sleeping place.
` h- 'yahlsa 'tee-
pred.ph.erg. E ( wE
E) arrange bedding.
raah zu-/ dii-/ then- pred.ph.e.
C (t O) be adhesive;
stick together (of a mass). [Gram: the
sticky mass takes loc. <-la>]
g hL `` |
'tsamba 'top-ke-mu 'yaah-'ra
miih-n-'di 'du. w j
j| The dough is not sticking
together.
142
`` `

l ` m`U | di pindu-la pred.ph.erg. Sl| stir up a

'yaah zu-gu 'du. U A t quarrel; aggravate s.b.
Hj| This glue is sticky enough now. TU ` j! khye-gi 'yi
mah-tshol! Sk! Don't
`` yaahyo n. L`U,
aggravate me!
, | dirt; litter; rubbish.
`` yaahla n. H

| fruits: `L` yika-'ra num.emph.
raspberries. [Note: are mostly bright, | numerals: both (emphatic).
light-orange in colour, but red and '-L()/-U()' | See also:
white ones are said to grow, too] '-ka(r)~-ga(r)'.

` yi n. | sleep. `g M-/ J`- yitsu

U ` ` H| 'moh-gi
'yi nah-la tam 'ma-en. E
L Uj| She talks in her sleep.
m- 'yi 'zo- pred.ph.erg.
` m-
(D) lull (babies) to sleep.
` / h `-/ `
- 'yi tum/ 'tup tii 'yahl-/
'yi looh- pred.ph.non-erg. HL
| sleep for a moment.
` / ` `-/ `
- 'yi tum/ 'tup yii 'yahl-/
'yi looh- pred.ph.non-erg. ML
E| sleep a good while.
` - 'yi looh-
pred.ph.non-erg. E| sleep.
` - 'yi rhile looh-
pred.ph.non-erg. ML E| be fast
asleep.
` -L 'yi loohi
peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. (euphemistic)
| die.
L U E, L
` -L/ ` j-L 'yi 'se-k
(E)/ 'yi tshe-k (W) pred.ph.non-erg.
n| wake up.
- 'yi 'or-
` -
pred.ph.non-erg. Ew M|
oversleep.
`/
`/ ` j-
j- yi/ ye tshol-
kyahp-/ pred.ph.non-erg./ dr.
V| feel sleepy. '` M-'
| See also: 'yiiru kyahp- (W)'.
`t y-
y- yiu o-
pred.ph.non-erg./ dr. U,
SE| have disturbed sleep; be
aroused from sleep.
`() `t yE | ah(-la) 'yiu
o-w 'du. S Uj| Oh, I
have such a disturbed sleep.
` -L yido (N) peh-k
'U' | See: 'tam-gi'.
`k yindzen '`k' |
See: 'yendzen'.
` yipa num.ord. | ordinal
numerals: second.
` yipu '-/-' | See:
'-pu~-bu'.
` yimbu '`' | See:
'yambu (E)'.
` yilbu adj. L| malleable
(e.g. gold); supple (e.g. bamboo
strips).
` -L yisen peh-k
pred.ph.non-erg. Ew
() act in drowsiness (because

143
` `

of disturbed sleep). you going to obey what I say?

` yih pr. ( UL ` -L 'yihndi peh-k
pred.ph.erg. L
, U|
O L) we (exclusive).
observe (e.g. laws); obey consistently.
`-S 'yih-'kho n. |
my husband. ` 'yihmbu 'S' |
See: 'khal'.
` ` 'yih yii pr.ph.
Ck ( UL O L) we `- yihn-nuhp
(exclusive, dual). [Usage: The dual peh-ti adv.ph. U|
form is not obligatory, but it is good continually.
style to use it when it applies.]
`-/ `- yihp-/ yiih- v.i.
`` 'yih-'ra pr. A | swallow.
( UL O L) we T h A `L
ourselves (exclusive, emphatic).
| khye-ni topta 'muhr-'aa
``U -L/ l- yihgu mah-muhr-pa 'yihp-ku 'du. S
peh-k/ aa- pred.ph.erg. C U, gE gD j| Oh, you are
T| take note; be attentive. swallowing your food without
L ``U , J ` chewing it first.
U U tH! 'lop-ken 'bele 'yih-gu ` yihpa adj. , C U|
meh-be, ohle 'ti-le 'gari 'gari 'ih-en! double. 't`U `/ y t`-'
LE , A j j j | See also: ''aga yihpa/
j! He doesn't pay attention during 'abal 'ah-'.
the teaching, and then later he keeps
L-/ - yihpa sa 'ko-
` L-
asking! (E)/ ter- (W) pred.ph.erg. H
U ``U LH| sem-gi Uy| cultivate the second time
'yih-gu peh 'koh-en. S j| (potatoes, maize). [Gram: 'he(-la)/
You must obey in your heart.` may-(la)' + pred.ph.erg.]
`-/ `
- yihn-/ yehn- S`U ` L| khugi 'he
v.t. , | listen; obey. [Gram: for yihpa sa 'ko-sin. E A
obey: the undg. of obeying is usally H Uy| They broke up the
inanim. and takes <-la>; usage with ground and weeded the potato fields
anim. undg. is rare] for the second time.
Al, `` , `U ` yihma n.
! 'ai, di yahmbi ta-do taah, 1) Y| sun. 'A `' |
'yihn-ge 'nah! , HLj kE See also: 'ama yihma'.
, ! Sister, play this now for a 2) | day. [Usage: mainly when
moment, I want to listen! counting days] '`' | See
A `U , ? aba also: 'yihmu'.
tam-la 'yihn-ge leh, pohmo? L
` ` yH ` J
LD j, j? Daughter, are
144
` `

U j | 'tor-ti - 'yihma ar-

` -
'yihma 'a o-e 'yihmu-di ohle pred.ph.e. Y V| sun shine.
pohmbo-gi yalmu 'the-sin 'du-ba. F ` g/ g
HL g nP nPD 'yihma ar-tseba/ ar-tsiba
jCHj| I learned that on the fifth temp.ph. L gt Y nLj| every
day after he got lost the shaman time the sun shines; constantly.
pacified the female forest spirit. `- 'yih-ar-la temp.
3) OL | names: personal name. | at the time of sunrise.
` ` k/ ` ` 'yihma-la temp. E|
`k/ ` `
`k (
) in the afternoon. [Note: from about
'yihma 'yehndzen/ 'yihma 11:00-16:00]
'yihndzen/ 'yihma 'yihndzi ` y yihma umbu n.
(meeh-ba) temp.ph. | day by
wEL | place names:
day; every day. (Bhundurghyang?) settlement with a
` h-L 'yihma 'te-k temple, high up on the western slope
pred.ph.erg. E, Lt| of the Melamchi River valley.
spend time.
` t` M 'yihma ` yihmu n. | day
'ahma 'kyahp-ti dep.pred.ph. (a specific day). '`' |
| gradual increase of
U See also: 'yihma'.
the circumstance given in the seq.act. J ` ` ` h t
participle which follows. [Disc: L t| ohle 'time
dep.pred.ph. + seq. act. participle 'yihmu 'doma tii 'aah 'koh-sin'
reduplicated (giving circumstance) + 'mee-di 'aah-sin. A t `
'o-'] (L L) |
kU h ` t` And the next day I said, that we
M ` ` yE | di should read a religious book, and I
pehza-gi 'tepa-ni 'yihma 'ahma read it.
'kyahp-ti noh-di noh-di o-w 'du! ` yihmu adj. '`
' |
hgL U j| The See: 'yeehmu'.
behaviour of this child gets worse
`-t yihm-bui n. OL
every day!
| names: personal name, f.
j ` t` M L
L yH| di 'tham 'yihma 'ahma `- yihl-dep '' |
'kyahp-ti 'keeh-di 'keeh-di o-en. See: 'rih'.
L t kj| The crack ` yihu num. | numerals:
in this board gets bigger every day. twenty.
` - 'yihma 'tuuh-
` L yihu kohu
pred.ph.non-erg. Y | warm
n.ph. kL| information; facts.
oneself in the sun.
145
-` ``

[Usage: only observed with neg. ` yii num. C| numerals: two.

pred.ph.; aff. = 'kyiih yeh'] yii-gi
`U M

` L hA` pahrkyi-la n.ph. L
g| both
U l `U| yihu together.
'kohu ti-'a meeh-ba peh-ti 'mih-gi `() yii-la(-ni) qt. Ct
tam 'ma-e meh-yoh-ge. L kL | out of two. [Gram: n./pr. + qt.]
DL AL L U | One must ` M- yiiru kyahp- (W)
not talk about people without having pred.ph.non-erg. V| feel sleepy.
any facts. '`g M-' | See also:
-` -yi vsf. Chj kE PL 'yitsu kyahp- (E)'.
| expressing strong wish. `- yiih- '`-' | See:
AEU ` Lh M, J 'yihp-'.
AEU ` Lh `
U AE U| aw-gi 'yih-la `` yu n. `UL L| pen
'kapta ter-'kyo, ohle aw-gi 'yih-la made of mountain bamboo.
'kapta ter-'yi 'mee-di 'mehme-gi ``- yu- v.i. (hon. of 'nah-')
aw-la 'yih thaa-gen. LL D (t.) be sick.
Ly HL LLU k - 'yu-i 'tap-
`` -
UUEj| Our uncle gave us pred.ph.dr. (hon. of 'nah-')
clothes, and now grandfather (who is (t.) be sick.
staying with the uncle) is bringing
``- yu- v.dr. (hon. of 'suh
this up again and again. kyahp-') T (t.) hurt; ache.
-` -L -'yi 'teh-k aux.ph. `U E `` | 'yih-gi
T P L L U Chj U| 'mehme-la 'u 'yu-di lo. kD
feel very much like doing s.th. [Gram:
tEL T | He said our grandfather
vs + aux.ph.]
had a headache.
`` `, `
, y` yH, y` `` yune n. HEt
L! 'yahl-'yi 'teh-na gy| festivals: fasting retreat held in
'yahl-sin, sah-'yi 'teh-na sah-sin, the 'kohmba'. [Note: time varies from
o-'yi teh-na o-en, o-'yi place to place]
meh-'teh-na 'teh-ken! U , `` -L 'yune 'teh-k
S U S, k U U, k pred.ph.non-erg. , gy
U ! If you feel like U | fast.
lying down you do it, if you feel like ``/
/ yuma/ miima n.
eating you eat, if you feel like going `U| trees: mountain bamboo.
somewhere you go, and if you don't - 'yuma-lo n.
``-
feel like going, you stay! (The `UL U| handicrafts: inner layer
priviledge of the single person.) of the mountain bamboo. [Note:

146
` `k

whitish and somewhat soft] 'yeh-pa-'ra-'aa dal 'yuh-go-'ra o!

` yumbu '`' | See: U F! May I again get
'yombu'. to venerate them!
` ` ``U` !
``- yuh- v.i./dr. L | ah 'yeh-pa-'ra sah 'yuh-go-'ra o!
become less; be/ receive too little. S F! May I again get
`-` g` l to eat this again!
``| da-'tihri 'tsube-'ya
yahmbi-i 'yuh-sin. Ag L ``
U/
U/ ``

L j| Nowadays there are a little
yuhgar/ yuhma lahbu n.ph.
less rats here. | foods: round purple
U, Ut
radish.
` l ``| ah-la
to yahmbi-i 'yuh-sin. D A ` -L ye-k (W) v.t. (hon. of
L | This is not quite enough rice 'dor-') uE| find.
for me. J U U ` |
``A/ `` H/ `` ohle lama-gi 'el-gi torma ye-sin 'du.
'yuh-'a(a)/ 'yuh-'e(e)/ A LgL uHj| And the
'yuh-'se(e) qt. L| quite little; lama found the glass statue.
less (in quantity). [Phon: The vowels
` -L ye-k '`-L' | See:
of the suffixes become long with 'e-k'.
emphatic intonation.] '-/-'
| See also: '-se~-see'. ` yen n.
``k 'yuh-dze '-g/-k' 1) (hon. of 'namdo') L (t.) ear.
| See: '-tse~-dze~-ze'. 2) [Usage: poetic] Ct| friend and
relative.
`` (`` y- 'yuh-ro
) y-
('yuh-ro) o- '-/-y/-t...' | ` , t L V| 'yen
See: '-ro~-o~-o...'. 'phee, ah 'phee 'yeh-ken 'gyaa-la. Ct
A, t A HL wE| in front of
``- yuh- aux. E| get to. friends and enemies.
[Gram: vs + aux.]
` `U, t jL| 'yen-la
h J`? T ` 'ohm-ge, ah-la 'thar-ken. CtD
``U? ti-be lee oh-ba? E U, D y U! (He is
'khya 'luhba-la to sah mih-'yuh-ge? dressed up), and his friends are
L AHL? S C
? pleased, but his foes get jealous!
Why did you come here? Do you not
get enough to eat in your country? `k/ `k yendzen/
``U` ! 'yuh-go-'ra yindzen n. Ct| friends.
o! aux.ph. L U| may the `k ` / `k `
/
event expressed by vs happen. [Gram: `k ` 'yendzen
vs + aux.ph.] 'yehwa/ 'yindzen 'yehwa (E)/
`A l ``U` ! 'yendzen 'yohwa (W) n.ph. Ct|

147
` ` -

friends and relatives. j| This child keeps bothering

me.
` yendar n. U
nyE Ly| cerem. utensils: ` S- yerpa khur- n.ph.
banner-like cloth. [Note: hung up (L UwL U) festivals: be
vertically in the 'kohmba'] '`' responsible for the organisation of a
| See also: 'dibu'. festival.
` yema '`' | See: `(`) yerma() n. gE|
'ama'. wrinkle (of skin).
`l
l`/ `l` yemdu/ `
- yehn- '`-' | See:
yomdu adj. , k| 'yihn-'.
humble (of people, talk); subservient;
` k / `k/ `k
well-mannered. ' `l`' yehndzen/ yihndzen/
| See also: 'tam yomdu'. yihndzi '`' | See:
S S S , `l` | 'yihma'.
'kho 'kha 'lahpi 'kheeba 'du, 'mih
yemdu 'du. EL U w j, j ` yehnda '` ' |
See: 'ehmba'.
k j| Oh, he is such a clever
and well-mannered talker. `
- yehn-lo '`
-'
` ` ()/ `
() | See: 'ehn-lo'.
-L yemba yeeri(m)/ `
`

yehmu '`
' | See:
yeehri(m) peh-k pred.ph.erg. 'yeehmu'.
U| treat with partiality. ` yehmba '` ' |
A AU ` ` ` See: 'ehmba'.
L| aba 'ama-gi puh yii-la
'yemba 'yeeri peh-ken. A ` - yehr- v.i.
A Ct jD Uj| 1) SC, U S| become
These parents don't treat their two thread-bare.
sons equally. Lh V , `M
| di 'kapta 'rahl-'gyo 'mihm-ba,
` yembu adj. k| smooth; 'yehr-'kyo 'yihmba. Ly hHL
good-sounding.
C, SCHL | This piece of
`| tam yembu. w | clothing is not torn, it is thread-bare.
sweet talk. 2) UUE, E, LgLg U|
`| 'lu yembu. U| grumble at.
sweet sounding song.
S` M J`, `L !
`- yer- v.i. ( 'khaba tahkpu lee oh-sin, 'yehr-ko
hg) pester; bother s.b. 'yeh! Yt A, A UUEj| The
k ` ` L| di pehza landlord has come, he is grumbling at
'yer-te-'ra 'teh-ken. hg D
148
` `-

everything! any kinship term can be substituted

`L j 'yehrka 'tshandi for it.] ' -' | See also:
adj.ph. A LgLg, A UU| be 'seenu paar-tii-'.
very exacting. LU ` ` yH |
J S` M `L j | karmu-gi 'mihmar-la 'yehwa o-en
ooh 'khaba tahkpu 'yehrka 'tshandi 'nahle. LL `U j |
'du. Yt A LgLg j| That Karmu and Mihngmar are related.
landlord is very exacting. LU ` A yH |
karmu-gi 'mihmar-la 'ada o-en
` `
yehl yehl '

' | See: 'nehl nehl'. 'nahle. ` LL k |
Mihngmar is Karmu's older brother
`/
/ ` yehwa/ yohwa (or older paternal cousin).
n. | relative. h` U U ` hh yH|
j V `U U| teea-gi pohmo-gi ah-la 'tehte
tshoo-sa 'gyaa-la 'yehwa-gi tam o-en. h` L jL (A
then-ge. HL wE L
w) | I am the maternal aunt of
L Lj| When people are Teenga's daughter.
gathered together, they start talking `U h` U j yH|
about how they are related to each ah-gi teea-gi pohma-la tshamu
other. o-en. h` L j k j|
` V` 'yehwa gyabu Teenga's daughter is my niece.
n.ph. tL | distant relative.
` ` V` | 'yih `- yee- v.t. Ay UE| lean
'yehwa gyabu-di 'yihm-ba. L against. [Usage: implies quite a large
plane of contact] 'L `-, wL wL
A tL j| We are quite
distant relatives. ` -, t-L' | See also: 'ka
yee-, hwak hwak yee ter-,
` `/ `
/ `

'yehwa 'yihmu/ 'yehmu/ eh-k'.
'yeehmu n.ph. kLL | close `U ` `M | ah-gi
relative. tohbo-la 'yee-'kyo. S Ay
` ` `` | 'yih UHL j| I was leaning against the
'yehwa 'yihmu-'ra 'yihm-ba. tree.
kLL | We are close ` M`- `- 'yee kya-/
M`-/ `-
relatives. o- (W) pred.ph.non-erg. kE LE|
stretch oneself (as in stretch and
y- 'yehwa o-
` y-
pred.ph.erg. | be related. [Gram: yawn). '``U`' | See: 'yagu
person in focus takes erg. <-ki>, (E)'.
associated person takes <-la>] [Disc: ` M- 'yee 'kyahp-
In this construction 'yehwa' is pred.ph.erg. U| give an oil
incorporated into the predicate and massage (to s.b. else).

149
``
`-
`-

` M- 'yee 'tuuh 'kyahp- 'yeehba dzolwa/ 'yeehba thuuba

pred.ph.erg. L U| give a 'yeh/ meeh. gL j/ j| Have/ have
massage and expose to warmth. no guilt.
/ ` 'yeebul (W)/
` ` k U ()lU
|
'yeembul (E) n. L, | 'yeehba dzolwa goo 'thoo-la (tum-di)
cushion. 'aa-gen. A U| heap up guilt.
``
M- yeea kyahp- `
L- 'yeehba 'kal-
L-
pred.ph.erg. L U U (LL pred.ph.erg. k | punish.
U HEt ALD S ) push ` LU| 'ii-di-le
' | See
work on s.b. else. 'y` 'yeehba 'kal-ge. j k Cj|
also: 'eea'. After death you will be punished.
` S- 'yeehba khur-

`
yeebu adj. (hon. of 'ihmbu') pred.ph.erg. k M| undergo
w, (t.) good; tasty. punishment.
`
yeemu n. | sister-in-law ` - 'yeehba 'phoo-

(only husband's sister). pred.ph.dr. V, k | become
guilty; be punished.
` ()/
()/ `
() -L
yeeri(m)/ yeehri(m) peh-k gM h `U, `
pred.ph.erg. (lamaistic) Yt- U| U! di 'leeh tsokpa peh-te
treat with partiality. '` ` ()' meh-yoh-ge, 'yeehba 'phoo-ge!
| See also: 'yemba LL U , k Cj| You must

not do this evil thing, you will
yeeri(m)'.
become guilty!
`
- yeeh- v.i. M (LE
L) get absorbed (liquid). `
yeehmu qt. | little; less
(quantity).
| to yo-e-mu
- H j `
thu 'yeeh-sin. LE M| ` | paa 'yeehmu
L
While the rice was cooking the water ter-ken. | give little or less
got absorbed. curry.

`

yeehba n. y, k, | `

/ `
/ ` yeehmu/
shortcomings; guilt; punishment.
yehmu/ yihmu adj. kL| close
(relation).
`

k/ `
j -L
'yeehba dzolwa/ 'yeehba `
() yeehri(m) '` ()'
thuuba peh-k pred.ph.erg. U, | See: 'yeeri(m)'.
U| do wrong. `-
`- yo- v.i. U , E|
` k/ ` j MU become insane.

| 'yeehba dzolwa/ 'yeehba ` 'yom-ba (m.) adj./ n.

thuuba peh-'kyo-gi 'leeh. A| | insane; insane person. [Usage:
transgression. (W) also uses 'yo-ba/ yo-wa' for m.]
` k/ `
j /
|
150
`M `M

`/ ` 'yom-ba-mu LL h g ALL j| Some

(f.)/ 'yoma (f.) n./ adj. | people have a longish chin.
insane person; insane.
`-
`- yom- v.i. | be
`M yokpa adj. | dirty. even (in height).
Lh `M | di 'kapta ` MHV, `
yokpa 'du. U j| Oh, this `` `U| tuhbu 'yahr
piece of clothing is dirty. 'kye-e-'gyile, 'yih-'na 'rihdo
`M M- yokpa 'kyahp- meh-yom-gen. S EH j ,
pred.ph.r./ semi-r. {} (be/ L EgC | The trees

become) dirty. [Usage: mainly of body sprout up, but they don't grow to
and clothes] equal height.
`U Lh()`M M | `-
`- yom- v.t. U| level
ah-gi 'kapta(-la) yokpa 'kyahp 'du. s.th.
U Hj| Oh, my clothes are g l J`U `
dirty.
LH| 'he 'tsuu phando ohran-gi sasa
S(U) m() `M M| yom 'koh-en. A Lj t
'kho(-gi) zubu(-la) yokpa 'kyahp-sin.
j| After planting the

EL kE L j| He is dirty. potatoes, the earth has to be leveled.
`M M| 'dep-la
yokpa 'kyahp-sin. j| The `l` yomdu '`l`'
wall is dirty. | See: 'yemdu'.
m- yokpa 'zo-
`M m- `/ `/ ` yombu/
pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. E| make yumbu/ yome adj. (Sy
dirty. Sy HL) smooth; even.
` `U Lh `M m|
`-
`- yor- v.t./i. `U ,
ah rah-gi 'kapta yokpa 'zo-sin.
T| mess up s.th. (e.g.
y
A U H| I made my clothes, crops, etc.).
clothes dirty.
C g ` lU L
`U U Lh() `M U! mahy-'ya 'tsa maah-seh-ba
m| ah-gi 'nooh-gi 'kapta(-la) yor-ti 'aa-di-'ga 'kee ten-gen.

yokpa 'zo-sin. CL U
Y SC LgH LEj! Having
CH| I made the clothes of my messed up the fodder without eating
little brother dirty. it, the buffalos are mooing loudly!
`` yomu (W) adj. AyL `- yoh- v.t. L| buy.
(g ALL) oval (ball-shaped,
not flat). 'M`' | See: 'kyomu `M` yohkto n. |
(E)'. rubbish; litter; dirt.
U L `` | 'rehre `M yohki adj./ n. Uklk|
'mih-gi kooma yomu 'yeh-ba. L messy; mess.

151
`U gL-
gL-gL

h , m `M M | See also: 'yahga yohge'.

L| ti-be 'ma-si-'ma-na, zubu `U m- y- yohge 'zo-/ o-
m-/ y-
yohki 'tooh-'kyo kahl-sin. L S pred.ph.erg. /r. / | make/
kEL L k | Because become dirty or messy.
the attachment of the flesh has been kU `U m l |
done away with. pehza-'ya-gi yildo-la yohge 'zee 'aa
S` hU
S` `M U| 'du. hg AU Sj|
'khaba 'tee-ge-mu 'khaba-la Oh, these naughty children, they
yohki then-gen. Y U made the courtyard so dirty!
- Lj| During SU ` Lh `U m l |
renovation work a lot of dirt appears. 'kho-gi ah 'kapta-'ya yohge 'zee
`M m- y- yohk-i 'zo-/
m-/ y- 'aa 'du. E U Uklk
o- pred.ph.erg. /r. Uklk / | CSj| Oh, he messed up my
make/ become messy. clothes.
k, g g, S` `h M- yohpte 'kyahp-
`M yH| pehza-'ya, de-la 'tsemu pred.ph.erg. L U| go shopping.
mah-'tse, khaba yohki o-en.
hg S, Y j| `- yohr- v.i. U| fall apart.
Children, don't play here, the house ` S ` | i khurpu
will get messy. yohr-sin 'du. EL Uj
| The
load of wood is about to fall apart.
`U yohge adj. | dirty;
messy. [Usage: mainly of ` yohwa '`
' |
surroundings] '`U `U' See: 'yehwa'.

g
g tsa n. | blood vessel; ligature. S M gL gL gL gL L !
'kho 'lahkpa 'tsak 'tsak 'tsuk 'tsuk
g-
g- tsa- (W) v.t. S| play peh-ku 'du! EL j! He
(game-like activities). 'g-U' | has long/ sticky fingers!
See: 'tse-g (E)'. 'g, U, g-'
| See also: 'tsemu, igar, gL tsakar (N) n. U , gML|
mehndo tsa-'. wheel (of vehicles).

g {`-
{`-/ `-
`-} tsa {a- (E)/ o- gL-
gL-gL y-
y- tsakal tsekel
(W)} n. {v.t.} Y {Lt} {cut} grass. o- pred.ph.non-erg. tP-tP | be
torn up.
gL gL gL gL -L tsak tsak mU gL-gL L
tsuk tsuk peh-k pred.ph.erg. gLgL | zubu-gi 'a-'ya-ni 'tsakal-'tsekel
U| be careless with things; be kahl 'du-ba. kEL tP-tP
inclined to steal. Hj| The flesh of his body was torn up.

152
gMt g

gMt tsaka n. D, DL u| gEj| Whatever you offer to the

matches; matchbox. gods must be undefiled.
gMt gMt tsaka tsoka n.ph. g` g` 'tsama 'tsari (W)
adj.ph. HL gS, | completely
- tP| scraps (which result from
cutting s.th., e.g. glass). undefiled.
g` M- 'tsa-al 'kyahp-
gU -L tsagar (W) peh-k pred.ph.erg. gTE, S| rinse
pred.ph.erg. g U| care for (take dishes with clean water.
care of s.b.). [Gram: beneficiary takes
gen. <-ki>] 'g -L' | See: g/ g` tsaden/ tsada n.
'tsara (E) peh-k'. wEL | place names: Jatang,
Jatanthala? (settlement on the
g`U tsaga 'L' | See: 'kee'. western slope of the upper Indrawati
g`U tsagu n. w (jL) valley, below Jyalsa.
purse. [Note: leather or biggish cloth g tsana (N) n. g| foods: pieces
bag to keep money and other precious of potato or other vegetables or fruit
things] which are cut up into longish pieces:
g` tsaba (W) n. j| animals: 'tsel-'gyo'.
lizard. [Note: quite big, living outside] g tsamar (N) n. g (U U
'' | See: 'tiya (E)'. ) abusive expressions: what a pest;
g` 1 tsabu 'h`' | See: what a pickle!.
'tabu'. l g, Lk ` jU
! dimi 'tsamar-ti, 'kahze 'yi
g` 2 tsabu n. S, | river.
[Usage: frequently 'thu-tsabu'] tshol-ge 'yihm-ba! l g L
g` ` 'tsabu 'luh n.ph. SkL ! What a pickle, this Jimi, he
is always looking for a quarrel!
S| river valley.
g` tsama adj. gS| undefiled; g
g tsamba n. , w| foods:

-g`' |
ritually clean. 'L
See also: 'keeh-tsama'.
T S` L m g`
`| khye 'khaba-la kahl-di zubu
'tsama peh-ti 'teh-to. Y UH
gS H | You go home and
watch that you live in a ritually clean
manner.
h h U, J g`
LH| 'lha-la ti ti phul-ge,
ooh-di 'tsama peh-ti phul 'koh-en.
UD k k gEj, gS U
flour made from parched grains.
g L- 'tsamba 'kee- pred.ph.e.
w V (n E) thicken (e.g. a
sauce or soup). [Gram: thickening
mass takes loc. <-la>]
M g L | 'thukpa-la
'tsamba 'kee-sin 'du. S w Uj |
The soup has now thickened.
g M -/ g
- 'tsamba 'kyoma sah- (W)/
'tsamba 'laahlo sah- (E) pred.ph.erg.
g Y S () foods: eat

153
g g`

parched flour made up as a paste. n.ph. (poetic) S | head lama;

g S M-/ g
g honoured lama.
M- 'tsamba 'kholbi 'kyahp- g -L tsara peh-k pred.ph.erg.
(W+E)/ 'tsamba 'thal 'kyahp- (E) g U| look after (animals,
pred.ph.erg. w (n) foods: people, fields). 'gU -L' |
add some flour to s.th. already on the See also: 'tsagar (W) {peh-k}'.
stove. [Note: done to prepare the water
U A g L |
to absorb the main lot of the flour for 'nooh-di-gi 'ama 'tsara peh-te teh-ken
a mash, or to thicken a sauce or soup] 'du lo. C g AD g U
[Gram: thickened mass takes loc.
j | The younger brother would
<-la>] look after his (old and sick) mother.
g h `- 'tsamba
'tahmdur thu- (E) pred.ph.erg. gM/ g`/ g` {M`-}
g Y S () foods: drink tsarkyi/ tsaryi/ tsarye
thin paste of parched flour. {kyah-} (W) n. {v.i.} k {Uy}
g l `- 'tsamba {take} root. [Usage: Some easterners
'damdur thu- (W) pred.ph.erg. (hon. also use it.] 'h`' | See:
of 'tsamba kyoma thu-') g 'tahba (E)'.
Y S () foods: drink thin g tsawa n. (elevated) k,
paste of parched flour. , kU (U ) descendant;
g M- 'tsamba 'thal line (in genealogy); foundation
'kyahp- 'g S' | See: (poetic).
''tsamba 'kholbi'. ` `` M` m`U g
g m- y- 'tsamba thule
m-/ y- | 'yih 'aa ekya zabu-gi
'zo-/ o- pred.ph.erg./ non-erg. 'tsawa 'yihn. `` M`
E/ | crush s.th./ become m`L k | We are descendants
crushed. of Ngasyang Syekyang Zangbu.
g - 'tsamba 'polda g - 'tsawa phel-
sah- pred.ph.erg. g j pred.ph.non-erg. [Gram: exp. takes gen.
y H S| foods: eat dough of <-ki>] | descendants
parched flour. increase.
g ` m- y- 'tsamba 'phue
m-/ y- `- 'tsawa 'to-
g `-
'zo-/ o- pred.ph.erg./ non-erg. pred.ph.non-erg. A | line
E/ | crumble s.th./ become dies out. [Gram: exp. takes gen.
crumbled. <-ki>]
'tsamba 'laahlo
g / gM) 'tsawa
g (
'g M' | See: 'tsamba (yaahbu/ tsokpa) n. (adj.) {/
kyoma'. } (good/ bad) hereditary strain.
g/
g/ g tsayi/ tsaye lama g` tsah n.

154
g`- g

1) L| household utensils: storage 'tsahli then 'du. t U j| Oh,

container for grains. [Note: made of there is a hole in the path.
heavy bamboo mats]
g- tsaa- v.t.
2) S| enclosure for small animals. 1) g| sift; strain.
g`- tsah- v.dt. wE, | 2) L E, g` UE| stack up
send; put into; pour into. '` g`-' (pots). '-, g-' | See also:
| See also: 'ta tsah-'. 'paah-, tsii-'.
J `A` S`U S SU M g l| 'kho-gi
, g` | ooh nekyi-'ya 'tsaa-di 'aa-sin. E y
'yihmu-di-'a khu-gi 'kho-la 'baasa g` UH T| He stacked up the
ter-ti, to ter-ti 'tsah-sin 'du lo. pots.
E ED H, S H g -L tsaa peh-k pred.ph.erg.
wHj | That day, too, they let him U| honour s.b.
stay overnight and fed him, and then
g j 'tsaa thimbu adj.ph.
sent him on his way.
| important; honoured.
g tsahbya 'k' | See: g j L| lama-la 'tsaa
'dzabya'. thimbu peh-ken. D
g tsahma n. y| cooking Uj| The lamas are greatly
utensils: clay pot. [Note: used for honoured.
parching grains, or in the process of g tsaama (W) n. j (g j
distilling whisky (put inside of y) household utensils: tea strainer.
'miiza')] 'h/ hk' | See: ''tah-o/
'tah-za (E)'.
g- tsahr- v.i. S| fall down.
'-' | See also: 'tahp-'. g tsaalo n. g, g|
TU t`U g | khye-gi 'aga household utensils: sifting tray of
'tsahr 'du. Sj| Oh, you bamboo; big sieve (made of metal).
dropped your money!
g L-
L- tsi kor- pred.ph.erg. kS
g`/
`/ g` tsahro/ tsahru | divination: divination ritual. [Note:
n. k HL U Sy| cavities usually done by the lama] '
in stony ground. M-' | See also: 'moh
kyahp-'.
g` tsahli (E) n. U ( U
Sy) deep, shaft-like cavity (in the U U | lama-gi
g LL
ground); hole in ground. '-g`' 'yihgi-la tee-di 'tsi kor-ken.
| See: 'toh-tsahli (W)'. AQ kS j| The lama
looks in the book for the divination.
g` `-` J`U| 'tsahli
'tih-'rihbu oh-ge. U U j| A g M- tsi kyahp- pred.ph.erg.
shaft-like cavity is deep. | hand over (permanently).
g` | 'lahm-la 'h-' | See also: 'tol- v.dt.'.
155
gL-
gL- g

`U ` g MM| 'tsir-to! Ly H g!
ah-gi ih-'ya puh-la 'tsi 'kyahp-'kyo. After washing the clothes, wring them
jD k UHL j| I well!
handed my fields over to my son. gL - 'tsir-ke ten- (W)
g - 'tsi lehn- pred.ph.erg. k pred.ph.erg. kk LE| scream;
| take on responsibility; be shout. 'g `-' | See: 'tsiira
responsible for. la- (E)'.
` k ` t`U g S! g L -/ g `- 'tsir-ti 'kee
ah-ni deze maha 'aga 'tsi lehn ten-/ 'tsir-ti uh- pred.ph.non-erg.
miih-khu! L k ky LE| scream.
M! I don't want to be responsible g-
g--/ g - -L
for so much money! tsi-ruhm-ruhm/ tsi-
gL-
gL- - tsik-tor tuh- rhum-rhum peh-k pred.ph.non-erg.
pred.ph.erg. UL t | house parts: `U `U | shudder.
level the top of the walls when t`` M m g--
building. L | 'ahi 'kyee-di zubu-'ya
'tsi-ruhm-ruhm peh-ku 'du. ky AE
gM tsikpa/ tsiira n. U, S|
wall (of stones or bricks; used in the k H kE `U `U j|
context of house building). 'g I am so cold that all my limbs are
M-' | See also: 'tsiira shuddering.
kyahp-'. g/
g/ g/ g / j/ j/
gM g- 'tsikpa 'tsii- pred.ph.erg. j M- tsilam/ tsilim/
U E| build a wall. tselem/ tshilam/ tshilim/
gM 'tsikpa 'dep n.ph. UL tshelem kyahp- pred.ph.e. k
| house parts: wall of house (built gL| be lightning.
of stones and mud). g M j
gM S
tsikso kheeba n.ph. - - L ! 'tsilim
'kyahp-ti nam-la phar tshur 'yaht-'yaht
yL| mason.
'yiht-'yiht peh-ku 'du! AL
g` tsi-du 'g`' | See: nL-L U j! Oh, I see
'tsii-du'. lightning flashing across the sky!
g` tsipro n. jL| fibrous g M- 'tsilim 'kyuuh-
material in fruit and vegetables. pred.ph.e. k gL (Y Uk
)
lightning flashes (jagged bolts of
g-
g- tsir- v.t. g, g| wring
(clothes, etc.); press out (juice from lightning).
sugar cane, etc.); squeeze out (juice, gg tsihtsup 'g' | See:
liquid). 'tihtsup'.
Lh w j g`! g M- tsihn kyahp-
'kapta 'hii-di thu yaahbu peh-ti
156
g- g-

| lie (i.e. tell

pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. t calculate.
a lie).
g tsiibu adj. kw, kw| defiled;
SU ` g ML | 'kho-gi ritually unclean. [Gram: no excl. form
ah-la 'tsihn 'kyahp-ku 'du. E D (see appendix 5, section1.2)]
t j| Oh, he is lying to me. `- 'tsiibu ta- pred.ph.erg.
g `-
g`U/ g`U/ g`U kw | defile s.th./ s.b.
'tsih-gere/ 'tsih-gerba (m.)/
'tsih-germu (f.) n. t| liar. g tsiima n. L`| rib.
g- tsii- v.t. g M- tsiira kyahp-
1) L E, g` E| stack up. 'g-, pred.ph.erg. U| build a wall (lowish,
-' | See also: 'tsaa-, in the open, not for house building).
paah-'. 'gM g-' | See also: 'tsikpa
SU l g l| 'kho-gi tsii-'.
pea-'ya 'tsii-di 'aa-sin. E L g `-
`- tsiira la- (E)
L UH T| He stacked up the pred.ph.erg. ghE| scream. 'gL
books. -' | See also: 'tsir-ke ten-
S`U LU gM gH ` | (W)'.
khu-gi kohmba-gi 'tsikpa 'tsii-e-'ra J U ` g
'yeh-ba. E UL U UE j| `| ohle 'mih-'ya-gi hada
They are just building the walls of the meeh-ba peh-ti 'tsiira 'la-sin. A
temple. AgL ghH| And
2) , U| consider s.th. to be; suddenly the people started
observe (e.g. custom). screaming.
U ` ` g| 'moh-gi
g L tsiiri kohmba n.ph.
ah-la rooh-'ra maah-'tsi. E D
HEt UL | place names:
U| She didn't accept me as important temple near Langgyapsa.
her friend.
J`U g LH, h gl g ` tsiiri labra n.ph.
`U| ohra-gi 'tuuh 'tsii 'koh-e, wEL | place names: small
tahrtu 'tsuu-e meh-yoh-gen. settlement in the Nuhrpu-Kahng area
kw j, k E | We have (below Pa-Sasa and Padap).
to observe the period of mourning, we g-/ g- tsiih-/ tsuh- v.t. AL
mustn't erect a prayer flag. U| change into; transform into.
g` -L 'tsii-na peh-k 'g y' | See also:
pred.ph.erg. U, L U| respect; 'tsuhmul'.
honour s.b. MU U g| 'boki-gi 'guri
g` M- 'tsii-du/
g`/ g 'tsiih-sin. M L
'tsi-du 'kyahp- pred.ph.erg. Ak U| The witch changed into a cat.
U, U| estimate (e.g. costs); S(U) L gE | 'kho(-gi) 'kee

157
g
g y

'tsiih-w 'du. E AL L (E) n. | animals: rat; mouse.

j| He is putting on another voice. gg tsutso '-gg' | See:
J`- tsiih-di oh-
g 'mah-tsutso'.
pred.ph.non-erg. AL U
AE| appear transformed. g -L/ h- tsunap (N)
M U g J`U | 'boki
peh-k/ tun-tii- (N) v.(ph.)t. g
'guri 'tsiih-di oh-gu 'du. M U| elect.
L U AE j| The g tsup 'g' | See:
witch appeared in the form of a cat. 'tihtsup'.
- tsiih-di ten-
g g/
/ g tsupi/ tsubi (N) n. g,
pred.ph.erg. U SE|
j| dagger.
counterfeit.
gU M T` l ! 'tsubi-gi
k hU Sy 'kyahp-ti khyae 'se 'aa 'du! g
g V| 'rasuwa 'dilla-la piihmi
ML j! He stabbed him to
tii-gi khenamu 'tsiih-di ten-'gyo.
death with a dagger!
k HEt Lt SyL
U SHL C| A woman g (g) -L tsum (tsum)
in Rasuwa Jilla was able to peh-k v.t./ pred.ph.erg. U| close
counterfeit the goddess Khendamu. (a roundish opening); close mouth.
g (g)L| 'mii tsum (tsum)
g
tsiihda n. , M peh-ken. AS g U| close eyes.
YL HL| ghostly apparition.
S g (g)L| 'kha tsum
T ` ` ` `, (tsum) peh-ken. S U|| close
J gU Th ! 'khya rih mouth.
nah-la thaa-'rihbu 'rihbu so, ohle
'tsiihda-gi 'khyer-tu nah! g- tsuh- 'g-' | See: 'tsiih-'.
k`U t t kF, A YL g
`-
`- tsuhp ta- pred.ph.erg.
HL M U | Just mind, just L UE| put under a spell;
go very very deep into the forest so harm s.b. 'g' | See also:
that a ghost may capture you! 'tihtsup'.
g
tsiihma adj. ML| U S`` ` U
counterfeit (of precious stones or g `U| lama pohmbo-gi
metals); artificial. khu-'ra nah-la 'mipa-gi peh-ti
J g | ooh-di-ni ser 'tsuhp ta-ge. nP HL-AL
'tsiihma 'yihn. ML | CW L UEj|
That is artificial gold. The lamas and shamans put each
other under spells by transcendental
g`U tsuga (W) n. Lt| clothing:
meditation.
coat (of cloth).
g y/ g - tsuhmul/
g`/
/ g` tsubi (W)/ tsube tsuhmrul ten- pred.ph.erg. k

158
g- -g

SE, gtL SE| ghosts appear. J`U j gl LH| ohra-gi

[Note: spirits, witches or people in 'thee 'tseu peh 'koh-en.
disguise putting on haunting Sk U j| We must
manifestations] 'g-, g-' | investigate the religious books
See also: 'tsiih-, tsuh-'.
-g/-k -tse~-dze~-ze sf. k, k|
g- tsuu- v.t. about; approximately; as much as.
1) | plant. [Phon: This suffix follows the normal
gU| 'he 'tsuu-gen. A | assimilation rules for suffixes, see
plant potatoes. appendix 7, sections 1-3. But note the
2) | put down; step on; establish following exception: numerals ending
s.th. in a long vowels get shortened and
M gU| nekyi 'tsuu-gen. y require the vl. suffix.] [Disc: Used
(g)| put pot on stove. with quantities, qualities, verb stems,
L` gU| 'kaba 'tsuu-gen. Su noun stems and temporals.]
tM| step on s.th. ` `g ! 'those-la 'he
gU| 'pasal 'tsuu-gen. yi-tse 'luu! L A Ctk
T| establish, start a shop. ! Put about two potatoes into the
curry!
g tse n. gg, t| peak (of
mountain); top of high objects (e.g. of Lh k T ! 'kapta
tree or prayer flag pole). 'h' yaah-ze 'khyer o! Ly A
| See also: 'todo'. E! Bring somewhat nice clothes!
-g/ -h| 'lah-'tse/ L L jk | karma
'lah-'todo. yyL t| mountain 'mee-di 'kaami 'the-ze 'yeh-ba.
peak. L L A w j| Kaami was
somewhat bigger than Karma.
`-g/ `-h|
tahri-'tse/ tahri-'todo. kL Lk | 'nehpa

daanu 'mee-di yahmbi 'kah-ze 'yeh.
t| top of prayer flag pole.
`-g/ `-h| k-A L j| The
tohbo-'tse/ tohbo-'todo. SL patient is somewhat better than a few
days ago.
t| top of tree.
h ``kl ` ! 'tini
g -U tse-g (E) v.t. S| play 'yuh-dze-i 'luu-do le! g
(game-like activities). 'g-' | See:
! Please put in only a little
'tsa- (W)'. 'g, U' | See quantity of sugar!
also: 'tsemu, igar'. ` t g
g/ gl -L tse/ tse-u peh-k | pehma 'tohme 'mee-di di 'ip-la
pred.ph.erg. (lamaistic) Sk U, yahmbi bap-tse 'du. t
A U, Sk U| investigate; do t L j| This trip
research. there is a somewhat larger heap of

159
g -g

sand than in the first one. mahy taa-'dzen/ taa-'zen ten-gu 'du.
hg Mg ! phattsi 'ihk-tse E tj| She pretends to
peh! AL E ! Move over a tie up the buffalos.
little bit! U -k U | moh-gi 'bree
`k j` ! 'mahr sal-'dzen ten-gu 'du. g
da-dze 'thowa-'ra 'luu! YE kL LCtj| She pretends to clean
k ! But in about as much rice.
butter as yesterday! SU -gk U | kho-gi
U Lk ` , h ! 'zap-'tsen-dzi ten-gu 'du. E
'mih-ni nahmga karma-ze-'ra 'du, ti `Utj| He makes a show with
'maa leh! j ALL dressing up.
j, L ! There are as many SU ` -gk U !
people as there are stars in the sky, 'kho-gi solwa 'tap-'tsen-dzi ten-gu
how impressive! 'du! E Utj! He makes a
show of praying!
g tsedar n. Ly UE Ly|
cerem. utensils: cloth on mask. [Note: g- tsep- v.t. Lt| slit open
hanging on mask to conceal the back (mostly used for meat).
of the head and neck] gMU U U g|
'mih tsokpa-'ya-gi 'mih-gi goo-la
g tsen n. (D SL ) evil
spirit. 'tsep-sin. A ALL tEL
g J`- 'tsen oh- (W) Lt| The criminals slit open the
pred.ph.dr. | get a fright. people's heads.
g - 'tsen sihn- pred.ph.dr. -g/
/-k -tse-ba~-dze-ba~-ze-ba
V| an evil spirit caused the illness. sf. kL| as much as; as many as; as
well as. [Phon: For the regular
-g/-k/-
/-m -tsen~-dzen~-zen
pp. L L St U| [Gram: phonological alternations of suffix
vs+pp. + <ten->:] pretend to initial stops or affricates and the
perform an action. [Gram: exception verbs marked with <-k>
vs+pp.+<-ti(i)> + <ten->:] make see appendix 7, sections 1-3.] [Usage:
a show of an action. [Phon: For the referring to quality, rather than to
details on the phonological and tonal quantity] '-g/-k, Jk ' |
behaviour of this item see appendix 7, See also: '-tse~-dze~-ze, ohze-ba'.
section 8.1.] `k A` ! ah-ze-ba
'su-'a mihn-du. kL L j!
U -k U | 'moh-gi
'rah 'luuh ta-'dzen/ ta-'zen ten-gu 'du. Nobody is as (rich, clever, etc.) as I
am.
E y-S k
U j|
She pretends to watch the goats and t` Sk , EC
sheep. ! di ahmyen-di 'kho-ti-ze-ba-ni
meeh-ba, 'uy rooh! t` EL
U C -k U | 'moh-gi
160
g- g
U

kL j, ! This string adv.ph. U| watchfully. 'k'

instrument is not as nice as his, isn't | See: 'dzembu (E)'.
it, my friend? g h- tsembu peh tuu-
`kU `U| 'he da-dzeba (W) pred.ph.erg. E| give a fright.
mehn-da-ge. A kL k V|
g tsere mere 't ' |
The same amount of potatoes as See: 'ehpa'.
yesterday will not be enough.
jl l- M-g g- tsel- v.t. tPE| cut into
`U| 'tshaa-la 'u-'mahr longish pieces (vegetables).
'luu-na 'kya-'mahr-tse-ba ihmbu g
tselem 'g' | See:
meh-yoh-ge. -g YE 'tsilam'.
YE L kL | If you

g/
/ g tselba/ tselbu n. yL|
put boiled butter into salt tea it is not work utensils: loosely woven carrying
as nice as with fresh butter.
basket. ', L' | See
g- tsem- v.t. E| sew. also: 'sohlma, komba'.
Lh j gU| 'kapta 'tshul
g`
tsehra kyahp- 'j`'
'tiih-di 'tsem-ge. Ly k H
| See: 'tshera'.
Cj| Sowing clothes one gathers
folds. g
tsehrep n. Y, ny| thicket;
bush.
g g-
g-/ g/ g g-U tsemu tsa-
(W)/ tsemu/ tseme tse-g (E) g
tsehlap 'h
' | See:
pred.ph.erg. S| play games. 'tehlap'.
L `U g ` g tsee n. S| rust. '' |
gM| 'phema 'yeh-ken 'bele 'yih-gi See also: 'ya'.
'tseme mahbu 'tse-'kyo.
g M- tsee 'kyahp-
S| We played a lot when we pred.ph.non-erg. S | become
were small. rusty.
g tsembu n. E, HL wE| - tsee-gi sah- pred.ph.erg.
gU
seam. S S| be destroyed by rust.
g U| 'tsembu 'ii-gen. E [Gram: the rust takes the erg. <-ki>
E| undo a seam. (see neutral word order for inanim.
g U| 'tsembu 'iih-gen. E actors, appendix 5, section 21.2)]
E| seam comes undone. g
tseeden (E) n. U| household
g ML| 'tsembu 'kyahp-ken. utensils: straw mat.
E E| make a seam.
g
U tseehgor n. y (, LL
g gU| 'tsembu 'tsem-gem. E
St A HL gML) household
E| sew a seam. utensils: straw ring used to place pots
g tsembu peh-te (W) on.

161
g g-
g-

g tso (W) n. L| cause. table or beam to place food on. [Note:

g - tso ten- (W) pred.ph.erg.
L SE, T| engage in gM/
s.th.
A AU g lU, evil.
J kU L| aba gM gM/ gMt gMt y- y-
'ama-gi 'leeh yaahbu tso ten-di
'aa-na-'ga, ohle pehza-'ya 'leeh
yaahbu peh-ken. A L
U hg L
Uj| Only if the parents themselves
engage in decent work will the
children do decent work as well.
g-
g- tso- v.t. (rare) `UE| dye. 'j'
| See also: 'tshee'.
SU L g| 'kho-gi 'kupa
tso-sin. E U `U| He dyed the
yarn.
gL/
gL/ gU
gU tsok/ tsogi n. k|
interest. 'ykL' | See also:
'uzok'.
h- tsok/ tsogi tal-
gL/ gU h-
pred.ph.erg. k | pay interest.
tsok/ tsogi tshee-
gL/ gU j-
pred.ph.e. k V| interest
accumulates.
gL/ gU - tsok/ tsogi 'tahp-
pred.ph.erg. k | pay interest in
form of grain.
gL/ gU - tsok/ tsogi 'tuh-
(E) pred.ph.erg. k EwE| collect
interest on a loan in form of grain.
`- tsok/ tsogi lee
gL/ gU `-
ta- pred.ph.erg. k jy () g-
cancel interest (on a loan).
gMg/
gMg/ hMg/ hMg tsoktsi/
toktsi/ toktse n. (hon. of
'soldo') gk S t 'koh-e 'yeh-ba. Ak M D
(t.) household utensils: bench-like
10-30 cm. high]
gM/ gM/ gM tsokpa/
tsokpo/ tsokpu adj. t, | bad;
tsok-ro tsok-ro/ tsok-o tsok-o o-
'-/-y/-t...' | See:
'-ro~-o~-o...'.
gU tsogi 'gL' | See: 'tsok'.
gU tsoge 'jU' | See: 'tshoge'.
g`-
g`- tso- v.t. h, P U| sell.
g-
g- {M-} tsom-lu
{kyahp-} n. {v.t.} k {S} {sing}
competitive songs. [Note: usually with
turn taking between boys and girls]
L ` g-
M J` LH! taah kohmba
'mih-'ya 'yimbu tsom-'lu yaahbu
'kyahp-te oh koh-en! LY `L
jU U UH Lj!
We must have a good turn at
competitive singing with the people of
Tarke-Gyang before we come back!
g-
g- tsor- v.i. E (j`,
A) ferment.
j` ` t U g |
tha-ni 'yihma 'eeh-gi 'tsor-ti
then-sin 'du. ky YL E
Lj| The beer fermented in the
warmth of the sun, and it spilled over.
g- tsor- v.t. T (M)
cause to ferment. ' M-'
| See also: 'phap kyahp-'.
` `U j` g Ll
| 'tihri-ni ah-gi tha 'tsor
162
g hMt

T j| Today I have to add See also: 'tam 'suhr kyahp-'.

the fermenting agent (phap) to the U gU | tam-gi tsoo-gen. L
grain mash for the whisky. | say s.th. to aggravate s.b.
jy
g tsolo (N) n. g g| g g yU| 'mih-la tsoo-de
clothing: Nepali style blouse. tsoo-de o-gen. AD L jy k|
say s.th. to aggravate s.b.
g tsoo n. , L| cause; pretext. g U| 'mih-la tsoo-de
g S` ! tsoo-ni 'kho-'ra tam 'ma-gen. AD jy | say s.th.
'yihm-ba! F ! He is the to aggravate s.b.
cause!
g - tsoo ten- pred.ph.erg. g () tsoo(-la) loc. , |
below; under; beneath.
nM| bring evidence.
SU w g `V ` L`U g |
'lagyapsa yari 'kah-gi tsoo-la
j J`l` ! 'kho-gi
di hi tsoo mah-tem-ba 'yeh-na-ni di 'yeh-ba. LY ` ` yyL j|
rohwa 'ih thimbu oh-de-'ra Langgyapsa is below Yangri Kahng.
meeh-ba! E nLL H g/ g tsooma/ tsoo-me adj.
w H! If he had | the lower; the one below.
not brought this evidence it would not g tsoor baati 't '
have become such a big issue! | See: 'oos baati'.
g- tsoo- v.t. g- tsooh- v.i. , M| be
1) jy| pierce. finished; be used up.
2) (W) jy , g | aggravate s.b; g h- tsooh tuu- pred.ph.erg.
goad s.b. ' M-' | E| use up.

h ta 'h' | See: 'tandi'.
h {g-} ta (W) {tsuu-} n. {v.t.}
yL ` {, E} {install}
rope-ladder. '`' | See: 'pra
(E)'.
h M -L ta tahkpu
peh-k pred.ph.erg. gS ,
U| take good care of things.
h/
h/ h h(U) ta/ tah
tii-le(-gi) conj.ph. HL L|
conjunctions: in some way. [Disc: S
h
introducer]
h h... h h... ta
tii-le... ta tii-le... double_conj.
HL ... AL ... on the
one hand... on the other hand.... [Disc:
S introducer]
hMt taku n. Dg (w
HL ) measures and weights: cubit
with making fist instead of
outstretched fingers. [Note: about 15
inches]
hMt L`| taku 'kah. w

163
h`-
h`- h-
h-

HL | one small cubit. | place names: settlement in the

western part of Yohlmu, in the upper
h`-
h`- ta- v.t./i. nyE, ny|
hang up s.th; be hanging. ' h`-' Tadi Khola valley, south-west part of
Kulu.
| See also: 'semta-'.
SU k LL` h`| 'kho-gi h tandi adj. U| heavy.
'dzoola karku-la ta-sin. E n S h | khurpu tandi 'du.
p ny| He hung his shoulder U j| The load is heavy.
bag up on the window. h L L (L) ta 'tihk
` U ` h` LV| ah 'tihk ('tihk) adj.ph. U, S| heavy
'gaari nah-la ta-di kahl-'gyo. and compact. 'L L L'
Uy nyH UHL | I was hanging | See also: 'tihk tihk tihk'.
there in the car as we drove along. h-L-L-L J`U| ser
-U ta-di 'i-g A
h` - ta-'tihk-'tihk-'tihk oh-ge. S
nyH A U| commit suicide j| Gold is compact and heavy.
by hanging. h-U ta-'dige adj. ,
h-
S` h` | 'kho-'ra UL| feel heavy.
ta-di 'i-sin. E A nyH A S h-U | khurpu ta-'dige 'du.
U| He commited suicide by Ak j| The load feels
hanging himself. heavy.
h`U tagi n. J| household ` ` j` ` `VU `
utensils: iron tripod. [Note: put into the m h-U J`| ah da tha
fire pit for putting the cooking vessels mahbu thu-'gyo-gi 'tihri zubu
on the fire] ta-'dige oh-sin. k ky
SHL Ak kE U HL j|
h`U tagu n. E| animals:
Because I drank a lot of beer
fox. [Note: fox according to the yesterday my body feels heavy today.
descriptions given; seems to be a rare
h ta-'le '-/-' | See:
animal] '-le~-lee'.
h` tada n. L (kk h ta-'se '-/-' | See:
L A) mountain barley. '-se~-see'.
h`-` k L ` hM/
hM/ hM tapkyi/
J`U| tada-da 'dzaw-la 'kahma tapkye amu n.ph. hEL |
mahbu oh-ge. L kL ty foods: mushroom which looks like the
j| Mountain barley and regular antlers of a deer.
barley heads have lots of bristly
fibres. hM tapkye num. Aw|
numerals: eighteen.
h`/ g` tabu (E)/ tsabu
(W) adj. g| intelligent; clever. h-
h- tam- v.t. `U U| keep
company; associate with; fellowship
h`-
h`-l ta-sahu n. wEL
164
h h

with s.b. [Gram: associate takes hard lump in this boil.

<yambu/ yimbu>] CU J-j` hL |
`(U) ` hU | mahy-gi 'ohma-'tsha 'tarka mihn-du.
ah(-gi) 'mih yaahbu 'yambu L Lgy j| The udder of

'tam-go 'yeh. jL `U the buffalo cow is not firm.
Uj| I associate with good people. h-
h- M- tar-tap kyahp-
J ` l` S ` pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. j, j| fall/
h M| ooh 'mih-ni 'toh throw down forcefully.
'yihndu-'ra 'kho 'yambu 'tam-di
S h- M| 'kho 'tar-'tap
'teh-'kyo. j S EU 'kyahp-sin. F j| He fell down in
`U U L j| This person has a fit.
associated with him from the
SU h- M|
beginning. 'kho-gi 'mih-la 'tar-'tap 'kyahp-sin.
h tayu n. j| fish hook. E AD j| He threw the
` h ML| 'yah-la tayu man down forcefully.
'kyahp-ken. jD j j| The
hL tahrko n. g, Uy| birds:
fish hook is thrown to the fish. eagle?. [Note: a big bird which can be
h-
h- tar- v.t. seen flying in the sky during the cold
1) t| press; stick together; stick season; it comes from the mountains
onto. and does not alight near villages]
t J h`! di 'phoo h-
h- tal- v.t. | pay.
ooh-la 'tar-to! t t!
Stick this picture onto the wall over h M- tal kyahp-
there! pred.ph.non-erg. y S| swim.
2) gL, t| crack; squash. h tala 'j' | See:
L hL | 'iken 'tar-ken. k 'thepa'.
| crack lice.
h(L) h(L) tala(k)
` ` ` j! TU tolo(k) '' | See: 'tam'.
h L! ah-la 'yi mahbu
mah-tshol! khye-gi 'mii 'tar ter-ken! h talda n. `| chain.
U Sk! A AS h 1 tah n. g| tea.
tCj A! Do not aggravate me, h LU| 'tah 'kol-gen. g
otherwise I am going to give you a E| make tea.
black eye! h | 'tah lohma. gL
hL tarka n./ adj. g t, | (S)| tea leaves on tea bushes.
hard soil; compact; firm. h- 'tah-loh n. gL
t` ` hL j | di (t g E L ) foods: tea
'abur nah-la 'tarka thimbu 'du. leaves (when boiling 'tshaa').
w Ut j| There is a big, h- 'tah-rhil n. gL
165
h h`

y (t g) foods: tea leaves for liih/ thaa n.ph. LSL | chicken

salt tea. [Note: ball-shaped, cheaper droppings.
than 'pahrtu']
h 3 tah n. AL
| opportunity;
h/ hk 'tah-o/ chance.
'tah-za (E) n. g, g| household h h(U) 'tah tii-le(-gi)
utensils: tea strainer. 'g' | See:
'h' | See: 'ta'.
'tsaama (W)'.
h - -/ y- 'tah thin-/
-/ -
h 2 tah n. (poetic) Q, LS| tin-/ ii- pred.ph.dr. AL |
bird; fowl. have an opportunity; chance; work
h-h() out.
'tah-'tihwa(-'ya) n. LS, g| h `A` yl
all kinds of birds. M| 'tah thin-si-'ma-na 'yih-'a
h {-L} 'tahbu {peh-k} n. o-e 'ma-'kyo. AL
{v.i.} {} cock; rooster {crow}. kj L| If things work
h VU L` 'tahbu out we (exclu.) want to go, too.
sihn-'gyo-gi 'koha n.ph. UL L M yl ` Ll
LSL | fertilized egg. L, T yl h SH SH?
h 'tahmu n. LS| hen. kora 'kyahp o-e-la ah-la rooh
h ` 'tahmu noma 'koh-e 'yeh-ken, khye o-e 'tah tin
n.ph. J L LS| '` -L, khuu-en ni miih-khu-en? Y kD
LL -L' | See also: 'noma D g , D k
teh-k, kuku teh-k'. brood-hen. L ? I need a friend to go
'tahmu piihru n.ph.
h trekking, would you perhaps be able
LSL g| chick. to come with me?
h 'tahmu 'yoma n.ph. h` y| 'leeh 'tah-'ra
LS ( AUyL) young maahn-i. LL AL | I had
hen before laying eggs for the first no opportunity to carry out my
time. purposes.
h `U 'tahmu 'oogo hE hE J`- tahw tahw
n.ph. LSL St| chicken wing oh- pred.ph.non-erg.
(prepared to eat, or on the life
(LL) be a noisy
chicken). commotion.
` ` h `U` hE hE -L 'tahw 'tahw
`U ! 'tihri ah-la 'tahmu peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. U|
'oogo'di-'ra 'oogo lep 'du! Ak make a noisy commotion.
D LSL St St j! Oh, hEy `- 'tahwa 'la-
`-
today I got only chicken wings (on pred.ph.erg. U| make noise;
my plate)! make commotion.
hU / j 'tahmu-gi
h` tah n. E| north.
166
h`- h

h`-j / h`l g`/ g`' | See also:

tah-thu semba/ tahdu semba 'tsarkyi/ tsaryi/ tsarye (W)'.
adj.ph. | pure-hearted;
h` tahbar n. Lk-P U
righteous.
LL E T LUk| cerem. utensils:
h` M- tahla 'kyahp- sheet of paper with the name of
pred.ph.e. E V| north wind deceased person (this is burnt during
blows. the 'neebar' ceremony which is also
`t - h` ML| au called 'nee ta-gen/ par-ken').
nahm-'simu tahla 'kyahp-ken.
E Vj| Early in the hk tahza 'h' | See:
morning the north wind blows. 'taho'.
h` / - tah-la 'yeh/ hk` tahza n.
'paar-'tii- pred.ph.cop. E / | 1) LSL S| chicken pen.
be in the north. [Gram: cop.= specific 2) g E wE Y (L )
location] place where tea is made. [Note:
h`- tah- v.t. Y, t| outside or in a shed, on special
dissolve s.th. '`/ h`-, occasions]
h`-' | See also: 'phubu h tahba n. L | clan
(E), phumbu (W) tah-, phowa names: non-lama clan (='maba').
tah-'.
h- tahm- v.i. ,
`U w(U) g | take to s.b; be attracted;
j h`U| 'toh-gi him-la get aquainted. [Gram: goal takes
'riihba-'ya 'tiih-di thu-la tah-gen.
<yambu/ yimbu>]
A A EwH
` H ` l L
Cj| According to the former J`U, J h l
custom, the bones (of a cremated
J`U| 'oh meeh-e-e 'mih 'yambu
person) were gathered up and tam 'ma-e 'kaahbu oh-ge, ohle
disposed of in the river. 'tahm phando 'tehmu oh-ge. g
j h` ` LH| di jU
L U U j, A
'men thu-la tah-di thu 'koh-en.
CLj k j| It is difficult to
A Y Sj| This talk with someone you don't really
medicine must be drunk dissolved in know, but when you have gotten
water. acquainted, it becomes easy.
h` -L tahdar peh-k h 'tahmba n. OL |
pred.ph.erg. U| practise (to gain names: personal name, m.
in skill). h -L 'tahmbu peh-k
pred.ph.erg. U| care for s.b.
h` {-} tahba (E)
{suuh-} n. {v.i.} k {Uy} {take} lovingly; be affectionate.
root. [Usage: lit. and fig.] 'gM/ h {y-} tahmda {ii-} n.
167
h h

{v.i.} {, } necessities; taa-zer (E)/ taa-ser (W) n. L|

necessary things (be available); nail.
necessary conditions (be fulfilled). h- taa-par n. L j|
iron printing block.
h tahmdur (E) 'g' |
See: 'tsamba'. 'l' | See h taabur n. L| cooking
utensils: small bowl-shaped frying pan.
also: 'damdur (W)'.
h {M-} taari {'kyahp-} n.
h- tahr- v.t. kt
, t, U| {v.t.} (o.f.) {E} {build} fence.
assemble s.th; institute. h` taala n. | cooking
J j ` U utensils: big, bowl-shaped iron skillet.
U hMU j | [Note: used for parching grain, etc.]
ohle ''lahla 'thepa-di 'ti-le yuhl-gi
'mih-'ya-gi 'tahr-'kyo-gi 'thepa-'ya h- taa- v.t. h| break. [Usage:
'yihm-ba. A L gy g j sticks, limbs, cups; not used for
string-like things] 'h-L, h-'
UE HL gy | And
some of the festivals are ones which | See also: 'te-k, rihn taa-'.
the villagers instituted later. h taabe n. | insects and
` LU ` ` worms: gnat.
M hL M| i-so h taah n. t| house parts:
'karmi-'ya-gi "'tihri 'yih 'bako flattish roof beams. [Note: put
'tahr-ken" 'ma-'kyo. L Ak horizontally onto the vertical roof
k ky L j| The rafters (tuhma)]
carpenters said they would assemble
our cupboards today. h`
/
taah/ pehto n.
h l- 'thar-ti 'aa- j| house parts: attic; ceiling
pred.ph.erg. ktE, ky-k U| below attic.
accumulate (things). h`
j taah-la
tM
iih-'kyo 'tham n.ph. `
h/
/ h tahro/ tahru n. UCHL L| house parts: floor
LU| birds: crow; raven. boards of attic; ceiling of main room.
h tahwa n. hh
/
/ h-h y-
y- taahta/
1) L | clan names: non-lama clan taah-taah o- pred.ph.non-erg.
(='maba').
| toddle.
tLtL y
2) 'h' | See: 'tohwa'.
k U hh yl L
h (gM) 'tahwa (tsokpa) | di pehza tahpse-'ga taahta o-e
n. (adj.) ()U| fate; situation peh-ku 'du. hg S tLtL y
(has neg. conn.). 'lM h'
UL j| This child it just now
| See also: 'dikten 'tahwa'. starting to toddle around.
h taa n. | iron (metal). h ti q.w. L| what (has also
hk/ hk / h- taa-zar/ exclamatory usage).
168
h h

h h` ! ti ta-ba 'mih! things are; for the following reason.

L gL (g)! What a clever / h ti 'mee-di/ ti
h
person! 'mee q.ph. L| why; what is your
L ti
h LL, h L intention?.
'koh-ke, ti meh-'koh-ke (W) h l!/ h
dep.pred.ph.dr. L gj, L g | ! ti 'yih-'naa 'yihn-du!/ ti
may or may not be needed. 'h 'yih-'naa 'yihn! pred.ph. k H !
LH' | See: 'ti-la koh-en (E)'. interjections: whatever may be, let it
h ` ti teeen adv.ph. L be!.
(A) very; much (emphatic, h / ti 'yih-na/
expressive). 'yihn-na cond.dep.pred.ph. k H |
U h `
`U explanation introducers:: to show you
T` | di 'mih-gi-ni ti teeen how things are; let's see. [Note: used
lehgu yaahbu khyo-sin 'du. with appropriate gestures]
A g Hj| Oh, h ? ti lo? elliptic_q. L ? what
this man has brought us very good did you say?.
news! h ... ti lo... elliptic_q. L ?
h ti thete qt.ph. | interjections: what shall I say...; what
whatever. do you call it....
h - ti nee-nee n.ph. Chj| jl , h ... J?
whatever (you) like. 'phuu-la 'tshiiu 'yeh le, ti lo...
h ti 'ma-na qt.ph. k , ooh-la? jl gy Cj , L
k | whatever (however much you wE? Over there the 'tshiiu'
say). festival takes place, what do you call
h ti 'ma-na it over there?
cond.dep.pred.ph. L| conjunctions: h A` ti 'ol-de-'a
reason introducing. seq.dep.pred.ph. k | conjunctions:
`U h Ay M, under all circumstances; above all.
`- M `V| hA` ti-'a qt. [Gram: qt. +
ah-gi ti 'ma-na ahna 'ma-'kyo, de-la aff. pred.ph./ + neg. pred.ph.] L|
'yih-ar-la 'tihkyi 'du-ba 'mee-di any/ none.
ta-'gyo. L L , hA` L ti-'a
SHL j meh-'koh-ro pred.ph.dr. L

|
wHL| To tell you why I said nothing will happen.
this, here at the sun rising time there h/ h ti-ree/ ti-raa qt. L
is an auspicious sign; so I sent him at gk| something alike. '-/ -' |
that time. See: '-ree (E)/ -raa (W)'.
h ti 'ma-si-'ma-na H ti-la
h LH h L
cond.dep.pred.ph. L S| 'koh-en, ti-la meh-'koh-en (E)
explanation introducers: to tell you how pred.ph.dr. L gj, L g
|
169
h h

may or may not be needed. 'h tuh-ge-mu goo-gi 'tirtsup-la

LL' | See: 'ti koh-ke (W)'. 'kyahp-te meh-yoh-ge. hgD
h ti att.p. M, L| attitude particles: t t | When you are

accommodating; what does it matter?; beating the children, you mustn't hit
you see. [Phon: Note that the initial them on the crown of the head.
affricate of this particle, unlike the h tini (N) n. g| sugar.
clitics, does not assimilate in voicing
h...
h... h... ti-ni... ti-ni...
to the preceding sound.] [Disc: occurs double_conj. L ... L ... conjunctions:
clause or phrase finally] either... or...; or. [Gram: 'tini' + cl. +
F S yH h, F y! 'tini' + cl.] [Disc: occurs in
uuh-di 'kha o-e ti, 'uuh-di 'men-ni statements; for questions cf. 'ni']
'mehn-o! S ,
J U ` SU h
! Our mouths can
t g`U L, h J`
keep going (i.e. we can keep talking),
M lH L| ohle 'lhaa-gen
our battery won't run out (as the tape i-di 'kho-gi ti-ni lehmen 'mih-la
recorder's battery does)! 'tso-gen kahl-sin, ti-ni ooh-la-'ra
` h, S , 'kyur 'aa-en kahl-sin. A gL Lw
T t` ! rooh nah-la ti, g L AD h , L
taah 'khal sum 'yihm-ba, khye
jyT | And the wood which
'raar-'a peh-na! L , is left over, either he will sell it, or he
, Uj ! Well, will just let it lie there.
among friends, what shall we say... I
will give it for 15 rupees if you really h`/
h`/ h` tini/ tihni
like it so much! temp. (rare) g AUy| four years
ago.
h`-
h`- ti- v.t. | wind around.
h`U| kara/ peei
L/ t h/ h-
(`)
'ti-gen. t/ tL | put on tinup/ tih-nuhp (yihmu)
cummerbund/ belt. temp.(ph.) g AUy| five days
ago.
h` `-
`- ti ta- pred.ph.erg.
| urinate. h-
h- tip- v.i. j| mature (of
field products); be overripe (for some
h`/ h` tiyii/ tuyii products); be ripe (for others). ',
num. | numerals: twelve. m' | See also: 'sem, zubu'.
hg/ hg titsup/ tirtsup h tipa num.ord. | ordinal
(E) n. , t T wE| crown of the numerals: first.
head. 'g/ gg' | See:
'tihtsup/ tsihtsup (W)'. h tipu q.w. L ? interjections:
what shall I say?; how shall I say it?.
k `U UU hg
Mh `U| pehza-'ya-la J yl L, S``

170
h h`

h J`U , LL j j responsibility for the festival, each

J`U ! ooh pohmbo o-e one must take his turn.
'yeh-ke-di-la, 'kho-'ra-'ra tipu
h tibe temp. g j| in
oh-ge 'nahle, kahkala 'tshap 'tshup four years (four years ahead).
oh-ge 'nahle! nP D,
D - L - jtt Cj h/ h ti-be/ ti-le q.w. L|
! The one who is going to be a why.
shaman gets - what shall I say? - he h LH? 'temrel ti-le ta
gets very restless! 'koh-en? L j? Why
does one need to look up the
h (h) tipu (tii) (W) qt.(ph.) auspicious time?
HL, HMt| the only one. 'h h(/) ti(-be/-le)
h' | See also: 'timi tii'. 'ma-na cond.dep.pred.ph. L|
h () tiba (mih) n.(ph.) conjunctions: because; for.
k M O| festivals: family h h timi tii qt.ph. HM,
responsible for organizing festivals.
HEt | all alone; the only. 'h
`` h| 'yune 'tiba. h' | See: 'tipu (tii) (W)'.
gyL k | the family S h h` | 'kho 'puh
responsible for the 'yune' retreat. timi tii-'ra 'yihm-ba. F HM j
h S- 'tiba khur- pred.ph.erg. | He is the only son. 'l M'
k M| festivals: be responsible for | See also: 'puh-ikpa'.
provisions for a festival (e.g. 'naahra,
l timi tii
h h M
tshiiu'). peh-'kyo-i qt.ph. k HEt| only one.
U h SL,
j LU U| 'yuhl-ba-'ya-gi h-
h- tir- v.t. g, h| press
'paalo peh-ti 'tiba khur-ke, 'thepa against s.b. (e.g. in a crowd). 'U
karpu-gi 'laagi-la. UE h-' | See also: 'tam-gi
U

k Mj, E gyL L tir-'.
U| The villager take turns in being ``` k J` `
responsible for the community h h | 'bas-la 'mih
festivals. 'buuu 'dzaa oh-di nah-la 'tir-ti
h - 'tiba 'phoo- pred.ph.dr. 'tir-ti 'teh-sin. j g AH
k | festivals: the g g | A big crowd
responsibility for a festival falls onto. climbed onto the bus, and inside they
J t`` ` sat like sardines in a tin.
l h U| ohle loh SU ` hL | 'kho-gi ah-la
'ahma-'ra 'paalo peh-simba-'ra 'tir-ku 'du. E D h j| Oh,
thamdi-la 'tiba 'phoo-ge. A he is pressing so hard against me.
j U U D k Vj| Each h`
h` ti-'ra (W) qt. HM, HEt|
year people take turns in carrying the same; only; alone. 'h`' | See:

171
hg
h

'tii-'ra (E)'. h tihnda n. kk (k

hg
tirtsup 'hg' | See: UE O) cerem. terms: individual
'titsup'. or family who sponsors a ceremony or
festival; sponsor; adherents. [Note:
hM/ M tihrkya/ This is not an exclusive
pihrkya (E) n. | excrements of categorization. You can be an
chickens or birds. [Usage: usually: adherent of a lama and a shaman, but
'tahmu 'tihrkya/ 'pihrkya, or 'tihbi the ceremonies you attend will be
'tihrkya/ 'pihrkya] different.]
h tilim (N) n. g| small U h| lama-gi tihnda.
earthen pot. [Note: a part of the water L kk| the adherents of the
pipe, the tabacco and the embers are lama.
put into it] U h| pohmbo-gi
tihnda. nPL kk| the adherents
h ti-le 'h' | See:
of the shaman.
'ti-be'.
h S- tihnda khur-
h/
h/ h h-L tiwa/ tewa pred.ph.erg. kL | sponsor a
te-k pred.ph.erg. gE, L U| ceremony or festival.
check up on s.b; examine s.th. [Usage:
usually done secretly to find out any h tihpa adj. | thin; weak.
wrongdoing] h tihbi n. Q, g| bird.
h j` L` L | 'tihbi
h` tihni 'h`' |
'tsha-la 'koh-di 'teh-ku 'du. g Uy

See: 'tini'.
J L j| The bird is
h/ h-
tihnup/ hatching eggs.
tih-nuhp 'h' | See:
'tinup'. h tihmba adj. Lg| raw.
hl/
l/ h`U -
- tihndi/ h `-
`- tihmba ta-
tihgi lap- pred.ph.erg. A , pred.ph.erg. U| cerem. terms: give a
public gift; offer up s.th. [Note: The
V| bless. [Note: referring to
blessings given by supernatural gift is usally given to the weak,
powers] ' M-, h' hungry and poor.] 'M h
`-' | See also: 'kyehwa
| See also: 'melam kyahp-.
tihmba ta-'.
tihlap'.
J hU `U
tihgi
h`U U
mah-'lap-a-gi sapi n.ph. (elevated) MU h
`U| ohle 'yehpa 'tomdende-gi
wE| a cursed place.
'rah-gi 'lahkpa-gi 'a 'praah-de
hl MU V tihndi
'tooba-'ya-la tihmba ta-gen. A
'lap-'kyo-gi 'gyaa n.ph. A UL
U A L Lt
wE| a blessed place.

172
h h

LHD U U| And again, h - tihlap 'uh-

Buddha would cut meat of his arm pred.ph.erg. V| bow head to a lama
and offer it up for they hungry ones. or an elder to receive his blessing.
M hU `U m LlU [Note: i.e. a token of blessing or a
h `VU Lh `C touch from his hand] ' -L'
M| 'kyahlbu tii-gi 'rahgi | See also: 'uuh peh-k'.
zubu 'puhrkani-zi-gi tehnda-la tihmba
-h -ti '-l' | See: '-di'.
ta-'gyo-gi 'keta ah-y petam-la
'thee-'kyo. HEt k HEt L U h tii HL| numerals: one. [Disc: for
ordinal form see 'toh-o' and
A k UL L L
'tahbu']
j| In a story I heard about a king
who sacrificed his life for the sake of hA` + LgL P,
a pigeon. `A` + LgL P
tii-'a + aff.pred.ph., yii-'a +
h tihlap n. aff.pred.ph. double_conj. [Gram:
1) | cerem. terms: the token for a pred.phrases must be identical] HL C
blessing. [Note: a concrete thing: a
(U U) under all circumstances.
'khada', a small portion of 'tshoo',
` hA` S` yH, `A`
etc.] 'hl' | See also:
S` yH! ah ti-'a 'kho-la-'ra
'tihndi'. o-e, yi-'a 'kho-la-'ra o-e! HL C
2) AL| blessing (abstract).
EU U kj, EU
h M- tihlap 'kyee- kj! Under all circumstances I will
| distribute the
pred.ph.erg. y marry him, and only him!
token of blessing.
hA` + ALgL P,
h j-/ - tihlap `A` + ALgL P
thaa-/ 'thep- pred.ph.dr. AL V| tii-'a + neg. pred.ph., yii-'a +
be blessed. neg. pred.ph. double_conj. [Gram:
h jM(U) V| tihlap pred. phrases must be identical] HL
thaa-'kyo(-gi) 'gyaa. AL L wE|
C (U U) under no
a blessed place. circumstances.
- tihlap thop-
h - -T H hA` ,
pred.ph.dr. E| receive the
`A` , ` !
token of blessing. nam-'khyu 'ma-e-di-ni ti-'a meh-sah,
h - tihlap yahl- yi-'a meh-sah, sah-'ra meh-sah!
pred.ph.e. AL V | lose its
gL L HL C S S!
blessing. Under no circumstances will I eat
jU h V| di slugs, I certainly won't!
'thee-gi tihlap yahl-'gyo. LL
hU h tii-gi tii-la pr.erg.+
AL A V HL j| This book pr.undg. HEt ALD| each other.
has lost its blessing.
h tii-ni conj. HEt |

173
h h`-
conjunctions: for one thing. h tiiru num. | numerals:
l tii peh-'kyo-i
h M sixteen.
qt.ph. HEt | only one; the only
h -
- tiihnsa par-
one. pred.ph.erg. U ( ) rituals:
h` tii-'ra (E) qt. HEt, HM| purifying ritual which involves
only; alone; same. 'h`' | See: burning grains.
'ti-'ra (W)'.
-h/-h/-
h/-l/-
l/-l/-
/-k -L h tu num. | numerals: ten.
-tii/-ti~-di~-i~-dzi peh-k '-l h tu-ba num.ord. | ordinal
numerals: tenth.
-L' | See: '-di peh-k'.
h 1 tii n. , U| nourishment. h- tu- v.t. EE| dip up a liquid;
h J`- 'tii oh- pred.ph.e./ dr. scoop up with shovel.
V| benefit from one's food. -h/-l -tu~-du~-u vsf. -
[Gram: the food takes loc. <-la>; (ChjgL) optative. [Phon: For the
direceptive usage is rare] regular phonological alternations of
h J`UU h| 'tii suffix initial stops or affricates and the
oh-gen-gi topta. S| exception verbs marked with <-k>
nourishing food. see appendix 7, sections 1-3.]
T h E , h ` S ` h| 'tihri 'kho
J`y! khye-ni topta ihmbu sah-w de-la-'ra 'teh-tu. Ak F |
'du, 'tii oh-o! w S S Let him stay here today.
j, Vj ! Oh, you are LU `k
eating good food, it must make you ` `l! di 'lu 'yahmbu-la
strong! 'yeh-ken-gi 'yendzen 'yehwa-'ya
S` t h Lk 'yihn-du! U Lwy HL
h ` ! 'khaba 'ehn-di Ct- | May my friends
topta 'kahze ihmbu sah-'naa 'tii and relative in Kathmandu listen to
meh-yoh 'du. Y n k w SH this song!
D Uj| Even though I U h ! 'mih-gi
l
am eating very good food, it doesn't sem-la ti nee-na nee-u! AL
benefit me at all, because I am k w, w! Let the people think
homesick. what they want!
h (`)2 tii (yihmu) hL -L tuk peh-k pred.ph.erg.
temp.(ph.) g j| in five days C S| kiss (appropriate for
(five days ahead). children). 'S -' | See
h/ also: 'kha lehn-'.
/ h/ h tiini/ tiine/
tuni n. EE y| water h`-/ j`- tu-/ thu- v.i.
dipper. , n | become too small.
SL h`/ j`| 'kharka
174
h` h-

'tu-sin/ 'thu-sin. SL | See: 'tuhrken'.

The grazing grounds have become too
hL turku num. EC| numerals:
small. nineteen.
h`/ j` 'tu-a/ 'thu-a adj.
g| younger; smaller (has hL
turken 'hL
' | See:
comparative conn.). 'tuhrken'.
h`/ j` T 'tu-raa/ hL

/ hL
/hL tuhrken/
'thu-raa 'khyer-ti '- T' | turken (E)/ turkani (W) n. U |
See: '-raa khyer-ti'. birds: sparrow.
h`/ j` 'tu-'se/ h tuli n. U (L U)
'thu-'se '-/-' | See: plants: leafy buds (before they unfold).
'-se~-see'.
L `U h l J`U|
h`/ j` 'tu-o/ 'kera tohbo-gi 'tuli paa sah-e
'thu-o '-' | See: '-o'. oh-ge. LL UL L S j|
h` tubu n. OL | names: The leaf buds of the banana bush may
personal name, m. be used to make curry.
hk` tuza 'h' | See: h`
- tuh- v.dr. (poetic) ,
'toba'. E (U ) get; be.
h tuni 'h' | See: h
tuhru n. U| jewelry: coral.
'tiini'. ' | See also: 'padi
' h
tuhru'.
h- tun-tii- 'g -L' |
See: 'tsunap peh-k'. (`U) {-} tuhru
h
(nahgor) {taa-} n.(ph.) {v.t.} U
h tuptin num. | numerals:
(){E} {put on} necklace
seventeen. with beads of coral, turquoise and
h tupi num. g| numerals: 'zi'.
fourteen. l {-} tuhru
h
h- tur- v.t. U| discipline daandum {taa-} n.ph. {v.t.} UL
s.b; make submissive. L g S E L U|
jewelry: {put on} necklace with gold
k l h j L
or silver center piece.
`U| pehza 'yihndu
mih-'tur-na thimbu kahl-di yaahbu h- tuu- v.t. , Y, U|
meh-yoh-gen. Lt, LtS H push onto.
w Hj | If children
` hU | i tuu-gen. E
are not disciplined when they are Y| add wood (to the fire).
small, they will not turn out well
h- tuu- aux.
when they become bigger. 1) U | allow to. [Gram: vs + aux.]
hL turkani 'hL ' |
` S` g`U y hA`

175
hl h-

hH| 'yih 'khaba-la 'tsube-gi 'u o-e! L K H jH

ti-'a 'lih miih-tu-en. Y kj! Even if it is only a finger, I
A | In our house the rats want to go back having at least
don't spare any grain. touched your finger!
2) U UE| cause to. [Gram: vs + ` E l t Lh L|
aux.] ah 'aw 'sipi-zi 'uuh 'koh-te
`U M U S h| ah-gi 'yehken. D AL E t L
'lhakpa-la goo khor tuu-sin. | I had to pick some apples.
MD AH| I wasted Lhakpa's `U Lk g`l |
time. Maahgu-la 'he 'kah-ze 'ma-na
'tso-de 'du. `U A k g
hl tuui num. HY| numerals:
eleven. C j| In Maahngu there are as
many potatoes available for selling as
hl-
- tuui-ahl n. you want.
UL | names of deities: god
with 11 heads and 22 arms. -h/-l
-te~-de~-e seeh
(W) vsf.+p. - | indicating irrealis
h tuusum num. | numerals:
(imperfective); would. ' , -M '
thirteen. | See also: ''seeh, -'kyo seeh''.
h -L te-k v.t. `U L - L yl !
1) gyE| break (of string and S` h ! ah-ni 'kah-na
rope-like things); tear off (of limbs). nee-nee kor-te o-e seeh! khamsabu
'h-' | See also: 'taa-'. peh-te seeh! k Y
tLt hL | 'ika 'te-ken. tLt k H! C U H! As to me, I
Lt| buy a ticket. would go traveling everywhere! I
2) (yy)Lt, () U| cross would enjoy life!
(e.g. hills, water). Aj` h ! taah
'atsham-la-'ra paahma peh-te seeh!
-h/-l -te~-de~-e vsf. ChjM
kE PL A, PL AjU U L Chj ! Now
she really would have liked to get
| desiderative; infinitive. [Phon: For
the regular phonological alternations married with Atsham!
of suffix initial stops or affricates and h 1 ten n. Y| animals: tiger;
the exception verbs marked with leopard. [Note: smaller than 'taa']
<-k> see appendix 7, sections 1-3.] h `L
/ `L | 'ten
/ `L
S , Al J`l! 'kha 'uhr-ken/ 'ohr-ken/ 'ahr-ken. Y
'phee 'nah, 'ai 'thuu oh-de! S , Ukj| Tigers roar.
D t gj! Open h 2 ten n. (hon. of 'mii') AS
please, I want to meet you sister! (t.) eye.
M kl ` yl!
'lahkpa 'dzuu-i 'yeh-'na 'thuu-di h- tep- v.t. g, Ygt
| push

176
h h-

each other aside (in a crowd); push ground it leaves no traces!

through; jostle.
h
tehwa 'h' | See:
y- 'tep 'tep 'tep
h h h y- 'tohwa'.
do- pred.ph.e. gg | come to a
bottleneck. h- tee- v.t.
1) E, U| arrange s.th.
h tepa n. , | ` hU | 'yahlsa 'tee-gen.

disposition (of character); habit;
E|| arrange bedding.
behaviour (of humans and animals).
S hU | khurpu 'tee-gen.

A ` h h` | aba puh E| do up a load.
yii 'tepa tii-'ra 'du. jL 2) U, L | care for; cure;
E j| Oh, the son renovate (e.g. monument).
behaves just like his father.
U hU | pohmbo-gi 'mih

h M- tepa kyahp- 'tee-gen. nP/ D L
pred.ph.erg. | curse. [Note: gods j| The shaman cures people.
putting a curse on people] -L 'tee-dap peh-k
h
pred.ph.erg. g ( U
h tele n. k| tongue.
`U h wU | ah-gi 'tele SuE) diagnose a sickness and
'hil-gu 'du. k yy j| I perform the healing rituals.
can't pronounce it clearly. -L 'teebu peh-k
h
pred.ph.erg. U, k U| care for
h tewa 'h' | See: s.b. lovingly; be affectionate.
'tiwa'. h y- 'tee-la o-
` y-
hh tehte n. j, , pred.ph.non-erg. , | be
w| aunt (mother's sister). spoiled.
hy tehnamu adj. `U| ` - 'tee-la ten-
h
naked. [Gram: no excl. form (see pred.ph.erg. | prevail upon (e.g.
appendix 5, section1.2)] children upon parents); talk with
childish pronunciation.
h- tehp- 'h -' | See: h
`
-L/ h
` -
'teeh-'. 'tee-la peh-ti 'teh-k/ 'teela ten-
h/
/ g / h
/ h

pred.ph.non-erg. , |
{j-} tehlap/ tsehlap/ spare oneself work; get drunk.
teehlap/ (E)/ teehla (W) h- tee- v.i. k, An| be
{thaa-} n. {v.i.} C {} {leave} formed.
footprint. ` M t` l hL
L` M h j ! ! ah 'lahkpa-la 'abur then-de
h
'kaba sa-la 'kyahp-ti 'tehlap 'mee-di 'tarka 'tee-di!
meeh-tha 'du. Su C
tM C LD Uw AHj! A hard lump has
j! If I put my foot on the formed on my hand; it's going to be a
177
h`
h-
h-

boil! the raw rice grains back and forth I

M U h | di thakpa-la pick out the broken grains.
gorto 'tee 'du. y Uw j|
hMg/
hMg/ hMg toktsi/ toktse
This rope has become knotted.
'gMg' | See: 'tsoktsi'.
h`
/
/ h-` teea/ tee-a hU
hU toge adv. , g|
num. | numerals: fifteen. 'j h`
' immobile; still.
| See also: 'tsheeba teea'. hU ! toge 'teh! g ! Sit
h`
/
/ h-` teea/ tee-a n. still!
OL | names: personal name. h`` {M-} tolo
h
-k
/
/ h
-k
{kyahp-} n. {v.i.} L {} (
teen-rehzi/ phaaba A) insects and worms: {be befallen
teen-rehzi n.ph. UL | by} grubs and worms.
names of deities: god of deliverance.
h todo n. t| tip; pointed
[Note: The Dalai Lama is considered to end. 'g' | See also: 'tse'.
be an incarnation of this god.]
L h| 'kalam 'todo. LL
h
-/ h
- teeh-/ tehp- v.t. | tip of pen.
t| exchange (barter). h| 'naasum 'todo. LL
U| 'he 'amba
A ` h t| tip of nose.
'yambu 'teeh-gen. A AU U h| goo 'todo. tELL t|
tj| Potatoes are exchanged for top of head.
guavas.
h-
h- top- v.t.
h `- 'teeh yap-
`- 1) j | work through with fingers.
| catch up barely with
pred.ph.erg. t
hL| to 'top-ken. j |
s.b. break up/ mix rice with fingers.
- 'teeh sihn- pred.ph.erg.
h Lh hL| 'kapta 'top-ken.
uE| find s.th; meet up with s.b. Ly y (U )| work soap and
h

/
/ h

teehla (W)/ water through clothes with fingers.
teehlap (E) 'h ' | See: g hL| 'tsamba 'top-ken.
'tehlap'. w j | work through flour with
fingers.
hML -L tokkol peh-k
pred.ph.erg. ` LE| 2) LhhE| dent (in) s.th; batter s.th.
shake back and forth. [Note: the (e.g. pots).
winnowing tray with a certain ` ` j j/l
technique which separates the broken h L! 'yi mahbu tshol-na
grains from the whole ones] pela-'ya 'thop/ 'dop 'top-ti ter-ken!
hML lU U| 'bree Sl y LhL LhL
'tokkol peh-ti 'dagi ten-ge. ` j! If you keep pestering me, I
am going to batter your pots and
g LH LL Lj| Shaking
178
h hl

pans! thu 'ahmu 'sipi 'tol-'gyo.

h h -L 'top 'top j, A AL g L|
peh-k pred.ph.erg. j The whey is somewhat to hot, so I
( D U U ) added some cold water.
break up/ mix up food with the
h-
h- tol- v.dt. k UE| hand
fingers for a small child. over; entrust (temporarily). 'g
h toba n. wEL | place M-, M h-, h-'
names: small settlement in the | See also: 'tsi kyahp-, kyap
Nuhrpu-Kahng area, between Kolama tol-, lee tol-'.
and Padap. ` S` L `U`
h/
h/ hk` toba/ tuza n. Sk h |
'yih 'khaba-la 'mih meh-'teh-ken
kL L | clan names:
non-lama clan (='maba'). [Note: sogora pela-'ya khimdzi-'ya sala
these two names refer to the same 'tol-di 'yeh-ba. Y j
clan] yLy
jLL k
UHL j| We have entrusted our
h-
h- tom- v.t. U, AP belongings to the neighbors because
U, E| attack; suppress s.b. nobody is staying in our house.
` jM jU `
hU| 'rah 'mee-di thukpu h toldo n. , L|
thimbu-'ya-gi 'rah-la 'tom-gen. regard.
A AD h - 'toldo ten-
pred.ph.non-erg. U| teach
Ej| The people who are richer
and more important than yourself s.b. better; set s.b. right.
suppress you. h j/ l - 'toldo
thimbu/ dibu ten- pred.ph.non-erg.
h-
h- tom-thili n. | g SE| meddle in other
place names: Pipse (settlement on the
people's talk and affairs.
western slope of the Melamchi River T h h! khye-la ti 'toldo!
valley, high above Kyahldum and a D L ! That's not your
little below Kohmden). business!
h tomdende n. h 'tolbu 'S h' |
(UL ) names of deities:: See: 'kha tolbu'.
Buddha. [Usage: also 'sagye hl toho n. k, C (
tomdende'] kD E ) elder
h-
h- tol- v.t. n E brother. [Usage: used in lama families
( g ) mix liquids and for lamas; ordinary: 'ada']
of different qualities. ` hl S U ` g`V
L t , J j t` , | ah-la 'toho
hV| serku 'ohmo 'du-ba, ohle 'kheeba-gi ta 'tsah-'gyo 'yihm-ba,
179
h- j

'yahmbu-le 'yahr. D S C dung] 'j, ' | See: 'thaa,

wEHL , Lwyt| Elder liih'.
brother, the thangka painter has sent
h/
/ h -L tooyap/
me from Kathmandu up here. tooyaa peh-k pred.ph.erg. kLH
h- tohp- v.i. Lhg| become AL U| ape s.b.
dented; become battered. kU A h L|
`` A` l/ j pehza-'ya-gi 'ama-la 'tooyap peh-ken.
h! sahbu-ni 'phel 'tahp-te-'a hg kLH A k Uj|
'dop/ 'thop 'tohp-ti! UU S The children ape their mother.
LhML Lhg! The copper urn just h tooh n. | term of address
fell like that and became battered! for gods and spirits. 'h/ h'
h ` tohmu tha n.ph. | See also: 'tohmo/
wEL | place names: saddle above tohmu'.
Langgyapsa, below Yangri-Kahng. h, h lU j!
'tooh, 'tohmu thamdi-gi 'ahl-la
h/
/ h tohmo/ tohmu n.
1) Q| nun. 'the! , U U Male
2) | address for goddesses and and female unseen beeings, please
female spirits. 'h' | See accept this!
also: 'tooh'. U h L| 'lha-sa-gi 'tooh
'yeh-ken. L | Lhasa
h, h l` L ` k!
'tooh, 'tohmu thamdi-'ra 'ka had a god.
yeeba 'dze! ! h- tooh- v.t. | shove
All male and female unseen beings, together. [Note: earth, leaves, rubbish,
please rejoice! etc.]
h - 'tohmu 'uh- hU| liih 'tooh-gen. L
pred.ph.non-erg. Q g | gather (up) dry leaves.
| take the vows of a nun. `C j h |
ah-y yahpsa-la thaama 'tooh
h/
/ h/ h
tohwa/
tahwa/ tehwa n. U| manure sihn-sin. y L | I
(of cow, buffalo and horse). [Note: W: already swepUt the porch.
also a mixture of dry leaves and cattle

j
j tsha n. | salt. j-F 'tsha-'uu adj. | too
j-
salty. [Usage: stronger than
L j `H| 'yarka 'tsha uh-en.
'tsha-lokpa']
S Vj| During rainy
season salt becomes wet. j-F` ! di paa-ni

180
j-
j- j

'tsha-uu-'ra 'du! gL j`/ j` 'tshao (W+E)/

j! This curry is much too salty! 'tsheo (E) n. LP| cradle basket.
j ` M- 'tsha aa 'kyahp- j` L` -L 'tsha-la
pred.ph.erg. k | rituals: 'koh-di 'teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. J
ritual performed by the lama or | hatch eggs.
shaman to cure headaches and
j`-
j`- tsha- v.i. | be
stomach-aches. complete.
jl 'tsha-a n. t g| foods: Jk ` m gM L
salt tea.
j`| ohze-la-ni 'moh-'ra
jl 'tsha-u n. UD L S| zubu tsokpa 'yeh-ken 'dawa 'tsha-sin.
soup for cattle; salted water with all
S EL UL V| At
sorts of food scrapings saved to heat that time the term of her pregnancy
up and give to the cattle. was coming to an end.
j-M 'tsha-lokpa adj. |
j- j` 'tshabu adj. , |
salty taste. [Usage: slightly too salty, complete. [Gram: no excl. form (see
undefinable taste] appendix 5, section1.2)]
j-
j-/ j M- tsha-/ tsha J` j` l
suh kyahp- v.i./ pred.ph.non-erg. LH| ohra-ni 'phama 'tshabu
tuE, gE| smart; sting. 'meeh-ba 'lu-i lehn 'koh-en.
[Usage: of wounds or other sore spots] tL HEt U UE | We should
[Gram: smarting or stinging body part sing a song about somebody who lost
takes gen. <-ki>] 'j j-' | one of his parents.
See also: 'tshepa tsha-'.
j` j` tshaa tshue 'j`
`U L` j ML | ah-gi j`' | See: 'thaa thue'.
'kaba 'tsha 'suh 'kyahp-ku 'du. Su
ttCj| My leg is smarting! j` tshara 'j`' | See:
'tshera'.
jE tshaw 'j' | See: 'tshoo'.
j` t`/ j`
jL jL -L tshak tshok t` {`` -} tshayal
teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. LPM L | ahyal/ tsheyal ahyal
squat down; huddle up. {yuh-} n.ph. {v.t.} (lamaistic)
jL L- tshaka ken- (W) -gL {E} (L)
pred.ph.erg. (hon. of 'tshaka tsa-') k {be} in agony; {be} tormented. [Note:
S (t.) gamble. [Note: the game because of change from extreme hot
is played with dice] to extreme cold]
g-/ jL g-U 'tshaka 'tsa-
jL g- jL jL tshatrak tshitrik
(W)/ 'tshaka 'tse-g (E) pred.ph.erg. adj.ph. TEt ( LL) meager
k S| gamble. (growth). [Usage: only for plants]
j` tsha n. Uy
| nest. j tshandi adj. | hot (of
181
j j-
j-

things, temper). or seclusion (for lamas, monks or

nuns).
j j tshap tshup 'j j'
| See: 'tshabe tshube'. j tshar n. (lamaistic) tL (t.)
time (counting times).
j tshap-la pp. u| instead of;
in s.b. else's place. J j SU ` t`` j
SU LHU j ` t | ooh 'thee-di
'kho-gi 'yihma 'ahma-'ra 'tshar
`UU L ` l ! di 'men-ni
'kho-gi sah 'koh-e-gi 'tshap-la mahbu 'aah-di 'teh-sin. Lg
ah-gi-'ga dak ta 'aa 'du-ba! E hj | He kept
reading that book every day many
K E S U
He should have eaten this times.
SCHj|
medicine, but instead of it, I took it j-
j- tshar- v.i.
by mistake! 1) (hon. of 'sihn-') (t.)
be finished.
j j/ j j J`- tshaba
tshube/ tshap tshup oh- 2) , L| grow (people and
pred.ph.dr. jtt | become restless; plants); grow up.
disturbed. ` j j` `l
j j/ j j -L 'tshaba H| tohbo 'theemu-'ya
'tshube/ 'tshap 'tshup peh-k 'tshar-simba-'ra ida-la phen
pred.ph.non-erg. jttE| be restless; 'thoo-en. L
disturbed; work carelessly. LwL U L Vj| After the
small trees are fully grown they can
j tsham n. be used for the wood work in
1) UL g U A, U| housebuilding.
retreat; seclusion.
j L/ lU | 'tsham-la
j-
j- tshar- aux. (hon. of 'sihn-')
'teh-ken/ 'uu-gen. U U| , L (t.) finish an action.
remain in seclusion. [Gram: vs + aux.]
2) | break; border. '-j' J L `U j j,
| See also: 'sa-tsham'. U j j, S
L
j| ohle kohmba nah-gi
j h-L/ l- 'tsham 'te-k/
'aa- pred.ph.erg. E, S E, thaalen-'yaa 'tshar, 'phi-gi
thaalen-'yaa 'tshar, 'kheeba-'laa
HLj M, E|
delimit an area; pause (in speech or kuyin phul 'tshar-sin. A UL
writing). L , L L
, gLD Q CL|
j tshamu n. k, k, , And then both, the work inside and
| niece; granddaughter. outside the temple was finished, and
jU` tshamga n. UL g they finished with giving the reward
UL j| hut for retreat to the artists.
182
j j

j -L tshara peh-k j tshawa n. l| fever.

pred.ph.erg. U| hurry up; be in a j M-U 'tshawa 'kye-g
hurry. pred.ph.dr. l AE| have a
SU yl j | 'kho-gi o-e temperature.
'tshara peh-sin. E k U| S j ME | 'kho-la 'tshawa
He was in a hurry to leave. 'kye-w 'du. ED l AE j| Oh,
S ` j ` j he has got a temperature.
L| 'kho 'tihri 'tshara `- 'tshawa-gi ta-
jU `-
peh-ti-'ra thuda-la kahl-sin. F Ak pred.ph.erg. l jy| temperature
U Yu U| Today he went to comes down to normal. [Gram:
the water mill in a hurry. 'temperature' takes the erg. <-ki>
(see neutral word order for inanim.
jM tsharkyin n. (elevated)
actors, appendix 5, section 21.2)]
| offspring (used only for
humans). ` jU `| ah-la
'tshawa-gi ta-sin. D l jy|
S` ` LA`
I have no fever anymore.
(S`) jM `| khu
paahma peh-ti loh 'a kahl-de-'a j j-
j- tshaa tshal- 'j j-'
(khu-la) 'tsharkyin mah-yoh! | See: 'thaa tshal-'.
EL UL g H j - tshaa tuh- pred.ph.dr. kL
HL j| Even though they are A | become disabled.
married already for five years, they
L L j H
have no offspring yet.
J`U| kehpu kehmu-'ya-la
j-
j- tshal- v.t. L| choke; 'tshaa 'tuh-e-mu rooh peh-na 'phayin
swallow the wrong way. [Gram: oh-ge. D kL A
experiencer takes <-la>, causer erg. U j| You gain
<-ki> (see neutral word order for merit if you help old people who can't
inanim. actors, appendix 5, section help themselves anymore.
21.2)] ' j, j/ j j-' j y- 'tshaa 'tuhmu o-
y-
| See also: 'ha tshal-di, thaa/ pred.ph.dr. U| be in a
tshaa tshal-'. disabled condition.
` gU j| ah-la l` j L |
'martsa-gi 'tshal-sin. D S 'yibi-la dibu-'ra 'tshaa 'tuhmu kahl
L| The vapor of the chili got my 'du. kL A kL Hj|
throat. Grandmother ('s health) is in a very
poor condition.
j-
j-g/ jk/ jk
tshal-tsep/ tshaldzep/ tshaldzi U 'tshaa 'tuhmu-gi
j
n. t, g| household utensils: tam n.ph. kL AL L| misery.
potholders. h j U H ! ti
'tshaa 'tuh-wa-gi tam 'ma-e 'yihm-ba!

183
j jl

L SL L UL! What a story of this world without leaving out any

misery! single word!
j tshaata (N) n. j| umbrella. j-
j-t/
/ j-
j-y
Mh w , j tshin-ohlma/ tshin-ooma n.
T y| tahnda nam kyahp-te OL | names: personal name, f.
hi mihn-du, 'tshaata meh-khyer-'naa
j` tshiri n. OL | names:
ii-ro. A k j, j personal name.
U j | It doesn't look like
rain now, it's probably alright to go j/
j/ j tshilam 'g'
without an umbrella. | See: 'tsilam'.
- 'tshaata kehn-
j L j/ j tshilu/ tshilo n. |
pred.ph.non-erg. j J| use an fat on meat.
umbrella.
j 1 tshii n. y HL k| slim
` T yM ` j L| joint. [Usage: of limbs and plants]
da 'khyim-la o-kya ah 'tshaata
j`U 'tshiigor n. y HL
kehn-sin. k Y k j J UH|
k| knotty joint. [Usage: of limbs
I used an umbrella on my way home and plants]
yesterday.
j 2 tshii 'jL' | See: 'tshika'.
j tshaara (N) adj. jy| depraved
(of people and animals). j- tshii- v.i./t. y, | get burnt;
y- 'tshaara o-
j y- burn. [Gram: if transitive: the fire is
pred.ph.non-erg. jy | become the actor; see neutral word order for
depraved. inanim. actors, appendix 5, section
`- 'tshaara ta- pred.ph.erg.
j `- 21.2)]
jy jy| neglect s.b. [Usage: mostly ` j | 'tihri to 'tshii 'du.
for children] Ak yj| Today the rice got
- 'tshaara 'or-
j - burnt.
pred.ph.non-erg. jy | become j hl `U! to 'tshii
unruly. tuu-e meh-yoh-ge! y !
You mustn't let the rice burn!
jL/
jL/ j tshika/ tshii n. | ` U j| ah-la 'meh-gi
word. ' jL, j' | See
'tshii-sin. AU D || It got
also: 'tam tshika, tshii'.
burnt by the fire.
J j k`U jL
y- 'tshii-'na 'phue o-
j- ` y-
hA` h `! ooh pred.ph.non-erg. k S | burn
'thee-di 'dzambuli-gi 'mih-'ya-la
(down) to ashes.
'tshika ti-'a mah-'te-pa peh-ti
e-to! LL HEt jtD jl tshiiu n. gyL |
ceremonies: festivities and offerings
L D E! Tell the
contents of this book to the people of performed for religious merit. [Note:

184
j- j

This includes calling lamas to read jhg tshuttsi loc. A , A |

from the scriptures, entertaining them a little way over here. [Gram: is often
and other guests with food and drink, used without <-la>] 'j()'
presenting gifts to the lamas.] | See also: 'tshur(-la)'.
jl -L 'tshiiu peh-k j S jhg L L kH ,
pred.ph.erg. jl gyL Ak U jhg L L kE | thu-ni 'kho
Sg HM U| ceremonies: an individual tshuttsi lep-ke 'phok 'dzaa-e lo,
organizes the festivities and bears the tshuttsi lep-ke 'phok 'dzaa-w 'du lo.
expenses. [Note: Purpose: add merit to H AE A A g U j
one's funeral rites while still alive. W: | As to the water, as he moved over
the ritual is part of 'so-kyohwa'; E: this side little by little it kept leaking
the ritual is part of 'kor looe'.] out.
`- 'tshiiu ta- pred.ph.erg.
jl `- jy tshuno dir. AE
kL jl gy E| (L ) coming this way. [Gram:
ceremonies: the community organizes
short for 'tshur oh-ge-mu'; works
the festival and bears the expenses. like a dep.pred.ph.]
[Note: Purpose: appease the spirits of
jy MMg` l|
sickness and misfortune of the region; tshuno-ni rooh 'kyahktse-'ra
usually celebrated after 'lohsar' (1-2 dor-sin. AE H|
weeks later) in different localities; Coming back I found a lot of friends.
includes masked dancing]
jl Ml ` J L j- tshup- 'F' | See: 'uu'.
l` SH | 'tshiiu 'kyeehba-i j h tshup tii temp.qt. HLj,
ta-na ooh kohmba 'a khuu-en Q| one moment.
'yihm-ba. jl U `, `A yl! 'tshup
j h L
U E Mj| If tii kuuh-do, ah-'aa o-e! HLj
you provide abundantly for a 'tshiiu' S, kj! Just wait a moment, I
festival, you will be able to build this want to go with you.
temple.
j () tshur(-la) loc. | this
jl U 'tshiiu 'yihgi n.ph. side. [Gram: is often used without
jl L U L gEL <-la>]
S| cerem. utensils: register
() tshurken ('dep)-la
jL
in which the gifts given for the
loc.ph. (S) this side of the
festival are recorded (in view of
valley.
reciprocation).
j-`/ j-` tshur-ee/
j-/ j- tshii-rihl/ tshur-oo loc. | on this side.
tshii-rhil n. | cerem. terms: [Gram: loc. takes <-la>, dir. <-le>]
ritual food. 'j h-' | See j/ tshur-'tep/-'tap loc.
also: 'tsherup tuu-'. -S | from there towards oneself.

185
j j

[Gram: reference point takes <-le> or | See also: 'mihli'.

<yihndu>] j ` tshe 'ema n.ph. k|
J l j `C ` former life.
| ooh 'lahm 'yihndu tshur-'tep j j tshe 'thima n.ph. jL
'yih-y ih 'yihm-ba. tS k, k| future life; next life.
| From the path over there j() m- tshe(-la) zem-
up to here the field is ours. pred.ph.non-erg. A jt| come to
harm (one's life or health). [Disc:
j tshul n.
1) , AL| shape (of a building, 'zem-' seems to collocate only with
piece of clothing, etc.). 'tshe'] [Gram: exp. takes gen. <-ki>]
2) k| clothing: gathering; pleats; L U Lh l` t
folds. TU j mU| 'kaami piihmi-gi 'kapta
'diba-la 'il-di khye-gi tshe zem-gen.
j - 'tshul 'tuh- pred.ph.erg. k
E| make pleats. LL Ly U j A
Ytj| If you wrap a piece of clothing
SU j H` |
'kho-gi tohrma-la 'tshul 'tuh-e-'ra of a blacksmith women around your
'yeh-ba. E k k E j| He neck like this, you will be harmed.
is just making the pleats in the skirt. {-} tshe 'tiihzi {lep-}
j k
n.ph. {v.i.} LU {AE} end of life
j- tshuu- v.t. U, | begin; {arrive}.
start s.th. j ` !/ j-`! tshe
AC l jl M| 'rihbu o!/ tshe-'rih! pred.ph. Y
'aytabar 'yihndu 'leeh 'tshuu-e ! well-wishings: may you have a
'ma-'kyo. ACS L U long life. [Gram: intransitive cl./
L| I am intending to start this job elliptic S]
on Sunday.
- tshe 'so- pred.ph.non-erg. A
j -
j- tshuu- aux. U, | begin | live longer. [Gram: exp. takes
to. [Gram: <-te>/ +<-ken> + aux.] gen. <-ki>]
l j l jU
| h M `
'sombar 'yihndu 'thee 'pruh-e j ``U j H| tahrto-la
'tshuu-gen. S L T par 'kyahp-ti 'lubar 'thar-si-'ma-na
j| I am intending to start writing 'yih-'ra-gi tshe 'so-en. k j
the book on Monday. UH tV A j| If we
J `U -w `U U make a ritual prayer flag by printing
j| ohle ah-gi ih-ho thagu on it and hoist it, we will live longer.
'pruh-gen 'tshuu-sin. A -w jU (`U) tshe-di-gi
`L T U| And then I started 'mihli (ah-gi) n.ph. () k|
to paint "ih-ho" thangkas. (my) life.
j tshe n. A| life span; life. '' j tshe-dila n. k|
present life.
186
j j

j-` tshe-su 'j`' | M `` j-`U

See: 'tshensu'. | tahnda 'tuhkpu 'yuh-na
tshe-'en-gi 'leeh 'yihm-ba. A S
j -L tshe-k v.t. , U|
measure s.th./ s.b. L LL | If you
E k
endure hardship now, that is because
Lh gl gU U J`U
of your fate.
k jL| 'kapta 'tsem-de-la
'tsem-gen 'mih-gi ohra-gi zubu-la y tshe-'en
j-` M
tshe-ken. U ED k 'senam 'saah-'kyo 'ebu n.ph.
kE U jMj| To sow clothes the LL | lamaisms: fruit (result) of
tailor take the measures from our the deeds of one's former life.
body. j` tsheo 'j`' | See:
j` -L tshe-ta peh-k 'tshao'.
pred.ph.erg. Ak, AyL U| be
j`/
/ j`/ g`
M-
restrained; be moderate; guess. tshera/ tshara/ tsehra
j k j` kyahp- pred.ph.e. gt` | be
l LH| 'tshepa 'dawa-la lightning (with extra loud peals of
pehza-'ya-la tsheta peh-ti sah-e ter thunder).
'koh-en. U hgD S
j`/ j`/ g`
M
AyL j| During the hot season 'tshera/ 'tshara/ 'tsehra
one must give food to the children 'kyahp-ti adv.ph. gt` | struck
with moderation. by lightning.
J` y j` L | k ` j` M
ooh-di-'ra 'yihn-o 'mee-di tsheta
| di 'dzomo rih nah-la
peh-ku 'du. AyL 'tshera 'kyahp-ti 'i-sin 'du. g
Lt j| He guesses that that's the k`U gt` j| This
one. cross-bread yak cow was struck by
j`- tshe- v.i. t | be spread lightning in the forest and died.
over tautly (e.g. skin over a drum ).
j` t` tsheyal
't j`-' | See also: 'ehpa ahyal 'j` t`' |
tshe-'. See: 'tshayal ahyal'.
j`- tshe- v.t. LE| spread over j` tsheta 'j-L' | See:
tautly. 'tshe-k'.
`U L j`V| ah-gi kooba
'tshe-'gyo. j LHL| I fixed j `-
`- tsheter ta- pred.ph.erg.
the skin tautly. U (Q EyE ) rituals: let
loose a bird or chicken, promising not
j-`(U)
tshe-en(-gi) leeh to kill it, or make some other free will
n.ph. L, VL L| fate caused by gift. [Note: usually done when sick]
the deeds of one's former life.
j tshen n. (hon. of 'mihn')
187
jk j

(t0) name. 2) OL | names: personal name.

jk tshendze n. U| paint. [Note: j j-
j- tshepa tsha- pred.ph.e. U
bought in powdered form; used to | be hot (of weather).
paint religious pictures] ` j jE | 'tihri 'tshepa
`- tshendze ta-
jk `- 'tsha-w 'du. Ak U j| Oh, it's hot
pred.ph.erg. UE| paint religious today.
pictures.
j j-
j- tshepa tsha- pred.ph.dr. U
jl tshenda n. (S U | be/ feel hot (of people).
L) cutting tools made of iron. ` ` j jE | 'tihri
ah-la 'tshepa 'tsha-w 'du. Ak D
j {-} tshenda {thoo-} n. {v.i.}
A, {HL} {have} appearance U Cj| Oh, I am so hot today.
(mainly referring to the face); {have} j

tshem meeh-ba adv.ph.
shape. A (Ak U M) very much;
j / tshenda 'yeh/ 'du unbelievably. 'j -L' | See
aux.ph. k j/ k j| look like also: 'tshee peh-k'.
being able to do what the preceding j ` J`U!
vs expresses. [Gram: vs+<-te> + 'laab-la tshem meehba 'nohr mahbu
aux.ph.] oh-gen! A
U h j | di Ak j! At the auspicious time
'mih-gi 'leeh peh-te tshenda mihn-du. called "laab" they will become very
j L U k j| He doesn't wealthy!
look like being able to work.
j- tsher- v.i. O , V|
j`/ j-`/ j-` tshensu/ be bored; be lonely.
tshe-su/ tshee-su n. j 'tshera n. Ew, | sadness;
1) (lamaistic) A Q U k| boredom.
special amulet. '`' | See jl J`- 'tshera-i oh-
also: 'sua'. pred.ph.dr. | be disappointed.
J MU U jh 'tsher-te 'leehmu

CU m j`
M adj.ph. O V| boring; desolate.
l| ohle 'kyahmi-gi 'yihi j 'tsherpu adj. ML| lonely; sad.
'nuhrpu-gi 'sipay-'ya-gi zubu-la j- 'tsher-'lu n. L U|
tshensu 'yeh-ba 'mee-di kyiih song for mourning and other sad
dor-sin. A g C L occasions.
L kE k j H| j `- 'tsher-i 'lah-
Then the Chinese got to know that the pred.ph.dr. Aj V| feel lazy; be
soldiers of the Dalai Lama were tired of doing s.th.
wearing special amulets on their
j h- tsherup tuu- pred.ph.erg.
bodies.
L A k U| rituals:

188
j(`) j-

religious ritual performed for merit. phar-ee tshee o-e 'mee-di!

j(`) tsherma() n. L| thorn. k gj! I want to go up to
over there.
` j`(U)| ah-la
'tsherma(-gi) 'suuh-sin. D L j 2 tshee n. U
| dye; pigment for
p| I got a thorn (in my finger). paint.
j`U -L 'tsherma-gi 're-k j E- tshee 'uhr- pred.ph.non-erg.
pred.ph.erg. L L| get scratched U E, SC| fade. [Gram: undg.
by thorns. [Gram: the thorns take the takes gen. <-ki>]
erg. <-ki> (see neutral word order g-/ M- tshee tso-/ 'kyahp-
j g-
for inanim. actors, appendix 5, section pred.ph.erg. UE| dye. 'g-' |
21.2)] See also: 'tso-g'.
` ` j`U l` | SU L j g/ M, J j
'tihri ah-la 'tsherma-gi dibu-'ra U| 'kho-gi 'kupa tshee tso-sin/
're-sin. Ak D L L| 'kyahp-sin, ohle tshee 'go-sin. E
Today I got terribly scratched by U U, A U V| He dyed the
thorns. yarn, and it took the colour well.
j m- tshelam zii- pred.ph.erg./ y- tshee looh-/ o-
j -/ y-
dr. (hon. of 'milam tho-') T pred.ph.non-erg. U k| colour runs.
[Gram: undg. takes gen. <-ki>]
(t.) have a dream.
U j m `| 'mehme-gi j- tshee- v.i.
tshelam 'zii na-sin. k 1) M| be cooked; be ripe.
T| Grandfather had a dream. 2) () begin (of time span).
j tshelem 'g' | See: j | loh samba tshee-di.
'tsilam'. | at the beginning of the
new year.
j` ` () tshesa M- tsheeda 'kyahp-
j
tihsa(-la) temp.ph. Yy| (at the) pred.ph.non-erg. M| be
auspicious day and hour. [Note: overcooked.
especially auspicious are 'tsheeba 5, j M | 'he tsheeda
8, 10, 15' and 'namga')] 'kyahp-ti 'dal-sin 'du. A L
j 1 tshee loc.pp. | up to. [Usage: ML Hj| The potatoes are
Some people use this only for points overcooked, and so they have become
on body and clothes, others also for mushy.
distances.] `U j M h| ah-gi 'he
j L`-j j L | thu tsheeda 'kyahp tuu-sin. A
'kaba-'tshii tshee lep-ku 'du-ba. M H| I overcooked the potatoes.
Yy V j| The water is tsheebu adj. LL (S
j
coming up to the knees. A) well-cooked. [Gram: no excl.
! ooh
J -` j yl form (see appendix 5, section1.2)]

189
j j

j tshee du aux.ph. k j yihu-kuh. E| 29 days after

(LL) give the appearance of; new moon.
suspect; it seems that. [Gram: M U h`
U`
vs+<-pa> + aux.ph.] ` LL M L| 'i-'kyo
J Ml j , t | 'mehme'ya-gi teea namga-la
ooh-di 'kye-e 'yeh-ba tshee 'du, 'ehpa 'yih-la kahkala 'tuhkpu ter-ke.
'yohre 'du. E j M, t kL K
Lj| Oh, it seems that this one is D A S j| The spirits of
going to have a calf, it has a fat belly. the ancestors bother us a lot at the
T L j ! khye times of full moon and new moon.
toba-ni 'baaki 'yeh-ba tshee 'du!
j
tsheema n. U| foods: leafy,
V j M! It seems that you are green vegetables.
quite lucky!
j | 'lahbu tsheema. L
j -L tshee peh-k pred.ph.erg. U| radish leaves.
Ak U| with measure; restrain | 'ray tsheema. L U|
C j
s.b./ oneself. 'j` -L' | Nepali spinach.
See also: 'tsheta peh-k'. | 'prahw tsheema. uL
E j
j w` | di 'paalo U| buckwheat greens.
'he tshee habe-'ra yaah-sin.
j ` tsheera n. | day of lunar
A wL j| This year the potatoes calendar.
grew quite nicely.
` j ` Lk ? 'tihri
j` U | tshee-'ra tsheera 'kahze 'yihm-ba? Ak
meh-be-gen. Ak U| be without
L ? What day of the lunar
restraint. calendar is it today?
j` (j)

U/ j-` j ` j ` L ! 'tihring

U tshee-'ra (tshee)
meeh-ba-gi/ tshee-da tshee
meeh-ba-gi adj.ph. A, A, A|
limitless; unrestrained.
j
h`
{} tsheeba teea
{'yihn} n.ph. {} {there is a}
full moon. 'U`' | See also:
'namga'.
j h/ ` tsheeba tii/ yii, etc.
HL/ C one/ two days after new
moon, etc.
j `| tsheeba yihu. See: 'tshensu'.
| 20 days after new moon.
j `-L| tsheeba
tsheeba yihu kuh 'nahle! Ak
! It's the twenty-ninth!
` j ` , J j
j ! 'tihri
yl
tsheera yaahbu 'du, ohle 'thorten
'yahr 'theemi phul o-e 'mee-di! Ak
j, A kF
! Today is an auspicious day, so I
want to go to the stupa to offer butter
lamps.
j-` tshee-su 'j`' |
j tsho n. S| pond; lake.

190
j-
j- j

j ` t j- tsho squat down; huddle up. ' jU'

nah-la 'ihpsa thaa- pred.ph. | See also: 'pho tshoge'.
S j | reflection on water. j` M- tsho kyahp-
[Gram: intransitive cl.] pred.ph.erg. U| do business.
j-Mk tsho-kyahmdzo n.
j- j`U` 'tshoga n. (o.f.) |
| ocean. shop.
j-Mk j- j j` 'tsho-ba n. |
ML| tsho-kyahmdzo-la businessman.
thu-pahlap thimbu 'kyahp-ken.
j` 'tshoben n. A
w j j| On the ocean | experienced businessman.
there are big waves.
j` - 'tshoro 'uuh-
j-
j- tsho- v.t. gE| herd cattle n |
(take for grazing). pred.ph.non-erg. have a business
J A j yH | partner.
ohle 'ada-di-ni 'rah 'luuh tsho o-en S` l` j`
|
'du lo. A kg y-S gE khu daanu 'yihndu-'ra 'tshoro
k U j| And the elder brother 'uuh-sin. E AS
would take the goats and sheep for n H| They are business
grazing. partners since quite a long time.
j L tsho kambu n.ph. wEL j-
j- tshop- '' | See: 'sem'.
| place names: pond and open space j tshoba 'j' | See:
on the ridge above Sermathang with 'tshoo-ba'.
army barracks.
j tshom n. JS| household
jL (jL) - L tshok (tshok) utensils: big wooden mortar. [Note:
teh-k (W) pred.ph.non-erg. tML | used for pounding rice or herbal
squat down; huddle up. medicine]
jM tshokpa n. | group. j tshombu n. | household
` `U jM utensils: big pestle (used with 'tshom').
| yohlmo 'mih-'ya-di 'rah j/
j/ j tshombo/ tshombu
'rah-gi tshokpa 'yeh-ba. adj.
L A-A j| 1) HL| nice and fat (used for
Among the Yohlmo people each one is meat).
part of his own group. 2) P HL| fig.u.: unconcerned.
jU j-
j- tshogar tsho-na n.ph. ` j! 'nomsa
UCLy| place names: Gosainkuna. meeh-ba 'mih tshombu! h j
jU/ gU (
) -
L tshoge/ g HL! The ones who don't think
tsoge (peh-ti) teh-k (E) too much can be without worry.
pred.ph.non-erg. tPML (U)| 3) gS V (L) fig.u.: interesting.

191
j-
j- j

' j' | See also: 'tam j tshoo-na n. L U

tshombu'. gE , wD A| cerem. foods:
foods (other than the rice statues) to
j-
j- tshor- v.t. E| become
aware; get to know. be offered to the gods.
j -L 'tshora peh-k j {-} tshoo-yen {phul-} n.
pred.ph.erg. | give notice. {v.dt.} Q {gE} {give} a donation
for religious purposes.
j-
j- tshol- v.t. Sl| search for.
j- tshoo- v.i. | assemble.
j-
j- tshol- aux. Sl| look for an j/ j tshoo-ba/ tshoba n.
opportunity to perform an action; try
A| cerem. terms: cortege; retinue
to. (of the shaman at a festival).
S l jU | 'kho 'preeh-e j `| tshooba mahbu.
tshol-gu 'du. F V Sl j| I see, A, w | a big retinue.
he is looking for an opportunity to
j ` | tshooba 'yeehmu.
run away.
A, | a small retinue.
j/
j/ j {-} tsholom/ | tshooba ee ter-ken.
j y L
tsholam (W) {ten-} n. {v.t.} E A UC| go in a retinue.
{L} {make} a hair parting. j/ jE tshoo/ tshaw n. k,
'j/ j-' | See: k, | nephew; grandson.
'tshoolam/ tshoo-lahm (E)'.
j j tshoo tshabi n.ph.
j tshoo n. | descendants.
1) k Ak E L
j (M ) tshooma (kyil) (E)
| cerem. foods: rice statues to be n.ph. , L g| fontanel. 'g/
offered to the gods. gg M' | See: 'tihtsup/
2) | foods offered to gods and tsihtsup (W)'.
later distributed to the people as a k j y` j L`U|
token of blessings. pehza-'ya thimbu o-wa-'ra tshooma
j Mk h - tshoo 'kah-ge. hg w UH j
'kyahzar tii phul- pred.ph.erg. kj| As the children become
L gE| cerem. terms: offer bigger the fontanel closes up.
one hundred rice statues. k `U j M
j - tshoo phul- pred.ph.erg. Mh `U| pehza-'ya-la
L gE| ceremonies: offer rice tuh-ge-mu tshooma kyil-la 'kyahp-te
statues, some other foods and butter meh-yoh-ge. D t
lamps to the gods. t | When you are beating the

jl` tshoo-a n. U children, you mustn't hit them on the
gE M ky| cerem. foods: fontanel.
whisky or beer to be offered to the j- tshoo-'lahm 'j'
gods. | See: 'tshoolam'.
192
j jM

j/
/ j- {-} tshoolam/ 'j/ j' | See: 'tsholom/
tshoo-lahm (E) {ten-} n. {v.t.} tsholam (W)'.
E {L} {make} a hair parting.

j
peh 'koh-en. YL L L U-U
j tha n. ky| pair; matching.
'' | See also: 'hal (N)'. j| You have to do the different
U
household chores alongside of each
`C j L,
other.
T`| ah-y 'lahmbur 'tha tihn
ten ter-ke, khye-'ra-la. ky y-/ l- 'tha-la o-/ 'aa-
j y-
pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. k /
UE L Lj, D| I will
make seven pairs of weaving poles for T| take the rank of s.b. else/ put
you. s.b. in the rank of s.b. else. [Gram:
rank takes gen. <-ki>]
S MU j L | 'kho
yokpu-gi 'tha-la 'teh-ken 'yihm-ba. F SU ` gMU j
LL k j| He is their slave. ll jU | 'kho-gi ah-la 'mih
tsokpa-'ya-gi 'tha-la 'aa-e tshol-gu
T ` Lh j` T` L|
'khya yii-la 'kapta 'tha-'ra khyo 'du. E D jL k
ter-ken. CkD U ky T Sl j| He is trying to get
me involved with bad company.
Cj| I will bring you two exactly
matching outfits. j! tha! excl. Ah| exclamations:
j -L 'tha peh-k expressing disapproval; shooing away
pred.ph.non-erg. ky E| associate (e.g. dog).
with. [Gram: associate takes j ! Ly U `V! 'tha
<yambu/ yimbu>] rooh! 'kahnumu 'yihgi ta-'gyo! j,
J ` j , S ` L gv wHj! Oh dear, what an
! ooh 'mih 'yambu 'tha awful letter he sent!
mah-be, 'kho peh-ta yaahbu
jL-
jL-j/ jk thak-tshul/
mihn-du. U ky F, thazul n.
EL wL j! Don't associate 1) , AL| contour (of landscape).
with that person, his habits are not 2) L g| costume (legendary).
good!
J VU U Lh jk
j 'tha-babap adv.ph. U
j | ooh 'gyaa-gi piihmi-'ya-gi
U| alongside of each other; side by 'kapta thazul yaahbu 'du. wEL
side (e.g. go side by side; do things
LtL - j| The
alongside of each other). women of that place wear a nice kind
S`U H j LH| of costume.
'khabagi 'leeh 'ma-en-di 'tha-babap
jM thakpali n. t`U|
193
j` jM
insects and worms: grasshopper. of 'thepa phul-']
j` tha n. | alcoholic j (j) -L thap
beverage. (thap) peh-k pred.ph.erg. U
j` - tha ten- pred.ph.erg. E| arrange neatly.
M | distill alcoholic beverages. J tC g `C j
j` `` j S- tha M| ohle 'ohlma-y 'tsa ah-y thap
thu-'na tshee peh khuu- peh ter-'kyo. A tL Y
pred.ph.erg. M | be U CH| And I arranged
temperate; be sober. Dolma's (load of) cattle fodder neatly.
m-U tha-gi 'zi- g
j`U m- j j/ j j
j
thap
pred.ph.non-erg. | get thap/ thep thep peh-ti
drunk. adv.ph. tH | stick together in a
j`U L tha-gi uk-la pair. [Usage: usually said of people]
adv.ph. ML | in (his)
drunkenness. j j -L thap thop
j`k` {-L} thadzo peh-k pred.ph.erg. j U|
{peh-k-} n. {v.t.} {U} defile ritually clean things with
{run} a business with alcoholic unclean ones.
beverages. g j j L| 'tsiibu 'thap
'thop peh-ken. kw j U| put
j`- tha-'lu n. U (
j`-
unclean and clean things together.
UE U) song for
L k
entertainment (without dancing). h j j U| topta
j` thasiwa n. ky| 'thap 'thop sah-gen. kw S| eat
drunkard. from other people's plates.

j` j`/ j` j` thaa j {} thap {du} adj./ adv.

thue/ tshaa tshue adj. {cop.} ky {} it's an even number.
A-A, -, | j j t``, k L
insignificant; ordinary. 'Lh, ' t` `! 'thap 'thap 'ah-do,
| See also: 'keta, tehnda'. dzol-di kar mah-ah yah! ky ky
U, ky U ! Count by
jk thazul 'jL-j' | twos, without making any mistakes!
See: 'thak-tshul'.
jM (`) thapkya (-'ra)
jt/
jt/ jt thaa/ thea pp. -U, -| together with s.th; all
'U' | See: 'nam-gi'. at once.
j M- thap kyahp- L jM` LVU U
pred.ph.erg. gS jL| cerem. `U| 'kosa 'thapkya-'ra
terms: sprinkle ritually pure water onto kam-'gyo-gi tamra roli-gi tuh-ge.
the house altar, etc. [Note: usually LHL L LD Ltj|
done 3 times, with a fir twig; it is part Beans dried in the pods are threshed

194
jM j-
j-

with a piece of wood. j j thama thome

adj.ph./ adv.ph. n| glittering;
jM thapkyi (W) n. g,
sparkling; glorious.
L| behaviour; circumstances.
` jM J | j M
thame kyiihme
'yih arpa 'thapkyi ooh 'leehmu adv.ph. A- HL, Ak|
'nahle. L | This unintelligibly.
is how we Sherpas do it.
j M- thamba (E)
j` thapsa (E+W) n. (hon. kyahp- pred.ph.dr. U V| catch a
of 'thaara/ thaaza') g cold. 'j' | See: 'themba
(t.) outhouse. (W)'.
j` - 'thapsa-la j t- 'thamba 'aah-
'phep- pred.ph.non-erg. (hon. of 'phi-la pred.ph.non-erg. U L | recover
o-') U k (t.) go to from a cold. [Gram: exp. takes gen.
the bathroom. <-ki>]
j thapi n. g, L| `U j t| ah-gi
behaviour; circumstances. 'thamba 'aah-sin. U L | I
recovered from my cold.
J j `L`
k J`UV! ooh 'thapi jU m`- 'thamba-gi zu-
'lahm peh-na-ni yi-ka-'ra thimbu pred.ph.erg. U V| catch a cold.
'dzamu oh-gen-'gyi! U [Gram: the cold takes the erg. <-ki>;
cf. neutral word order for inanim.
U j M! If you do it that
way, then both will bear up with each actors, appendix 5, section 21.2]
other! ` jU m`| ah-la
'thamba-gi zu-sin. D U t|
'thapi peh-ti
j
adv.ph. L| by this method. I caught a cold.

j 1 tham (E) n. L| floor j-

j- thar- v.i. A (
board; board (big size). '' | nP L g A
See: 'phyam (W)'. ) possess (ancestral or
j
other spirits possessing people).
jy M- 'tham-i (E)
'kyahp- pred.ph.erg. L JjE| j J`- 'thar oh-
house parts: lay floor boards. '' pred.ph.non-erg. A | take
possession of s.b. [Gram: goal takes
| See: 'phyamri (W)'.
<-la>]
j 2 tham n. g| dance S j, J S j`
(religious dance). L| 'kho-la 'lha
j-
j- tham- v.i. h| dance. 'thar-sin, ohle 'kho 'tho-di 'tuhrsa-la
', ' | See also: kahl-sin. E E g, A F y
'ahpru, mih thoo-la'. g U| A god took possession of
him, and he ran to the burning place
195
j-
j- j

for the dead. straight into; straight at.

M ` j J`U | 'baati 'thare
j L
| 'mehme 'i-'kyo-'ya 'yih-la par-ken. L L | shine light
'thar-te oh-ge 'nahle. L kL straight at s.b.
AEj| The spirits j - - 'thare ta-
-/ j -
of the ancestors come and take (E)/ 'thar ta- (W) pred.ph.erg.
possession of us. HL | look straight into.
j-
j- thar- v.t. jL`
tharku n. Y| rain shield.
1) tV, (k, ny) hoist [Note: made of fine bamboo strips and
(flags). worn over the head and back like a
2) jL, jLE| ladle s.th; splutter raincoat]
(when ladling s.th.). '-' |
j-
j-M - thar-kyal thuu-
See also: 'phyar-'. pred.ph.non-erg. L | come to
AU J jL/ L | one's end (death).
'ama-gi 'ohma 'thar-ku/ phyar-ku 'du.
A EL gE j| j {M-} tharpa {kyahp-}
Mother is ladling the milk (to keep it n. {v.i.} n | longlasting heavy
from boiling over). rainfall.
3) hE| put s.b. down (fig.). ` j gM M! 'tihri
'tharpa tsokpa 'kyahp-sin! Ak
t jh ` ` LU,
J SU ` j j yH| ah-la n ! Today it keeps raining
'thar-te-la ser 'ul mahbu kehn-ge, heavily!
ohle 'kho-gi 'tho-di 'tshap 'tshup j thal n. (hon. of 'ehpa') t
o-en. tD hE g (t.) stomach.
Ej, A S F jttj| To put j/ t- thal/ 'ahl 'ee-
down an adversary you put on lots of pred.ph.non-erg. (hon. of 'ehpa too-')
gold and silver, and when he sees it, L V (t.) be hungry.
he gets agitated. j t t| 'yibi thal 'ee
j -/ g- thar tahp-/ 'yeh-o. kAD L V |
tsahr- pred.ph.e. jtE| rain water Grandmother is probably hungry.
falls down from a roof. 'l' j {M-} thalu {kyahp-}
| See also: 'thiiar'. n. {v.t.} L {UE} {put on}
j L V ` LH| costume.
'thar 'tahp-ken 'gyaa-la toh 'ti
j 1 thaa n. (hon. of 'lahkpa')
'koh-en. jt wE `U
(t.) hand.
jEj| Where the rain water
`U k
from the roof falls down you must lay
M MU j |
stone slabs. yohlmu 'luhba-gi 'mehndo 'name
j thare adv. HL, | 'naze-'ya 'thoo-di 'kyahlbu 'kyahlmu-gi
196
j jk-
k-L`

thaa-la phul-sin. UL deceased person will not cling to the

H k D gH| The living people.
people of Helambu brought all sorts
of flowers and presented them to the
king and queen.
jl - thaa-i phul-
pred.ph.erg. (hon. of 'rooh peh-k')
U (t.) help.
j- thaa-'yih n. (hon. of
'yihgi') AQ, gx (t.) letter.
j 2 thaa (E) n. | fertilizer.
[Note: a mixture of dry leaves and
cattle dung] ', h' |
See also: 'liih, tohwa'.
j/ jk` thaa-raa (W)/
thaa-za (E) n. g| outhouse.
'j`' | See also: j/
'thapsa'.
j- 1 thaa- v.i. g| break
(other than rope-like things). 'j-L'
| See also: 'the-k'.
j- 2 thaa- v.i.
1) , t | become; come into
existence.
` ` l j, l j| human skin.
tahbu tahbu sa-i thaa, nam-di
thaa. k t , AL pred.ph.erg. A U (Q TD)
t | Long ago the earth came
into existence, and the sky came into
existence.
2) (C, y) | leave a trace.
'h j-' | See also: into the air with well-wishings for the
'tehlap thaa-'. cling to s.th. '
j-' | See also: 'sem This ritual is part of 'rahmne'.]
thaa-'.
M U jk-
jU| 'i-'kyo 'mih-gi sem sombu
'mih-la meeh-tha-gen. kE
jU | The spirit of the
j M- thaa kyahp-
pred.ph.erg. Su h, S y| crease
s.th. thoroughly by treading on it.
h Lh S j M L?
ti-be 'kapta 'kha-la thaa 'kyahp
'teh-ken? L Jj S yL? Why
are you trampling around on the
bed-clothes?
j/ j j-
j- thaa (E)/ tshaa
(W) tshal- pred.ph.erg. V (Yy
tL , Yt ) cerem. terms: bow
down to honour gods or venerated
persons.
/ j- thaador/
thaa-tor n. L | names of
deities: god who has a human skin
wrapped around him and a snake in
his mouth.
j U LU tV J`U|
thaador 'mih-gi kooba-gi 'il-'gyo
oh-ge. jL L j
j| "thaador" is wrapped with
L
j M- thaane kyahp-
ceremonies: dedication ceremony
performed to protect from evil
influences. [Note: The lamas say
mantras over grains and flip them
religious monument and the people.
k-L` thaandza-kah n.
wEL | place names: small
settlement between asyi-Thang and
Kahng-Yuhl.

197
j j
j thaabe n. (hon. of 'pea')
L (t.) cerem. utensils: book
(religious).
j(U) j thaa-be(-gi)
thaa-rap n.ph. E, t () thima'.
the coming into existence (of
inanimate things).
j thaama (E) n. Lg| broom.
j h- thaama 'tooh-
pred.ph.erg. Lg E, | sweep the
floor. ' -' | See:
'phyaama phyaa- (W)'.
j / j thaa-len (E)/
thaa-le (W) n. (hon. of 'leeh') L
(t.) work.
h j U `M contexts 'thewa/ thowa' or
? 'yahmbu-la ti thaalen-gi 'phep
na-'gyo leh? Lyy L L
HL ? For what purpose did
you come to Kathmandu?
j -L thi-k v.i. | end up (in a
location; negative conn.).
l jL| 'del-la 'thi-ken.
k | end up in prison.
` jL| 'yalwa-la
'thi-ken. U | end up in hell.
j-
j-MU thi-kyahl-gi afterwards. [Gram: purpose takes gen.
mih n. (lamaistic) | foreigner.
j-
j- thip- v.i. (lamaistic) g
(Yy A) ride.
j thiba n./ adj. | outsider.
j `V 'thiba sagye n.ph.
(lamaistic) S | open
(non-secretive) religion. [Note:
Hinduism and Christianity = 'thiba
sagye'] '` `V' |
See also: 'nah-ba sagye'.
jU y -
- thima-gi
yahnen thop- pred.ph.dr. Ut
O | be released from hell. 'j
j' | See also: 'tshe
j` thima n. L| saliva.
j thimi n. jZ` (wEL
) place names: village about 20
minutes walk north of Sermathang
(Chhimighyang).
j thimba n. Lk| liver.
j/ j/ j thimbu/
thumbu/ thombo adj. w| big;
important. [Gram: no excl. form (see
appendix 5, section1.2); in excl.
'kah-thewa/ kah-thowa' are
likely to be used]
m- thimbu 'zo-
j m-
pred.ph.non-erg. w E, Yy
SE| be arrogant; be proud; be
unapproachable. 'j j -'
| See also: 'theendo
thimbu ten-'.
j thir-la pp. (lamaistic)
, j| for this purpose;
<-ki>]
U j S
mM| 'lop-tam-gi 'thir-la di rohwa
tam kharpe 'zo-'kyo. A L
ES HL | He made this
illustration for the purpose of
teaching.
U U -` M
t t L, JU j
t`U L ML| paahma-gi
'sagun-la 'nama samba-da 'mahkpa
198
j j

samba 'ahl iih-di teh-ken, ooh-gi {then-/ soo-} n. {v.i.} YEt

'thir-la 'aga 'kohpa 'kyahp-ken. {L/ k} watery pus {come out/
L t HL wE gather}.
j, j E AHL jM V j U| 'meh
ED U UCj| On 'tshii-'kyo 'gyaa-la thiiser then-gen.
the day after the wedding the new AU L YEt Lj| In
couple sit on their assigned places, burns watery pus appears.
and then the money is devided among
j thu n. | water; stream.
them equally.
j L {M -/ M T-}
j ` thisal nahsal thu 'kula {'kyuhr-/ 'kyuhr-ti
adj.ph./ adv.ph. t, | truthful; 'khyer-} n.ph. {v.t.} L L {S
honestly; transparent. } {redirect/ establish} irrigation
J H j canals.
` `! 'toohri ooh-la 'ma-en j L thu 'kolmu n.ph. L|
'bela 'thisal nahsal 'mee-do! water hole.
S ! When you j Ml thu 'kyeu (E+W)
talk there later this day tell things n.ph. L | spring water.
truthfully! thu 'huma (W) n.ph.
j w`
`- 'thisal
j ` `- L | spring water.
nahsal 'tho- pred.ph.erg. t T| y- thu 'thoo-da
j y-
perceive clearly (in a moral sense). 'thoo o- pred.ph.non-erg.
U gM h M, | float on water.
J`U j ` ` SH| j-g` thu-'tsabu n. ,
'mih-'ya-gi 'leeh tsokpa yaahbu ti S| river.
peh-'kyo, ohra-gi 'thisal nahsal j thuda n. Yu| water-mill.
'tho khuu-en. j L j- thuda-'luh
-`
k UL j t T Mj| We k| place names: Sundarijal.
can perceive clearly whether people's j-M thu-dakpa n. YtE,
works are good or bad. Yt| mill owner.
j J`-/ y- y- thiiser oh-/ j-/ j thu-'pahl/
o- pred.ph.r. L | become thubal n. E| black or dark green
useless; meritless. scum in water.
j ` j yH| j- {M-} thu-pahlap
'thepa ta-di-le 'tehpa looh-na {'kyahp-} n. {v.i.} j {AE} {there
thiiser o-en. U j U are} waves.
L j| If we offer something as a g` j- ML|
gift and regret it afterwards, it is 'tsabu 'suhr-la thu-pahlap
useless (i.e.it becomes meritless). 'kyahp-ken. SL jE j AEj|
At the edge of the river there are
j {-/ -} thiiser
199
jM j-

waves. j thuptal n. yy A
j thumi n. L () ED T Lw| house parts:
source (water spring). carved board under the roof.
jV/ jl thumgyar j thupal n. U
(E)/ thumdar (W) n. n| T UL n| cerem.
waterfall. utensils: tassel. [Note: used when
-U thu-la
j - counting prayers with prayer beads]
'nuhp-ti 'i-g pred.ph.non-erg.
y | drown. j thuba n. MS| clothing:

j thulum n. | spring Tibetan dress; cloak-like garment for

(man-made facility with some kind of women and men. [Note: men do not
a spout). wear it much nowadays]
j-` () thu-'luh(ba) n. SU j j E ! 'kho-gi
S| stream. thuba-la 'tshul 'tuh-w 'du! E
j-` thu-sah n. T MS k E j! Oh, he is
making a fold in the tibetan dress!
Z| household utensils: large copper
vessel for storing water. j thubal 'j-' |
See: 'thu-pahl'.
jM thukpu adj. | rich.
j`-/ j` thu-/ thua j thumbu 'j' | See:
'h`-' | See: 'tu-'. 'thimbu'.

j` thuma n. | wife jg thurtsa n. kyt| trees:

'
(used in common speech). ' small bush growing at high altitude.
| See also: 'piihmi'. [Note: its bulbous roots are dug to be
used as medicine]
jk/
/ jk thuzi/ thuze (T) n.
| time; hour. j- thuu- v.i. , , `U |
dissolve; be spoiled. ', ' |
J jk ` A` L H
See also: 'mipa, tee'.
Jk yl
E |
ooh thuzi-la da 'aa 'Sitar-ki ta-e ` yH k h
'bela-le "ohze-la ii-e 'du" 'mee-di g ` ` U `
'ma-w 'du lo. k j | pohmbo paahna-la o-en
wL j | 'bele pehza tii 'tsiira 'la-di iih-di
They said, when uncle Sitar looked up pohmbo-gi 'mi'pa 'sop thuu-de lo.
this time yesterday, he said it would nP HEt hg ghgH
be alright Hj, A `U | When the
shaman did his concentrated
jk - thuzi yaahbu ta-
-
pred.ph.erg. | look up an meditation, a child started screaming,
auspicious time. [Note: done by lamas and his concentration was gone, they
looking up in the 'lihdo'] said.

200
j! j

j! the! excl. j! exclamations: jL` theku 'L`' | See:

expressing disgust; dissapproval. 'kuu'.
j! h J ` hM! 'the! jM`/
`/ jM` `
tibe 'ohma 'pu tuu-'kyo! j! thekyo/ thekyo suma
L SHL! What a '`' | See: 'suma'.
waste, what made you spill the milk?!
jl` theu n. w-
j -L 1 the-k v.i. g y| break (of (E), L| size.
rope-like things). 'j-, -L/-U j-L,
L jl` J`U|
L j-L' | See also: lekam-'ya 'the-u tee-di 'rihn oh-ge.
'thaa-, -ku~-gu the-k, koh
k w j|| The
the-k'. price of shoes is according to their
j -L 2 the-k v.t. (hon. of 'sah-' size.
and 'thu-') S, E (t.) eat; S` jl` J w
drink. `lU ` L | 'khaba
jh 'thete n. (hon. of 'sahe 'the-u tee-di ooh-la habe
seeh') S, A (t.) food. da-de-gi tohbo 'tahp-ti ter-ken.
J M MU YL AL D wML V U
`U jh j| S Cj| They look at the size of
ohle 'kyahlbu 'kyahlmu-gi yohlmu the house and measuring the trees,
'luhba-gi 'the-te-'ya 'sipi 'sipi they give the corresponding amount
'the-sin. A k UL of wood.
SL A A S| And jt/
/ j-w thei/ the-hi n.
then the king and queen tasted a little
| altar (in house).
bit of Helambu food.
jt/
/ j-w theimba/
j -L 3 the-k v.t. nE| the-himba n. AU (
appease; pacify gods. [Note: with
) religious leader.
appropriate offerings; not used for
demons] [Gram: undg. does not take jt theo n. (poetic) |
<-la>] heart-friend.
J U, j LH S `U `U jt U |
| ohle pohmbo-gi-ni, 'kho ah-gi tahbu-gi 'theo 'yihn-gen
"yalmu 'the 'koh-e" 'mee-di 'ma-sin 'nahle. F EL | Oh,
'du-ba. A nP, nPD he is a former close friend of mine.
nEj j| I learned that j-w the-hi 'jt' | See:
then the shaman said, "The female 'thei'.
forest spirit must be pacified."
j-w the-himba 'jt'
jL` theka n. Y| altar (in | See: 'theimba'.
temple).
j thet p. D U
201
j j

| vocatives: vocative used for gods yune').

(when placating them). '' j LU U U
| See also: 'it'. h SL| 'thepa karpu-gi
H j! ! H, J 'laagi-la 'yuhl-ba-'ya-gi 'paalo peh-ti
kU L AU, j! ! 'tiba khur-ken. EL
`, ` `! H| to sah-e k-AkL U UE U
'bele "'thet! 'it!" 'ma-e, ohle pehza-gi k j| For the "white" festivals
'kaldo-la 'ama-gi, "'thet! 'it!! the villager take turns in being
'ahm-di, da-di so!" 'mee-di 'ma-e. responsible for the provisions.
SS 'j! !' j, A j M 'thepa 'nahkpu n.ph.
hgL U A, 'j! ! Lk P | festivals: religious
AYH H kF!' j| Before festivals which are celebrated in
eating we say, "teht! it!", and for the connection with death (e.g.
share of the children the mother says, 'kyehwa').
"thet! it! Be satisfied, have enough, j M hU L/ `U|
and leave!" 'thepa 'nahkpu tihnda-gi peh-ken/
ta-ge. Lk P kk Uj| For the
j j thep thep 'j
j' | See: 'thap thap'. "black" festivals the adherents
concerned are responsible for the
j h thepa tala n. expenses.
L | cerem. utensils: the
instruments of the lamas needed for j
thepen n. L g
worship ceremonies ('thowa k ( kL U) lamaisms:
tagen'). head lama's peon. [Note: fourth rank in
the lamaistic hierarchy, performs
j - thepa phul- services and plays the 'lahba']
pred.ph.erg. k U| ceremonies:
-L 'thepen peh-k
j
worship ritual performed at the house pred.ph.non-erg. kL U|
altar or at the altar in the 'kohmba'. lamaisms: perform the duties of a peon.
[Note: consists of: 'yehnda phul-,
ukpa tuu-, thap kyahp-' and j(j j)/ j -L
'thaa (sum) tshal-'] thep (thep thep)/ thebe
teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. gg ,
j (`) `-
`- thepa g | become quiet.
(sihda) ta- pred.ph.erg. , j j j | 'thep 'thep
E| festivals: {celebrate} a religious 'thep 'du. j| Oh, it's quiet!
festival involving the community. j/ h - 'thep/ 'tehp
j L 'thepa karpu n.ph. 'naa- pred.ph.erg. , | suppress
E| festivals: religious festivals (e.g. anger).
which are not connected with death
(e.g. 'tshiiu, naahra, kuwar, j thebe 'j (j j)'
| See: 'thep (thep thep)'.
202
j j

j theme adv. k| altogether; 'the-ro (peh-ti) o- '-/-y/-t...'

the whole lot.
S M h` l`
j l | 'khawa 'kyahp-ti-ni
tada thamdi-'ra 'theme ril 'aa
'du. E L yCSj|
The one snowfall has completely
flattened all the barley.
j - themba sihn- (W)
pred.ph.dr. U V| catch a cold.
'j' | See: 'thamba (E)'.
j t- 'themba 'aah- (W)
pred.ph.non-erg. U L | recover
from a cold. [Gram: exp. takes gen.
<-ki>]
j thembel n. OL |
names: personal name, m.
j-U/
U/ -U
the-rihmba-gi/ -rimba-gi adv.ph.
wS PU | one after the other
(starting with the biggest or oldest);
as increasing with age or size.
` k j-U ` pred.ph.erg. Ak U (
yE | 'yih pehza-'ya-ni
'the-'rihmba-gi noh-di ow 'du.
hg U UCj| Our
U `- 'thee 'lo- pred.ph.erg.
children get spoiled one by one.
j `-
`- thewa ta- 'j'
| See: 'thowa'.
j/
/ j thewa/ thowa n./
adj. kw, kw| older; bigger.
'L-j/ L-j' | See `U j j ,
also: 'kah-thewa/ kah-thowa'.
jk 'the-ze '-g/-k' | See:
'-tse~-dze~-ze'.
j T 'the-raa 'khyer-ti
'- T' | See: '-raa 'khyer-ti'.
j j (
) y- 'the-ro
) y-
| See: '-ro~-o~-o...'.
j 'the-'le '-/-' |
See: '-le~-lee'.
j 'the-'se '-/-' |
See: '-se~-see'.
j 'the-o '-' | See:
'-o'.
j 1 thee n.
1) L, | religious book;
scriptures.
2) | teaching (religious);
religion.
`- 'thee dal na-
j l `-
pred.ph.erg. (hon. of 'thee aah-')
| read scriptures.
j t- 'thee 'aah- pred.ph.erg.
| pursue studies (primarily
religious).
`- 'thee na- pred.ph.erg.
j `-
(hon. of 'thee lop-') |
give teaching.
j -L 'thee peh-k
V) engage in religious
studies.
j `-
S| search (examine) the
religious books.
j - 'thee 'uh- pred.ph.erg.
(elevated) UD Q A U|
request/ get instruction (religious).
`U SH| ah-gi lama
thimbu-la 'thee 'iih-di 'yeh-ba,
ah-gi 'se miih-khu-en. w U
L Q j , L
M| I am receiving instruction
from an important lama, I am not
203
j j

allowed to kill anything. pred.ph.dr. W | get

j - 'thee ee- pred.ph.erg. religious wisdom.
Q | be able to read the j 2 thee n. E| tree twigs
religious books. with leaves for animal fodder.
jU 'thee-gi pudi n.ph. U j L | 'nuhmu-gi 'thee
L w| volume (of a book). 'tup-ku 'du. E Lt j|
[Note: usually each volume is wrapped Oh, little sister is cutting animal
up in a yellow cloth] fodder!
j-l 'thee-pea 'l' j 'theero n. nk E|
| See: 'pea'. brushwood (twigs without leaves).
j-w 'thee-him n. L
| religious law; religious j- thee- v.i.
tradition. 1) U| dress up in a costume for a
performance; take an actor's role.
`- 'thee-him ta-
j-w `-
pred.ph.erg. L | guard 2) Q | side up with; unite
the religious traditions. together. [Gram: associate takes
<yambu/ yimbu/ oo-le>]
/ j g- 'theedam/
j
'theendam 'tsuu- pred.ph.erg. ` ` j L
L A E| have religious `U jE ! peema-ni ah
debates. [Gram: actor + actor + oo-le 'thee 'koh-ba-la-ni lehmen 'mih
nahla + pred.ph.erg.] oo-le-'ga 'thee-w 'du! Q
j 'thee-ba/ 'thee-ne
/ j ALL Q j!
n. wL| person trained in reading the Peema really should side up with me,
religious books. but here, she is siding up with
` J j tU j Lk somebody else!
? 'tihri ooh-la 'thee 'aah-ge `U h L, S` U`
'theene 'kahze 'du-ba? Ak wL j J` ! ah-'ga tii 'yehken,
L j? How many readers are khu-ni 'pheebe sum-ga-'ra 'thee-di
there today, reading the religious oh 'du-ba! HM H, E k
books? AHj! Here I was all by
j- 'thee-'lu n. k| religious myself, but three of them came
song; hymn. against me all at once!
j-`
{`-
{`-/ -} j-E thee-u n. OL |
'thee-'luh {na-/ 'uh-} n. {v.t.} names: personal name, m.
L {/ U} (t.)
jU
M- theega {kyahp-} n.
{give/ get} religious instruction. {v.t.} U U| put on a costume.
j {/ -L} 'thee-sem

{'yeh-k/ peh-k} n. {cop./v.t.} j
theenam n. OL |
names: personal name.
{/ U} {be} religious.
j
- 'thee-sem thop-
- j
theene 'j
' | See:
204
jk j`-
j`-

'theeba'. 'sipi(-i) (E), sipa(-i) (W),

phema-i'.
jk theendzom n. OL
| names: personal name. j

theelen n. OL |
names: personal name, m.
jy theenu n. Aj| cerem.
terms: grain offering. jL `L -- thok yohk
j - theendo ten- ma- pred.ph.erg. g g L
pred.ph.non-erg. k SE, Yy U| | talk nonsense. [Gram: addressee
pretend. takes <poh-la>]
yl ` ` h j jL `L `l U/
LH!? o-e 'yimbu 'yimbu-la ti t`U| 'thok yohk maha-i
'theendo ten 'koh-en!? Dhj H 'ma-gen/ 'ah-gen. A |
talk a lot of nonsense.
L ! Since you really want to go,
why do you pretend that you don't jM/
jM/ jL-
jL-jL thokpa/
want to go?! thok-thok pp. P L L
j j - 'theendo UD V | free to do;
thimbu ten- pred.ph.non-erg. Yy qualified to do; fit to do. [Usage:
U, t| be arrogant; proud; whatever the vs expresses] [Gram:
unapproachable. vs+pp.]
j {-} theemi {phul-} n. S h l y jL-jL
{v.dt.} {} (t.) cerem. yH| khurpu 'tee sihn phando o
terms: {place} butter lamps on an 'thok-'thok o-en. tLj
altar. D j| When you have
y
finished getting the load ready, then
j l- 'theemi ee- pred.ph.e.
you may leave.
| burn; glow. [Usage: of
butter lamps.] ` J -jM | ah ooh
'leeh peh-'thokpa 'yeh. L
- 'theemi 'nal- pred.ph.e.
j -
| go out. [Usage: of butter UD V j| I am qualified to do
lamps.] that work.
` y-jM | ah
j theemu adj. | small; 'Barma-la o-'thokpa 'yeh.
tender; soft (of sounds). [Gram: no () k V j| I am fit to go to
excl. form (see appendix 5, India.
section1.2); in excl. contexts 'thua/
tua' are likely to be used] j`-
j`- tho- v.i. y| run away.
' j`-' | See also: 'phir
jl 'theemu-i qt. | a
small quantity of a sticky mass. [Note: tho-'.
e.g. 'to, sehn, polda, dakpa; top j` j` g-U 'tho 'tho
khuu-en-gi seeh'] '(l), 'tse-g pred.ph.non-erg. y U
(l), l' | See also: U| compete in running. [Usage: any

205
j j

activity can be substituted] financial matters). [Usage: 'thol o-'

j` j` gH MU/ is also very common]
U| 'tho 'tho 'tse-en 'bela-le t`U ` j| 'aga
'kyahl-gen/ 'pham-gen. y U di-di-la-'ra 'thol-sin. A gO
k/ k | win/ lose a race. | With this payment we have
y- 'tho-di o-
j` y- become even.
pred.ph.non-erg. y k| run. 3) U ( hg HL) go bad
(of eggs).
j thodo n. Jw, | lips;
bird beak. j {M-} tholo {kyahp-}
n. {v.t.} {S} cerem. utensils: dice
j/
j/ l thop/ dop intens.
with little holes {throw}. [Note: used
LgML, LgML| intensifier for
'tohp-, top-. to look up fortune]
j/ l h L! j - tholdam lahp-
pela-'ya 'thop/ 'dop 'top-ti ter-ken! pred.ph.erg. E| be delirious.
y LgML LhhC j! I am j/
j/ j `-
`- thowa/
going to batter your things! thewa ta- pred.ph.erg. kw U|
j thombo 'j' | ceremonies: worship ceremony offered
See: 'thimbu'. to 'kindo' or 'lha'. [Note: includes
ritual reading of the scriptures,
j
thorten n.
1) | stupa. [Note: monument ringing bells and playing instruments;
erected in the name of one's ancestors performed during festivals and other
to gain merit for the ancestors and for occasions]
the builder] L` `U S` j
2) | place names: Maha `U| 'kasu ta-gen 'bela-le
Bauddha. 'khaba-la 'thowa ta-gen. L
h` S 'thorten
j nE Y kw Uj| During the
'tahru 'khaor n.ph. (poetic) 'kasu' ritual a worship ceremony is
performed at the home (which is
(U ) place names: stupa temple
in Bauddha. being put under protection.)

j-
j- thol- v.i. j thoo n. | direction.
1) , jgL| shake back and j y 'thoo ombu n.ph.
forth (liquid in a container). A wEL | visitors from other
villages. [Usage: at festivals]
M ` J j L U |
nekyi nah-la 'ohma 'thol-di 'kee j 'thoo thata loc.ph.
ten-gu 'du. y jgL j| kL| wherever.
The milk in the container is sloshing j - 'thoo 'ruhp- pred.ph.erg.
back and forth. Q | side with s.b. [Usage: in an
2) t | become even (in argument or fight]

206
j-
jU 'thoo-gi 'mih n.ph.
A wEL j| people from other
villages. [Usage: at festivals]
j -L 'thoo-ri peh-k
pred.ph.erg. Q U| side with s.b;
show partiality.
j- thoo- v.t.
1) Q | side up with. [Gram:
comitative takes <yambu/
yimbu>]
kE dzaw (N) n. k| barley.
kE L ` J`U| 'dzaw-la
'kahma mahbu oh-ge. k ty
j| The ears of barley have many
hairs.
kU -L dzagar (N) peh-k
pred.ph.non-erg. w, A AE|
be naughty; be in a tantrum.
k` dza '`-' | See:
'yah-'.
k` k` - dza dza tiih-
'' | See: 'meh'.
k` k` dzaa dzue adj.ph.
gg (E A) one peak after
another.
k` k` | 'lah 'dzaa 'dzue
'du. AV gg j| There is a row
of peaks.
M k` k` | 'mukpa 'dzaa
'dzue then 'du. L j |
There are cumulus clouds.
k dzadi n. kC| spices: nutmeg.
k dzandiwa (N) n. k, k|
marriage: procession of the
k`
`U S ` jM| ah-gi 'kho
'yambu 'thoo-'kyo. EL Q
HL| I sided up with him.
2) E| comprise s.th.
S `U h` j SH|
di khurpu ah-gi lehma tii-la-'ra
'thoo khuu-en. HL gt
Mj| I can carry this load in one
trip.
k
bridegroom.
k`/
`/ k`(`) dzapra/
dzabra (yii) n. | (one)
couple (husband and wife).
k` (`) -L dzapra
(yii) peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. V
, U| have sexual
intercourse; mate. [Usage: for small
animals such as birds, mice, dogs]
k/
k/ g ` dzabya (E)/
tsahbya (W) i n.ph. CL
LwL Uw| handicrafts:
beautiful reddish wood. [Note: used to
make the 'pharko']
k/ g L 'dzabya/
'tsahbya pharko n.ph. LwL UwL
| household utensils: small
silver-lined wooden bowl. [Note: made
of costly red wood; used for drinking
liquids]
k dzamu '' | See:
'thimbu'.
k`/
`/ k-` dzambuli/
dzambu-li n. , | world.
T k`U `
207
k k`U

Ll ` ! 'khya k dzaru n. yy| cooking utensils:

'dzambuli-gi 'mih-'ya ah 'leehmu bowl-shaped metal ladle.
peh-ti kindo-la solwa yaahbu 'top!
kL kL -L dzalak dzilik
L k D peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. tML tL|
| You people of the
U glitter.
world pray fervently to God as I do.
k- 1 dzaa- v.i. g| climb up;
k dzamma (N) qt. k| all. ascend.
k dzara n. Sk| snack. ` L k| ah 'kema 'dzaa-sin.
k M (L)U| 'dzara EL g| I climbed up the slope.
'thukpa ('kol-di) sah-gen. Sk S ` ` k| ah tohbo-la
H S| have soup for a snack. 'dzaa-sin. S g| I climbed unto
k 'dzarsa temp. Sk S | the tree.
snack time. [Note: 13.00 - 15.00]
k- 2 dzaa- v.i. g| drip; leak.
`- U j L k | thu-ni 'phok
l ` kk 'dzaa 'du lo. gHj | The
T` yU | 'yih-ar-la 'ahlgar water had all leaked out.
'temrel peh phando-ni 'mahr-le
M kE | di nekyi 'dzaa-w 'du.
'yahr-ni 'yihma 'dzarsa-ze-le
y g j| Oh, this pot is
khyo-na ii-gen. Lh leaking.
U Uj (D) t Sk
S H j| If we k dzaatar (N) n. k (nP
present the ceremonial gifts at the UD U C E)
auspicious time of sunrise, then they festival organized by shamans.
may bring her from down there up k - 'dzaatar (N) ten-
here around the afternoon snack time. pred.ph.erg. SE, k U|
make a commotion; have a festival.
- 'dzarsa 'phi-yohl
k -
temp.ph. Sk S Z| late k`-
k`- dzi- v.i. L U, nnUy U|
snack time. quarrel.
k -A` L , h k`V V M-w L U
k l ! 'dzarsa 'phi-yohl-'a w L| dzi-'gyo 'gyaa-la
kahl-sin 'du, ti 'dzara sah-e taah-ni! 'kyahl-him peh-ken 'mih-gi him
Sk S UCLj, L Sk S peh-ken. nUy L wE
A! The snack eating time is over; L L Uj| When there are
let's not eat anything now! quarrels the government authorities
k {M-} dzari (N) {kyahp-} judge the case.
n. {v.i.} jt {AE}, n {} k`U -
- dziga or-
{be/ have} a rain shower; rain pred.ph.non-erg. nUy | fight breaks
continuously. out.

208
k-
k- k-

k-
k- dzin- '' | See: V| have leprosy. [Usage: not very
'temba'. common]
k-
k- dzir- v.i. E, g| seep k - 'dzene 'lune then-
through; have a slow leak. pred.ph.dr. (coll.) LtU V| have
leprosy. [Usage: commonly used
j U kL | thu
'phumba-le-gi 'dzir-ku 'du. expression]
Zt E j| The water k dzetap n. (hon. of 'thap') E,
seeps through the clay pot. kO (t.) solution; means.
- 'dzire peh-ti ta-
k - k` UA SHU
pred.ph.erg. HL | stare at. k h | di 'dzambuli-la
- 'dzir-ti ta- pred.ph.erg.
k - 'su-gi-'aa 'laa meh-'kha-e-gi 'dzetap tii
AS | stare at. 'yeh-ba. ( U)
-k -dzi '-l' | See: '-di'. L U M HEt E j|
There is a solution (to this problem),
kU/ k/ k/ kU dzugu/ dzuu/ which nobody in this world can
dzubi/ dzugi n. K, AU| master.
finger; toe. 'M k, L` k'
| See also: 'lahkpa dzuu, kaba k dzen (N) adv. n| more; even
dzuu'. more.

k`/ k`/ m` dzu/ dzo (E)/ -k -dzeba '-g' | See:

zo (W) n. | work utensils: chisel. '-tseba'.
[Note: for wood carving, with flat k dzem n. jL, L, gCt|
blade] splinter.
k dzubi 'kU' | See: 'dzugu'. k- dzem- v.t. U| avoid;
be on one's guard. 'S k-' |
k dzubru n. gL j| calf
(young, female 'dzomo'). See also: 'kha dzem-'.
k - 'dzembu peh-ti
k dzumu 'k' | See: adv.ph. , U| carefully;
'dzomo'. watchfully. ', g' | See
k dzuu 'kU' | See: 'dzugu'. also: 'tembu, tsembu (W)'.
h k , t
k -L dze-k v.t. (hon. of 'peh-k') U
ML! topta 'dzembu peh-ti
(t.) do.
'soh, 'ehpa 'suh 'kyahp-ko-'wah! S
U l HU kL |
lama-'ya-gi ta-e 'ma-e-gi semba U S, t T| Be careful
what you eat, otherwise you might
'dze-ku 'du-ba. U
get a stomach ache!
j| The lamas said they would like
to have a look at it. k dzerpa n. , Lw| wart.
k - dze then- pred.ph.dr. LtU k- dzel- v.i. tP L| come

209
k` k

off in small pieces. k` k` dzo dzo adj.

kU| 'semu dzel-gen. ` g| ALL| conical.
fingernails breaking off.
k` dzoo n. ghg HL t|
kU| 'a dzel-gen. ` k| clothing: fancy conical hat.
callous skin coming off in small
pieces. k dzop n. C (C
A At At EwE )
k` dzelma n. jL, L| measures and weights: scoopful (using
small splinter. both hands to scoop up s.th.).
` M ` k`U | M `U k L` H| 'he
ah 'lahkpa-la i dzelma-gi 'suuh-di. 'lahkpa yii-gi 'dzop 'kah 'tuh-en.
LwL L nj| I got a A EwEj| With both
wood splinter in my hand! hands I will scoop up some potatoes.
k
dzeebu 'l' | See: k M- dzop (N) kyahp-
'darpu'. pred.ph.erg. k E| talk back to.
kL kL kL - L dzok dzok k M-M g-U 'dzop
dzok teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. At 'kyahp-'kyahp 'tse-g pred.ph.non-erg.
| sit in a daze (undisturbable!). U| argue with each other
for a prolongued time. ' j k
kL -L dzok teh-k
pred.ph.non-erg. gML | sit down M-' | See also: 'phar
(intensified). tshur dzop kyahp-'.
` S` k M-M
kM/ kM` dzoku/ dzoki gE
| 'tihri khu 'meehme-'ya 'dzop
'k`' | See: 'dzooi'. 'kyahp-kyahp 'tse-w 'du. Ak E
kU/ k-
k-L {l`-
`-} dzogu/ S-S Vj| Today the ladies are
dzo-ku {a-} n. {v.t.} , arguing for a long time!
{E} {make} an idol/ statue. k dzobo n. gL | bull
[Usage: 'dzogu/ dzo-ku' is the same (male counterpart of 'dzomo').
as 'ku/ kuna']
S U kU l`U| 'kheeba-gi dzogu k-
k- dzom- v.i. | gather.
'a-ge. L Ej| The `` j kU|
artists make the idols. 'yune-la tsheeba tihn-la 'mih
dzom-gen. gy L
kU l- dzoge aa- pred.ph.erg. j j| At the fasting festival
w T| put down (intensified). the people gather on the seventh day
kU ( L dzoge
) - of the lunar month.
(peh-ti) 'teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. At
HL wE | stay home doing k/
k/ k dzomo/ dzumu n. g
nothing; be immobile. UD| kind of cow (cross-breed of cow
and yak).
k` dzo 'k`' | See: 'dzu'.
210
k m

k j-
j- dzorroro (W) tshar- ` k ML | di 'leeh yii
pred.ph.non-erg. ML | grow dzoo 'kyahp-ku 'du. Ct L HL
quickly. 'E/ E' | See: 'uhr/ gt j| These two jobs conflict
uhruru (E)'. with each other.
k-
k- dzol- v.i./t. , U| ` ` ` k
miss (a goal); make a mistake. M| ah 'tihri pemba 'yimbu
'lahm-la dzoo 'kyahp-sin. Ak
k, Al! 'lu dzol-de, 'ai! U
UE , ! The song was U t AgL t | Today
wrong, sister! I met Pemba by chance on the way.
` `U h k| da k`U dzoogo n. L| elbow.
ah-gi 'leeh tii dzol-sin. k HEt
k dzoobur (E) n. L|
L U| Yesterday I did something work utensils: post to which animals
wrong. are tied. '' | See: 'phurpa
k dzol-wa n. , U| (W)'.
mistake.
U mH, J k LU|
`U k L` 'rehl-la 'gumi 'zo-e, ohle dzoobur-la
``| 'yih-gi tam-la dzolwa ken-ge. LE Ej, A
'yeh-na 'kohba na-do. L
L AyLEj| I am going to make
U HL H U | If we a loop which can be pulled together
made a mistake (in talking) please on the cattle tying rope, and then I
forgive us. slip it over the post.
k M- dzoo kyahp- k g- dzoori (N) tsuu-
pred.ph.non-erg. wML t , pred.ph.erg. k Sl| pick an
| collide; conflict; meet by argument/ quarrel.
chance. [Gram: met party takes
<yambu/ yimbu>] k`/
`/ kM`/ kM M-
`-` S` ` H dzooi/ dzoki/ dzoku
k M | pasa-da pemba kyahp- pred.ph.erg. L Yh| jab
'khaba nah-la 'uuh-e-mu dzoo with elbow.
'kyahp-sin du. ` Y SU ` kM M| 'kho-gi
ah-la dzoku 'kyahp-sin. E D
HL Uj| Pasang and Pemba ran
into each other when they entered the L L| He jabbed me with his
house. elbow.

m
m `-/ - za lah- (E)/ symptoms of insanity or epilepsy]
suuh- (W) pred.ph.dr. jU V, m - za phu- pred.ph.erg. jU
j | have fits. [Note: show ULD nL U| rituals: cure for

211
m m

people who are sick with 'za lah-' J H, mL `, L

or 'za sihn-'. [Note: performed by the EC! ohle 'ma-e, 'zap-ken
shaman] 'tohro, kohmba 'mih-'ya-ni 'uy! A
m (k) - za ('nahza) `Uj An, LY
`L ,
sihn- pred.ph.dr. jU t
| have D! Indeed, they do dress up, the
spells of dizziness and bad headaches. people of Langgyapsa, don't they!
h m k m zi n. HL LL | jewelry:
| piihmi tii-la za 'nahza sihn-di precious stone (black with white
sa-la rihl 'du. HEt jU U stripes).
yj| A women was having a
C mU/ mU {-} 'zigor/ 'zii-gor
spell of dizziness and fell to the {taa-} n. {v.t.} L {E}
ground. jewelry: {put on} long necklace with
m {-} za {suuh-} n. {v.i.} C many 'zi' stones.
{V} {be} a rainbow. m -U zi- g v.i. | get intoxicated.
m` m` - za za tiih- '' S j`U mE | 'kho tha-gi 'zi-w
| See: 'meh'. 'du. F j| Oh, he is drunk!
m` zabu adj. E, Eg, | 'zi-gen seeh n.ph. U
mU
good; pure; auspicious. ' m`' | intoxicating substances.
| See also: 'sem zabu'. m-
m- zim- v.i. (hon. of 'yahl-' and
k m`` J`, A 'yi looh-') (t.) lie down;
l, MA l| sleep.
, L C kL mU` 'zimga n. (hon. of
| It turned out to be an auspicious 'khaba') Y (t.) house.
time, I got to pay homage to the lama
m- zii- v.t. (hon. of 'ta-' and
and to the king. 'tho-') , T (t.) look; see.
m` zada n./ adj. lk, |
good-natured; noble. [Usage: 'mih mU ziigor 'mU' | See:
zada/ sem zabu', but not '*mih 'zigor'.
zabu'] m`- zu- v.t. | catch; grab;
k Ly m` ! di pehza hold. [Usage: Some people from the
'kahnu-mu zada 'du. hg L Western area use 'zum-'.]
L j! What a
m zubu n. kE, | body; life.
good-natured child!
S(U) m ` j |
m` zabu n. OL | names: 'kho(-gi) zubu tai thimbu 'du. EL
personal name, m. kE LL j| Oh, he has a
good appearance.
m` zamu n. OL | names:
personal name, f. (U) m ` | 'moh(-gi)
zubu tai meeh. EL kE
m-
m- zap- v.i. `U| dress up.
212
m- m

LL j|| She has a poor along his retinue unseen to hostile

appearance (physically). forces.
m ` zubu yihpa 'yeh m
` y-
y-/ y- zubu
y-
pred.ph.cop. (elevated) k | be yahdi o-/ yaahbu o-
pregnant. 'k -L' | See pred.ph.non-erg. (elevated) L |
also: 'pehza teh-k'. [Gram: cop.= give birth to a child.
specific attribution] J`- zubu liih oh-
m
m gM zubu tsokpa 'yeh pred.ph.dr. j , | have
pred.ph.cop. U | be pregnant. menstruation. [Usage: more old
[Gram: cop.= specific attribution] fashioned than 'kyepa oh-gen']
h- zubu 'tip-
m h- m
M zubu 'sakya

pred.ph.non-erg. kE j| mature meeh-ba pred.ph.cop. kE g |
physically. [Gram: exp. takes gen. have no physical resistance; be weak.
<-ki>] [Gram: cop.= specific attribution]
`- zubu ta- pred.ph.erg.
m `- M- zubu sil 'kyahp-
m
k | sacrifice one's life. pred.ph.non-erg. `` | become
m - zubu tahm- pred.ph.erg. apprehensive.
kE ( nP ) m ` zubu 'soyim
cerem. terms: the shaman or lama yeh pred.ph.cop. (elevated) U |
keeps his and other people's bodies be pregnant. [Gram: cop.= specific
unseen/ untouchable to hostile forces. attribution]
h L U ` M J m ` | ooh piihmi
L ` `U m U, J zubu 'soyim 'du. ACC U
U mA` U| 'tee-dap j| Oh, that woman is pregnant.
peh-ke-mu pohmbo-gi aa 'kyahp-ti
m- zum- 'm`-' | See: 'zu-'.
'mipa kohm-di 'toh-le 'rah-gi zubu
tahm-ge, ohle 'nehpa-gi zubu-'a m zuu 'L`' | See: 'kaba'.
tahm-ge. g nP m zen n. y, y| clothing: loosely
CW k A kE j, woven Tibetan blanket.
A L kE j| When the m zep n. L, Lt | work utensils:
shaman is healing, he first 'binds' his
big bamboo basket for storing grain.
own body by beating the drum and
[Note: 1-1.5 meters high, narrowing
meditating, and then he also 'binds'
towards the top, with lid]
the body of the sick person.
m y lU| 'zep-la
k yH U j maah-tha-ba 'u 'luu-di 'aa-ge. Lt
U TL| 'dzaatar-la o-e-mu L LtL A Sj|
pohmbo-gi tshooba-'ya-la 'mipa-gi The 'zep' is used to store non-ground
tahm-di 'khyer-ken. k k nP grain.
yD j| When m-h` 'zep-'tu n. L
going to a festival the shaman takes
213
-m lU

tL| work utensils: smallish bamboo hgD L j| Children

basket. [Note: with lid, 20-30 cm high] are told made up stories.
U m-h` t, 'zeema 'lu n.ph. t U|
m
E | pohmbo-'ya-gi newly made up song.
'zep-'tu-la 'ihlbu, 'raaha-'ya 'luu-w ` l L , m

'du. nP L tL Yt U| 'toh 'yihn-u 'yeh-ken-di
Q j| I observed that mihm-ba, 'zeema 'lu-'ya lehn-ge.
the shamans put their bells and S HL Ug UH, t
rudraksha seeds into the basket called U UEj| They don't sing the songs
'zep-tu'. of old times, they sing newly made up
ones.
-m -zeba '-g' | See: '-tseba'.
m- zem- 'j()' | See: m-
m- zo- v.t. E| make; build.
'tshe(-la)'. m - 'zo ten- pred.ph.erg. g
L| shape s.th; form s.th. [Gram:
m {M-} zer {kyahp-} n. {v.i.} undg. takes gen. <-ki>]
L {}, El {} beam of light U m U| toh-gi 'zo ten-gen.
{reach}. UL jt L| cut stones (for
`
m M- zer 'kyahp- pred.ph.dr. building).
| have stabbing pains. m/ m/ m` 'zo/ 'zop-ta/
m-/ k- zer-/ dzer- v.t. , Y| 'zo-da n. , g, jt| shape; form;
gird; stick s.th. into s.th; gird. design.
L-t mL | 'kahp-'ih
/ kL SU mU m ` U`
|
zer-ken/ dzer-ken. SL | stick 'kho-gi zubu-gi 'zopta i gondo
knife into cummerbund. 'leehmu 'du. EL kEL y LwL
y k j| His body looks just like
m
zeema adj. L, t| made up.
a block of wood.
'zeema petam n.ph.
m
t L ES| made up stories.
m/ m/ m` U 'zo/

'zop-ta/ 'zo-da meeh-ba-gi adj.ph.
-k m
L|
pehza-'ya-la 'zeema petam e-ken. g HL| formless; shapeless.

l da n. (hon. of 'tele') k
(t.) tongue.
lC day 'lU' | See:
'dagi'.
lE t daw uuh n.+ num. (o.f.)
Aw A (hg ) money: 18
l
anas or 75 paisa. [Usage: was only
used with six "daws"]
A hM lE t H| 'ana
'tapkye-la 'daw 'uuh 'ma-en. Aw
AD j lE j| Eighteen anas
are called six 'daw'.
lU/
lU/ lC/ lC dagi/ day/
214
l`U l

dey n. LL| broken rice grains. AL U ) crouch; duck.

[Note: are separated from the whole U l L | 'guri 'dap-ti
ones when cleaning rice] 'hML 'teh-ku 'du. kE ShH j|
-L' | See also: 'tokkol The cat is crouching.
peh-k'.
lh dapti n. Lg
| household
l`U dagu adj. | colours: utensils: scissors.
grass-green. [Gram: no excl. form (see
l-
l-w -L dap-hii peh-k
appendix 5, section1.2)] pred.ph.erg. | rituals: purifying
l`-
l`-L/ l`-
l`-L rituals performed by shaman or lama.
da-'nahk/ da-'nak adj. U [Note: wash hands and head three
| colours: dark green. times, and gurgle three times with
l`- da-ser adj. L |
l`- ritually clean water, cf. 'tihtsi']
colours: soft green; yellow green; pale
k l-w Ll , J
green.
tU| di pehza-la 'dap-'hii peh
l l dana dine adv./ 'koh-e 'du, ohle aah-gen. hgD
adj.ph. Ly C L| uneven gTE L U j, A L j| We
in length, but neatly arranged (of have to perform a purifying ritual for
things hanging). ' ' | this child, and then he will get well.
See also: 'rahna rihne'.
l l h-
h- daba dobe
Lh l l h` l , top- pred.ph.erg. LhLLgL j
,
A ! 'kapta 'dana 'dine ta Lg| crush and mess up. [Usage:
'aa 'du, 'mih-ni su-'aa mihn-du! things which don't break, e.g. cattle
Ly ML nyCSj, j trampling on young plants]
L j! The clothes are hanging
there neatly arranged, but nobody is l {j-L} dam {the-k} n.
around! {v.t.} (hon. of 'thukpa thu-') S
{S} (t.) foods: (eat) soup.
l` l` danda
dondo adj.ph. Aw U L l``/
l``/ l` damya/
nyHL| sloppy (clothes).
damya n. OL | names:
personal name, m.
h m
U Lh l`
l` LV , k! ti l damdur (W) 'g' |
'zopta meeh-be-gi 'kapta 'danda See: 'tsamba'. 'h' | See
'dondo kehn-'gyo 'yihm-ba, di also: 'tahmdur (E)'.
pehza! L E Aw L
l dambal n. OL |
U UHL, hg ! This child is names: personal name, m.
wearing such uncomely sloppy
clothes! l dambu adj. , ,
g| fine; thin.
l-
l- dap- v.i. kE ShE (E g l ? 'tsamba 'dam-'le

215
l-` l

'du? w LL j? How fine is l-

the roasted flour?
l-
l- 'dam-'leeh n. L
L| fine work (detail work).
l- `U SH| 'dam-'leeh `k t , hl
ah-gi peh khuu-en. L L U
Mj| I can do light work.
l ? 'leeh 'dam-'le 'du?
L LL L j? How light is the
work?
l-` dambe-ya n.
UL | names of deities: god
who carries a kind of a wooden sword
called 'rahli' in one hand.
l `-
`- damu ta-
pred.ph.erg. An E,
| make s.th. even (e.g. with a
plane).
l-
l- dar- v.i. t| stick to;
adhere to. ' l-' | See payed homage to him.
also: 'lhep dar-'.
` Lh h`U l! ah L L U
'kapta-la 'tigam 'dar-ti! Ly
g`U t! Chewing gum stuck to
my clothes!
S L `L` M l|
'kho lekam yi-ka-la-'ra dakpa
'dar-sin. EL Ct k t|
Mud has stuck to his shoes.
l-M dar-kyahp n. OL
| names: personal name, m.
l/ k
darpu/ dzeebu adj.
E, | smart-looking; suitable.
` l J`U? "yendzen
'ehmba sal-ne, seehbe 'tii-i
mahyoh" 'ma-na 'darpu oh-gen?
CtL n SHL U
E? If we say, "Missing my
friends so much no food would do me
any good" - will that be suitable?
l-
l- dal- v.t.
1) V, U| pay homage.
J M M
l| ohle "'kyahlbu 'du-ba"
'mee-di 'kyahlbu-la dal-sin. A k
j H kD U|
When they said that it was the king, I
2) (hon. of 'thuu-') t (t.) meet.
lU| kohmba-la kahl-di bulga
phul-di lama-la dal-ge. U UH
t gH D Vj| Going to the
temple and offering a gift I will pay
homage to the lama.
`- dal na- 'l' |
l `-
See: 'daalo'.

l l dar dar adj.ph./ adv.ph. lU `-

`- dal-ga na-
pred.ph.erg. (high hon. of 'then
...( S L) splattering;
gushing (of falling water). phep-') | appear to s.b;
receive a vision.
l l
gL | nam 'thiiba 'dar 'dar peh-te g jU ` lU `|
'thoo-le 'mahr 'tsahr-ku 'du. tsoo 'tehwa-gi ah-la dalga na-sin.
jt ... S j! The rain D | The Lord
water is gushing and splattering down appeared to me.
from the roof. l {-L/ l-} dal-den

216
l l

{peh-k/ aa-} n. {v.dt.} (high hon. of pred.ph.dr. y | be in danger.

'kyeega ter-') L, E, t lM l- 'dikpa ten 'aa-
{gE, T}(t.) cerem. terms: pred.ph.erg. g | warn s.b.
gift offered when paying homage to a - 'dikpa 'tor-
lM -
person (e.g. a 'rihmbur-thee'). pred.ph.non-erg. y E| danger
passes; lose fear. [Gram: exp. takes
l dalsa n. wEL | place
names: Jatanthala (settlement high on gen. <-ki>]
the western slope of the upper lM ``/ lMt ``y
Indrawati valley, just below the ridge, y-} 'dikpa 'aba/
{J`-/ y-
about 1 hour before Sermathang. 'dzika 'aa {oh-/ o-} n.ph. {v.i.}
{} be extremely frightened.
l daandi n. t U
Ly| amulet string. [Note: or a strip l`
l` di-ba n. U, Yg, U|
of cloth, both usually red] neck; throat.
l` ML| 'diba 'suh
l daandum n. UL L 'kyahp-ken. U T| have a sore
g nyCHL gL U| throat.
jewelry: gold or silver ornament
hanging from center of 'tuhru' l`` dilu n. U nyE
necklace. U| jewelry: jewelry worn around
the neck.
l `-
`-/ l `-
`- daalo
na-/ dal na- pred.ph.erg. (hon. l din 'l' | See: 'den'.
of 'aah-') ( L)(t.) l L/ l L din sirki
cerem. terms:: read (religious books). (W)/ din surku (E) n.ph.
lM h dikten tahwa E Lt| clothing:
n.ph. (poetic) k () lady's black coat made of cotton cloth.
married state. [Note: This kind of coat is now out of
style.]
lM g- 'dikten 'tsuu-
pred.ph.non-erg. U| start l-
l- dip- v.t. g| suck.
married life. k U J lL| pehza
y- 'dikten-la o-
lM y- 'leenu-'ya-gi 'ohma 'dip-ken.
pred.ph.non-erg. | get married. hg gj| Babies suck
lM -L 'dikten-la 'teh-k mother's milk.
pred.ph.non-erg. U | be
l/ l dibu/ dubu adj. A
married.
w, A | huge; much. [Gram:
lM 'diktem-ba n. excl.: 'diba!']
O| married person. yy L` h `
j-g`
lM dikpa n. y, | danger; l ` | o-o-pa 'kah-la-ni
fear. ti teeen thu-'tsabu dubu 'tho-sin
lM J`- 'dikpa oh- 'du lo. k-k A w Sj

217
l l-

| As he went along he saw a huge this way I will go.

river. kl | di-ni
l (`) dibu (-'ra) adv. A, yahmdzen-di 'du. AgL j|
| very. Oh, this is something astonishing!
g`U l` M L ! -l/
l/-l/-
/-k/-
k/-h -L
'tsube-gi dibu-'ra 'tuhkpu ter-ken -di~-i~-dzi~-ti peh-k aux.ph.
nahle! S j ! The rats
L L U L U |
are giving us a lot of trouble! undertake s.th. without being
l dimi n. OL | names: completely successful. [Phon: For the
personal name, m. conditioning of the phonological
alternations see appendix 7, section
-l/
l/-l/-
/-k/-
/ k/-h
-di~-i~-dzi~-ti sf. HEt, | 5.] [Gram: vs+<-ken> + aux.ph.]
one; only (has a variety of uses); [Disc: The clause ending in <-ken>
when suffixed to adj.: something of states the undertaking.] '...H h
that quality. [Phon: For the -L' | See also: '...ma-en
conditioning of the phonological tii peh-k'.
alternations see appendix 7, section J kU Hl L | ooh
5.] pehza-gi 'meh phu-e-i peh-ku 'du.
j U `t Hl L| hg AU M L U j| That
'thorten-gi rooh 'eup 'ma-e-i child is trying hard to light the fire.
'yeh-ken. `t HLk U Uk L | 'moh-gi 'lu
lehn-gen-dzi peh-ku 'du. E U UE
| In Bauddha I have a friend
called Ngetup. L U j| She is trying to sing
a song.
J` j` l
LH| ohra-di 'phama 'tsha-ba U A, A! Hl L
meeh-ba 'lu-i lehn 'koh-en. g | 'tohm-gi-ni "'aya, 'aya!" 'ma-e-i
peh-ke lo. A, A
t UE U UEj| We must
sing a song suitable for orphans or k U Uj | "Ouch, ouch" the bear
half-orphans. would shout out loudly each time.
J L` l L, Jl ` y, y` y Hl
J` S! ooh-la 'kah M! ah-ni "meh-n-o, o-'ra
'leehmu-i 'yeh-ken, ooh-la-i 'olo meh-n-o" 'ma-e-i peh-'kyo!
oh maah-khu-ba! yy k , k, k k L k UL! I
made a big show, saying, "I am not
AE L! There was
something like a hillock; only there going, I am not going!"
the floods could not reach! l- dii- v.i./t. yE| be afraid.
J l ` yH| ooh ` y, ` lE ! ah
'leehmu peh-na-i ah o-en. mehn-o, ah-ni 'dii-w 'du! k,
U kj| Only if we do it D y Vj! I am not going, I am

218
lM l-

afraid! intimidate.
MU h lH| 'kyibu-gi 'ten-la l -L 'dii-su peh-k
'dii-en. LL YS yEj| Dogs are pred.ph.non-erg. L | feel anxious.
afraid of tigers.
lM/
/ lM () dukol/
l-` J`-/ `- 'dii-'a oh-/ dukul(-la) temp. AS, A|
oo- pred.ph.dr./ erg. y / E| conjunctions: finally; at the end.
be frightened/ frighten s.b..
U lM J w`
h L LH! 'naahra-gi dukul-la ooh
k l-` `H| 'lahm-la 'yihp-ti hi-'ra peh 'koh-en! L
'teh-ti 'ten 'leehmu 'kee ten-di
A U j! That's what we
pehza-'ya-la 'dii-'a oo-en. F t have to do to conclude the 'naahra'
L Y k LH hgD festival!
Ej| He hides along the way and lMU dukol-gi tam
roars like a tiger to frighten the n.ph. AL L| conclusion.
children.
`-/ `- 'dii-'or 'la-/
l-` `- l` - dua tuh- pred.ph.erg.
oo- pred.ph.erg. y SE, E| A k| arrive at the moment
intimidate; frighten s.b. of death.
`- 'dii-'oh 'la-
l-` `- J U l` E A` T!
pred.ph.erg. L | give a warning. ooh 'nepa-gi 'dua 'uhp 'tiihdi-'a
AlU l-` `V| 'khyer-ti! HL j
'ai-gi 'nuhmu-la 'dii-'oh 'la-'gyo. V! The spirit of sickness took him
in one moment!
D L HL| The elder
sister warned the younger one. ` t T ` l``
'dii-e 'leehmu
ll l ! 'tihri 'ehpa 'too-raa
adj.ph. y V, SL| dangerous. 'khyer-ti ah 'dua-'ra 'tuh-e
l `- 'dii-ba 'lah- peh-sin! Ak L k At!
pred.ph.non-erg. y V| be afraid. Today I almost died of hunger!
h Ay l lM, TC? l dubu 'l' | See:
tibe 'ahna-mu 'diiba 'dii-'kyo, 'dibu'.
'khya-y? L yHL,
l dul 'V' | See: 'gyul'.
? Why are you so much afraid!
l 'diisu n. y j, | l- dul- v.i./t. | crouch
coward; danger. down.
S ll | 'kho 'dii-su-i 'du. F S`(U) V `U g
y j j| He is a coward. l LV| khu(-gi) rihl-'gyo
SU lU| 'kho-gi 'dii-su-gi. tohbo-gi tsoo phar 'dul-di kahl-'gyo.
EL | for fear of him. E yL SL t j UH|
`- 'dii-su oo-/
l `-/ `- They crouched down to pass under
'la- pred.ph.erg. | the fallen tree.

219
l- l-
l-

l J`- 'dul oh- , things). 'l' | See also:

A | ask for refuge; protection. 'demba'.
` `U ` h lA l
l ,
l J`V| 'tama-'ya 'yih-gi ! daandum-'aa 'den
ih-la 'teh-te 'mee-di 'dul oh-'gyo. 'leehmu-i taa ter 'du rooh, 'moh-la-ni!
` l U L w
AHL j| Some Tamangs have come UCHj, ED ! Oh look friend,
and asked to live on our field. what a biggish ornament they have
L 'dul-di 'teh-k
l - put around her neck!
pred.ph.non-erg. | submit
l demba adj. , U,
(to authority). [Gram: superior party
| smart; successful; numerous;
takes <-ki tsoo-la>] massive.
MU h ` l ` l , J-j
LH| 'kyuuhmu-gi 'nama-la ti `U L`V` ! 'tihri 'mih
'ma-'na 'dul-di 'teh 'koh-en. 'demba 'du, oh-'thowa 'tihga
D k j| The 'kahgya-'ra 'du! Ak j j,
daughter-in-law has to submit to
g j| Today there are
whatever her mother-in-law says. lots of people here, such a big open
l- duu- v.i. y, U| spoil (of area full of people!
cooked foods). ` M` gH l
| 'he
` l lU l ! 'tihri 'baki 'tse-e
nahbar 'samma 'aa-na duu-gen. 'mih-'ya-ni 'demba 'demba 'du!
A S yj| I we AkL N k j!
leave the potatoes until tomorrow The boxers today are massive fellows!
they will be spoiled.
l dop 'j' | See:
l/ M de/ likpa n. y, 'thop'.
| penis. l-
l- dom- v.i. Yt (L
lC dey 'lU' | See: 'dagi'. HL Yt) decrease in volume.
[Usage: swelling going down; cake
l- den- v.t. k, A |
have the know-how. falling in the middle]
SU lU| di 'leeh 'kho-gi ` M t` L,
'den-ge. L E kj| This is ` l| da 'lahkpa di
the type of work he can do. 'samma 'a-di 'yeh-ken, 'tihri
'dom-sin. k HL
Lyl l lU! 'kahnumu-i
'ma-e 'den-ge! LL kj! He , Ak Ytj| Yesterday the hand
really knows how to talk! was swollen this much, but today the
swelling has gone back.
l/ l den/ din adj. w,
U| quite big (for roundish l-
l- dor- v.t. uE| find.

220
l-
l- l`-
`-

J ` hl yH ` They are not comfortable

j-j L` U `U ` 'doo meh-yoh
l
l| ohle-ni 'yihma tuui pred.ph.dr. Aw V| feel uneasy
o-e 'yihmu-di tshol-tshol-ba 'kah-la about doing s.th.
'yih-gi 'mehme-la dor-sin. A Sl S`U LU `
Sl ED HY u| `U! khu-gi kul-ge
` l
And after having searched for him a 'leeh-la mah-'yihm-ba peh-na
long time, we finally found the old ah-la-ni 'doo meh-yoh-gen! E
man on the eleventh day. AHL L D
l-
l- dor- v.dr. E| receive; get. Aw Vj| I will feel uneasy if I
keep disobeying their orders!
L` `
l! Yohlmo-la yohlmu 'kah-le S` yl ` l `|
'lhaama ah-la mah-n-dor! khu sa-la o-e-la ah-la 'doo
mah-yoh. EL k D
Ak (A) C|
In the Yohlmo region I did nowhere Aw V| I did not feel free to
receive more than a handful (of go to their place.
grains). l 'doo meeh-ba

pred.ph.cop. Aw | be awkward.
l-
l- dol- v.i. (hon. of 'rihl-') [Gram: cop.= specific
y, E (t.) fall over. semi-attribution]
l dolmu n. gL | l l
`
birds: name of a small bird. L | yohlmu 'ma-e 'doo
meeh-ba-'ra 'helambu kahl-de 'nahle.
l(-) doo(-tehmu) adj.
k, U| easy; comfortable. Aw HL
' l' | See also: 'sem UHL | Because it is awkward to say
'yohlmu' it just became 'Helambu'.
doo'.
S` l- ` |
l U 'doo meeh-ba-gi

khu 'meehme-'ya-la 'doo-'tehmu adj.ph. Aw| uncomfortable (e.g.
mah-yoh 'du. ED k Hj| clothes).

l
'phep-so, uu-so'.
l`-
`- a- v.i. (hon. of 'lah-') Ew
(t.) get up. l`-
`- a- v.t. (hon. of 'zo-') E
l` ! 'a-so 'ihba (t.) build.
'yeh! cl. Ew A U (UL J - L l` S |
S ) marriage: bid bride to ooh yii-samye kohmba 'a maah-khu
stand up. [Note: sung by the groom's lo. - U E L |
' | See also:
party] ', l And they could not build the

221
l`U l-

Yii-Samye temple. naughty cat licked off all the cream

(from the milk)!
l`U agul 'l`
U' |
See: 'egul'. l i num. g| numerals: four.
l-
- am- v.t. LE, | scoop l ido n. 150 UL |
off (particles swimming on top of a measures and weights: weight used on
liquid). the 'umali' (150 grs).
AU L `M` lV| l` ini temp. | two years
'ama-gi 'mahr-ki yohkto 'am-'gyo. ago.
A YEL LE| Mother
scooped the dirt off the butter (when l/ l-
(`) inup/
boiling it). i-nuhp (yihmu) temp. nA
( AUy) three days ago.
l-
- ar- v.t. j, SL
| rub off;
chip off; grate. l ipta n. L| spirits:

A`U -L l| forest spirit; house spirit.

'aa-gi 'sisa-'kalam ar-sin. J VU l M` T A
L j| Uncle has yL| ooh 'gyaa-gi
VU
sharpened the pencil. 'ipta-la meh-kyo-na 'khya-la ooh
'gyaa-gi 'leeh tehnda mihn-'up-ken.
l- aa- v.t. T| put away; put wEL LD nH
down; keep.
wEL L | If you don't

l- aa- aux. L LL placate the spirit of that place your
kE P| do an action for good; work there will not succeed. (e.g.
perform a malefactive action. [Gram: contruction work, etc.)
vs perf. + aux.] [Disc: The semantic
l i-ba num.ord. g| ordinal
content of the main verb and the numerals: fourth.
wider context of the utterance define
which sense is intended.] l i-ba n. OL | names:

`U L l| taah-ni personal name.

rihgur-la 'kaa 'aa-sin. A l ibe temp. Y| in two years
L t | Now the wild (two years ahead).
cat is barred out for good.
-l -i '-l' | See: '-di'.
LL h l !
kowar-ki 'tahmu-'ya-la 'se 'aa 'du! l-
1 u- v.t. E| melt s.th. (e.g.
LS Sj! The butter). '-' | See also:
weasel (marten?) has killed the 'uh- (v.i.)'.
chickens! ` jU ` l-l
l ! 'tihri
` UUU U L` L` |
'guri-gi-'ga priga seeh 'aa 'du! Ak 'yihma 'tshepa-gi tahrta 'u-'u-ba
SCHj! Today the 'kah-la kuhse-la 'uh sihn-sin 'du lo.

222
l-
l`
U

E U E-E (E)'.
n Lj | As the sun l`-/ l` u-pahl/
was melting the ice the whole day, it ubal n. F U| handicrafts:
had melted away in the evening. fine wool.
'u-'mahr n. YE| foods:
l-
boiled butter. 'M-' | See l/ l umbu/ ombo adj.
also: 'kya-mahr'. , | youthful. [Usage: for
humans and animals] 'l '
l-
2 u- v.t. t, t| twist | See also: 'emba'.
threads together (with a spindle-like
Ly l ! di
device). 't-' | See also: piihmi-ni 'kahnu-ma 'ombo 'du!
'ihm-'.
L j! What a
U l `| 'yibi-gi 'pahl youthful young lady!
'u na-sin. l F t|
Grandmother twisted the threads l- ur- v.i. , L| drain off.
together. M j lh
J l|
nekyi-'ya thu 'ur-tu 'mee-di ooh-la
l/ lL u/ urku n. | bow 'aa-sin. yL L
(for shooting). '' | See also:
SL j| I put the pots there to drain.
'da'.
` lLk ` L | di
l- ur- v.t. n| strip off. '
tuhma 'ur'ku-ze-ba-'ra kohrmu 'du. l-' | See also: 'soma ur-'.
kL `U j| Oh, this TU UU l`!
beam is curved like a bow for khye-gi di yahlga-gi 'lahpti 'ur-to!
shooting. UL n! Strip off
the leaves of this branch!
l L`- 'u 'ku- pred.ph.erg.
E| curve a bow (when making lL urku 'l' | See: 'u'.
it).
l- uu- v.i. (hon. of 'teh-k')
l M- 'u 'kyahp- pred.ph.erg. (t.) sit; stay; live.
F t| tease wool (originally l 'uu-den n. (hon. of 'tego')
done with a bow).
Jj, wE (t.) sitting
l` u n. S| slope; hollow (in place.
landscape). l ! 'uu-so 'ihba
T `U l` | 'khya-ni 'yeh! cl. A U ( S
'maahgu 'u-di 'yihm-ba. D ) marriage: bid bride to sit down.
`U SL j| You are from [Note: sung by the groom's party]
the slope of Maahngu. ', l`' | See also:
'phep-so, a-so'.
l`-L u-kar (W) n.
HL UD| white-spotted l`
U/ l`U -L egul/
cattle. '`-L' | See: 'do-kar agul peh-k pred.ph.non-erg.

223
l y l-
-

(lamaistic) EwE, kUE (C l 2 emba ' ' | See:

W) cause to stand up; wake up 'lehmen'.
(spirits).
l ee n. Lgy, | udder.
U ` `
l`U L| pohmbo-gi aa tuh-di l-
ee- v.i. (hon. of 'tiih-') k,
'lha 'lu-'ya-la 'agul peh-ken. nP (t.) cerem. terms: burn. [Note:
`U kH UD used of butter lamps which are used
kUEj| Beating the drum the shaman in worship]
causes the spirits to get up. l (`) ee (yihmu)
M -l U l` U temp.(ph.) L| in three days (three
L| 'kyehwa-la loh-'emba-gi 'mahni days ahead).
'egul peh-ken. Y (Z)
l /
/ l
eeba (m.)/ eema
U g A UCj| (f.) n. UL/ UL| expert singer and
During the after funeral rituals the dancer.
master of ceremonies (a lama) gets
`UU l S |
the people to get up and dance while
maahgu-gi eeba 'kho 'yihm-ba.
singing mantras.
`UL UL F | He is the expert
l y l y y-
y- en-o en-o singer and dancer of Maahngu.
o- '-/-y/-t...' | See: l , S` k ! eeba
l
'-ro~-o~-o...'. eema, de-la khamsa 'dze o! UL
l

emen ' ' | See:
UL, C U AE!
'lehmen'. Singers and dancers, come and have
fun here!
l 1 emba adj. (poetic) k|
youthful. 'M l , l/ l' l L/
L/ l L eerak/ erak
| See also: 'taka emba, ' L/ L' | See: 'yeerak/
umbu/ ombu'. yerak'.
T Ay , L l eero n. YE LHL
LU t l, l l U t| cerem. foods: bread of
UL
t `! 'khya 'ahnumu whole wheat flour, deep-fried in oil or
'minam meeh-ba mah-be, kehmba butter. [Note: made for the 'naahra'
kehmba-gi 'ahl-la 'uu, emba festival]
emba-gi 'ahl-la 'teh-to! l j eero thuda n.ph.
E L U, L HL C tHL t| cerem. foods: deep-fried
, wt AL C ! Don't bread made into twists.
do things without using proper l C eero 'pay n.ph. u HL
etiquette! You elder ones, please sit gL t| cerem. foods: deep-fried
on the places assigned to the elders; bread woven into big squares.
you younger ones, sit on the places
l-
- o- v.t. | milk.
assigned to the younger ones!
224
lM t`-
t`-

lM {-
{-} okpa {lam-} n. | 'yih 'dzomo 'kohre-la 'dzomo
} foods: {fry}
{v.t.} A L {t oma mahbu 'yeh-ba. gL
potato curry dish (with little sauce). Uw g j| We produce a
lot of 'dzomo' milk in our 'dzomo'
l` oba n. (LwL w
farming shed.
y) wooden feeding trough; water
trough. l ombo 'l' | See:
'umbu'.
l oma n.
/ UD| cow or
buffalo which gives milk; milk (as a l! oo! v.t. S! put it here!; keep
product). it!. [Gram: imp. of 'aa-']
` k L k l `

t a n. L, L| hair of head.
g- a kuu-kuu 'tsa- (W)
t L-L g-
pred.ph.non-erg. A L E|
pull each other's hair. 't LL g-U'
| See: 'adu kuku tse-g (E)'.
t M`/ M` a
kyuhba/ kyohba n.ph. HEt L
() one single hair.
t M`A` ` j clear pronunciation.
! a kyuhba-le-'a mah-a lama
'thee 'yeh-ba! LL
L L j| There are
more lama books than there are hairs
(on your head)!
t - a 'praah- pred.ph.non-erg./
erg. L Lt| cut hair.
t a 'rahlba n.ph. v
L| shock of hair.
t hU | a 'rahlba 'tee-gen.
L u / | hair gets tangled.
t a 'rihn 'rihn
'rihn n.ph. SlkHL L| tousled
hair.
t -L a e-k pred.ph.erg. L
L| comb.
t- a-lohma n. LL w|
t-
t
lock of hair.
tMg {L
{L- / M-} aktsi {ku-/
kyahp-} n. {v.t.} U {UE} {put
on} varnish.
tM akpu adj. t| clear; forceful;
correct.
tM U| tam akpu
peh-ti 'ma-gen. t Ehg U| have a
U tM| 'yihgi akpu. t AQ|
clear writing.
LL Az
tM` E L| 'nepaal 'sarkar-ki
'aa-'ya-la hyolmu 'mee-di akpu-'ra
'pruh-w 'yehken. LL
Az t S| In
the government offices of Nepal they
correctly used to write "Hyolmu".
tU tU agra ugra (N) n.ph.
tPtP| odd pieces; scraps (e.g.
cuttings of carpets).
t`-
t`- a- v.i. | swell.
t` M-/ - 'a-bur
'kyahp-/ then- pred.ph.dr. AE/
L| have a boil.
225
t`
t` t` t` t` -
- a a
o o peh-ti ta- pred.ph.erg. wy
L E| spy around carefully. [Disc:
usually collocates with 'phar
tshur...']
t`U aga n.
1) | money: half-rupee coin.
2) | money. 'y, , ' 'tiih(-di) sah- pred.ph.erg. EwH
| See also: 'ibu, phidi, laahdi'.
t`U (M`) S h| 'aga
(kyaba) 'khal tii. (S )|
ten rupees (change).
t`U `/ y S h| 'aga gE| spend a lot of money.
yihpa/ 'abal 'khal tii. |
twenty rupees.
t`U M` 'aga kyaba n.ph.
S | money: change.
t`U M` t`- 'aga
kyaba 'ah- pred.ph.erg. U|
money: count money in Mohars (half
rupees).
t`U `/ y t`- 'aga adu kuuku tse-g (E)
yihpa/ 'abal 'ah- pred.ph.erg.
y U ( ) money: count pull each other's hair. 't L-L g-'
money in rupees.
`- 'aga
t`U gL/ gU `-
tsok/ tsogi-la ta- pred.ph.erg.
k | lend money.
`U t`U ` hg gU pulling each other's hair!
`| 'yih-gi 'aga to ti-tse
tsogi-la ta-sin. . g k t-
k HL j| We lent them about
500 rupees, expecting to be paid
interest.
t`U M` 'aga 'markya
n.ph. (elevated for 'aga kyaba')
| money: count money in Mohars
(half rupees).
t`U M` `M U E |
t-
t-
'aga 'markya yihkya godar 'luu-w
'du. HL L E
j| He is putting in 100 Rs as
the wedding gift.
m- 'aga 'zo- pred.ph.erg.
t`U m-
LE| make money.
t`U () - 'aga
S| practise usury. [Gram: inferior
party takes <-ki thoo-la>]
t`U -L 'aga 'bolbu
peh-k pred.ph.non-erg.
- 'aga 'or-
t`U -
pred.ph.non-erg. Sg | money:
money is spent. [Gram: exp. takes gen.
<-ki>]
t ada (W) n. gw U|
ribbon for braid. 't' | See:
'amdi (E)'.
t LL/ t LL g- adu kuku/
pred.ph.non-erg. A L E|
| See: 'a kuu-kuu tsa- (W)'.
k t LL gE | pehza-'ya
adu kuku 'tse-w 'du. hg L
jj U j| Oh, the children are
t- ap- v.t. | winnow.
y l` U tL| 'u 'na
thamdi-'ra loma-gi 'ap-ken. A
` j| All kind of grains
are winnowed with the bamboo tray.
t abe 'w' | See: 'habe'.
t-
t- am- v.t. j| spread out;
scatter about.
` Ll
`U ` t
226
t tM

l| i kam-du 'mee-di ah-gi U j| Even though they are

'yihma-la am 'aa-sin. E L brothers they keep fighting with each
Y kH SL j| I other like enemies.
spread the fire wood out in the sun so t -L ah peh-k pred.ph.erg.
that it may become dry. U| show hostility.
t amdi (E) n. gw U| t- -L ah-sem peh-k
pred.ph.erg. t U| be hostile.
't' | See: 'ada (W)'. ribbon for
braid. t- ah- v.t. Lt (Ly jL
t-
t- {J`-} a-ihba Lt) cut cloth (for sewing clothes).
{oh-} adj. {v.i.} (poetic) , I Lh tH V L U|
'kapta ah-en 'gyaa-la karna
{} {live in} prosperity; {become}
prosperous. marna-'ya then-ge. Ly jL Lt
jl l M
l ` , wE tP tP Lj| When
cutting up cloth for sowing something
J t- J` |
'tshiiu 'baandam 'kyeehba-i na-sin, we get scraps of cloth.
ohle 'yuhl-la a-ihba oh-sin lo. t M
ah tahkpu
jl S h , A UE peh-ti adv.ph. | one after the
U
| They organized festival other; in an orderly fashion.
with extravagant masked dancing, and t M ` ! tam
the the region became prosperous. ah tahkpu peh-ti e-to loh! L t
t ai n. OL | names: U ! Present things clearly!
personal name. t/ y jM
jM ah/ a thakpu
adj.ph. , | well-behaved;
t ` ai tha n. wEL |
place names: small settlement on the civilized; noble.
eastern slope of the Melamchi River t/ y jM ah/ a
valley on the upper way to mah-thakpa adj.ph. A, A
Langgyapsa after Phaa-Dungdung HL| unruly; uncivilized.
Chhyu. `- S` t
jMl ! taah 'la-'darma
t ai dele (T) elliptic_S 'kho-'ra-la pe miih-'sih-ba ah
, L| well-wishings: a mah-thak-pa-i 'du. `- A
greeting. [Note: used traditionally in A L j| Now Lang-Darma had
Sermathang at 'lohsar'; nowadays an unbelievably uncivilized thing on
people use it occasionally informally himself.
also, especially in Kathmandu]
tM ahkpu adj. U| difficult;
t ah n. | enemy. advanced. [Gram: excl.: 'ahga/
A tk` k`A` L ahkpa!']
| 'ada 'nooh ah-zeba-'ra dzi-de-'a ` SU ` SH, tM/
'teh-ku 'du. kC k nUy
227
t`- t

tL | di 'bali 'kho-gi pha cold (of things, not of weather).

miih-khu-en, di ahkpu/ ahk 'leeh t`` M-U 'ahi 'kye-g
'yihm-ba. ` E pred.ph.dr. ky L| shiver.
M, U L | He cannot t` ahbu adj. , C|
perform the "baling" ritual, this is righteous; honest; upright. [Gram: no
work for advanced lamas. excl. form (see appendix 5,
` ` L section1.2)]
tU | daa 'tohma lekam 'mee-di t` `! ` ` SU
di yahmbi ahga 'du. AL k
l k J`| 'ahbu 'lahp-to!
g L j| These shoes are nahbar 'na 'kho-gi 'thui 'zii oh.
somewhat better than the ones I had
g ! E U
j|
before. Tell things honestly! Then later he
t`- 1 ah- v.t. U| count; recite will probably be gracious to you.
s.th. with counting. t` t` 'ahbu
U t`U | 'ah-sum adj. , | righteous
lama-ya-gi 'mahni 'ah-go 'yeh leh. (emph.); holy.
kj | The lamas UC M U t` t`
recite mantras, as you must have LH| 'goy 'teh-'kyo 'mih-gi 'ahbu
seen. 'ahsum peh-ti e 'koh-en. Q L
t`/ t`/ t`k M- g g Ej| A witness
'ahma/ 'ahmu/ 'ahdzi 'kyahp- must tell the full truth.
pred.ph.erg. U U| count.
t` ahma qt. L| every;
TU t`k M | khye-gi each. '-/ - t`' |
'ahdzi 'kyahp meeh-e 'du. D See also: '-rihm/ -rim ahma'.
U AE j| Oh, you don't know S` t`` jM` `
how to count!
J`U| 'khaba 'ahma-'ra
t`- 2 ah- v.i. g | become 'thekyo suma oh-gen. YhjL
cold. L E j| Every house has a
` `C L` l` t`| house god.
da ah-y 'kaba dibu-'ra 'ah-sin.
tk` ahza n. j| cerem.
k Su g | Yesterday I utensils: tent; shelter erected for
had terribly cold feet! ceremonies.
t` {-/ J`-} 'ahdi
{lep-/ oh-} n. {v.i.} g tt {M-/ j-} aha
{ACV/ AE} {become} cold (of {kyahp-/ thaa-} n. {v.i.}
weather). {V/ k} soot {sticks to}.
t` l- 'ah-di 'aa- t ahndul n. OL |
pred.ph.erg. E| let cool down. names: personal name, m.
t` 'ahmu adj. g, wy| t ahba n. Ok| lamaisms:

228
t- t`

head lama's assistant. [Note: third rank place (according to importance).

in the lamaistic hierarchy, musician l- 'ahl iih-di 'aa-
t t
and reader] T| marriage:
pred.ph.erg. PU
t -L ahba peh-k place (bride and groom) on the seat of
pred.ph.non-erg. OkL L U| honour.
lamaisms: perform the duties of an t l- 'ahl-la 'uu-
assistant to the head lama. pred.ph.non-erg. A U U|
sit on the seat(s) of honour.
t- ahm- v.i. | spread
(word, news, liquids). t- ahl- v.i. A , |
t | tam ahm-sin 'du. L end; come to a conclusion; (W):
Hj| The news spread. euphemistic for die.
jU j ` t | tsho-gi t t| ooh 'ahl-sin. k
thu 'rebe-'ra ahm-sin 'du. SL L
U AVU (HLk L)|
E L j| The The couple is separated for ever.
water of the pond is spilling onto the A` ` tl |
shore all around. nahm-'a 'tuhal 'ahl-e mihn-'du.
t/ t
ahmen/ ehmen n. L g O j| The
worries will never take an end.
E | animals: mongoose?. [Note:
20-30 cm long, kills chickens] t- ahl- v.t. SLE| pull apart.
t` {` -}/ ahmyen j t LH| 'tshii 'ahl 'koh-en.
{tuh-} n. {v.t.} t`
{kE} musical ky SLEj| The joints have to
instruments: {play} stringed be pulled apart. (of a calf which died
instrument. [Note: similar to a in the womb of its mother.)
mandolin; played mostly by males; TU l` `C t L
used for entertainment] ! khye-gi 'diba ah-y 'ahl-lu
ee-di 'yeh-ken 'nah! Yg SLE
t` (L) ahmra kL j ! I am going to pull
(kohmba) n. UL | place names: your head off!
small lama settlement below
Maahngu, in the western area of t` ahli n. w AE HL
Yohlmu. LL kyt| plants:
sweet-smelling herb growing at high
t ahl n. A| seat of altitudes.
honour. -` U t` U
t t- 'ahl iih- pred.ph.erg. j U, j g` ml|
A PU U U| prepare lama-da pohmbo-gi ahli
seat of honour. 'puhmba-gi thu-la 'luu-ge, thu
t t -L 'ahl iih-di 'tsama 'zo-e-la. nP w
'teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. PU | AE kyt D
ceremonies: sit in one's appropriate
nL j| The lamas and
229
t tU

shamans put the sweet-smelling herb SE, U M| boast; brag.

into the water of the ceremonial urn, t - 'aahndi 'thul
in oder to ritually purify the water. 'thul ten- pred.ph.non-erg. U L|
keep bragging everywhere.
t ahlu n. yy| house parts:
sloping (vertical) roof rafter; rafter. tL-
tL-tL ik-ik adv. L| tightly.
t {M-} ahsor {kyahp-} tL-tL M | 'lheema
n. {v.t.} LL w j HL ik-ik 'kyahp 'du. gw L tj
||
This braid is tightly braided.
U LE|
rituals: {throw away} small statues tU iga n. S L U| cerem.
made of millet flour. [Note: a ritual terms: the share which the 'iga lama'
performed by the shaman to placate gets.
evil spirits] ' M, ` `-' L tU J`U, J tU
| See also: 'torma nahkpu, LA` y S
bali pha-'. `U, J SU tU tU
hU
U LH| kohmba-la 'iga lama
t ML| 'nehpa 'tee-gen 'bele oh-ge, ohle 'iga lama kaah-le-'a o
pohmbo-gi nahm nahm ahsor miih-khu-si-'ma-na lehmen 'mih-la
'kyahp-ken. nP LL g ta-ge, ohle 'kho-gi 'iga lama-la 'iga
t j| While ter 'koh-en. U S j, A
curing a sick person the shaman S L y-y U L AL
sometimes performs the ritual of jD wEj, (kkL)
throwing away small statues made of j S D QL U
millet flour. j| Each temple has its own head
lama, and if for any reason the head
t aah n. Lk| birds: caper
cailye. [Note: Nepal's national bird; is lama cannot go (when people call
colourful, has a shortish tail and a him), he sends somebody else, and
three-pronged comb] birds: caper this person has to give a share of the
cailye: reward to the head lama.
tU 'iga lama n.ph. S
t- 1 aah- v.i. L | get well; | head lama. [Note: he looks after
heal. the 'kohmba']
t h- 'aah tuu- pred.ph.erg. tU U tU H| 'iga lama-gi
(rare) L | heal. 'h-' | 'iga sah-en. S A U
See also: 'tee-'. Sj| The head lama takes a
t- 2 aah- v.t. , A U| recompense.
read; study. 'j, U' | See tU - 'iga 'uh- pred.ph.erg.
also: 'thee, yihgi'. tL, L | cerem. terms: present
oneself to receive a butter mark on
t /
/ t - aahnde/
one's head. 'L' | See also:
aahndi ten- pred.ph.non-erg. L
230
t t

'yahrka'. t -L 'ih-la 'teh-k

tU H, J pred.ph.non-erg. A |
U L M ML| submit to discipline.
loh-sar 'bele-le 'phama-la 'iga uh-en,
t -L ih-k v.t. | pull (out/
ohle 'phama-gi 'yahrka 'kyahp-ti along).
'melam 'kyahp-ken. AL
U j t T`|
tL j, A A A 'nohno-gi 'theero 'ih-ti khyo-sin.
H tL UC j| During the L E | The little
New Year's celebration you present boy brought the brushwood pulling it
yourself to your parents to receive a along.
mark of blessing, and the parents put
a slab of butter onto your head and t -U ih-g 't-' | See:
bless you. 'iih-'.

t imba 'M' | See: tL tL tL ihk ihk ihk

'mukpa'.
t-
t- il- v.t. | wrap s.th. around
s.th. [Note: e.g. 'thee, galbandi,
rumal'] 't-, w-' | See
also: 'ihl-, hil-'.
t - 'il ter- pred.ph.erg. t
| wrap s.th. around s.b.
t ih n. A| discipline;
control.
t jM/ t j 'ih 'ehkum'.
thakpu/ 'ih 'thepu adj.ph.
A, | disciplined; obedient.
h t j k! ti 'ih tU M- 'ihga 'suh
'the-pa pehza-'ya! L A
hg! How well behaved these
children are!
'ih
t jM/ t j tl` ihu n.
mah-thakpa/ 'ih meh-'thepa
adj.ph. A| undisciplined;
disobedient.
t j k! 'ih
mah-'the-pa pehza-'ya! L A
hg! What unruly children!
t l- 'ih-la 'aa- pred.ph.erg.
A T| discipline s.b.
adj.ph. AL S SL| close
to each other (things arranged). 'L
L L' | See also: 'tihk
tihk tihk'.
tL tL tL t |
pela-'ya ihk ihk ihk peh-ti iih-di
'du. y AL S S
kHj| The pots and pans are
arranged close together.
tL` ihko 'tL
' | See:
tU ihga n. Yt| throat.
'kyahp- pred.ph.non-erg. Yt T|
have a sore throat. [Gram: exp. takes
gen. <-ki> or attributive <-ti>]
1) L| small knife.
2) Yt| uvula.
t {-} ihp {phoo-} n. {v.i.}
kw {V, } cerem. terms: {be
affected} by spirit of defilement acting
at birth or death. [Note: It causes
emotional disturbances.] '`,
231
t t

M-, -, ' | See kha- pred.ph.non-erg./ dr. UE,

also: 'pah, kye-rip, i-rip, AE| smell; stink. [Gram: source of
thomi'. odour takes gen. <-ki>]
k M`, `, `U U t S! de-la
J S` t J`U| pehza da-gi 'mih-gi 'ehma 'kha-sin!
'kye-si-'ma-'na, 'mih 'i-si-'ma-'na, kL jL U A! Here it
ooh 'khaba-la 'ihp oh-ge. hg smells of the person who came
kL Y j L Y A j| yesterday!
The birth of a child, and the death of ` ` U t
a person defiles a house. S! 'tihri ah-la-ni 'mih 'mih-gi
t ` l `U 'ehma 'kha-sin! Ak D jL
, E L t ` U A| Today I smell people!
l `U| 'ihp nah-la - 'ihma/ 'ehma
t/ t
'uuh-e meh-yoh-ge 'ma-si-'ma-na, 'num- pred.ph.erg. ` | smell s.th;
'siw 'yeh-ken 'mih 'ihp nah-la sniff (at) s.th.
'uuh-e meh-yoh-ge. A Y `U t | ah-gi

S, nP Q 'mehndo 'ehma 'num-sin. L
HL O | As to not
H| I smelled the flowers.
entering a place defiled by a 'ihp', a MU t J`|
person wearing a 'rudraksha' seed 'kyibu-gi 'ehma 'num-di 'num-di
amulet must not enter such a place. oh-sin. LL U ` A| The
See: 'raaha' for 'rudraksha''. dog came sniffing along.
t 'ihp-lo '' | See: 'rih'. t ihmbu adj. gL, w|
clever; intelligent.
t {j-} ihpsa {thaa-} n.
{v.i.} j {} (cast) shadow; (cast) t`, SU - -

reflection on water. ihm-da, 'kho-gi -la tee-di
seq.dep.pred.ph. EL wC A|
j U t jE | tsho-la
'lah-gi 'ihpsa thaa-w 'du. S according to his ability.
yL j j|| Oh, you can see t- ihl- v.t. | roll up (paper,
the mountains reflected in the lake. rug); coil (thread, rope); roll out (e.g.
dough). 't-, w-' | See
t- ihm- v.t. t| twist (thread
with hands). 'l-' | See also: also: 'il-, hil-'.
'u-'. TU S tU m
U M t| 'nooh-gi thakpa LH| khye-gi 'khura 'ihl-ge-mu
ihm-sin. y t| Younger yahmbi lehpta 'zo 'koh-en. t
brother twisted the rope strands A ht Ej| When you
together. roll out the bread dough you must
make it quite flat and thin.
t/
/ t
S-
S- ihma/ ehma
t
j-
j-/ t
h-
h- ihlen
232
t t
-

thol- (E)/ ihlen tal- (W) U t| di 'mih-gi 'tiih

pred.ph.erg. AL gLE| ul-sin. j L
make up (repay) for the care your U| This person changed into the
parents have given to you by caring form of a demon.
for them adequately when they get tU {} ul-gu {'yihn} n. {cop.}
old. A {} {be} a reincarnation (of a
person).
t ihlbu n. Yt| musical
instruments: small brass bell. [Note: tU w`- ul-gu 'hu-
used in lama ceremonies] pred.ph.non-erg. A |
reincarnate.
t L - 'ihlbu 'kee ten-
pred.ph.non-erg. Yt tt Ak U| t -L ul-ba peh-k
bell tinkles. pred.ph.non-erg. (lamaistic)
'ihlbu pruu- pred.ph.erg.
t - | reincarnate.
Yt kE| ring bell. tU
uhgu (W) n. SL| knife (big,
curved). 'L-t' | See:
t- ii- v.t. | put on s.th. by
tying. [Note: e.g. 'aahma'] 'kahp-ih (E)'.
m- 'uhgu zer- pred.ph.erg.
tU
t- iih- v.t. E| put into SL | gird knife.
order; line up neatly. 'uhgu silu ten-di
tU
`U S` `U t| adv.ph. `U SL ( L) with
ah-gi 'khaba nah-gi pela iih-sin. an unsheathed knife.
YL y H| I tidied up t- 'uh-up (W) n. SLL
the house. | sheath (for knife). '' |
t-/ t-U iih-/ ih-g v.dt. See: 'up (E)'.
| ask. t`
tuh adj. MS| real (relative).
t/ t -L 'iih-dap/ t`-A`| 'uh-'aa. MS
'ih-dap peh-k pred.ph.erg. j U| | real uncle (i.e. mother's real
find out; investigate. brother).
t- up- v.t. U| pull together t`-| 'uh-'mehme. MS k|
to close. [Usage: e.g. money bag, real grandfather.
umbrella] / t` 'uhba/ 'ohba
t`
SU j tL | 'kho-gi 'tshaata n. (elevated) k-| nearest kin.
'up-ku 'du. E j U j| He t` A 'uhba
A/ t`
is closing his umbrella. aba/ 'uhba 'ama n.ph. (elevated)
S S t`! 'khuma 'kha 'up-to! k| spouse.
L S U! Close the purse `U t` A | di
(by pulling the drawstrings). ah-gi 'uhba 'ama 'yihm-ba.
k | This is my wife.
t- ul- v.t. U, U|
change into another form of existence. t
- uhp- v.dt. U, O U|
233
t
t-

make restitution; pay back. north of Yangri Kahng).

SU ` gM , SU t uhpi adj. gt, gL|
` k k t`U t Ll! 'kho-gi rectangular; square.
ah-la tsokpa peh-si-'ma-na, 'kho-gi
ah-la deze deze 'aga 'uhp 'koh-e! t
M- uhba kyahp-
E D U D pred.ph.erg. S E| weaving terms:
j! If he treats me badly,
k fix the warp ends of the loom.
he will have to make a restitution of
LH, J t
such and such a sum of money! M LH| thaa prehn-di nee
'tuh 'koh-e, ohle 'uhba 'kyahp-ti thaa
t
uhpa num.ord. jt| ordinal
'koh-en. H tj, A S
numerals: sixth.
H j| Having put the warp
t
uhpa n. OL | names: onto the loom you must fix the
personal name, f. threads of the loom so they alternate,
and then fix the warp ends, and then
t
/
/ t
M-/ M -L
uhpa/ uhba kyahp-/ kyahp you can start weaving.
teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. U| stay t
- uhl- v.t. | apply s.th.
in seclusion. [Note: lamas, monks and [Usage: for cream, medicine, mud]
nuns stay in seclusion for certain 'L-' | See also: 'ku-'.
periods of time; involves longer k M t g gE |
periods than 'tsham'] pehza-'ya dakpa uhl-di 'tsemu 'tse-w
'du. hg S j| Oh,
t
(U) j uhpu(-gi) tsho n.ph.
the children are smearing each other
SL | place names: mountain
lake north of Yangri-Kahng. with mud as they play.

t
-j uhp-thu n. gL t- uu- v.t. gE| stir s.th.
(L g HL ) spring jU S`U LU t H|
coming from a rock. tsho-gi 'suhr-'ya-la khu-gi prehka-gi
'uu ta-en. S E w
t l- 'uhp-thu dal-
-j l-
pred.ph.erg. L gt L gH j | They are stirring up the
water at the edges of the pond to see
L L U| pay homage to
rock spring. [Note: usually done in the what's there.
course of a shamans' festival] t uuh num. j (AL 6) numerals:
six.
t
-j V` uhp-thu gya
'V`' | See: 'gya'. t- uuh- v.t. t (L t A)
gather up/ in s.th; pick off s.th.
t
- uhp-topa n. |
ascetic; holy man. ` tU| i 'uuh-gen. E
Lt| gather firewood.
t uhpu n. wEL | place
/ h`/ MU tU| 'neeh/

names: Dhukpu (cattle shed settlement
tada/ 'kyahgar 'uuh-gen. U/ L/
234
t t

L t| harvest wheat/ mountain 'ehn-gu 'du. YtL D AL

barley/ millet by cutting off the ears AHj| The granddaughter of the
of grain. landlord is longing to be with her
mother.
t (t t) ep (ep ep) h
() intensifier for 'zu-'. t
ehpa n. t| stomach;
abdomen.
t ebe 'w' | See: 'habe'.
(/ ) L`- 'ehpa
t
t- em- v.t. h, g| get caught ('dile/ 'dole) 'kah- pred.ph.non-erg.
in s.th. [Gram: the erg. actor is usually
t (t)| have had enough food
inanim. (see neutral word order for (intensified). [Gram: exp. takes gen.
inanim. actors, appendix 5, section <-ki>]
21.2)] ' t-, tU -' t
g / yH -
| See also: 'tam em-, tam 'ehpa tsere 'mere/ 'mehre o-en
emga or-'. 'samma sah- pred.ph.erg. y t U
` M LU t| ah 'lahkpa S| stuff oneself with food.
'koh-gi 'em-sin. L h| j`- 'ehpa 'tshe-
t
My hand got caught in the door. pred.ph.non-erg. t y| have
Ah, M t! 'ata, 'lahkpa overeaten.
'em-di! H, h! Sorry, your - 'ehpa 'too-
t
hand (finger) got pinched! pred.ph.non-erg. L V| be hungry.
U S t| di tam-gi t -/ - 'ehpa 'al-/ 'uu-
-
'kho-la 'em-sin. L ED A pred.ph.non-erg./ dr. S V| have
| This utterance caught him. diarrhea.
t -L eh-k v.t. Ay V| lean t
ehma 't' | See:
against s.th./ s.b. [Usage: implies quite 'ihma'.
a small plane of contact] '`-'
| See also: 'yee-'. t ehmba n. , n|
remembrence.
`U A t M| ah-gi
ani-la 'eh-ti 'teh-'kyo. Ay t L/ L {} 'ehmba
UH L| I was sitting leaning
'kombu/ 'kumbu {'yeh} adj.ph. {cop.}
against aunty. O L {} have a bad
memory; be forgetful.
tL/ tL` ehkum (W)/ t S 'ehmba 'khale
ihko (E) n. UL y| ball of 'yeh pred.ph.cop. n C| keep
thread. remembering. [Gram: cop.=
t- ehn- v.t. AE, n direceptive possession]
AE| long for s.b. 'S` t -' J Lh ` t S |
| See also: 'khaba ehn-'. ooh 'keta-'ya ah-la 'ehmba 'khale
S` MU jU A tU | 'yeh. L D n CL
'khaba tahkpu-gi tshamu-gi 'ama j| I keep remembering those things.
235
t- t`

t h-L 'ehmba 'teh-k {yeh} adj.ph. {cop.} {}

pred.ph.erg. | forget. {have} a good memory.
t lA`
y- 'ehmba
y- t - 'ehmba sihn-
ten-de-'a meeh-ba o- pred.ph.non-erg. g , | keep
pred.ph.non-erg. g E| become one's senses; be alert.
unconscious; go into shock (e.g. from S t U j`
fright). [Gram: exp. usually takes `U | 'kho-ni 'ehmba mih-sihn-ge
<-ni>] 'samma tha thu-gu 'du. E
- 'ehmba 'tor-
t - E ky S j| He drinks
pred.ph.non-erg. | lose one's until he loses all his senses.
senses. L l L
-L 'ehmba
t t U,
'thule peh-ti 'teh-k pred.ph.erg. n U| 'nehpa kahl-di 'i-e
C| keep remembering. peh-ken 'bela-le 'lahla-di 'ehmba
t /
sihn-ge, 'lahla-di mih-sihn-gen.
'ehmba 'yahda 'yihde/ 'yahla H V LL j, LL
'yuhle 'yeh pred.ph.cop. A A | When people are sick and

| remember vaguely; remember about to die, some are still alert to
unclearly. [Gram: cop.= direceptive things around them, and some aren't.
possession]
t- ee- 'j t-' | See: 'thal
t ` l | ee-'.
'mehme 'ehmba ah-la 'yahda
'yihde-i 'yeh-ba. kL D A A t`

eeen adj. jhg| protective
j| I remember grandfather (of things); protective.
somewhat. ` l` t` | 'yih

'nuhmu-ni dibu-'ra 'eeen 'yeh.
- 'ehmba sal-
t -
pred.ph.erg. n| remember. jhg j| Our little sister
is very protective of her things.
t 'ehmba sale 'yeh
pred.ph.cop. j`U | be fresh in t` -L 'eeen peh-k

one's memory. [Gram: cop.= pred.ph.erg. jhg U| be protective (of
direceptive possession] one's things); withhold things stingily.
J Lh ` t | A` , J t`

ooh 'keta-'ya ah-la 'ehmba sale M | 'yeh-te-'a
'yeh. L D j`U j| I meh-ter-si-'ma-na, ooh-di 'eeen
remember those things well. peh-'kyo 'yihm-ba. H C ,
` t ! 'mehme jhg | Even if you have it, if
ah-la 'ehmba sale 'yeh-ba! kL you don't give it, that's being
D j`U j! I remember protective of one's things.
grandfather well! SU t` L | 'kho-gi

t {} 'ehmba salbu pela-la 'eeen peh-ku 'du. E A

236
tk
jhg U j| He withholds
his things.
tk eendzar n. (hon. of 'dzara')
Sk (t.) snack.
t eeba n. `, | house
parts: stairs.
t- eeh- v.i. | become warm.
t 'eeh n. , | warmth.
`- 'eeh ta- pred.ph.erg.
t `-
E| warm up s.th.
t () -L 'eeh 'phol
('phol) peh-k pred.ph.non-erg.
V| emit warmth.
` t () L j| t
ah 'eeh 'phol ('phol) peh-ken
'tshor-sin. HL A
U| I felt the warmth.
t / t 'eeh
'hala 'hole/ 'eeh 'bala 'bole adj.ph.
| lukewarm.
t 'eeh-m-bar 'dawa
n.ph. U| the warm months of the
year. ' t -' | See also: 'manpar-'tii-di dzom phando-la
'rih eeh bar-'.
t M- eeh kyahp- pred.ph.erg.
U| hold counsel; discuss a
matter.
j t ML h LH|
tshoo-di 'eeh 'kyahp-ken 'bele tam
thaa 'te 'koh-en. H U
Uj| When we gather and hold
counsel we must decide things.
t l- 'eeh 'aa- pred.ph.erg.
| decide a matter.
U l-` jt hU t lH|
goba 'i-da 'theimba tii-gi 'eh
'aa-en. UEL gk AU HEt
L Uj| Four secular
-t
and one religious leader decide a
matter.
t ` -L 'eeh-a peh-k
l
pred.ph.erg. j U| hold counsel.
t
k-L eehnsal dze-k (W)
pred.ph.erg. n U| recall s.th.
U t kL | 'yibi-gi
'eehnsal 'dze-ku 'du. l n
UHL j| Oh, grandmother
remembers it.
- 'eehnsal peh ter-
t
(W) pred.ph.erg. n UC|
remind s.b.
eehbu n./ adj. (hon. of 'kehpu/
kahpu') (t.) old man.
-t/
t/-y/-
y/- -o~-o~-ro vsf.
kE PL A|
probable future. [Phon: For the
phonological conditioning see
appendix 7, section 3.3.]
A` k l
` J`y h! 'mihro-'a
yaahbu-'ra oh-o le ti! E
ED HL j t-Yt U
j ! If he also likes her it will
probably be alright for them to get
together!
h l `, h Lt
? topte 'luu-e 'paar peh-to,
topte ter 'koh-o mihn? S L
U, S C ? Think
about giving food, we will probably
have to give them something to eat,
don't we?
S`U | khu-gi 'sehn
sah-ro. E y Sj | They
will probably eat corn mash.
237
t` t`l

t` t` -
- o o ta-
pred.ph.erg. ML | look aside.
t` t` -
- o o ma-
pred.ph.non-erg. `-` Ak
AE| make a high and soft beating
noise.
` t`-t` E | aa o-o
'ma-w 'du. `U L Ak `-` nE L (LtL AD)
AE j| The drum is making a
high and softly beating noise.
t`
-L oe peh-ti
teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. gS | be
watchful; be attentive.
t/
t/ t {h-} op/ opas (N)
{tuu-} n. {v.t.} t {E} (L
UE HL LL U) jewelry: {put
on} earrings (ear ornaments set with
stones).
t w U| 'opas-la ha 'luu-ge.
t j| This kind of earring
is set with precious stones.
t-
t- ol- v.t.
1) SLE| take out of joint.
C L `C CU ohki (E)/ ohku (W) ter-/ 'tar-
L` tV| mahy 'amba peh-ken
'bele ah-y mahy-gi 'kaba 'ol-'gyo.
o 'koh-en. LtD ( H)
V LtL AD nEj|
When you elope with a girl you have
to go and pacify her parents
(afterwards).
L 'olda peh-k
tl` -
pred.ph.erg. L UD
marriage: pacify the parents of a
captured bride with a gift of 'tha'.
[Note: This custom is retained also in
arranged marriage procedures.]
t/ t oh (E)/ ooh (W) n.
S| feather.
h t| 'tahmu 'oh. LSL
S| hen's feather.
MU t| 'okpa-gi 'oh. StL
S| feather of wing.
` `U t| 'ama oo-gi 'oh.
hjL S| feather of tail.
tL -/ - ohk ter-/ sah-
pred.ph.erg. (o.f.) tC / S| give/
get a beating.
tM`/ tM` -/ -
-
pred.ph.erg. tC | give a beating.
` - ohki
tM`/ tM

L j E
L SuL (E)/ ohku (W) sah- pred.ph.erg.
ky SLH| When taking off the tC S| get a beating.
skin of the buffalo I broke apart the
joints of its legs. t`- oh- v.i. (hon. of 'i-g')
2) , E| pacify. (t.) die.
h L L`C tU| t`l -
- ohdu or-
'tahmu 'se meh-'koh-na 'koha-y pred.ph.non-erg. L EL
'ol-gen. LS E| (L) miss the chance to get
If it is not necessary to kill a chicken, married; be a bachelor. [Note: more
(the spirit) is pacified with an egg. commonly said of fellows than of
T` t y LH| girls]
'nama khyo-si-'ma-na 'phama-la 'ol S t`l | 'kho

238
t`` t

'oh-du 'or-ti 'lih-sin. E t ohm n. A, | bier.

UL L HM | He is a t ohmo adj. | warm
bachelor. (mainly used for foods). [Gram: no
t`` ohdi n. wEL | excl. form (see appendix 5,
place names: very small settlement on section1.2)]
the eastern slope of the Melamchi
t- ohl- v.i.
River valley, south-west below 1) SL| pop out of (e.g. joint).
Syuhnggan-Che. 2) L U O | be free of s.th.
t` ohba n. 'wU t-, t-' |
1) | household. 't` ' | See also: 'him-le-gi ohl-, lee ohl-'.
See also: 'uh'. cerem. terms: emerge from a seclusion
t` Lk ? 'ohba 'kahze or festival with the appropriate
'du-ba? L j? How many rituals.
households are there? jU t| lama-'ya
2) U Y| stitch (in 'tsham-le-gi 'ohl-sin. Ut
knitting). L| The lamas have come out of
t` A/ A 'ohba aba/ seclusion.
'ama n.ph. Y| head of household. tU ohlgo n. gUD UL
T`- 'ohba 'tsuu-/
t` g-/ T`- t LL j| male offspring
khyo- pred.ph.erg. Yk U/ Y of 'dzomo' and 'lago'.
| go into wedlock.
M H J` tl` `- ohl-da thu-
t` U | 'nama 'tihkyi pred.ph.erg. M S (Ut L
'ma-e-di-la oh-si-'ma-na 'ohba UE D SE M) cerem.
terms: lay people drink the concluding
yaahbu nee-ge. M
C AC j| If the bride drink of whisky (after the lama(s)'
comes at the auspicious time called period of seclusion).
"tihkyi" she will like the married life. j tU tl` `
` S h ` t`` yH| 'tsham 'ohl-ge 'bele 'yuhlba-'ya
g! ah loh 'khal tii 'a 'thu-ni 'ohlda thu o-en. ()
'ohba-'ra miih-'tsu! g Ut LS UE
M S
U U! I will not get kj| For the conclusion of the
married before I am 25 years old! lama(s)' period of seclusion the
t` -/ -L 'ohba 'luu-/ villagers go and have a drink of
'se-k pred.ph.erg. Y / | cast whisky.
on/ off stitches. t {M-} ohldi {kyahp-}
t` ohro n. jL| neighbour. {E} {make}
n. {v.t.} LE, L
'Tk' | See also: a loop which can be undone by
'khyimdzi'. pulling. 'U' | See also:

239
t t

'gumi'. tahtse (pehza) 'lih-k pred.ph.non-erg.

M l J`l t t | be orphaned.
M`! thakpa 'uh-e 'tehmu t oolum n. (n S)
oh-e-la 'ohldi 'kyahp-to! y S household utensils: churn (medium
k D LE F! Make a size). [Note: wooden container used to
loop which can be undone by pulling churn butter; mainly used in houses,
so that the cords will easily come off. not in cattle sheds; W: also used to
LU M t l fetch water] ', ' |
J`U| lekam-gi thakpa 'ohldi See also: 'sohm, tuhmbu'.
tahm-na 'uh-e 'tehmu oh-ge. kL
LE S k t/ g {-} oos (Eng)/
j| If you tie the shoe laces in a
tsoor baati (N) {thep-} n.ph. {v.t.}
bow, you can undo them easily. tg {} {light with} torch;
{light with} flashlight. [Usage: 'tsoor
t ohlden n. gyL baati' is o.f.]
j (O ) festivals: the
4th (and last) day of 'yune'. [Note: t ooh n. (elevated) |
The fasting is concluded with a feast married couple; bond friendship. 't,
in which all the villagers may take t' | See also: 'oh (E), ooh
part.] (W)'.
U t ` h`!
t ohlma n. OL , L 'mih-gi ooh-'ya-la sem 'ehmba
| names: personal name, f. names of mah-ta! ALL V L
deities: a goddess.
D U! Do not try to
t ohwa n. tL, M, , S| destroy others union!
fastener; button; clasp; laces. t `k` ooh nahdza
t t ML| a-la 'ohwa n.ph. (elevated) | among a
'kyahp-ken. L M E| fasten married couple.
a hair clasp. L U, T t
t ML| 'ohwa 'kyahp-ken. `k` J` Ll!
tL E| do up buttons. ML| paahma peh-ken 'bele
t U| 'ohwa tahm-gen. 'mihpten-gi, "'khya ooh nahdza
| tie/ fasten laces. thimbu oh 'koh-e!" 'mee-di 'melam
S-t| 'khap-'ohwa. , 'kyahp-ken. US EYL,
t | safety pin. " C"
tt k
/ g k
/ tt g A j| At weddings the
master of ceremonies blesses the
k
ooe pehza/ tahtse
pehza/ ooe tahtse pehza n.ph. couple, saying, "May your marriage be
harmonious!"
t, A| orphan.
) -L 'ooe
tt g (k t
/ t
oohbu (m.)/ oohmu

240
t` w

(f.) n. / | bond friend. and worms: ant.

M- oohbu/
t/ t t` J L L
oohmu 'kyahp- pred.ph.erg. U | oohma-ya 'om-le 'yahr
E| make a bond friendship. [Gram: 'sihk 'sihk peh-ti then-gu 'du L
associate takes <yambu/ U t L j| The
yimbu>] ants are coming out of the hole in
swarms.
t` oohma n. L| insects

w ha n. | jewelry: inlaid
precious stone.
w H| 'situp-la ha 'luu-en.
Kw j| Finger rings are
inlaid with precious stones.
wL wL wL wL -L hak hak
huk huk peh-k pred.ph.non-erg.
U| argue sharply;
dispute sharply.
wL wL y-
y-/ -L hak huk
o-/ peh-k pred.ph.non-erg./ non-erg.
/ U| dispute arises/ have
a dispute. [Gram: experiencers
optionally take <nah-la/
nah-do>]
wM hakpu adj. , Ly| hard.
[Usage: lit. and fig.] 'U wM'
| See also: 'goo hakpu'.
wM S | di toh hakpu
'khal-di 'du. Ly SL `U j|
This is a hard kind of stone.
w`
`- ha thupa
peh-ti lah- pred.ph.non-erg. H
| stand firmly (fig.).
wl`()/
()/ wl`()
hau(ma)/ heu(ma) n. k
(g k L Q) birds: small
w
species of hawk.
w(L) {-L} hado(k)
{peh-k} n. {v.t.} D, y {U} be
jealous.
U ` wL L | 'moh-gi
ah-la hadok peh-ku 'du. E D
y U j| Oh, she is so jealous of
me.
-L hado(k)
w(L) y`
'eea peh-k pred.ph.erg. jy-jy
U| compete with; struggle for a
desired position.
w(L) `- hado(k) 'lah-
pred.ph.dr. D, y V| feel jealous.
w/ t/ w/ t habe/ abe/
hebe/ ebe adj. , wL| ready;
right. [Usage: Peema: 'habe' for work,
'ebe' for clothes; Karmu: free
variation]
y- habe o- pred.ph.non-erg.
w y-
| be ready.
w -L habe peh-k
pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. AD U/
L gk AD U| get
oneself ready/ get s.th. or s.b. ready.
w hal n. kL L| social
obligation; social responsibility.
L-/ L- 'hal 'kal-/ ken-
w L-

241
w w

pred.ph.erg. kL L UE| put tshol-na 'haal 'maal 'zee ter-ken!

under obligation; oblige to pay levies D Sl U
and taxes. Cj! If you keep aggravating me,
w S- 'hal khur- pred.ph.erg. I will cut you to pieces!
L | fulfill obligations w haa n. U| blood.
to pay levies and taxes.
w - 'haa then- pred.ph.e. U
w M M-/ M h- L| bleed. [Gram: +<-la> = loc./
'hal tahkpu 'kyahp-/ 'kyahp tuu- +<-le-gi> = source; if exp. is
pred.ph.erg. LL k E| hand mentioned the affected body part
over responsibility. takes gen. <-ki>]
w h- 'hal bap tuu- 'haa-da 'riihba
w-`
pred.ph.erg. L L UE| n.ph. U y| blood and bones.
force s.b. to take on a responsibility. [Note: an expression used by the
w/
w/ w hawa/ hawu n. g| shaman when placating spirits]
birds: hawk. J U w-` H| ooh
'lha-gi 'haa-da 'riihba sah-en.
wL - hasak (N) ten-
pred.ph.non-erg. C E| show off; be U y Sj| This god needs
conceited. 'L' | See also: blood and bones.
'phosok'. w-` `- 'haa-'lu 'lah-
pred.ph.dr. Y | have a heart
S Ly wL U ! 'kho
'kahnu-mu 'hasak ten-gu 'du! E attack. '`-`' | See also:
'ni-lu'.
L C E j! What a conceited
fellow he is! wt -L/ -
-U haao (N) se-k/
i-g pred.ph.erg./ non-erg. w / |
w-
w-` {}
hasal-ohsal {'yeh} adj.ph. kill/ die suddenly.
{} {have} vitality; w {h-} haambur {tee-} n.
{display} well-being. [Note: be in good {v.i.} ttL {Ew} {get} a blue bump.
health, well off, talk in a friendly U w U h ! goo-la
manner] 'haambur 'boge 'tee-di! tEL w
w -L hasale peh-k ttL Ew! I have a big blue bump
'`' | See: 'tohba'. on my head!
w / w w haaal maaal
{m-
{m-/ y-
y-} haal maal/ haaal 'w ' | See: 'haal
maaal {zo-/ o-} n.ph. {v.dt./v.i.} maal'.
U, O, Lt {U/ } w hi n. | throne.
{make/ become a} bloody mess.
` ` ` j w w / w hi/ he n. , g|
m L! ah-la 'yi mahbu manner; way; kind. 'J`l w'
| See also: 'oh-de hi'.
242
w w

J L` ` Ly w U| follow the customs.

J w` L| ohle 'kaba
'tohme 'kahnu-mu hi 'yeh-ba ooh
hi-'ra kahl-sin. A Su k
| And the leg became
again just the same as it was before.
w/ w hi/ he pehti adv.ph.
k U| pretend to perform an
action. [Gram: vs+<-ken> + adv.ph.]
k ` ll U
L | pehza 'yihm-ba-'la dibu-i
ee-gen hi peh-ku 'du. hg H
kL k U j| Even though he
is just a child he thinks he knows
everything.
w -L hi-k v.t. yE| lead (by
holding onto s.th.).
T`- 'hi-ti 'khyer-/
w T-/ T`-
khyong- pred.ph.erg. yH /
E| lead s.b; show the way.
w (h) hi (tii) num. (HL)S|
numerals: ten thousand.
wL-
wL-wL `-`
hik-hik yaah-yaah peh-ti
adv.ph. U, g U|
accurately; exactly.
T J`U wL wL `
`! khye nahm lee
`
oh-ge 'hik 'hik 'yaah 'yaah peh-ti
'mee-do! L AEj, g U A, ` w |
! Tell me exactly when you will
arrive!
w him n. , L, , | the ropes.
custom; rule; law. 'M-w,
j-w, -w' | See also: hil-di, ohle then-ge 'nahle. U ,
'kyahl-him, thee-him,
yuhl-him'.
w S- him khur- pred.ph.erg.
U- him gom- pred.ph.erg.
w U-
U| disregard the law.
w - `- him ta-/ ta-
-/ `-
pred.ph.erg. U| to judge.
w HU/ `UU him
ta-en-gi/ ta-gen-gi 'mih n.ph.
| judge.
w HU/ `UU/ HU
V
w him ta-en-gi/ ta-gen-gi/
'thuu-en-gi 'gyaa n.ph. A,
| legal court.
`- him no- pred.ph.erg.
w `-
E`Y U| break with customs;
break the law.
w -L him peh-k
pred.ph.non-erg. k | observe
the customs.
- him yal- pred.ph.erg.
w -
Sk U| abolish a law.
wU t- him-le-gi 'ohl-
pred.ph.non-erg. Lt O | be
released from the law.
w him-da n. (poetic) ,|
custom.
w-
w- hil- v.i. w, t, |
get twisted (e.g. rope); get entangled;
cling to (vines to trees). 't-, t-'
| See also: 'ihl-, il-'.
'amo, 'pahla piihru 'hil-de 'teh-sin
'du. A, j tH
j| Oh, the calf got entangled in
L w, J U | 'kupa
A L | The thread got twisted,
and so I am undoing it.
w M- hii kyahp-
243
w w-

pred.ph.non-erg. E| take a bath. k, E (t.) be born;

w M - 'hii 'kyahp ter- sprout.
pred.ph.erg. C| give s.b. a bath. w`(U) w` 'hu-be(-gi)
w -L 'hii peh-k pred.ph.erg. 'hu-rap n.ph. (lamaistic) E, t
U ( AL U) cerem. () coming into existence (of
terms: purifying ritual. [Note: lama animate beings).
sprinkles ritually pure water onto a w`(U) w`,
`, j(U)
person and place defiled by birth or j 'hu-be(-gi) 'hu-rap,
death] thaa-be(-gi) thaa-rap n.ph.
(lamaistic) E, t ()
w hiiba n. , | gall; gall
bladder. origin of things.
'hu-yuhl n. (hon. of
w`-
w hu n. (A Uk) measures and 'kye-yuhl') k (t.) birth
weights: cubit (18 inches).
place.
w L`| 'hu 'kah. HL | one
cubit. w`- hu- v.t. (hon. of 'kye-g')
w | 'hu toh. C | two cubits. k, kE (t.) bear; give
birth.
w | hu sum. | three
cubits (etc.). w`/ w`-
w`- hu/ ho-sowa
w - 'hu 'tahp- pred.ph.erg. n. L | clan names: non-lama clan
measure cloth (by cubits). (='maba').
w- hu- v.t. (U) wash (for w- hul- v.i. A , A
clothes, etc.). | make oneself invisible (said
U Lh w| 'nuhmu-gi of spirit beings).
'kapta 'hu-sin. U C| The S ` w J` ! 'kho
girl washed the clothes. 'yambu 'tiih hul-di oh 'du-ba! EU
w- hu- v.i. (A L t AHj! A demon followed him.
A`UD) wash (for one's own body w - hul ten- pred.ph.erg. gtL
parts). SE| show strange behaviour;
haunting manifestations appear.
M w| 'nuhmu 'lahkpa
'hu-sin. | The girl w -L hul peh-k pred.ph.erg.
washed her hands. j ( ), U U| harm (evil
spirits harming people); haunt.
wM hukpa n. nUy| quarrel. w hulmu n. j ( U
wM M- 'hukpa 'kyahp- ) unruly woman.
pred.ph.erg. nUy U| start to quarrel.
- 'hukpa 'or-
wM - w- huu- v.t. , t |
pred.ph.non-erg. nUy | quarrel conflict.
breaks out. `U L
U
| ah-gi
l M wU
w`- hu- v.i. (hon. of 'kye-g')
244
w w

peh-ken 'leeh lehmen 'mih-gi j| The beer/ the buttermilk is sour.

peh-si-'ma-na yahmbi-i pahrkyi-la J` ` S S, S
'huu-gen. U L A U wM | ohra 'yambu 'kho thin
t jU miih-khu-ro, 'kho hokpu-'se 'yeh-ba.
w -L huui peh-k U F M , F gL gL
pred.ph.erg. U| disagree; j| He probably cannot get along with
quarrel. us, he is somewhat rough mannered.

w ` {-L/ J`-} w-
w-g hop-tse temp.qt. nu| one
huui sihda {peh-k/ oh-} n. moment.
{v.t./i.} {U/ } {make/ be} a T A, ` wg L
riot; commotion. J`U| 'khya de-la 'teh 'aah, ah
hop-'tse kahldi lee oh-ge.
w/ w he/ hi 'w' | See: 'hi'. , nu UH AEj| Please stay here,
wU hega n. wL| household utensils: I will be right back.
wooden pot used for storing milk and
w hom n. n, wE
curds. (Y ) floor; flat piece of
wl`() heu(ma) ground.
'wl`()' | See: 'hau(ma)'. w homba n. lk|
w hebe 'w' | See: 'habe'. honoured guest. [Usage: ceremonial
expression for 'ombu'] ''
w- hee- v.i. w| sulk angrily.
| See also: 'nam-'ya'.
S l wE | 'kho tam
'phema-i-'laa 'hee-w 'du. F L LU t`U L M hU U
w j| He is sulking angrily E , H w-! Karma-gi 'aga
even about little things. kohrmu 'kyah tii-gi godar 'luu-w 'du,
'e homba-'nam-'ya! L HL
w heemba (N) adj. , w| L gE j,
mixed (of race, language). ' w ' lk! Honoured guests, Karma
| See also: 'tam heemba'. is putting in one hundred rupees for
wL hok adj. A-A| sour the wedding gift.
(of beer). w hoo n. L, P| force;
j` wL L | tha hok kahl violence.
'du. ky A-A Hj| The beer w S- hoo khur- pred.ph.non-erg.
has become too sour. P | be insolent; be unfriendly.
wM hokpu adj. gL, jhg| sour; S ` w S ! 'kho-ti-ni
rough. ' wM' | See also: 'mii-'ra hoo khur-ti 'du! EL C
'tam hokpu'. P j! He has an insolent
j`/ wM | tha/ tahra (aggressive) look on his face!
hokpu 'du. ky gL/ A `- hoo ta- pred.ph.erg.
w `-

245
w-
LE| use force; be violent.
- hoo ten-di tam
w -
'ma- pred.ph.erg. L L U| talk
vehemently; harshly.
w- hoo- v.i. L| twist (a limb );
sprain (a limb).
y-
y- a- v.i. E , | look alike;
be alike. [Gram: counterpart takes
<yambu/ yimbu>]
` ` ` j yE |
ah 'yih 'paba 'yimbu tshenda a-w
'yeh. A L AU j| I
look like my father.
S` ` j yE | khu yii
tshenda a-w 'du. E CL A
E-E j| They look alike.
S` ` ` yE | khu yii
peh-ta a-w 'du. CL E
j| They behave alike.
y awa adj. E| alike.
S` ` Lh y` L | khu y, ny / S| give/ get a slap
yii 'kapta awa-'ra kehn 'du.
Ck Ly E UHj| Oh, they
put on the same kind of clothes.
y asa adj. (poetic) E| alike.
` `, k y | y/ y-
sa-la 'mih-bu maha, 'yuhmdzen
a-sa mihn-du. C k
j,
A k L j| There are many
people sitting here, but there is no
one like your own mother.
y jM a thakpu 't' | settlement on the eastern slope of the
See: 'ah'.
y`-
y`- a- v.i. t AUE| be full; be
blown up.
y
` L` w! ah 'kaba hoo-di!
Su M! Oh, I sprained my foot!
wL wL ` - hwak hwak
yee ter- pred.ph.erg. w w
t| thrash s.b.
y
w ` y` | pepe 'haa
thu-di 'a-sin 'du. kL U g t
AUHj| The leech is blown up from
the blood it sucked.
y`U aga (N) n. `U| manner.
y` ai 'y' | See:
'aani'.
y amba n. U| cheek.
y V V -L 'am 'gyur
'gyur-te 'teh-k (W) pred.ph.non-erg.
U S h| daydream.
yl/ yl -/ - 'amdi/
'amda ter-/ sah- pred.ph.erg./ erg.
on ones cheek.
y- 'am-'so n. `U| molar;
y-
back tooth. '-, T-' |
See also: 'din-so, khyi-so'.
y- {`
-} ambu/
am-phu (N) {tuh-} n. {v.t.} y
{kE} musical instruments: {play,
beat} tambourine-like instrument.
y/
y/ y amsi/ amse n.
wEL | place names: small
Melamchi River valley, below
Lhaasisa (which is below ohngding,
which is below Syuhnggan-Che).
246
y- yL

y- aa- v.i. y ( H) get S | money: change.

browned; get scorched. [Gram: instr. y M` t`- 'ibu kyaba
takes <-ki>] 'ah- pred.ph.erg. U| money:
U Lh y | 'meh-gi 'kapta count money in Mohars (half rupees).
'aa-sin 'du. AU U yj| I see, the y - 'ibu sah- pred.ph.erg.
clothes got scorched by the fire. wU| cheat.
yU - aango ten- pred.ph.erg. y-h 'ip-tii n.ph. HL |
y-
money: one paisa.
y, SE| intimidate.
k h` `l y- ii- v.i./dr. | be alright;
`U, - yU LH| match; fit. 'yM' | See also:
pehza-'ya-la 'dar tira tuh-de 'ikpu'.
meh-yoh-gen, nahm-nahm aago ten y , Jk` |
'koh-e. hgD t
, 'sala ii-sin taah, ohze-'ra 'yihm-ba.
LL y SEj| You must , A | Now we
not beat the children all the time, have reached concensus, that's all
sometimes you just need to give them now.
a warning. J y`
y/
/ y/ y` aani/ L ohle 'mih sum
aansi (E)/ ai (W) n. Ey| ii-simba-'ra 'pulis 'thaana-la kahl
insects and worms: bedbug. 'du. k w UHj|
And three people got together and
y aalo (N) n. y| household
went to the police station.
utensils: basket with short legs.
L ` y | di
yM ikpu adj. | lekam-ni ah-la miih-ni 'du. k
well-matched. [Gram: excl.: 'ikpa/ D j| Oh, these shoes
iiwa!'] don't fit me.
`l yM | ida pela y iina n. g| cerem. terms: gift of
ikpu 'luu 'du. Lw- H j| grain; grains thrown into the air for
The have put in (i.e. built in) gods and spirits. [Note: for religious
matching wooden furniture. purposes; non-religious contexts: 'u']
y ibu n. y u n. A, Ak| harvested grain.
1) | money. 't`U' | See [Note: grain on stalks: 'budi'] 'y'
also: 'aga'. | See also: 'iina'.
J ` yA` m S|
ohle 'yih-ni 'ibu-'a 'zo maah-khu. yL uk n.
1) Ak`U| dragon.
A LE L|
And we couldn't make any money 2) Bhutan. t|
2) | money: paisa. yL L - uk 'kee ten- pred.ph.e.
y M` 'ibu kyaba n.ph. Y Uk| thunder.

247
ykL y

yM uk-pa adj./ n. t| ` yA` `

Bhutanese. J`, y J`, J
) {-} uk-ri ('rehmu)
yP ( ` ` H| 'mih 'yimbu
{'thoo-} adj. (n.) {v.i.} Ak`UL g 'lhani-'a 'brya-di oh-si-'ma-na,
{HL} {be} dragon-patterned. "ul oh-sin, ohle thabu mah-yoh"
'ma-en. U
A ,
ykL uzok n. Ak| interest in
form of grains. 'l -' | See:
AHj, HL
'tuh-e tuh- (W)'. j| If a traveler has arrived
followed by a spirit of sickness, we
`U t`U ` ykL
say, "A ghost has arrived, that's why I
`| ah-gi 'aga tora sum
'u-zok-la ta-sin. k am unwell."
Ak H| I lent out three y- ul-mih n. (poetic) ,
thousand rupees to get interest in t| traveler.
form of grains. y/
-L ul/ yuhl peh-k
pred.ph.erg. gE, U U| put to
y- up- v.i. | fill in; grow
together. ' y-' | See use.
also: 'tehnda up-'. `U LM y/ A`
l J y| 'namdo 'om | 'yih-gi 'kohkpa ul/ 'yuhl-'a
'up-sin. jyL meh-be 'yeh. L
LL |
The ear-hole grew together. gE | We don't use garlic.
U y| maga 'up-sin. YE L j` `U j`U y
| The wound healed. U ML, J ` `
` yL M ! 'mii-'ra j`U y` | tha
'up-ken 'samma 'kyaah 'du! U mih-thu-gen 'mih-la tha-gi ul
k
lep-si-'ma-na goo 'suh 'kyahp-ke, ooh
tHj! (He) is as round as a ball!
sobe ah tha-gi ul-'ra meh-be
y-/ y-
y- up- (W+E)/ ip- (E) 'yeh. ky S j kyL g U
v.i. AE, y| set (of sun); sink (in ED tEL Tj, L
water=W). ' -' | See also: kyL g U| If a total abstainer
'nuhp- (E)'. consumes whisky he gets a headache,
S j y | 'kho thu-la so I don't touch it.
'up-te 'i-sin. F y | He
died by drowning. y e n. ,
| evil spirit.
[Note: This kind of evil spirit doesn't
y umbu 'y' | See: usually cause a person to talk, but it
'ombo'. makes people sick. It includes 'tiih,
y J`- ul oh- lheni, ini-'ya'.]
AE| spirit of
pred.ph.non-erg. y/ y 'ebu (m.)/ 'emu (f.) n.
sickness which may arrive with a , | evil spirit.
traveler. y M ` M| 'emu

248
yL y

'kyahp-ti ni 'suh 'kyahp-sin.

guests. 'y M`-' | See:
U t T| Having gotten an evil 'ombo kyo- (E)'.
spirit his insides hurt. y M- 'en 'kyahp-
h`- 'e-sem ta-
y- h`- pred.ph.erg. E| invite s.b.
pred.ph.erg. t g | nurture evil for a meal.
intentions. y- 'en-la o-
y y-
pred.ph.non-erg. V k| go to
yL ek (N) n. L| money: coin.
s.b. as a guest.
y lU yL A H| 'ibu 'i-gi
'ek-la 'ana 'ma-en. g L LD yy M- ena (N) kyahp-
A j| A four-paisa coin is called pred.ph.erg. k y UE| fine
'ana'. s.b.
y` e (N) n. y`| furrow; garden yy hU| 'ena tal-gen.
bed. k | pay a fine.

y M- eta kyahp- y ep intens. t, y, tML|

pred.ph.non-erg. g| slip. intensifier for 'kaa-, teh-k'.
` S y M L ` J y LH
J`| ah 'khawa-la 'eta LL| 'yehpa-'ra ooh 'lha 'ep
'kyahp-ti 'bas-ki 'suhr-la rihl oh-sin. 'kaa-e 'samma 'lha 'koh-ken.
E g L jE y U| tML ML AL
Slipping in the snow I fell down gj| And again (we) need a god
beside the bus. which is able to stop the other god
swiftly.
y en n. yy
(Yu E yy
)
waterpipe (in a mill). [Note: y y y -L ep ep ep
traditionally made of wood] teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. t |
adhere firmly.
jU y| thuda-gi 'en. YuL yy
|
the waterpipe of the mill. y y y -L em em em
y- en- v.t. gE (Lt) teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. AgU |
deliver (out of hell). slouch (sit like a sack of potatoes).
h-kU y ee 'U' | See: 'tam-gi'.
`V- y `U| y`
M- eea kyahp-
'teen-'rehzi-gi 'imbu-la 'yahr pred.ph.erg. E U L j|
sagye-'yuhl-la 'en na-gen. push work on s.b. else. '`` '
L D U | See also: 'yeea'.
Ej| Teen-Rehzi delivers the - 'eea 'tuhr-
y`
spirit of the deceased person (out of pred.ph.non-erg. U| compete
hell and sends him) up to heaven. with each other.
y -L en peh-k (W) y
-L eepi (N) peh-k
pred.ph.erg. S E| attend to
249
y-
y- y

pred.ph.non-erg. U| resist. ` y-' | See also:

y j 'eepi
j/ y 'yehwa, yohwa o-'. [Gram:
'tshandi/ 'eepi 'thewa adj.ph. A eventive copula for attribution and
| stubborn. identification; often these clauses fall
into a receptive pattern]
y-
y- o- v.i. k| go. [Gram: dest.
takes <-la>; vs.perf. = 'kahl-'; imp. ` L yH| ah-ni uk
= 'so/ su'] 'L`U y-, / meeh-ba o-en. H kj| I
/ y-' | See also: am becoming weak.
'kaba-gi o-, mahr/ yahr/ phar `U S L` `M
o-'. yH? 'tigu 'kha-'ya-la 'kaba
paa-na yokpa mehn-o-en?
T L yl ? 'khya
'meehme kaah-la o-e leh? D Aj Su tM ? If

you step onto the mat, won't it
L k VHL? Where are you
going, my friends? become dirty?
y! o! v.i. , kK! let's go!. k` lUA` wM
yl ( `- o-u
) `- j yH| dzi-si-'ma-na tam
(yaahbu) ta- pred.ph.erg. 'phema-i-gi-'a 'hukpa thimbu
o-en. p Sl L
U| administer (well); run s.th. (e.g. a
household). w nUy j| If you really quarrel,
even because of a small matter the
y o-den n. U (U V)
usefulness; use; life style. quarrel may become big.
y ` U| o-den mahbu y` o
then-gen. U U| be useful all 1) w L y| household utensils:
round. drum-like iron container. [Note: used
S` lU y` k for storing water, etc.]
L | lama 'kho-'ra semden-gi 2) w LC| cooking utensils: big iron
o-den-di-'ra 'dze-ti 'phep-ken. 'du lo. pot for frying.
A L kk U 3) k`U L| animals: wild yak; sire
y j | The lama would
of the yak. [Note: This animal is not
wander around practising a very very well known; people say that the
simple life style. domesticated yak is a mixed breed.]
y o-sum n. Sg, | y` omdo n. wEL | place
expenditure; expenses. names: small settlement on the eastern
t`U LU y `| di slope of the Melamchi River valley,
'aga 'koh-rim-ba-gi o-sum peh-to. below Thaalo.
L AM A U U |
Spend this money according to your y/
y/ y/ y ombo/
needs. ombu/ umbu n. (A)
guest; visitor. 'j y' |
y-
y- o- cop. | become. '`
, See also: 'thoo ombo'.
250
y -
-

y L-L ombo 'ke-k 'en peh-k (W)'.

pred.ph.erg. E| invite s.b.
for a meal.
S` `U y LL M|
khu-la 'yih-gi ombo 'ke-ke
'ma-'kyo. ED S SE
E L| We want to invite them
for a meal.
M`- ombo kyo-
y M`-
pred.ph.erg. D S E|
attend to guests. 'y -L' | See:
y- ombo sah o-
y y-
pred.ph.non-erg. V k| go to
s.b.'s place as a guest.
y t l owa rihu
semden n.ph. -A| lamaisms:
souls of dead people and animals.
y- oo- v.i. yH V ()
start; run (because of fright). [Usage:
of animals; for people see 'a-']

tee 'nah, 'moh-y tam meh-'ma ta-e-i
ta dem. E:| there (at quite some
distance). [Disc: occurs before the 'zo-w 'du-ba! , E L U
directional locatives: 'mahr, muuh, tj! Just look, she is acting as if
phar, phuu, yahr, yuuh, har, she couldn't speak!
haw'; but it does not collocate with `` ta-na-'ra
'tshur'] [Note: usually accompanied mihn-du pred.ph.cop. LL j|
by pointing with hand or chin] have an ugly face. [Gram: cop.=
receptive possession; evid.: mirative]
, TU U | lama,
khye-gi torma ta yuuh 'gu-la 'yeh. ta-ndo-la n. C, t|
point of view; appear. [Gram: viewer
, DL E: S j| Lama,
your ceremonial statue is up there in takes gen. <-ki>]
that corner. `U | ah-gi tando-la-ni.
t | it appears to me.
-
- ta- v.t. | look; look after. ' J ` U l `U
L -, -' | See also: L| ooh sobe 'mih-gi tando-la
'mii blok ta-, lahm ta-'. 'darpu 'tho-gen kahl-sin. L
m-/ -L ta-en-i 'zo-/
Hl m- AL C E | Therefore it
peh-k aux.ph. ` | show off with looks good in front of the people.
an action; pretend to to act. [Gram:
` tai n. V, LL|
vs.perf. or vs + aux.ph.] stature; appearance. 'm `'
SC Lh l mE ! | See also: 'zubu tai'.
'kho-y 'kapta ten taan-di 'zo-w S ` j | 'kho tai
'du-ba! E Ly L ` thimbu 'du. F LL j| Oh,
j! He is showing off with his he has a good appearance.
clothes! SU ` j L| 'kho-gi
, C Hl mE ! 'leeh tai thimbu peh-ken. E U

251
-
- M

LL L Uj| He does are going along above us!

important work, and he does it well. k g, M
` hA` | 'leeh g| 'rehndza 'suhr 'suhr-ta-ni
tai ti-'a mihn-du. L L 'tsuu-sin, kyil-la-ni maah-'tsu. t
LL j| This work lacks jE jE , g | Along
know-how. the edges I planted soya beens, but
` ` , `! not in the middle.
'rah-la tai meeh-ba, 'mih-la -` S`-` j-` S` `
'phyai! A kE yL
T, ` y , LH|
ALL kE k Tj! (They) look phar-oo 'khaba-da tshur-oo
down on others without having 'khaba nah nah-da o-sa 'yeh-ba,
anything to show for themselves! 'phi-la then meh-'koh-en. Yt
(Proverb) Y t k Lj,
-
- ta- aux. L U| try to. [Gram: L | These two houses are
vs.perf.+(<-ti>) + aux.] connected inside, you can go from
one into the other without going
`U () , S|
ah-gi 'lu 'priih(-di) ta-sin, 'laa outside.
maah-'khe. U T L U, -
-J` ta-oh-sa n. L|
L| I tried to jot down a song, but place names: Kesare (village north-west
I was not successful. of Sermathang, close to it, just behind
! di 'lu lehn tee leh! the ridge).
U UD ! Please try to sing this Mg taktsa n. L| nape of neck
song! and shoulders.
-/
/- -ta~-da sf. jE jEt Mh takta 'U' | See:
(gL) along a location. [Phon: 'milam-gi'.
For the regular phonological
alternations of suffix initial stops and M takpa n. t, L |
the exception verbs marked with edge of a fold; back edge of a tool.
<-k> see appendix 7, sections 1-3.] Lh gU M h/ L LH|
[Usage: used between or after 'kapta 'tsem-ge-mu takpa taa/ kuu
reduplicated locatives to indicate 'koh-en. Ly E t j|
continuous aspect; does not collocate When sewing clothes, hems have to
with 'phar' and 'tshur'.] be turned up.
S M M L| 'kho L-t MU` ! 'kahp-'ih
'kyahp-ta 'kyahp kahl-sin. F jyt takpa-gi-'ra ter-ti! SL L
U| He went along the back. ! He hit him with the very back
of the dagger!
S` J` yE ! khu
ohra 'thoo-da 'thoo o-w 'du! E takpa tuhbu n.ph.
M `
t k j! Oh, they nL S (?) trees: bush or tree

252
M -`

with coffee-coloured blossoms and specific occasion).

soft leaves.
`-
`- ta- aux. P+-C+ | do
M ` j J`U, s.th. speedily; decidedly. [Gram: vs
` j J`U| 'lah-la takpa perf.+<-te>+<-'a> + aux.]
tuhbu thimbu oh-ge, roh-la
MU j L | ` h,
'theemu oh-ge. L nL S
`U A` `U! 'kyurpu-gi
w j, j| In the 'tshawa-la 'ne-ke lo. 'ne-'na 'ne-tu,
higher mountains the 'takpa' trees are ah-gi seeh-de-'a ta-ge! A
big, in lower valley they are small.
lD U Uj | U U U,
MU L g`l T`U SCj! They say that it is not
| takpa-gi pako 'yahmbu-la tso-e good to eat lemons when you have a
khyo-ge lo. nL SL L fever. Never mind, I'll just eat some
Lwy h Ej ! They say anyway!
that the bark of the 'takpa' tree is
` H ? `
taken to be sold in Kathmandu.
S` m A` `U! 'ti-le 'ma-e-di-ni
M l taka emba n.ph. nahm nahm? di 'paalo-'ra 'khaba
(poetic) U UE Lt LtD 'zee-de-'a ta-ge! j L L
U | singer (m.). L? Y Cj! We have
to build our house now or never!
`-
`- ta- v.dt. wE, E| send;
perform. ' `-, `-, j -`/
`/-` 1 -ta~-da sf. PD
`-, g`-/ `-, `-' E A| verb stem
| See also: 'meeh-ba ta-, lahm nominalizer with fairly neutral
ta-, thowa ta-, mee tsah/ meaning. [Phon: For the regular
ta-, lee ta-'. phonological alternations of suffix
` g`- ta 'tsah- pred.ph.erg. initial stops and the exception verbs
wE| send. [Disc: the two verbs are marked with <-k> see appendix 7,
often used together] sections 1-3.] [Gram: vs+sf.]
U h- `U C ` '-`, -' | See also: '-na,
g` | 'mahr-le-gi 'tah-rhil raga -lu'.
'mayda ta 'tsoh loh. S gL l`-` L`
U wC | Please send us a ` U H| 'aa-da-da
cake of tea leaves and some white kar-ta yaahbu 'yeh-na mahbu-ni 'gar
flour from down there. miih-'ti-en. SC kSC j
` tama (W) n. nE | | If things are weighed and
Yt
money which needs to be sent. stored properly not much will be lost.
`U ` ` Lh L| `` gM! 'la-da tsokpa! V
'yih-gi tama ta 'koh-te 'yeh-ken. L HL! What an unruly way of
nE wEj| We asking for something!
have to send some money (for a `U l`

253
-` `-
`-`

`| di yohlmu 'luhba-gi 'mihn -` h ` jl !

'aa-da thop-ta. L L 'mih-da 'mih-la ti 'oh 'tsha-e le!
HL| How the Helambu region got jU j LL ! Why
its name. should we be shy among people!
-`/
`/-` 2 -ta~-da clit. -` ` h gM
1) conjunctions: | and. [Phon: For the J`l, l` h` !
regular phonological alternations of toh-da toh-'la ti yaahbu tsokpa
suffix initial stops and the exception oh-de, thamdi-'ra tii-'ra 'nahle!
verbs marked with <-k> see appendix `U
`U L ,
7, sections 1-3. This alternation also HEt ! Why talking of differences
applies to clitics.] [Disc: occurs among stones, they obviously are all
mainly between n.phrases; occurrence the same!
between clauses is rare; there /ohle/ ` tae adv. U ()
is preferred.] '`U/ `' | horizontally. ' `' | See
See also: 'raga/ ra'. also: 'phreta'.
S-` L T ! 'khap-ta ` `
'kupa 'khyer- o le! U F ! ` `
LU
EL|
Please bring me a needle and some 'yih arpa-di 'mih 'i-si-'ma-na
thread! 'toh-le 'too-le 'yahr tae 'yal-de 'reeh
J l-` | ooh-la karpu-gi 'up-ken. L
'u-da 'da peeh-di 'yeh-ba 'du. U Ej, A
LHj| There a bow and L Mj| If among us
arrow are hidden. Sherpas a person dies, we first lay
J` L ` U-` him down up there horizontally and
` U-` h U k cover him with a white cotton cloth.
J` Lh V `U ( / `) tagu
| ohra kohmba-'ya-la 'dibu (mehndo/ tohbo) n.ph. U
phul-gen-da 'yendar phul-gen'-da
(-L / S) trees: rhododendron
tahrto phul-gen 'dzati ohra with red flowers. '`, U '
'nahmsa-la phen 'koh-te 'mee-di | See also: 'tamar, beegar'.
phul-'gyo 'yihm-ba. U
LL nyE Ly ` ( / `) tamar
gHL | The donating of
(mehndo/ tohbo) n. U U
the horizontally and vertically hung (-L / S) trees: rhododendron
up cloths in the temples, and the with pink flowers. '`U, U '
donating of the prayerflags should | See also: 'tagu, beegar'.
benefit our clothing. `-
`-` ta-lah intens.ph.
2) | among. [Gram: n.+<-ta> + kL Lt U |
n.+<-la>] intensifier for 'o-'.

254
-
-

-
- tap- v.t. j| sow. sowing that field.
-U | tam n. L, | talk; language;
'nooh-di-gi-ni 'neeh 'tap-sin 'du lo. C matter.
g U jj | As to the younger J` h- tam oh tuu-
brother, he sowed wheat. pred.ph.erg. L ACV, U |
-/
/- -tap/-tep 'j, , blame s.b.
, ' | See: 'tshur, phar, (U) L tam(-gi) kuu n. LL
mahr, yahr'. A, , L| support; cause;
reason. 'L' | See also: 'kuu'.
()-
()-SL ta(p)-kharka n.
UEL | place names: Ningale (a L j l, ! tam kuu
village on the eastern slope of the thimbu dor-sin, taah! A LL w
Melamchi River valley, the highest A C! Now we have important
one on the ridge south of Sermathang; support for this matter!
below it are: Thaalo, omdong, - tam kor-ti 'ma-
L -
Mehnjya). pred.ph.erg. YE L U (AQ L
U) insinuate; hint at.
h tapta n. Lw (YyL w
M- tam 'kyal- pred.ph.erg.
M-
jE Ug ) rug shaped to fit a L J| gossip.
horse's back or the saddle. [Note:
- tam kyoo-di 'ma-
M -
consists of three sections] pred.ph.erg. L jyL U (AQ L
-
-`U j` tap-sigi tsho U) say s.th. indirectly.
n. wEL | place names: pilgrimage S tam kharpe n.ph.
place above the Melamchi River near (lamaistic) L| fable; legend.
Naahkote. U S mU| tam-gi kharpe
'zo-gen. L E |
{S -} tabu {kha-la
ehn-} n. {v.i.} Yy {g} {ride on} a illustrate s.th. with a fable/ legend.
horse. SM ` l- tam
khokpa nahla 'aa- pred.ph.erg. L
tabyar n. A jC, A j T| hide s.th. (abstract); build
| sowing; sowing time. up resentments.
h` | tada 'tabyar TM` tam khyokto n.ph.
lep-sin. L j | It's time to `U L| crooked statement.
sow the mountain barley. (TM`) TM` ( )
` | nahbar -
- tam ('khyakta) khyokto
'neeh 'tabyar 'yeh-ba. U j j| (peh-ti) 'ma- pred.ph.erg. L `U
Tomorrow we will sow the wheat. U| make deceptive or distorted
t`U
` `U J ` statements.
L| nahbar 'yih-gi ooh ih-la - tam yi-tse
`g k -
'tabyar peh-ken. sum-dze 'ma- pred.ph.erg. HL Ct L
E jj| Tomorrow we will work on
255

U| say s.th. briefly.
`l` tam yomdu
n.ph. k L| sweet talk.
SU `l` E | 'kho-gi
tam yomdu 'ma-w 'du. E w
U j| He talks nicely.
h(L) h(L) - -
tam 'tala(k) 'tolo(k) 'ma-
pred.ph.erg. L g g | 'dambu 'ma- pred.ph.erg. L h
talk indiscriminately; babble along.
h-L tam 'te-k pred.ph.erg.
L Lt| interrupt s.b. talking.
h-L/ h-L tam 'teh-k/
'te-k pred.ph.erg. ALL L Lt|
gossip (negative connotation). '
h-L' | See also: 'mihdam
'te-k'.
h- tam 'too- pred.ph.erg.
Ehg t U| pronounce clearly;
speak properly.
SU h S | 'kho-gi tam
'too miih-khu 'du. F L t U M
j| He cannot pronounce things
clearly.
U h E | 'moh-gi tam
'too-me 'ma-w 'du. F L At U
j| She speaks unclearly.
jL l tam 'tshika sum
'i n.ph. g | a few words.
tam 'tshii
j `
sum-di-'ra 'yehba pred.ph.cop.
jtL | give a summary. '-,
' | See also: 'dii-, diiba'.
[Gram: cop.= specific attribution]
- tam
j -/ j -
tshur 'lahp- (W)/ tam tshur 'ma-
(E) pred.ph.erg. k | respond.
(j/ ) - tam (tshur/
phar) loo- pred.ph.erg. k |
answer; reply.
j tam tshombu n.ph. Y
V L| interesting story; thrilling
story.
k- tam dzol- pred.ph.erg.
k-
U| make a mistake in speaking.
k-' | See also: 'leeh
'
dzol-'.
- tam 'dambu
l l -
U| use clever talk (to gain one's
end).
m- tam 'zo- pred.ph.erg. L
m-
E, E U| make up s.th;
translate (coll.).
`U mH| yohlmu
tam-di 'magar tam 'zo-e.
E U| I translate from
Helambu Sherpa into Nepali.
tM - tam akpu
-
pehti 'ma- pred.ph.erg. pronounce
clearly.
t-/ t- tam am-/ ahm-
t-
pred.ph.erg./ non-erg. g U/
| spread news/ news spread.
` L` t yH| 'moh
'luhba 'kah tam am-di o-en. E
UE g U kj| She spreads
the news in the whole region.
` L` t ! di
tam 'luhba 'kah ahm-sin 'du!
S UE j ! This news has
spread throughout the whole region!
tU -
-/ t-/ tU
- tam 'emga 'or- (E)/ tam
'em- (W)/ tam 'em-ge 'lahp- (W)
pred.ph.erg. L At U| speak
imperfectly; pronounce indistinctly.
- tam 'heemba 'or-
w -
pred.ph.non-erg. w | mix up
languages.
256


wM tam hokpu n.ph. S, tii-le-gi tii-la pap-ken. HEt t

gL L| rough talk. AL A U| translate from
yU -
-/ y - tam
- one language into another.
ee-gi 'ma-/ tam ee peh-ti 'ma- V- tam 'praa 'gyur-
pred.ph.erg. L ALL U| speak pred.ph.erg. U| change subject
fluently. of conversation; twist the truth; twist
l- tam tahda 'aa- one's statements.
pred.ph.erg. LL U| arrange - tam
h (h)
s.th. phirta (phirta) 'ma- pred.ph.erg.
- tam 'tahp- pred.ph.e. L Et U| joke with expressions;
A E| get evidence; proof (by distort a message.
overhearing s.b.).
- tam phededede
-
- tam
(`) - 'ma- pred.ph.erg. g
'tehmba (-'ra) 'ma- pred.ph.erg. g (U L ) blab out things.
L U| tell the truth. h ` SU

yH|
h-L tam thaa 'te-k tam ti 'yeh-'na 'kho-gi phededede
pred.ph.erg. L t`VE| agree on a 'mee-di o-en. k L H E
deal. | He goes around
E yj
T`- tam thaa
h T`- blabbing out everything he knows.
'te-ti khyo- pred.ph.erg. L - tam 'phoo- pred.ph.dr.
t`VE E| sum up (a talk). L gt V| get hurt by hurtful
L - tam 'theka 'thee- talk. ' -' | See also:
pred.ph.non-erg. L ( p) 'sem-la phoo-'.
interpret what people say in a - tam phruk pruu-
L
straightforward way. pred.ph.erg. talk decisively; dispute
- tam 'theka 'ma-
L - s.th; deny s.th.
pred.ph.erg. L n U ( t U) `- tam ('phree)
() -/ `-
talk straightforwardly. ten-/ 'la- pred.ph.erg. LL U

- tam 'nohr- pred.ph.erg. EwE| broach a subject.
(o.f.) U| make a mistake in - tam 'baaa 'ma-
tt -
speaking. ' k' | See also: pred.ph.erg. L tt U| talk away.
'leeh dzol-'. - tam 'ma- pred.ph.erg. L
-
- tam pap- pred.ph.erg.
- U| talk.
(lamaistic) A U| translate. - g-U tam
( j) -
`U L| ('har tshur) 'ma-'ma 'tse-g
yohlmu tam 'magar tam-la pap-ken. pred.ph.erg. L ( E) U|
A Uj| I be on speaking terms.
am translating from Yohlmu into h / y tam
Nepali. 'ma-lu tii 'yeh/ yii 'yeh cl.cop.
- hU h L| tam LL HEtA j/ Ct A j| there is
257


an explanation/ there are two h- tam-gi 'tir-

U h-
explanations. [Gram: cl.cop.= pred.ph.erg. L| interrogate fiercly;
existential] press s.b. hard (fig.).
-
-/ S J`U U h LH|
- tam
- 'kho-la ohr-gi tam-gi 'tir 'koh-en.
'mahr 'mahr 'muhr 'muhr 'ma-/ ED L hj| We must
'mahr 'mahr 'muhr 'muhr peh-ti subdue him by interrogation.
tam 'ma- pred.ph.erg. L AtU U y tam-gi ee n.ph. LL
U| speak softly; discuss secretly. C| style of speaking; fluency in
[Phon: some speakers prefer high speaking. [Note: "the way it has to be
register: 'tam 'mar 'mar 'mur 'mur said and to sound"]
'ma-'] - tam-gi pe/
U / -
- tam
` tam-pe n.ph. LL E| proverb.
meh-yemba 'thee- pred.ph.erg./ dr. -` , t` g L
L AL | hear disturbing l L`
news. m` tL, ` t
- tam 'yir- pred.ph.erg. L
- ... tam-pe-'ra mihn-du
m` tL
YE| distort facts. le, "'ohba 'tsuu-di kahl 'yihndu-ni
- tam yo- (W) pred.ph.erg.
- nam-la 'uuh-si-'ma-na-ni 'kaba-la
nt U| falsify a matter; make zu-di 'ih-ken, sa 'tih-la
up s.th. 'uuh-si-'ma-na-ni a-la zu-di
l- - tam
l-/ h 'ih-ken!" 'mee-di... LL ES j ,
yohwa dor-/ 'teeh sihn- U UCLj AL Ey
pred.ph.erg. A E/ uE| find Su , k
evidence; proof. kLt ! ... Isn't
- tam yoo- (E) pred.ph.erg. there the proverb: "Once you have
L gH U| make up s.th; gossip gone into wedlock, if you try to hide
excessively. in the sky, they pull you back on your
` l- tam sa-di 'aa- legs, if you try to hide in the ground,
pred.ph.erg. L U T| be they pull you back on your hair!"
uncommunicative; keep s.th. secret. U/ - ` -L tam-gi/
` L | tam -la 'yido (N) peh-k pred.ph.erg. L
mah-sa-ba peh-ti e-ken. L LD U| come to a decision together.
| speak freely. m`- tam-gi/ -la
U/ - M m
- tam 'suhr
M - 'nakpa zu- pred.ph.erg. LL
'kyahp-ti 'ma- pred.ph.erg. jy Sl, Sl| find/ look for
H L U) allude to; hint at.
(L evidence; find/ look for proof.
- tam ('kha) 'or-
(S) - U/ - m`- tam-gi/ -la
pred.ph.non-erg. L SL| let out a yohwa zu- pred.ph.erg. A ,
secret. Sl, Sl| find/ look for
258
` `

evidence; find/ look for proof; find a tari n. g| work utensils: axe.
pretext for quarreling.
L tarka n. JS| fruits: walnut.
V tam-'gyal adj. Lt| L `/ 'tarka
gossiping. sildo/ pruhpsil n.ph. A n
V/ V tam-'gyal-ba Pt LL JS| fruits: walnuts
(m.)/ tam-'gyalmu (f.) n. L J which have come out of their outer
O| gossiper. shell.
- tam-pe n. E, ES|
- `C L ` T`V| ah-y
proverb; saying. 'tarka sildo 'tiih khyo-'gyo. A
- tam-bemba n. Lt|
- n Pt LL JS HL|| I
gossiper. brought walnuts which had fallen off
` tama n. `| names: name the tree and had come out of their
of the neighboring ethnicity. outer shells.
` `U ` h g {M-} tartsi {kyahp-} n.
l J`V| 'tama-'ya 'yih-gi {v.t.} , {U} {pile up} a pile.
ih-la 'teh-te 'mee-di 'dul oh-'gyo.
l U V h g
` M | pela-'ya 'aa-sa meeh-ba-gi
AHL j| Some Tamangs came to 'gyaa tii-la 'tartsi 'kyahp 'du. y
ask if they could live on our field.
T wE H HL wE j|
tamas (N) adv. A, | very. Because there is nothing to put things
'tamas yaahbu adj.ph.
in, they are piled up in one place.
A | a beautiful spectacle. `
tartu n. wEL | place
tamra n. | foods: beans. names: settlement on the western slope
L jM` H| tamra of the Melamchi River valley, about
'kosa 'thap-kya-'ra sah-en. opposite of Kayn Kahng.
LU SCj| Beans are eaten with M tahrkye n. OL |
the pods. names: personal name.
tayur (W) n. nL L HEt h/ h {j-
{j-/ -
-}
| divination: ancestory line for tahrto/ tahrtu {thar-/
shamans. phyar-} n. {v.t.} k {tV} cerem.
-
- tar- 'MU, tM`' | terms: {hoist} prayer flag.
See: 'tohkpagi, ohki'.
` {j-} tahrta {thaa-} n.
{g-} tar {tsii-} n. {v.t.} L, {v.i.} {k} {become} ice.
{UE} {stack up} a stack. ` {g-} tahri {tsuu-} n.
j h | de-la 'thee 'tar {v.t.} kL S {Uy} cerem. terms:
tii 'du. LL L j|/ {erect} pole for prayer flag. [Note: The
EL L j| Here is a stack of pole is made of a young silver fir,
books./ Here is a pile of fodder.
259
 `

stripped of its branches, except the M tahkpa adj. , |

top ones.] innocent; true.
talab (N) n. | salary M `U M `VU mH|
(monthly pay). 'U ' | See tahkpa raga mah-tahkpa sagye-gi
also: 'leega'. 'zii-en. A D
T`U| 'dawa
- Uj | God will judge who is innocent
reeh-reeh-la 'talab khyo-ge. L and who is not.
L Ej| He brings his pay S M | 'kho tahkpa 'yihn. F
each month. j| He is innocent.

` tai '-' | See: 'ta- M tahkpu n. L| owner.

(v.t.)'. M M-/ - tahkpu
'kyahp-/ 'tuh- pred.ph.erg. k |
tah n. EE| plants: fern. assume responsibility (for one's own
- tah- v.t. E| drive cattle. property or task). 'w M M-'
' -, -' | See | See also: 'hal tahkpu
also: 'yahr tah-, mahr tah-'. kyahp-'.
j- tah thaa- pred.ph.erg. M/
/ M -L tahkar/
YtE, tE| reduce (in fulfilling tahkyar peh-k pred.ph.erg. g
customs and obligations). [Usage: U| ascertain; find out.
mostly in the context of customs and `-` MM
festivals] M L| 'tehmba-'ra-da op
j ` `, 'kyahp-'kyo tahkar peh-ken. nt
j | di 'thepa 'toh-le 'leehmu g jtEj| They find out whether
mah-yoh-ba, tah thaa-sin 'du. it is the truth or a lie.
k H, L L YtCHj| ` tah n.
This festival was not what it used to 1) | melody; tune.
be; it was less elaborate than usual. ` y LH| tah ii 'koh-en.
j tah
j| (When singing or reading
maah-tha-ba peh-ti adv.ph. together) the voices must be in
YtDL| without reducing. unison.
-w j ` U| tah tee-di
LH| 'yuhl-him tah maah-tha-ba lehn-gen. L U UE| try out
peh-ti peh 'koh-en. UEL k a tune.
LD YtD Uj| We have 2) , | row (when sitting).
to fulfill the village customs without
` t ! tah iih-di 'teh!
cutting anything out.
! Sit in a nice row!
-
- tah pral- pred.ph.erg. `-` tah-ya n. , ,
nE, nE| explain; state clearly. | tune; melody; voice (singing).
' -' | See also: 'pra sal-'. `-` h !
260
`- l

'moh-ti tah-ya ti yaahbu 'yihm-ba! ` ` `U ! 'rah 'rah

EL UL L L j! She has tahga 'nahle! A-A gC ! Each
such a beautiful singing voice! one can do what he pleases!
U `-` ` tahbu temp. E| formerly.
` J`U| yohlmu 'lu 'mee-di `U U mMU w
'apru 'lu-gi tah-ya 'rihbu oh-ge.
| di tahbu-gi 'mih-'ya-gi
U UEL UL 'zo-'kyo-gi him 'yihm-ba. EL
j| The tunes of the songs of HL | This is a
Syabru are slower than the tunes of custom which has been established by
the songs in Helambu. the former generations.
`- tah- v.i./t. S, EY| be ` ` tahbu tahbu
ajar; open. ' `-, S -' (W) temp.ph. E E| once upon a
| See also: 'ser tah-, kha time.
phee-'. ` `/ `U
S ` h `H? 'kha tah-di tahbu 'tohle/ tahbu-'ga leh (E)
ti-be uh-en? L S S S temp.ph. E E| once upon a time.
j? Why are you crying with your ` tahbu num.ord. (lamaistic)
mouth wide open?
| ordinal numerals: first.
L ` l! 'koh tah-di
maah-'a! L S S! Don't keep ` tahma adj. ML, A|
the door open! genuine (of precious stones and
metals).
h S `U | 'tihbi
piihru-'ya 'kha tah-gu 'du. gL `` | di-ni ser
hg S A Uj | Look, the little tahma-'ra 'yihm-ba. A
birds have their beaks wide open! | This is pure gold.
MU S `C ` M| g tahtse 'tt' | See: 'ooe'.
'kyibu-gi 'kha ah-y tah-di ta-'kyo.
k tahze temp. S| at this
LLL S S L| I opened time.
the dog's mouth to look into it.
k L t!
` tahe adj. `` HL, A tahze-ni 'mih-ro nam-la phir-ko
UL| open. 'yeh-o! S EL Su C
j
S S ` L | 'kho 'kha ! At this time she is probably
tahe peh-ti 'teh-ku 'du. F S A U floating on a cloud!
j| He sits there with his
mouth wide open. l tahi temp. AY| a while
ago.
`U tahga n. Chj, gC| wish. S` l` L! khu-'ya
` l `U L! ah-la tahi-'ra kahl-di! E AY UH!
sah-e tahga 'kaa-di! D S h! They went a good while ago!
I don't feel like eating anything!
tahi kuhmu
l L`
261
 -

temp.+ n. UHL | last night. [Usage: 'g-' | See also: 'tsahr-'.

Some people also use 'da kuhmu'
- tahp- v.t. , E L
for 'last night; but strictly this means
U| measure (with various measures);
the night preceding yesterday.] deliver levies in kind (grains, liquor).
M- tahda kyahp- (W) `U L y j` L|
pred.ph.erg. jE| follow s.b. 'yih-gi kohmba-la 'u tha-'ya
[Usage: with literal and abstract 'tahp-ken. U A ky
meaning] '` `-' | See: 'ti j| We deliver grain, whisky and
yaa- (E)'. the like at the temple.
Jk AjA` M L 'tahp-ka n. C| measure.
M L | ohze 'bele '`-' | See also: 'loh-'.
'Atsham-'a tahda 'kyahp-te 'kyahp-te
tahpse temp. A, A| now
kahl 'du lo. S Aj jH (emphatic, expressive).
UHj | At that time Atsham followed AC - J
them.
M ! taah-ni 'ada-y
l- tahda aa- pred.ph.erg. paahma peh-sin - ohle tahpse 'tuhkpu
g , U| promise. ' l-' tee 'nahle! D U, A
| See also: 'tam tahda aa-'. DL S ! Now you have
L
`U l| married - and now look at the
di 'leeh peh ter-ke 'mee-di ah-gi troubles you have!
tahda 'aa-sin. L Uj g
tahm n. | bondage.
HL j| I promised to do this work -/ l- tahm-la taa-/
for them. 'aa- pred.ph.erg. U/ T,
` M- tahdo kyahp- | bind spiritual powers. 'l
(W) pred.ph.erg. E| invite L-, S- k-L' | See also:
(formally). '`l' | See: 'tahmda kal-, kha-nem dze-k'.
'pahden (E+W)'. U y y
- tah-na n. wEL | place U| pohmbo-gi lheni 'ini-'ya-la
names: Dana (a small settlement on the tahm-la taa-ge. nP - D
eastern slope of the Melamchi River Uj| The shaman binds the evil
valley, below Langgyapsa and ancestor spirits.
asyi-Thang). U lU| lama-gi
'tiih-la tahm-la 'aa-ge. D
tahnda (E) temp. A| now. j| The lama binds the evil spirit.
'' | See: 'nahre (W)'. U - tahm-le-gi then-
` tahnda pred.ph.non-erg. t L (O
tahnda-'ra temp.ph. | again ) come out of bondage.
and again; repeatedly.
- tahm- v.t./i. | bind (lit.
- tahp- v.i. S| fall down.
262
-j l

and fig.); tighten. UL j| First he was a monk, but

L L l| now he has changed his vocation and
'pulis-ki 'kumen-la tahm 'aa-sin. got married. So we say, "He has
gD T| The police forsaken his vow!"
bound the thief. k `- tahmdzi yahm-
l , l` L pred.ph.non-erg. g | vow loses
! 'lu lehn-de 'ma-na, 'diba its merit. [Gram: exp. takes gen.
'phok tahm-de 'i 'teh 'du! U UF <-ki>]
, U j! Just when I want to k ` h- tahmdzi
sing a song my throat becomes yahm tuu- pred.ph.erg. g U|
completely constricted, what a destroy s.b.'s vow.
nuisance! k j- tahmdzi thuu-
pred.ph.non-erg. g | vow,
-j tahm-thee n. OL
resolution deteriorates.
| names: personal name, m.
k j h- tahmdzi thuu
k tahmdzi n. tuu- pred.ph.erg. g U|
1) g, g| vow; resolution. [Usage: destroy s.b.'s resolution/ vow.
Some people use 'tahmda' instead.] k m`- tahmdzi zu-
h L
k m` l pred.ph.erg. g U| take a vow.
j `l `U| 'leeh tii k `- tahmdzi su-
peh-ke 'mee-di tahmdzi zu phando pred.ph.erg. g U| keep a vow.
sem 'har tshur ta-de meh-yoh-gen.
k m` l k ` LH|
L Uj g CLj E tahmdzi zu phando tahmdzi su
YE | If you have made a 'koh-en. g Uj U
j| If you
resolution to do something, you must have taken a vow, you must keep it.
not waver from it.
2) OL | names: personal name, f. l tahmda n. W, L,
k M- tahmdzi 'kyur- | promise; agreement. '`U
pred.ph.non-erg. g y| forsake a l l-' | See also:
vow. 'rah-gi sem-la tahmda aa-'.
[Usage: Some people use 'tahmda'
k V- tahmdzi 'gyur-
pred.ph.non-erg. g E`U U| and 'tahmdzi' interchangeably.]
change vocation. L- tahmda 'kal-
l L-
` L` , S T| bind (spirits). '
-, S- k-L' | See also:
k V lM g| J k
'tahm-la taa-, 'kha-nem dze-k'.
M H! 'toh-le 'kehlo 'uh-sin,
taah-ni 'kho tahmdzi 'gyur-ti 'dikten U l LV|
'tsuu-sin. ohle tahmdzi 'kyur-ti 'ma-en! lama-gi 'tiih-la tahmda 'kal-'gyo.
Q () , A g D SL| The
lama bound the evil spirits.
E`U U U| A g E`U

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l - tahmda 'thup- 2) EE| sharpen tools on a stone.

pred.ph.erg. L U| promise, L `! di 'karta toh-la
agreement remains valid. 'tahr-to! L `U
EF!
l h-L/ j-L tahmda Sharpen this knife on the stone.
'te-k/ 'the-k pred.ph.erg./ non-erg.
tahra n. , | buttermilk.
L U/ | break a promise, `U j tA` hU,
agreement/ promise, agreement is
t`A` hU, J
broken.
yH| oh 'a-ge-mu thu 'ohmo-'a
SU S` l h| 'kho-gi 'tol-ge, 'ahmu-'a 'tol-ge, ohle
'kho-'ra tahmda 'te-sin. E A tahra landi o-en.
L U| He broke his promise. j, g j, A
l m`- tahmda zu- j| When you churn the
pred.ph.erg. L U| keep a curds (to make butter) you add
promise, agreement. sometimes some hot water and
SU S` l m`| 'kho-gi sometimes some cold water, and so
'kho-'ra tahmda zu-sin. E A the buttermilk becomes quite thin.
L U| He kept his promise.
l l- tahmda 'aa- ` ` tahra tohro adj./
pred.ph.erg. W U, L T| make n. `U HL| rocky, uneven
-`U
a promise, agreement. (ground).
` ` ` L y LE
-L tahmbu peh-k | tahra tohro nah-le phar-ki o
pred.ph.erg. | be careful; take 'koh-w 'du. `U -`U
t k
good care of s.th.
j| Oh, we have to go through this
T`, jE! di rocky area.
tahmbu peh-ti 'khyer-to, thaa-w-'wa!
k U kF, t ! Take this
tahlen temp. | this
along carefully, it might break! year.
S`U ` L` `V,
tahmbe n. LwL HL ` LH| khu-gi 'nahni 'kasu
| household utensils: wooden ta-'gyo, tahlen ta meh-'koh-en.
bottle.
E E nHL
- tahr- v.t. | They
, nE
1) p| scrub (pots with abrasive performed the house spirit placating
material such as ashes or sand); rub ritual last year, so they don't need to
against. do it this year.
` y LH| - tah-loh temp. | this
tohbo-'ya-la 'tahr-ti o 'koh-en. S year.
j| You have to rub
y - t` h, ` `
against the bushes (when you go
h! tah-loh ahmyen 'lop-te,
through thickets).
264
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sabe 'piyo 'lop-te! t` names: Kutumsang (on the western

Mj, AY `U Mj! This year I ridge of the Melamchi valley); also
want to learn to play the shorter the saddle above Syuhnggan-Che.
string instrument, next year the longer
taalu n. wEL | place names:
one! settlement in the western part of
tahlda ' ' | See: Yohlmu, in the upper Tadi Khola
'toohri'. valley, north of Kulu.
taa n. Y| animals: tiger; leopard taah temp. A| now.
(bigger than 'ten'). T ` ! TC h H
- taa- v.t. , UE| fasten. `C l, ` A`
jewelry: wear; put on. ! khye so taah-ni! taah-ni
`
khye-y ti ma-e-di ah-y sem-la
`U l` l|
ah-gi 'rah piihru-la oba-la taa 'aasin, taah ah nahm-'a 'yi
'aa-sin. SL wD meeh-loh! A kF! L
S| I fastened the little goat to the SL, A L E j!
fodder trough. Go now! I know now what you want,
and I will not go to sleep anymore!
J ` A
LL | ohle 'rel-di 'pahla 'ama - taah- v.i. , S| be
'poh-la taa 'koh-ken 'nahle. A clean (pots); be rinsed thoroughly
g EUDL jE j| And (clothes). 'M -' | See
then you must fasten the rope near also: 'tihkpa taah-'.
the mother cow. ` Lh | ah 'kapta
- taa ter- pred.ph.erg. UC, taah-sin. Ly S| My clothes
C| jewelry: make a gift of are well rinsed.
jewelry.
- taah- v.t. wE , A U
`U Ml L| ah-gi Q T| take up space. [Gram:
'nuhmu-la 'kyehnda taa ter-ken. needs locative specification] reserve.
D U Cj| I gave my [Disc: in some contexts 'taah aa-' is
younger sister some jewelry. more appropriate]
l- taa-la 'aa- pred.ph.erg. `U E | di
A, T| discipline tohbo-gi de-la sa taah-w 'du. S
(humans); make submissive (animals).
wE j| This tree is just
A AU k l taking up space here.
LH| aba 'ama-gi pehza-'ya-la taa-la j yH ` `
'aa 'koh-en. A hgD
LH| thuda-la o-e-mu 'rah 'rah
Tj| The parents have to 'paalo taah 'koh-en. Yu k A
discipline their children.
Q Tj| When you go to
-S taa-khor wEL | place the mill you have to reserve your

265
 M

turn. treat s.b. well.

J V ` `U ` hU h k LH| tii-gi
tl lM| ooh rihl-'gyo tii-la taahndzen peh 'koh-en. HL
tohbo-di ah-gi i 'uuh-e-la taah ALD A U j| You have to
'aa-'kyo. L Sg EL estimate each other.
U Q SL! I have reserved h ` k L , S` `
this fallen tree for me to get the wood A` k` ! ti teeen
form it. taahndzen peh-ku 'du, khu yii-ni
t lH| 'bas-la 'sii taah nahm-'a mih-n-dzi 'du! E Ck
'aa-en. A t Q Sj| HL-ALD A Uj, L
On the bus one reserves a seat for nUy U ! These two really estimate
oneself. each other highly, they never quarrel
with each other!
S- taah khur- pred.ph.erg. Q
| side up with; be protective (e.g. -
-L/ -
-S/ -
-S
of one's children). ti-kohre/ ti-khore/ ti-khire loc.
T S , TU S `U| all around; surrounding.
Sh ? 'khya-ti 'kho 'su 'yihm-ba 'L-M' | See also:
leh, 'khya-gi 'kho-la taah khur-te-la? 'kor-kyihle'. [Gram: does not take
L F L , EL Q <-la>]
? What is he to you that you S` -L | khu
would take his side? ti-kohre peh-ti 'teh 'du. E U
U `U k l` H j| The are sitting in a circle.
SL ! 'moh-gi-ni 'rah-gi S` -S` g , l
pehza-'ya-la dibu-'ra taah khur-ku `U ! 'khaba ti-khore-'ra 'mehndo
'du! E A hgL HL Q 'tsuu 'du, yaahba-i 'tho-gu 'du! YL
j! Oh, she is very protective `U L j, M S
of her children! j! Oh, they have planted flowers
all around the house, how nice it

` k/
k
{-L} taahna tahmdzi (E)/
taahnam tahmdzi (W) {peh-k}
n.ph. {v.t.} A, L {U} {offer}
hospitality.
U ` k
L| yohlmo 'mih-'ya-gi taahna
tahmdzi yaahbu peh-ken.
j A L Uj| The shamans giving an accurate forecast).
Yohlmo people are very hospitable.
k -L taahndzen peh-k
pred.ph.erg. U| estimate s.b;
looks!
L` -S` L M
'kah ti-khire-'ra kahrta 'kyahp-sin.
yyL `U UHj| They put a
fence all around the hill.
M tikpu adj. k, wML |
divination: accurate (quality of
' M' | See also: 'moh
tikpu'. [Gram: excl.: 'tikpa!']
l` M , SU

266
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-S

M l` E | di sleep on).
pohmbo dibu-'ra 'tikpu 'du, 'kho-gi
`V tigyur n. L HEt
'moh 'kyahp-si-'ma-na 'na thamdi-'ra
LL | cerem. utensils: name of a
'thii-w 'du. nP k j, E religious book.
L kS wML kj|
This shaman is very accurate, all his ` tiba 'L` `' |
forecasts turn out to be true. See: 'kaba tiba'.

-
-S/ -
-S ti-khire/ `/
`/ ` ti-la/ ti-le temp.
ti-khore '-L' | See: j| later; afterwards.
'ti-kohre'. y- 'ti 'ti/
` `/ ` ` y-
'ti-da 'ti o- jE, j V|
U/
U/ {
-} tiga/ tiya follow s.b. (in a very literal sense).
{praah-} n. {v.t.} {Lt} {cut} '` `-, - ~ -' | See
umbilical cord. also: 'ti yaa-, -ta ~ -da'.
`-
`- ti- v.t. JjE| spread (out). `(U) 'ti(-gi) 'lahm
y h `U | ombu n.ph. (rare) AL , | future;
'teh-te-la tehn 'ti-ge 'nah. next time (when going).
D Ug JjEj | We spread `/ ` 'tima/ 'ti-me adj.
rugs for the guests to sit on. j| the next.
`U ` `U | `/ ` `| 'tima/ 'ti-me
'yih-gi toh tuh-de 'lahm-la 'ti-ge 'yihmu. t| the next day.
'nahle. Ut Lt t kEj ` J`UU Lh 'ti-le
| We would break up stones and oh-gen-gi 'keta n.ph. j L|
spread them onto the road. future.
` `-/ ` `-
`- ti yaa- ` 'ti-o '-' | See:
(E)/ ti ya- (W) pred.ph.non-erg./ '-o'.
erg. j V| follow s.b. [Usage: with -
- tin- v.t. | yield to s.th.
literal and abstract meaning] '` ` [Gram: inanim. undg. takes <-la>]
y-, M-' | See also: J`U LlU `-
'ti ti o-, tahda kyahp- (W)'. LH| ohra-gi kindo-gi

h(U) U ` `| su-'lahp-la tin-di 'leeh peh 'koh-en.
'ahpti-'ya(-gi) 'guru 'ti 'yaa-sin. DL AW A L U j|
g UD jH| The disciples We must yield to God's
followed the teacher. commandments as we go about our
` ` ` ! ah 'ti 'yaa-di work.
o! D jH AF! Follow me!
tip n. | insects and worms: bee
`U/ `U tigu/ tego n. y, (domesticated).
Jj| household utensils: mattress; L ` tip-ki du n.ph. L
mat (anything spread out to sit or S| sting of bee.

267
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- Mh

L ` ML/ `U/ A 2) place names: Timbu (village at the

L| tip-ki du 'kyahp-ken/ bottom of the Kahng-Yuhl ridge,
tuh-gen/ aa 'tap-ken. S between the path to Langgyapsa and
gj| Bees sting. the Melamchi River).
-j` tip-'tsha n. L Y|
- tiya (E) n. j| animals: lizard
beehive of domesticated bees. (quite big and living outside). 'g`'
-` tip-'prah n. | honey.
- | See: 'tsaba (W)'.
-
- tip- v.t. Uy| sink into. M- tiyo-la kyahp-
UA` L! goo-'a thip tip '`' | See: 'ih'.
ter-ken! tEL g kE Uyj!
I am going to punch your head into h-
h- tiru (N) tal-
your body! (Used when scolding pred.ph.erg. | pay taxes.
children!) - 'tiru 'tuh- pred.ph.erg. L
EwE| levy taxes. [Gram: undg. takes
tibu '' | See: 'tebu'. <-ki thoo-la>]
-
- tim- v.t. E, -
- til- v.t. E| make even
| bring under control; solve. cerem. (the ground by digging with a tool).
terms: write name on 'tahbar'. [Note:
S` m V U | 'khaba
compels the spirit of a dead person to 'zo-sa 'gyaa sa 'til-gu 'du. Yy kVU
stick to the 'tahbar', a piece of
E j| They are making the
paper to be burned during the ground even at the building site.
'neebar' ritual]
U L U| pohmbo-gi L L (L) tihk tihk (
pahp-ken-di tim-ge. nP L tihk) adj.ph. S| packed firmly;
Ej| The shaman brings compact. 'tL tL tL' |
(his own or others') shaking under See also: 'ihk ihk ihk'.
control. L L L ! 'tihk 'tihk
S`` ` V | tam 'tihk peh-ti 'luu! S S ! Pack it
khu-'ra nah-la tim-'gyo 'duba. L firmly!
E L j| They L L J`U `U`
solved the matter among themselves. h J`U| ser 'tihk 'tihk oh-ge
TU h` U | sogo-'ra tandi oh-ge. S
khye-gi nami-di tahbar-la tim-go HL U j| Because gold is
'yeh. E T LUk compact it is heavy.
Ej | (I) compel your soul to stick Mh tihktemba n. |
to this ritual paper. sinner.
timbu n. S Mh , `l
1) | household utensils: small ! 'kho 'tihktemba 'yihm-ba,

pestle. 'mih-la nidi meeh-ba! F ,
AD U ! He is a sinner, his is
268
M `

merciless to people! ` tih n. | bottom of vessel,

pond, etc.
M tihkpa n. | sin. ''
| See also: 'lahyo'. l `| 'mehnda 'tih.
M J`- 'tihkpa oh- LgL | bottom of bowl.
pred.ph.dr. V| be sinful. `| tehrma 'tih. L |
bottom of plate.
j-L 'tihkpa-gi
MU j` j-
'tsha-la 'thi-k pred.ph.non-erg. ` - 'tih 'tup-
pred.ph.non-erg. U Lt| cut
y | be an awful sinner.
deeply.
MU j` - 'tihkpa-gi
'tsha-le then- pred.ph.non-erg. Lk ` ? 'kahze-ba 'tih
'tup-a? LL U Lt? How deep
yt EL| end a sinful life.
is the cut?
M - 'tihkpa taah-
pred.ph.non-erg. O | sin is L`k ` | 'sorma
cancelled. [Gram: exp. takes gen. 'kah-dze 'tih 'tup-sin. HL K k
<-ki>] U Lt| The cut is about a finger
width deep.
M h- 'tihkpa taah tuu-
pred.ph.erg. O U| forgive sin; ` 'tih 'thup-a
remit sin. [Gram: goal (=recipient) peh-ti adj.ph. H| with
takes gen. <-ki>] perseverance.
M -L 'tihkpa peh-k 'tih 'theemu adj.ph.
`
pred.ph.erg. U| sin. U HL| shallow.
M `U U l- 'tihkpa ` ` 'tih 'rihbu adj.ph.
'rah-gi goo 'thoo-la 'aa- U| deep.
pred.ph.erg. A | ` `U 'tih
heap sin onto oneself. 'rihbu-gi tam n.ph. U A| deep
meaning. ' `U ' |
M tihkya conj. An| moreover. See also: 'yihn rihbu-gi tam'.
'`' | See also: 'tohro'.
`-l` 'tih-'u n. g,
M L Q| small piece of flat ground;
U
L H | tihkya 'yahmbu-la remote region.
kahl-di 'brumsi thaa-di 'teh-ken 'ma-en
sem 'yeh-ba. An Lwy UH Ug ` tih loc. , | below (e.g.
Moreover, I in text).
g j|
want to go to Kathmandu to weave hl L ` t H `,
carpets. A ` LH| "'tah-i
keesa 'ohlma" 'ma-e-di 'mee-do,
M tihkyi n. ooh 'tih-di 'ma meh-koh-en. L `
1) g| cerem. terms: auspicious t HEt gg , L
sign on the calendar. | Say this verse, "A bird called

2) OL | names: personal name. Keesang 'ohlma", the one below we

269
` y

don't need to say. Ll g M L LH|

kindo-la 'tihtsup kyil-la kohm
` tihal '`
' | See:
'tuhal'. 'koh-en. D UH
kj| You must meditate on God
`U tihga n. g| plain (fertile, fervently.
flat ground).
tihn num. | numerals: seven.

`
k {-} tihdzi {ten-} n.
{v.dt.} UL {SE} {have} k tihndzar n. ` t (,
weightiness; {show} ability. ED gE y) cerem.
utensils: seven small metal bowls used
j h `k LH|
'leeh thimbu peh-tela 'tihdzi ten for offering water. ' l -'
'koh-en. w L UD j| | See also: 'yehnda phul-'.
To do important work one needs to k tihndzi n. (lamaistic) ,
have the ability for it. | week.
T A `k ! k m`- tihndzi zu-
'khya abe puh 'tihdzi 'yeh-na o 'nah! pred.ph.erg. j L |
L j AF ! Come if you ceremonies: perform a ritual once a
dare! (giving a challenge, for example week for seven weeks after the death
for a fight). of a person.
`` tihsa temp. Ag| k ` tihndzi tahbu
nowadays. n.ph. (lamaistic) | first week.
`` J` ` l tihndu n. OL |
Lt ` | 'tihsa ohra-di names: personal name.
'leeh mahbu di 'kaarpi oo-le
y `-
`- tihna ta-
'yeh-ba. AkL Lg Ug u pred.ph.erg. H 49K U
j| Nowadays we get quite a lot of P| ceremonies: post-funeral ritual
work with the (weaveing of the) performed 7 weeks after death. [Note:
carpets. similar to 'kyehwa', but involves less
g tihtsi n. A, k| cerem. people; may also be performed for
terms: water coming from a small children who died (under 4-5
'uhp-thu' spring. years)]
g/ gg tihtsup/ tsihtsup y tihnu n.
(W) n. t T wE| crown of the 1) | lamaisms: animal.
head. 'hg/ hg ' | See: S yU M V | 'kho
'titsup/ tirtsup (E)'. tihnu-gi 'kyewa lehn-'gyo 'yihm-ba.
g/ gg M 'tihtsup/ E L k HL | He has been
'tsihtsup kyil (W) n.ph. | fontanel. born as a beast! (used as an insult).
'j (M)' | See: 'tshooma 2) OL | names: personal name.
(kyil) (E)'.
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- tihp- v.t. Uy| thrust into <-k> see appendix 7, sections 1-3. In
(ground or elsewhere). the E dialect /-te/ and /-de/ occur
Ll L, J M l regularly before the suffix /-'a/. In
J`U| 'kawa-zi tihp-ken, ohle 'kyibu the W dialect area /-te/ and /-de/
taa-e oh-gen. HEt Uyj, tend to occur everywhere.] [Note: The
LL j| I am going to thrust a perfect aspect form has a wide range
pole into the ground, and the we can of usages; to describe these would be
tie up the dog. a paper by itself.]
- tihp- v.i. | sink in (e.g. Al, ` L S !
ground). 'ai, ah-la 'koh 'kha maah-'phe
'mee-di 'yeh-ba! , D L S
` J A` J`
! rih tihp-simba-'ra 'om 'aha ohe HL j! Sister, I am told not to
then 'du! k H w w Sy open the door!
j! Oh, the ground has sunk in `U` j j L
and a wide hole is there! L| 'mehga-la-ni 'thoo-la 'tham
thimbu 'kap-ti 'yehken. Y
/
/ {J
{J`-} tihpa/ tehpa w w L jHL | The
{oh-} n. {v.i.}
{AE} smoke cooking shed (of the 'kohmba') was
{rise}. covered with large boards.
j- 'tihpa thaa- pred.ph.e. J U L T` L`
V ( A) smoke | ohle 'baso-gi
blackens (ceilings, etc.). kooba khyo-di 'kaba-la yaahbu
tihmba num.ord. | ordinal peh-ti tahm-sin. A L j H
numerals: seventh. Su | And he brought the
hide of an animal and bound it
` tihri temp. Ak| today.
around (the broken leg) neatly.
` L` / L`
/
L` 'tihri kuhmu/ J AE - tU
'tahlda kuhmu/ 'toohri kuhmu yH j` H , L`A h
temp.+ n. Ak | tonight. 'l S! ohle-ni aw 'dawa-temba-ni
L`' | See also: 'tahi 'uhgu silu ten-de o-en-mu-ni
kuhmu'. 'tho-de 'ma-en mihndu, 'kah-'aa
'te-te 'kho-ni! S LL
-/
/-/ -/-
/- -ti/-te ~ -di/-de vsf. - U SL H k
Q kE PL A, kyL V , yy Lt F ! And then
L kE PL A, -H| when uncle Dawa-Temba drew his
perfect aspect; expressive-emphatic bare knife, I tell you, he ran away, he
past; sequential action participle 1. went right over the hill!
[Phon: For the regular phonological JU `t ` L
alternations of suffix initial stops and M L, jh
the exception verbs marked with | ooh-le-gi au 'lah-di kahl-di
271
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'yuhl-la lep-ti nahm 'ma-na nam 'yehdzen thukpu kahl-di oh-sin 'du
'kyahp-ti 'teh-ken, 'tsher-te 'leehmu. lo. l g
UHj |
t Ew UH UE U j The older brother became richer every
k L , O V day.
k| From there I got up in the J t`U M
morning and went; and having arrived t`U| ohle di
h
in the village it kept raining; it was 'mahni 'ah-gen-di 'i-'kyo 'mih-la
really boring. thop-tu 'mee-di di 'mahni 'ah-ge.
J A E t, L A UL g LD
l V V J`! ooh-le UL | And this reciting of
peh-te-'aa 'aw 'uuh-di, 'leehmi kul ritual prayers is done for the benefit
'aa-di gyooba gyooba looh-di oh-di! of the deceased person.
t E t, l UCS jt l Lk yH TU
jt L AH! After that, having L| 'men 'mendu-la 'kah-ze
picked some apples, and having o-e-di 'khya-gi peh ter 'koh-sin.
arranged for field workers, I came K Eg k Vj
back quickly! D U| You have to
give me the expenses for the medical
-/
/- -ti~-di sf. g| specific
identification (singling out of treatment.
participants or parts); clause ` `U ! 'pahla
nominalizer; attributive possession. piihru-ni ah-ti-'ga 'yihn! UDL j
[Phon: For the regular phonological ! This calf is mine!
alternations of suffix initial stops see J MU k !? ooh
appendix 7, sections 1-3. But note 'kyahgar pehza 'su-ti 'su-ti taah!?
that this suffix has the following hg A LL LL? Whose
irregular phonological feature: in might it be, that Indian child!?
emphatic contexts after vowels (but -`/
`/ -` -ti-ma-'ra
not after voiced consonants) the form ~-di-ma-'ra vsf. -H| sequential
with the voiceless initial occurs. In action participle 4. [Phon: For the
the construction for attributive regular phonological alternations of
possession this is almost the norm.] suffix initial stops and the exception
jl `UU w J l verbs marked with <-k> see appendix
M | 'tshiiu ta-gen-gi him-di 7, sections 1-3.] [Usage: not very
ooh 'bela-le 'yihndu 'lih-'kyo 'du-ba. frequent]
jl U S L j| The ` L` L! ah
custom of performing the 'tshiiu' kahl-di-ma-'ra 'mee ter-ko-'wa! UH
festival dates from that time. E! I will go and tell them!
A ` `k jM L - tii- aux.dep. t t
J` | 'ada-di 'yihma CHL P ky L P|

272
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auxiliary used with verb stems UHj! And now it was Guru
borrowed from Nepali. [Gram: Rihmbur-thee who destroyed the
vs+aux.dep.] [Note: for possible demons!
etymology see 'moh thii-, moh -` 'tiih-'lu n. L |
tikpu'] [Disc: not used without hurricane.
preceding loan vs, except in replies to -` Lk` J`U !
questions using a loan vs] di 'tiih-'lu-di 'kahze-'ra oh-ge
UA` j S| 'yihm-ba! L L AE
'su-gi-'a di 'muta 'thin-'tii maah-khu. j! What a terrible storm!
L j L| Nobody k
tiihzi n. S, L, |
could solve this (court) case. season; occasion; time span.
J L w ! ohle-ni ` kU L
'kumen 'haar-'tii-de 'nahle! A g
``| ih-la 'tiihzi-gi 'kame
w ! And so it was proven that ter-na-ni sah 'yuh-sin. L LC
he was a thief!
S Cj| If the
L w?- | 'kumen season allows field produce to grow,
'haar-'tii-ba? - 'tii-sin. F g w? - you get to eat.
w| Was it proven that he was the m` 'tiihzi zabu n.ph.
k
thief? - Yes, it was.
| auspicious time.
- tiih- v.i. | burn; catch fire. k m`` J`, A
'-, -' | See also: 'bar-, l, MA l| 'tiihzi-ni
saa-'. zabu-'ra oh-sin, la'maa dal-sin,
U| 'meh 'tiih-gen. AU | 'kyahlbu-'aa dal-sin. j,
catch fire. L kL U C| It
` U| i 'tiih-gen. E | was an auspicious time, I venerated
wood burns. the lama and the king.
- tiih sah- pred.ph.erg. g, l
` tiiha n. SL
| exploit. L| cerem. terms: liquor and food
U t`U U| 'mih-gi collected for festivals.
'thoo-la 'aga 'tiih sah-gen. A
tu n. , | vagina.
EwH S| exploit people.
- tup- v.t. Lt| cut (fodder/
/ {-} tiih (m.)/ wound); fell (trees); slaughter.
tiihmu (f.) {uuh-} n. {v.i.} /
`U `,
{} {be possessed by} a m` `| 'yah-gi 'phowa
demon (the most evil kind of evil 'tup-simba-'ra, nahndi 'zo-simba-'ra
spirits). toh ten-do. jL t Lt `U

U -jU U ! 'gu nM| Cutting up the belly of the fish,
'rihmbur-'thee-gi-'ga tahpse 'tiih making a wound, take out the stone!
'dul-de! U j D
273
- M

J`U U L - tuh- v.t. EwE| pick up; collect

L| ohra-gi 'baso-gi 'mihli from. ' -' | See also:
thop-na-ni 'tup-ken kahl-sin. 'tiih sah-'.
L k D Lt | - 'tuhe 'tuh- (W)
l
If we are reborn as an animal then it pred.ph.erg. k EwE| collect
will be our lot to be killed. interest in form of grains. 'ykL'
- tum- v.t. L | wrap up | See: 'uzok (E)'.
s.th. ' -' | See also: 'yul -L 'tuhsum peh-k

tum-'. pred.ph.non-erg. kUE, |
economize.
M
tuhrkya n. SL U
A| food eaten before dying. L
-M -L tuhk-kyi e-k
[Note: The implication is that dying pred.ph.erg. S-SL L U| tell
people eat a lot quickly.] one's troubles.
T(U) M `? khye(-gi) U ` hl w L-M L
'tuhrkya 'yaa-sin? Yg j? Do you | 'moh-gi ni 'toh-e hi 'tuhk-kyi
think you are eating your last meal? e-ku 'du. E V U A
(Used to scold s.b. who is eating with S-SL L Uj| She is telling all
bad manners.). her troubles making us feel pity for
her.

tuhrsa n. g| cremation
place. M
tuhkpu n. S, Lt| hardship;
poverty; suffering.
- tul- v.t. E| tame; break in M - 'tuhkpu 'yuh-
``
(things, people, and animals). pred.ph.non-erg. S E| go through
`y l LH| 'lau hardship; suffer.
'mo-e-la 'tul 'koh-en. kD
yHl
Ej| Young oxen have to be M ``| 'yahmbu-la
trained for ploughing. o-e-i peh-pa-ni 'lahm-la phet 'thule
j` U ` 'tuhkpu ''yuh-sin. Lwy
h j t ` H| J UCtL S C| I was
VU H| 'phumba-la tha eager to go to Kathmandu, but on my
'luu-ge 'mee-di 'toh-le lehma tii thu way I got into great difficulties.
'ohmo nah-la 'luu-di yo-en. ooh-di-la - 'tuhkpu ter- pred.ph.erg.
M
'phumba 'tul-'gyo 'ma-en. Z ky S (E) persecute; give
LCj| trouble.
D Z E j| Before you M -L 'tuhkpu peh-k


put beer into a (new) earthen pot, you pred.ph.erg. S U| work hard.
put the pot into warm water and heat
` S`U l` ( ) M
it. This is what we mean by "breaking
| da khu-gi dibu-'ra ('leeh)
in" the pot. 'tuhkpu peh-sin. k E

274
`-
U| Yesterday they worked very hard
(physically).
- 'tuhkpu bap- pred.ph.dr.
M -
(poetic) S ACV| be overtaken by
misfortune.
`- tuh- v.t. t| beat; thresh;
gore (attack with horns). 'L`'
| See also: 'kaba'.
yU M L` U
y ` LH H| 'ini-gi 'mih-la
'tuhkpu ter-ko-'ra pohmbo-gi 'ini
tuh 'koh-en 'ma-en. jD `
S HL nP D num. (HL)Ly (1,0000000)
Ej j| Because the spirits
of the deceased trouble people, they
say, the shaman must drive them out
by beating them.
` -/ - tuh-da ter-/
sah- pred.ph.erg./ erg. tC / S|
give/ get a beating.
` {-} tuh {phu-} n. {v.t.} S|
musical instruments: {blow} conch shell
used as a horn (used in lama
ceremonies).
`/
/ ` tuhal/ tihal n.
g, | worry; anxiety.
Lk , h horizontal roof rafter (the largest
`! 'mihro-'ya-la 'nohr 'kahze
'ma-na 'yeh, ti 'tuhal! ED
k j, LL ! The have all the
wealth they need, they don't need to
worry!
` -L 'tuhal peh-k
pred.ph.non-erg. U| to worry; be
worried. [Gram: subject of worry may
take <-ki tehnda-la>]
`V TU ` L 'sohm, oolum'.
| sagye 'khyowa-gi tehnda-la
'tuhal peh-ku 'du. `V L
`
g Uj| Sanggye is
worrying about her husband.
T U A
l` ` L | khye
'yahmbu-le-gi mah-lep-a 'mee-di
'ama-'ya-gi dibu-'ra 'tuhal peh-ku
'du. Lwyt ACU
A l g U j| Your
family is very worried because you
have not come back yet from
Kathmandu.
V (h) tuhgyur (tii)
numerals: 10,000,000.
`V j`U| 'mahni
tuhgyur 'tsha-ge. U Ly Vj|
It will add up to ten million ritual
prayers.
` / ` tuhbu/ tohbo n.
S, t| tree; plant; stem.
` h| tuhbu 'todo. SL
t| top of tree.
` `/ | tuhbu 'ri/ 'rin.
SL | stump of tree.
`
tuhma n. , yy-t|
house parts: roof rafter (generic);
ones, put into place first).
tuhmbu n. (w S,
gUwL gE )
household utensils: churn (big size).
[Note: wooden container used for
churning butter; up to 1.5 m. in
diameter and 1 m. high] [Usage:
mainly used by cattle breeders]
', t' | See also:
` tuhmbu n. (LL
275
 - -

HL) cerem. terms: stone khu 'tuuh-la mahbu 'teh 'koh-en.

monument erected on the cremation S j|
places for lamas (has the shape of a Among the Hindu Nepalis they have
small stupa). to be in mourning a long time when
somebody dies.
- tuhr- v.t. U, l| put
together in juxtaposition; compare - 'tuuh lep- pred.ph.dr.
(with negative conn.). [Gram: | be poisoned.
counterpart takes <yambu/ ` ! ah-la 'tuuh
yimbu>] lep-sin 'du-ba! D j! I realize
that I have been poisoned!
L | 'bal 'tuhr-ken. l|
compete in strength. - tuuh- v.t. M| inhale; expose
M L | 'kyuh 'tuhr-ken. to warmth. '' | See also:
l| compete in wealth. 'meh'.
L | epa 'tuhr-ken. U | 'moh-gi 'men
l| debate (shamans). 'tuuh-sin. E KL C| She
S` S-` M inhaled medicated steam.
hA` L J`U| khu U M `| 'mehme-gi
'meehme-'ya-la 'kha-da 'lahkpa ukpa 'tuuh na-sin. k
'tuhr-te-'a 'kaahbu oh-ge. ED | Grandfather cleansed
S ky j| This himself from defilement by inhaling
family finds it difficult even to get fumes of incense.
enough to eat.
` te n. | storey (of house).
tuuh n. S` LU ` t

1) | poison. L `| khu 'pheebe-'ya
2) S| mourning. kohmba-gi te-la 'phep-ti 'eeh 'kyahp
S-/ g- 'tuuh khur-/ 'tsii- na-sin. E UL gt UH
pred.ph.erg. S | observe U| The men went to to
mourning period. upper storey of the temple and held
l S` U S counsel.
L| 'mih 'ii phando 'khaba `U tego '`U' | See:
'mih-gi 'tuuh khur 'koh-sin. 'tigu'.
j YL j S j|
When somebody dies the family has h - teta (W) phul-
to observe a period of mourning. pred.ph.erg. UE| sing songs of
-L 'tuuh-la 'teh-k
praise. ' ' | See: 'teera (E)'.
pred.ph.non-erg. S | be in - ten- v.t. L| pull out.
mourning. kU Lh l` LU
`U S` ` | pehza-'ya-gi 'kapta
LH| 'magar-'ya 'i-si-'ma-na thamdi-'ra kahm-le-gi ten-sin.

276
-

hg Lt Ly L| ' | See also:

splinters). '
The children pulled all the clothes out 'laahdi'.
of the chest. SU ` U l mE | 'kho-gi
'tho 'tebu-gi ar-ti 'zo-w 'du-ba. E
- ten- v.dt. SE| show.
Jk `U T Ll ! j E j| Oh I
ohze-ni ah-gi khye-la ten 'koh-e see, he shapes the plough with an
meeh! L U D adze.
SE j! I don't need to give {M-} tem {kyahp-}
proof to you for that! pred.ph.erg. , tL {E} {erect} a
m- ten ta-en-i 'zo-
Hl m- support.
pred.ph.erg. St U| show off; S` S` l , M
pretend s.th. M lM| khu 'khaba rohm-de
- ten 'phep- pred.ph.erg. S peh-ti, 'tem 'kyahp-ti 'kyor-ti 'aa-'kyo.
| appear to s.b. (e.g. spirits to EL Y L U tL UH
people). AyCSL| Their house was about
to collapse, so they put supports
-L ten ten peh-k
pred.ph.erg. g U| decide. around it.
J`U LH| y temel '
' | See:
ohra-gi di tam ten ten peh koh-en. 'temrel'.
L ML U j| We must temba n.
decide about this matter. 1) L| success; fame.
j t LL Lh 2) OL | names: personal name,
L| tshoo-di 'eeh 'kyahp-ken m.
'bele 'keta ten ten kahl-sin. H
j-/ g- 'temba 'tshuu-/ 'tsuu-
U L ML | The matter pred.ph.erg. L U| establish
was decided in a meeting. s.th. (e.g. a religious system). [Gram:
-L ten ten 'tii 'tii established system takes gen. <-ki>]
peh-k pred.ph.erg. ML g U|
U jU g S
decide firmly.
l | di-la lama-gi 'thee-gi 'temba
V ` tengyi liba n.ph. 'tsuu-di loh 'khaee 'uu 'du lo.
L | clan names: lama clan. L U L j
tendo n. (hon. of 'u') A| | Here the lama stayed for some
grain harvest. years, establishing the religion.
k- 'temba 'dzin-
k-
-/- -tep/-tap 'j, , pred.ph.non-erg. L U| be
, ' | See: 'tshur, phar, victorious; be successful. [Gram: exp.
mahr, yahr'. takes gen. <-ki>] [Disc: 'dzin-' has
/ tebu/ tibu n. | work not yet been observed in other
utensils: adze (used to scrape off wood contexts]
277
-`

`U kl
L 'thee-gi 'temba 'tahr-te-la
M ! ah-gi 'temba 'leeh-'lahmu meeh-ba. L U
'dzin-de 'yeh-na di prehka-la lohma k j| It is not easy to establish a
'kyee-di o! L A j religion victoriously.
x E AJ| If I will be -`/
`/-`
successful, may there sprout leaves on -temba-'ra~-demba-'ra vsf. -H|
this stick! sequential action participle 3. [Phon:
m`- 'temba zu- pred.ph.erg. For the regular phonological
L L U| establish oneself. alternations of suffix initial stops and
` m`U| 'rah the exception verbs marked with
'yuhl-la 'temba zu-gen. A UE <-k> see appendix 7, sections 1-3.]
L L U| establish oneself in [Note: predominantly used in the W
one's own village. dialect area]
- 'temba 'nup- pred.ph.erg. J L` l
L UE| spoil success. | ohle phar kahl-demba-'ra
U SU | 'mehme-gi 'phuu-i-la lep 'du lo. t UH HEt
'temba 'kho-gi 'nup-sin. kL L
Jy Uj | And having gone a
E U| He spoiled little further there was a cave.
grandfathers success.
- 'temba 'nuhp-

tembu peh-ti adv.ph.
pred.ph.non-erg. A | lose k U, U| carefully;
fame; lose ground. [Gram: exp. takes watchfully. 'k' | See also:
gen. <-ki>] 'dzembu'. [Gram: excl.: 'tewa peh-ti']
S`U | taah khu-gi ` ! 'tembu peh-ti su
'temba 'nuhp-sin. A EL L loh! k ! Now go carefully!
A | Now their fame is
/ y (
/ gM)
gone. temrel/ temel (yaahbu/
jU L| 'thee-gi 'temba tsokpa) n. (adj.) L (/ A)
'nuhp-ken. j| The religion cerem. terms: omen (good/ bad).
loses ground. - 'temrel ta- pred.ph.erg.
-
- 'temba 'tahr- C | look up an auspicious time.
pred.ph.erg. Clk, w | gain `- 'temrel nohng-

the victory. pred.ph.non-erg. C U| be under a
J` U bad omen. [Gram: exp. takes
J`l ! taah ohra 'yuhl-la attributive <-ti> or gen. <-ki>]
'tiih-gi 'temba 'tahr-te oh-de peh-te! yH `` ` `,
A UE L k V! j `U| then-di
Now the demons are about to gain the o-e-mu sahbu 'toba 'tho-na, 'mih
victory in our region! thimbu 'thuu-na 'temrel noh-ge.
jU h

-
| L k UU t w j
278
 -`

t C Uj| When, upon ! Mummy, please give me

leaving the house (on a special some money!
occasion), you see an empty water pot S ! di 'khura
or an important person, it is a bad 'nooh-la ter loh! t CD !
omen. Look, give this piece of bread to your
-L 'temrel peh-k little brother!
pred.ph.erg. C U| perform
- ter- aux. P + -C + | do the
auspicious rites. action for someone (benefactive).
/ gM J`- 'temrel [Gram: vs perf. + aux.] [Disc: In some
yaahbu/ tsokpa oh- pred.ph.dr. C constructions the order of the main
/ | be under a good/ bad verb and the auxiliary can be
omen. reversed, see second example
` ` J`| sentence.]
'tihri 'yih-la 'temrel yaahbu oh-sin.
U hA` | di
Ak D C | Today we 'luhndi-gi-ni ti-'a 'mee meh-ter 'du.
were under a good omen.
j| This
L
ter n. | precious jackal is saying nothing for my
stones and metals; treasure. '`, defence.
`' | See also: 'nahden, L g`
nahder'. g` ! 'mahr-le 'yahr-ki ter 'tsoh
` `U J`U, 'mee-ba-ni mah-'tsah 'du! t
J LU J wC L wCHj! I said they
TL| 'mahni-'ya nah-la should send them up from down
tahbu-gi ter ohge, ohle there, but they didn't!
'kumen-'ya-gi 'mahni-'ya-la rom-di ooh
-`/
`/-` -te-'ra~-de-'ra vsf.
ter-'ya ten-di 'khyer-ken.
CL Q kE PL
EL j, A A) perfect continuous aspect.
g LH j| [Phon: For the regular phonological
In the prayer walls there are old alternations of suffix initial stops and
treasures hidden, and so thieves pull the exception verbs marked with
down the walls and run off with the <-k> see appendix 7, sections 1-3.]
treasures.
y ` | tahnda
- ter- v.dt. | give. [Gram: 'samma-ni 'ibu ter-te-'ra 'yeh. A
familiar imp. = 'la!' when speaker CL j| Up to now he
equals recipient (to me/ to us); 'ter!' has been giving money.
when "give to s.b. else" (to him!/ to ` L ` L|
them)] ah lep-ke-mu 'nuhmu-di 'bree
A, ` t`U ` ! 'ama, sal-de-'ra 'yeh-ken. V g
ah-la 'aga 'la leh! A, D g LCL C| When I arrived

279


my younger sister was cleaning rice. ED AF Ly L L

terere ' ' | See: L| I pulled him by his clothes,
'therere'. telling him to come now.

L

`
U {} ter-ku lehn-gu h
yl tehtu ou '

{yeh} n.ph. {cop.} {j} {have} y' | See: 'tehlu olu'.
unsettled matters (concerning material
tehn n.
things). 1) y, jE| mattress (thicker
J` ` hA` L `U | and better quality than 'tigu').
ohra yii-di ti-'a ter-ku lehn-gu 2) Ug | bed-sized rug. [Note: This
meeh. CL L j| We 2nd sense is borrowed from Tibetan.]
don't owe each other anything. 3) A, | meaning; reason; cause.
L
tehrka n. g L gE jU `U t L SH
A S jE jE t kHL | ! 'thee-gi tehn ah-gi 'prasa
cerem. foods: plate of food given at 'kaah-la 'ma khuu-e leh! L A
New Year. L tU Mj ! How should I
be able to explain the meaning of the

tehrma n. | plate (big books clearly!

metal plate).
(-) y- tehn(-la) up-
(-

tehrsen n. U | claws. ' y-' | See: 'tehnda up-'.
-L teh-k v.i. | sit; live; stay. k tehndza ' ' | See:
'-` -L' | See also: '-'yi 'tehnda'.
teh-k'.
l l- tehndam-la aa-
L| phet 'thule 'teh-ken. pred.ph.erg. T, L T|
| stay for a long time. control; bind.
-L teh-k aux. P + -C + T, L U l lU|
| keep doing action of the main pahp-ken-di-la pohmbo-gi tehndam-la
verb. [Gram: vs perf.+(<-ti>) + aux.] 'aa-ge. LD nP Tj|
L | di
M y The shaman controls (his own or
'kyibu-ni 'mih sa-la ee-di 'teh-ku 'du. others) shaking.
LL AL UCj| Oh, this
-` tehn-tha n. wEL |
dog keeps going to other people's place names: small settlement with a
places. temple between Naahkote and
L
L
- tehk tehk then- asyi-Thang, above Boldir.
pred.ph.erg. L L | pull
/
/ k tehnda/ tehndza n.
repeatedly.
A, | meaning; reason; cause.
`U S Lh L HU | yohl
L V| ah-gi 'kho-la o 'mee-di 'ma-e-gi tehnda-di yohlmo. L
'kapta-la tehk tehk then-'gyo. A | "Yohl" stands for
280


"Yohlmo." fulfill s.th.

J HU k, g y- tehnda yaahbu

L U jL-j 'up- pred.ph.dr. E| have
L `U` good success.
M | ohle yohlmo 'ma-e-gi
T`
tehndza-di, di 'tsiiri kohmba-le rih-gi yL| 'temrel-di yaahbu
thak-'tshul ta-na rih-di yohl 'yeh-ken tee-di 'nama khyo-si-'ma-na tehnda
sogo-'ra yohlmo 'mihn 'lih-'kyo yaahbu 'up-ken. C
'yihm-ba. A L A g, g j| If you bring the bride
Ut L SyL t having looked up the auspicious time
AkL tk SL L things will go well (with the couple).
UHL | And as to the tehnda-la pp. ,
meaning of "Yohlmo", because from | concerning; for this purpose.
the Tsiiri temple the landscape looks [Gram: concern/ purpose takes gen.
like an empty handful (i.e. 'yohl') it <-ki>; with <ti> (what) <-ki> is
got the name "Yohlmo". optional]
L tehnda kambu-la LtL h ` H
n.ph. , | without any | di 'kaarpi-ki tehnda-la tam
reason. tii yii 'ma-en 'yihm-ba. Lt L
h y -L tehnda HL C L gj| am I
tii-la ii-di 'teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. going to talk a little bit about carpets.
HEt L U ( ) be J T h(U) J`V?
one in purpose. ohle khye ti(-gi) tehnda-la oh-'gyo?
j` j` tehnda 'thaa A L L A? And for what
'thue n.ph. - L| purpose did you come?
insignificant matters.

h (`) tehp
/ y- tehnda/
/ tii-la(-'ra) adv.ph. HL | in one
tehn/ tehn-la 'up- pred.ph.non-erg. time.
, | be fulfilled; be M g h` wH M|
successful. nekyi 'tsiibu-'ya 'tehp tii-la-'ra 'hu-e
j LH, LH, J 'ma-'kyo. kw y HLgt L|
U yL| 'yih 'thee I thought I would wash the dirty
koh-en, 'meehba peh 'koh-en, ohle dishes all together.
sem-la nee-gen-di tehn 'up-ken.
Uj, U
j, A
- tehpa looh- pred.ph.erg.
gHL j| You must believe, w LE, A U| forsake s.b;
you must have faith, and then your become unfaithful (to deity, teachers).
wish will be fulfilled. SU U | 'kho-gi
y h- tehnda 'up tuu- 'guru-la 'tehpa looh-sin. E UD
pred.ph.erg. UE| carry out; w L| He has forsaken his

281

`

teacher. A j| I see, they have a

'tehpa
good life style.
maah-loh-ba peh-ti adv.ph. A
-
-/ -
-hU `U
U| remain firm (in purpose, tehwa-/ dewa-ten-gi ihgam
commitment). n.ph. UL| lamaisms: the highest

tehmu adj. k, U, heaven.

AU | easy; comfortable. [Gram: - tee ter- pred.ph.erg. ,
excl.: 'tehwa!']
kh| examine. '-' | See
tehmba adj./ adv./ n. | also: 'ta-'.
true; truth; truely. U , h
L,
- 'tehmba 'tahr- ` H EC| 'mih-'ya-gi o
pred.ph.erg. g L S| validate 'mee-de, "ti seeh kahl-ba, di 'mih-la
the truth (in a ceremonial way). tee 'la" 'ma-en. j (nL D)
MU, 'SU` L MM H, L , jD
'
H, A L U, '` j| The people call me and say,
' L yH| "What happened to this person, please
tahkpu-gi, "'kho-gi-'ra 'kumen examine him."
'kyahp-'kyo 'yihn" 'mee-di 'ma-e, ohle
{`-
{`-} tee {tho-} n. {v.t.} g,
'kumen-gi, "ah mihn" 'mee-di
{T} {see} a sign; {see} an
kohmba-la 'tehmba 'tahr o-en. apparition (see s.th. unusual).
L g, E gL j g- tee 'tsuu- pred.ph.erg.
g g, gL C U KE| take aim; point at.
UH L Sj| The owner says that MU gl `U !
he has stolen his possession, but the 'mih-la 'lahkpa-gi tee 'tsuu-e
thief says it wasn't him, and goes to meh-yoh-ge leh! jD K
the temple to validate his claim in a
SE ! You mustn't point at

ceremonial way. people with your finger!
-/ -L 'tehmba j- tee thuu- pred.ph.non-erg.
'tehnsum ter-/ peh-k pred.ph.erg.
V| miss the goal (when
U| promise solemnly. shooting).
- 'tehmba 'ma-
- tee sihmbu adj.ph.
pred.ph.erg. | speak the truth.
| steady (e.g. hand when aiming
` 'tehmba-'ra adv. at s.th.).
g| interjections: indeed; really. S M | 'kho-ti

-y/

h
yl teh-lu 'lahkpa tee sihmbu 'yeh. EL L
o-lu/ teh-tu o-u n.ph. j| He has a steady
A| usual behaviour; life style. hand when aiming at something.
S`U y | khu-gi `
teeen 'h ` ' | See:

'teh-lu o-lu yaahbu 'du. L
282
`U M

'ti teeen'. L y, ! 'tok o, rooh-'ya!

`U teega (W) n. MS (yL SML y , ! Let's go without
hesitation, friends!
F HL Lt) clothing: woolen
jacket. [Note: hand-woven of L L L ( ) tok tok tok
homespun wool] '`' | See: (peh-ti) adv.ph. gtML () neatly.
'phoo (E)'. L L L lU | 'tok 'tok
'tok peh-ti 'aa-gen. gtML T| put
` teeni n. wEL |place
names: settlement in the western part away neatly.
of Yohlmu, in the upper Tadi Khola L L L LU| 'tok 'tok 'tok
valley, north of Kulu. kehn-gen. gtML UE| put on
neatly.
{-
{-} teemu {ta-} n. {v.t.} , L L L U| 'tok 'tok 'tok
{} {enjoy} a show; {watch} a 'pruh-gen. gtML T| write neatly.
spectacle.
L L (L) U| 'tok 'tok
S, Ll! teemu ('tok) sah-gen. SS S| eat up s.th.
meh-ta 'khame, ta 'koh-e! neatly.
, j! We must watch the
spectacle, not watching it just won't L - tok dee- pred.ph.erg. j
do! j| touch lightly.
'tok-tse(-i) 'dee-
Mg(l) -
- teera (E) phul- pred.ph.erg. j()j| touch
U| sing
pred.ph.erg. UE, very lightly.
songs of praise. 'h' | See: Jk `U L` L
'teta (W)'. [Note: done on special gMLL Mgl U
w M
|
occasions, e.g. when religious books ohze-la-ni ah-gi 'yoma 'kaba-la
are brought to another place or 'bas-ki 'tsakkar-ki 'tok-tse-i 'dee-gen
during 'tshiiu tagen'] hi nee-'kyo. Su
to n. S, k, | main meal; L `U j jHL k UL
cooked grains. | At that moment it felt as if (I)
- to yo- pred.ph.erg. S
- had been touched lightly by the wheel
LE| prepare a meal. of the bus.
( )U| to 'sehn L-
L-L tok-tok adj. A
(yee-di) sah-gen. S y (Jy) ()kEL| smallish, somewhat
S| have corn mash for the meal. thin.
tosa temp. L S k L-L h | pehza 'tok-'tok
| lunch time (10.00-12.00). tii 'du. A kEL
L tok intens. kL, g, SML| j| The child is smallish and
intensifier for 'lehn-, kyaa-, aa-, somewhat thin.
khur-, khyer-, kyur-, o-, sah-, M -L tokla peh-k
dee-'; speedily.
283
U -
-

pred.ph.non-erg. nML| act ` (h) tora (tii) num.

impetuously.
M j/ M j tokla k` toza n. Y|
'tshandi/ tokla 'tshawa n.ph. nL|
impetuous behaviour.
U -L toge teh-k
pred.ph.non-erg. tPML | sit in an
unchanged position.
`-
`- to- v.i. A | die out.
` 'toba adj. S| empty.
`, ` 'toba (m.),
'toma-mu (f.) n. L HL O|
deceased person. [Note: Deceased
persons are not referred to by their
names.]
A` `| 'aa 'toba. U L UD ML Vj | It
| my deceased maternal uncle.
-`/
`/-` -to~-do vsf.
L AWgL| polite
imperative. [Phon: with interrogative
intonation: 'shall I do it?' For the
regular phonological alternations of
suffix initial stops and the exception
verbs marked with <-k> see appendix
7, sections 1-3.] [Gram: For the vs
bases needed see appendix 2, section
11.]
T S` L k g`
`! khye 'khaba-la kahl-di zubu
'tsama peh-ti 'teh-to! Y UH
gSH ! You go home and live in
an undefiling manner!
`U` k`? 'mehga-la -
'dzaa-do? Y g? Shall I water); flip into air (e.g. grains).
climb onto the cooking shed?
`
` {l-
{l-} toba {dip-} n.
{} foods: {slurp} strong
{v.t.} `
millet beer.
(HL) k| numerals: (one) thousand.
festivals:
cooking shed for festivals. [Usage: in
Lagyapsa]
h/
h/ h
h {m-
{m-} topta/
topte {zo-} n. {v.t.} SL {E}
{prepare} food.
h topte 'h' | See:
'topta'.
toba qt. ML| moderate
quantity; quite a lot.
h | di
'leeh peh-te-la toba-ni 'yihn 'thoo-ro.
will probably take quite some time to
do this work.
toba adv. A, L|
moderately; somewhat; quite.
j| toba 'tsher-sin. A O
V| It was somewhat boring.
j ` | di thuba toba
niba 'du. MS A j| Oh,
this Tibetan dress is quite old.
(l) toba-mu(-i) adj./ adv.
L | moderately good/ well;
quite good/ well (referring to quantity
and quality).
S l A! 'kho toba-mu-i
'du 'aa! F wt j! He is quite a
joker!
- tor- v.t. jL| sprinkle (e.g.
U y ` | lama-gi
'u 'tor-ti ah-la lep-sin. Aj
j D | The lama flipped
grains around and some fell on me.
- 'tor ter- pred.ph.erg. j,
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-
- M

j| splash s.b; splatter s.b. ' jy| I pierced the paper with the pen.
h-' | See also: 'thor tuu-'. - tol-'u n. | very
-
pushy behaviour.
-
- tor- v.i. E| get lost; be
stolen. - l! U L
h- 'tor tuu- pred.ph.erg. J`! tol-'u diba! 'mih-gi 'din-la
'bok then oh-di! L , AL
E| lose s.th.
AUy LL! What a pushy
torma n. nP w fellow! Pushing through he just puts
j HL | cerem. foods: himself in front of everybody!
statues (small man-shaped figures
made of boiled rice or 'tsamba', to be toh n. `U
| stone.
offered to the gods or spirits). U m U| toh-gi 'zo ten-gen.
M torma 'nahkpu n.ph. UL jt L| cut stones (for
`
building).
L | cerem. foods: statues made
of millet flour. 't' | See U MU toh-gi sem
also: 'ahsor'. 'thoo-'kyo-gi 'mih n.ph. `U k
MU m M L , J HL j| hard-hearted person;
heartless person; pitiless person.
l t | 'kyahgar
torma 'zee-de 'boki-la ter-ken, ooh -g` toh-tsahli (W) n.
peh phando 'nehpa 'aah-n 'nahle. `U HL S| landscape with
`U
big stones strewn around.
LL w j HL MD
Cj (L ), A L - toh-'paara n. gu| rock.
j| Making a statue of millet flour -/ - toh-yama/
we give it to the witch; when we do -yemba n.ph. gt `U
| stone slab.
this the sick person gets well. M M- tohkpa kyahp-
pred.ph.non-erg. Su gE| kick one's
` tora n. w k
feet.
U j E | festivals:
name of the day on which the rice ` U M ML | ah
statues (torma-'ya) are made. [Note: pohmo-gi tohkpa 'kyahp-ku 'du.
also name of the first day of j j| Oh, my (little)
'yune'] daughter is kicking her feet.
` ` SU M M
h tohrte n. OL | Lh ML | 'yi nah-la 'kho-gi
names: personal name.
tohkpa 'kyahp-ti 'kapta 'kyur-ku 'du.
tohrma n. k E Ly
E U| clothing: wide skirt. j| He kicks off his covers during
his sleep.
-
- tol- v.t. jy
| pierce s.th. 'J'
| See also: 'om'. - tohkpa-gi
MU -/ -/ -
ter-/ then- / 'tar- pred.ph.erg.
`U LU U ! ah-gi
'kalam-gi 'ugu tol-di! L LUk | kick s.b.

285
`- `

`U MU L, T! ah-gi 'naa-thile 'zo-e. ohle 'kho-gi sem

tohkpa-gi ter-ken, khye-la! D 'nah-'kyo 'mee-di ha 'koh-en. E L
j! I am going to kick you! U L U U E S
M - tohkpa sah- A Ej, A EL g SL j
pred.ph.erg. S| get a kick. Cj| If he spoils
something, and the master scolds him,
`- toh- v.t. k U| sire;
inseminate (animals). his face falls, and it is obvious that he
feels hurt.
`UU ` `U, J
`() H| 'lago-gi m- 'tohba
` -k m-
'pahla-la 'tohge, ohle 'pahla(-la) 'naa-'dzube 'zo- pred.ph.erg. S
'same 'tuh-e. U UDD k Uj, A E| have a dark scowl.
A UDD g j| The bull ` -k mE , J `
inseminates the cow, and the cow `V LH| 'tohba
conceives. 'naa-'dzube 'zo-w 'du, ohle 'ihta
'lah-'gyo 'mee-di ha 'koh-en. S L
` tohba n. A| face. Ej, A EwL j
` w -L 'tohba Cj| He has a dark scowl on his
hasale peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. S face, and so you know that he is
El | have an attentive and angry.
friendly countenance.
y- 'tohba 'i-'kyo
` M y-
-L 'tohba 'na
` o- pred.ph.non-erg. S | look
'ii 'teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. E , sad. [Gram: exp. takes gen. <-ki>]
h S E| look worried; ` ` j- 'tohba
depressed. 'ido thaa- pred.ph.non-erg.
` M y-
y-/ -/ m-
m- h | be listless; sad;
'tohba 'nahkpu o-/ ten-/ 'zo- discouraged.
pred.ph.non-erg. L S / SE|
be/ behave unfriendly; resentful. ` tohbo '`
' | See:
'tuhbu'.
U ` M L | 'moh-gi
'tohba 'nahkpu kahl 'du. EL S `/
/ toh-la/ -le temp. AUy|
L Hj| She is resentful. at first; before.
` -j -L/ m-
m- ` `/ ` `
'tohba 'naa-thile peh-k/ 'zo- 'toh-da 'toh/ 'toh 'toh-da
pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. S A E| loc.ph. AUy AUy| ahead of.
be sad; feel hurt. ` ` `U| 'toh-da 'toh
SU ` MU ta-gen. AUy wE| send ahead.
`U ` -j mH, ` ` yU/ ` ` yU|
J SU M LH| 'toh-da 'toh o-gen/ 'toh-'toh
'kho-gi 'leeh no-si-'ma-na tahkpu-gi o-gen. AUy y
| go ahead of.
barta 'la-ge 'bela-la 'tohba `/ ` 'tohma/

286
k `

'tohme temp. (elevated) | at meh-'ko-en. W UL Q t

first; before. S| A monk who has taken the
`/ ` 'tohma/ strict vow does not do any field work.
'tohme adj. , | the first; tohra n. hL Y, sg
the preceding.
(h wE) circle of dancers; dancing
` L MU Lh/ ground.
`-U Lh 'toh-le kahl j- tohra 'tshuu- pred.ph.erg.
sihn-'gyo-gi 'keta/ 'toh-'lahm-gi h Y UH h | dancers
'keta n.ph. L| things of the assemble in a circle.
past.
- tohra 'ol- pred.ph.erg.
-
` 'toh-o '-' | g k U| break up the circle of
See: '-o'. dancers.
k tohzum n. wEL | place
` tohri n. wEL | place
names: Tochhum (small settlement on
names: settlement somewhat north of
the eastern slope of the Melamchi Timbu below Kayn-Kahng.
River valley, between Naahkote and
Langgyapsa. ` tohro conj. conjunctions:
n, An| moreover; and what's more.
J`- tohdam oh- [Disc: may occur clause initially,
pred.ph.cop. , L | have an medially or finally] 'M, `
agreement. [Gram: cop.= general `' | See also: 'tihkya,
existence] tahra tohro'.
Jk k - U HU ` j L S -

J`U| ohze thaa-na deze l EC! tohro 'tham kahl-de
'phee-'la lehn-ge 'ma-e-gi tohdam 'khada reeh-reeh taa ter-lu yaahba-i
oh-ge. L l j uy! An h k HL-HL t S L
LL j| There is an agreement of U UCHL! Moreover, when
how much you have to give for we went to dance we each got
grinding flour (in the comunity mill). adorned with such a nice ceremonial
l- tohdam 'aa- scarf!
pred.ph.erg. g, L U| make a
` MA` `, T
promise.

! ah-la-ni kyiih-'a

tohm n. | animals: bear. meeh-ba tohro, 'khya 'meehme lep-te
'yeh 'mee-di-ni! D H,
- tohmba uh-
pred.ph.erg. W U| take the vow to D AEHL j ! I did not
devote one's life entirely to religious yet know that you people have
activities. arrived.
M L`U LH| h` A` , `| puh
'tohmba 'uh-'kyo kehlo-gi sa tii-'ra yaahbu-'a 'du, tohro. HEt
j j| Well, it's nice to have
287
-j

only one son. usually accompanied by pointing with

`(A`) tohro-('a) adv. hand or chin] '/ , J' |
An | still. See also: 'di/ de, ooh'.
`A` ` SH, h TU t` g` ? khye-gi
L? tohro-'a 'lahmbur da 'too ahmyen meh-'tso leh? E
miih-khu-en, ti kahl-ba-ni? An t` h C? Are you not going
UE L V L, L to sell that string instrument?
? There still are not enough k toozi n. L| work utensils:
weaving posts, I wonder what's going small hoe (with longish handle).
on here.
kU U| 'toozi-gi 'he sa
-j/
/ g-j 'phol-ge. L A y
tohr-thepa/ tohrte thepa n. j| With the small hoe you break
L U| cerem. utensils: book up the clods in the potato fields.
with Buddha's teachings.
tooba adj. L UL| hungry.
- tohl- v.i. | get -' | See also: 'ehpa
't
pierced. 'J, l J' | too-'.
See also: 'om, namdo om'. ` l ` |
`C LU U H U to 'mih-ni da 'yihndu 'tooba-'ra
! ah-y 'kalam-gi 'yihgi 'yeh lo. E j kS L j |
'pruh-e-mu 'ugu tohl-di! L That man said that he is hungry since
T LUk ! When I was yesterday.
writing with my pen it went through -L 'tooba 'lih-k
the paper! pred.ph.non-erg. LC| get along
on an empty stomach.
tohlbu adj. HL| with
holes. [Gram: no excl. form (see - tooh- v.t. ME| put away
appendix 5, section1.2)] s.th.
`- tohwa thama U| 'yahr 'tooh-gen.
thu- pred.ph.erg.
U| ME| put s.th. on shelves
consume addicting things. j U| thu 'har 'tooh-gen.
L E| take the water pot

tohwa thama out of the way.
seeh n.ph. | addicting things.
[Note: cigarettes, snuff, water pipe, /
/ toohri/ tahlda temp.
betel leaves, betel nuts] | later the same day.
` J`U| ah 'toohri lee
{`-} tohwa {thu-} n. oh-gen. AEj| I will come later
{v.t.} S {S} {smoke} water pipe. this day.
too dem. | that/ this (at 'toohri/
/ L`
medium range distance). [Usage: 'tahlda kuhmu temp.+ n. Ak |

288
L `l

tonight. '` L`
, l L`
' tahi kuhmu'.
| See also: 'tihri kuhmu,

L `-
`- thak ta- pred.ph.erg.
U| decide; make up one's mind.
T` L ``! khye-'ra thak
ta-do! A U! You make ` ` -L tha tha peh-k
up your mind yourself!
L ` thak ta-di adv.ph.
HL U| single-mindedly;
uninterruptedly. 'SL `, L
`' | See also: 'khuk
tadi, kuhr tadi'.
L-
L-j thak-tha (T) n. lk|
spelling.
U L-j Jk L
`U| yohlmo tam-gi thak-'tha
ohze-ba 'kaahbu meh-yoh-gen.
L lk U j| The spelling A U| rest. '` j-' |
of Yohlmo is not all that difficult.
M thakpa n. y| work utensils:
rope; string.
h-L thakpa 'te-k
M h
pred.ph.non-erg. gL U| marriage:
divorce.
M hL `-j
M-w L J`U|
thakpa 'te-ken 'bela-le mah-'thewa
'kyahl-him peh-ken 'mih-'ya oh-ge.
jy US L j `U {-/ M-} thagu
AEj| For a divorce usually people
from the government authorities
come.
` j-L tha the-k
pred.ph.non-erg. M| be tired.
` hl ` j j | tree (tha-i).
'yih 'toho tha 'the-pa 'yihm-ba
tshee 'du. C MHL k j|
Our elder brother looks tired.
pred.ph.non-erg. L L (y
A L) keep pulling at.
l yl
` `
L| 'baso-'ya taa 'aa-na o-e
'mee-di tha tha peh-ken.
S LD L L
Lj| When you tie up the cattle
they keep pulling at their ropes
because they want to go where they
like.
` -
- tha so- pred.ph.non-erg.
See also: 'ahl tsho-'.
yH ` l
` H H| 'lahm-la o-e-mu 'toba
'yeh-na "yahmbi-i tha 'so-e" 'ma-en.
t y j HL j A
U j| If you are not carrying
anything when you walk, you use
'tha so-en' to stop for resting.
`U thaga n. g| level piece of
ground; meadow.
{pruh-/ kyahp-} n. {v.t.} `L
{T} {paint} thangkas.
thagu 'kheeba n.ph.
`U S
`L L gL| thangka painter.
`l thadu n. St| sap of fir

289
`

` thabu adj. L, U| cooking foods which are taboo for the

healthy. [Gram: no excl. form (see household in question; this is an
appendix 5, section1.2)] offense to the gods and spirits]
` thama n. L| grain J S J`
spread out for drying. ` L| 'ohma
'khol-di 'thablo oh-di 'meh nah-la
`-
`-` L` tha-i kah 'uuh-si-'ma-na 'thap 'or-ken. E
n.ph. wEL | place names: village on AU g kw Cj|
the western slope of the Melamchi When the milk boild over on the
River valley, below Phungbu-Che. hearth and drips into the fire the
`-
`-` ` tha-i hearth becomes defiled.
tohbo n. , L S| trees: ` | 'yih sa-la
fir tree with long needles. [Note: found 'thap 'or-sin. g kw | Our
in the lower regions, not in the hearth got defiled.
mountains]
M
/ M thap
thap n. tuhkpa/ thap thukpa adj.ph. Yt,
1) g| cooking place. L| primitive; poor (referring to
2) E| solution; means. material condition); unteachable;
` , ` naughty.
LH| di 'leeh mah-be-ba 'thap-'ra -L/ y-
y- thap thop
meeh, peh-'ra koh-en. L U peh-k/ o- pred.ph.non-erg. L
S j, U j| There is no way we A | become mentally
can leave this work undone, we must deranged. [Note: e.g. when possessed
do it. by an evil spirit]
J U `VU h
L ``! ohle di-gi tehnda-la j

thap
sagye-gi 'thap tii 'ka na-do! A maah-tha-ba peh-ti adv.ph.
L D HEt L E , U| uninterruptedly.
C! And now please, Lord, /
/ J`-/ -
- thaplo/
give me a word of wisdom to resolve thablo oh-/ pho- pred.ph.non-erg.
this situation. EAE/ E S| boil over.
g- 'thap 'tsuu- pred.ph.erg. ` J J`| 'tihri
g | put s.th. on the fire for 'ohma 'thablo oh-sin. Ak E
cooking. S| Today the milk boiled over.
- 'thap 'or- pred.ph.e.
- thama adj. Yt| inferior.
g E , A S | 'kho 'mih-'ya
k g kw | defilement of the 'mee-di thama 'du. F A Yt
hearth. [Note: caused by milk boiling
j| He is inferior to most people.
over and reaching the fire, and by
thama 'thapul

290
 -
-

adj.ph. Yt, g| very inferior. ` `/ thara

thoro/ thara thore adj.ph./
y-
y-/ -L thama
thome o-/ lih-k pred.ph.non-erg. adv.ph. (j) spread thinly.
, | be confused; be ` `l M | 'sen
puzzled. thara thoro-di 'kye-sin 'du. E
m - thama thome 'zee Ej | The seeds sprouted thinly.
ter- pred.ph.erg. | confuse s.b; M tharkyi n. , k|
puzzle s.b. unknowledgeable person; uninformed
person (mostly used for women).
l (`) tham-di (-'ra) qt.
| all. tharmu '' | See:
` l` ` | 'yih 'thalmu'.
thamdi-'ra de-la-'ra 'yeh.
M-
M- tharsa kyol-
j| We are all here. pred.ph.erg. L U| complete s.th;
` l J`U| 'luwa bring s.th. to a good end; carry s.th.
thamdi sa-la oh-gen. U L through.
j| Everybody has a spirit enclosure
(at his house). thal num.classifier -t
` l` `! ah-la (TD ky U
tam thamdi-'ra e-to! D L Uj) piece (used for things and
! Tell me everything! animals). [Gram: n. + num. +
num.classifier] [Usage: only when
-
- thar- v.i. h, EL| escape; number of things is to be emphasized]
stay alive.
hUA` C ` H! 'mih
h- 'thar tuu- pred.ph.erg. tii-gi-'a mahy 'a 'thal 'so-en! HLk
gE| save s.b./ s.th. j! Even
j gt
` SU h ``! though he/ she is alone, he/ she takes
ah-la di 'iwa 'kha-le-gi 'thar tuu care of 5 buffalos!
na-do! D L SS
gE! Please save me from this -
- thal- v.i. UCM, jtM| go
danger of death! ahead; overtake. 'L` -,
-' | See also: 'kaba
- 'thar-pa thop- pred.ph.dr.
-
O, E E| receive final thal-, pa thal-'.
deliverance. [Note: from punishment in ` g k , Jk S`
hell; religious term] | 'yih 'tsaar 'baze-la
- lep-sin, ohze-la khu 'thal sihn-sin 'du.
- {-
{-/ l-
l-}
'thar-'lahm {thop-/ dor-} n. {v.dr.} g k UL
, S E
h E {E} {get/ find} the path UCLj| We arrived at four o'clock.
of deliverance; {get/ find} a way of At that time they had already left.
escape. J`-/ y-y- 'thal-i oh-/
o- pred.ph.non-erg. AE/

291
-
-

k| reach a place without overnight K ky| make the hand gesture

stop. which is appropriate for a polite
request. [Note: involves putting both
-
- thal- v.t. U| do
s.th. involuntarily; unintentionally. hands together in front of one's face]
`U (gM) | ah-gi thasa '' | See: 'sasa'.
'leeh tsokpa 'thal-sin.
- thaa- v.t.
L U| I did something wrong 1) | grind (grains, etc.).
unintentionally.
` ` y LH| 'tihri 'eebi

thala n. S| ashes. thaa o 'koh-en. Ak kj|

M- 'thala 'kyahp- Today we have to go and grind
pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. S / j| (parched) flour.
thick dust accumulates/ throw dust. 2) | weave.
M l- 'thala 'kyahp U | 'brumsi thaa-gen. Ug
'aa- pred.ph.erg. E| | weave rugs.
impoverish s.b. g U | tselba thaa-gen. yL
T 'thala 'khyere adj. | weave carrying baskets.
EwV, | bleak; waste (place). - thaa thaa- pred.ph.erg. |
T y Ll! 'thala 'khyere weave cloth, etc.
o 'koh-e! ! May you Lh `U ` `U
become all ashes! (cursing s.b.) U H| 'kapta raga
` j- 'thala 'phue 'tshii- nah-la 'ti-gen seeh thaa-si-'ma-na
pred.ph.non-erg. k S | burn to thaa thaa-gen 'ma-en. Ly JjE
ashes. gk AD j|
`- 'thala 'phue
` -/ `- You talk of "thaa thaagen" when you
'saa-/ ta- pred.ph.erg. S U weave clothes or rugs which are
kE| burn s.th. to ashes. [Usage: spread on the floor inside the house.
'ta-' is more volitional than 'saa-']
h-L thaa te-k pred.ph.erg.
thalbi n. | dust. U, U| bring to a
j- 'thalbi thaa- conclusion.
pred.ph.e. k| become dusty. S`U `U ` hL |
LH k ` khu-gi ih-gi tam 'tihri thaa
jU | 'he sa 'ko-en 'bela-le zubu-la 'te-ken lo. EL kVUL
'thalbi mahbu thaa-gen. A Uy Ak j ! He said that they
kE j| When you dig up will bring the matter about the field
the potatoes, your body gets covered to a conclusion today.
with dust. j-L thaa 'the-k
pred.ph.non-erg. | be decided.
/ h- thalmu/
tharmu tahr- pred.ph.non-erg. ` j| 'tihri tam
thaa 'the-sin. Ak L t`U| The
292
-` L-
L-g

matter was decided today. -L thi-k v.i./t. ky| join

together.
-`/ -`/ -`


thaa-yehmu/-yihmu/-eehmu L`U L TM` !
adj. kL| near; close (in distance). 'kaba-gi 'rehko-ni khyokto peh-ti thi
'du. SuL y `U U kyj! The
thaara (N) adj. | barren bone of the leg had grown together in
(mostly used of animals). a crooked way.
'thaara-mu n. n ACD, ` !
| barren woman; barren animal. 'mehnda sum 'ii-de 'nahle, thi-te
-` thaa-rihbu adj. t| thi-te-'ra! HLj AL k !
far (in distance). Three people died, one after the
SU `U | 'kho-gi other!
thaa-'rihbu-le-gi ta-sin. E tt `U M ! ah-gi thakpa
| He watched from far away. thi-ti! y ky! I joined the ropes.
- thaa-leehmu (E) n. LC| J` ` Ll ! ohra
'yehwa thi 'koh-e 'du-ba!
comb. '' | See: 'ia (W)'.
U j! We two must get
thaalo n. wEL | place together for good!
names: village on the eastern slope of
the Melamchi River valley (on the M- thi kyahp- pred.ph.erg.
ridge south of Sermathang, below u | handicrafts: use batik
technique. [Note: technique to get
Tap-Kharka).
multicolored patterns on a black
thi n. n UED g ground when coloring the woolen,
| work utensils: any tool used to hand-woven cummerbunds]
make sure that things will be straight.
- {M-} thi-thakpa
-M {M
thi peh-te (W) adv.ph. k
{'kyahp-} n. {v.t.} U UE U| carefully.
{UE} work utensils: {use} a string E thiw n. y (Yu k S)
stretched horizontally along a wall to work utensils: hammer with sharp point
make sure it will be built straight. used to rough up the mill stones.
gM L gl -M ML| j gU E| thuda tsoo-ge thiw.
'tsikpa ''theka 'tsii-e-la thi-thakpa Yu S y| the hammer used to
'kyahp-ken. U UED rough up the mill stones.
UCj| To build a wall straight you L L - thik thik thii-
use a plumb-line. pred.ph.non-erg. U |
-` {M-} thi-i
- drip (intensified).
{'kyahp-} n. {v.t.} S Sh , S
Lw {UE} work utensils: ruler; level L-
L-g thik-tsi n. , |
(carpenter's). steadiness.
SU L-g
,

293
M -
-

L| 'kho-gi 'leeh-la 'thik-'tsi get along well with each other.

meeh-ba, 'thap thop peh-ken. EL ` -L thin-da peh-k
L j, jtt Uj| He has no pred.ph.non-erg. | be
steadiness in his work, he gets peace-loving.
restless. ` - thin-da peh ter-
L-g , L| sem pred.ph.erg. UC| reconcile.
'thik-'tsi meeh-ba, 'thap thop peh-ken.
M`-
M`-/ `-
`- thin kya-/ ta-
L j, jtt Uj| He is pred.ph.erg. U| meditate.
not settled, he gets restless.
`t l M` LH| au
L-g - 'thik-'tsi nee-
L- yahmbi-i thin kya 'koh-en.
pred.ph.erg. U, | concentrate
HLj kj| In the morning
upon s.th; set your mind upon s.th. you must meditate a moment.
h ` L-g LH| ti `U L` hU
'leeh peh-'na 'thik-'tsi nee 'koh-en. k
` | thin ta-gen
L U j| Whatever you 'bela-le 'kehlo 'tohmu-'ya-gi 'mih-'ya
do, you must set your mind upon it. 'yambu tam meh-'ma 'du. ,
M thikpa '' | See: k Q-Q AU L
'thiiba'. | I observed that during
U
meditation times the monks and nuns
` ` M- thi thi
suh kyahp- 'U' | See: 'goo'. don't talk with people.
m`- thin zu- pred.ph.erg.
` thibu adj. AWL, | L U, k| engage in
obedient. meditation.
L ` ` L| SU S m`V| 'kho-gi
'phema 'yeh-ken 'bela-le ah-ni 'thibu 'khee lehn-di thin zu-'gyo. E g
'yeh-ken.
AWL H| I U kL | Having taken a
used to be an obedient child. vow he devotes himself to meditation.
-
- thin- v.i. | get along well; -L thin-la 'teh-k
be reconciled. ' -' | See pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. DL g
also: 'rooh thee-'. | have a time of meditation. [Note:
k` U| rooh meditate silently on the gods]
'yeh-'naa pin-dzeba-'ra thin-gen. y-
y- thin-di o-
H kC kL j| Even pred.ph.non-erg. L k| fade
though they are just friends, they get away. [Usage: of sick people] '-'
along as well as siblings get along | See also: 'thim-'.
with each other.
T j` | 'khyowa thibu '' | See: 'thebu'.
'thuma mih-thin 'du. V -
- thim- v.i. , | seep
j| I see, this couple doesn't away.

294


j | thu sa-la thim-sin. -L 'thir peh-k pred.ph.erg.

C | The water seeped U| carry s.th. through.
into the ground. , TU ` M
thimbu adj. | easy to ML,
hA` h !
get along with. rooh, khye-gi 'leeh na mahbu-la
'lahkpa 'kyahp-ke, 'leeh ti-'a 'thir
J h ` `U, S
peh-te meeh-ba-la! ,
yH| ohle taah tii yii thimbu
meh-yoh-ge, 'kha 'phee-di o-en. A L j, HEt L
L L
, A jt ED! You start many things,
And some don't get along with my friend, but you never complete
kj|
each other, and they separate. anything!
k thimbu 'dzamu adj.ph. thil n. L| measures and
| get along well with each weights: palm of hand. [Note: used to
other. measure small quantities of liquids]
wM Mh `U, k M L` h` `! 'lahkpa
LH| 'hukpa 'kyahp-te 'thil 'kah parta thu! L
meh-yoh-ge, thimbu 'dzamu peh U S! Please drink a palmful
'koh-en. nUy U
, U j| of ceremonially blessed liquor!
You mustn't quarrel, you must get
- thii- v.i. E| drip. ' -,
along with each other. L L -' | See also: 'moh
/
/ thir (E)/ thii (W) (N) n. thii-, thik thik thii-'.
, Ag| steadiness; firmness. l {-/ g-} 'thii-ar
/ m` 'thir peh-ti/ {'tahp-/ 'tsahr-} n. {v.i.} jt {}
zu-di adv.ph. U| steadily (e.g. rainwater {runs off}.
work steadily); loyally. / M 'thii-ba/ 'thik-pa n.
h ` () m` | drop.
LH| ti 'leeh peh-'na (sem) 'thir k-/ g- /- 'thiiba
zu-di peh 'koh-en. k L U () 'dzaa-/ 'tsahr- /'tahp- pred.ph.e. g
H U j| Whatever work you ( ) drip.
do, you must do it steadily. J k L | 'ohma
l () 'dzaa-di 'thiiba 'tahp-ku 'du. gH
LH, L` Tl `U| paahma n j| Oh, the milk is
peh phando (sem) 'thir peh-ti 'teh dripping down.
'koh-e, 'kaba khyoo-e

thii peh-ti '
'
meh-yoh-gen. ULj | See: 'thir peh-ti'.
H j, UE

|
After you have been married, you 1 thu n. (hon. of 'sem') (t.)
must be loyal; you must not look for heart-mind.
other opportunities. T- 'thu 'khyer-

295
 `-

pred.ph.non-erg. (hon. of 'dii-') yE, jU! nahm 'lah-'lah 'thu-ni

(t.) be afraid.
`` k-L 'thu 'yubu
'dze-k pred.ph.non-erg. (hon. of 'sem
nahmu peh-k') S U (t.)
grieve.
`-L 'thu ye-k pred.ph.erg./
dr. (hon. of 'kyiih dor-/ ye-k')
, g E (t.) get to know.
Lh U/ ` ` j `k
` `L| di 'keta 'mehme-gi/ -la
'yihma yii sum 'ti-le 'thu ye-ken.
L k C j g E gt | ceremonies: perform the
j | After two, three days
grandfather will get to know this.
`- 'thu 'yee- pred.ph.dr. (hon.
of 'yaahbu nee-') (t.)
like s.th; find s.th. pleasing.
w- 'thu 'hee pred.ph.non-erg.
'tham-'a 'tham-ge! El
k A hj! We will
certainly dance until it gets light in
the morning!
U L- `! de-le-gi
j
'thorten 'thu 'theka-sire so! S
k! From here go
straight away up to Bauddha!
`k `-
`- thu
thimbu todzar ta- pred.ph.erg.
j LL HL Sy 1000
rituals for the post-funeral ceremony
for a child, or for various other
occasions. [Note: a certain passage has
to be read 1000 times]
M thukpa n. S, gEgE| foods:

(hon. of 'sem hee-' and 'hee-') soup; noodles; noodle soup.

w (t.) sulk. [Gram: exp. takes L- 'thukpa 'kol-
M L-
gen. <-ki>] pred.ph.erg. S LE| make soup.
t w U U -j m- 'thukpa 'zo- pred.ph.erg.
M m-
w`! eho 'thu 'hee-de tahpse-'ga 'gu gEgE E| make fried noodles.
'rihmbur-'thee 'hu-de! t 'M' | See also: 'kyahdu'.
Hj U jL t M `- 'thukpa thu-
! Then when eho (a god) was pred.ph.erg. S S| eat soup.
sulking Guru Rihmbur-thee came M - 'thukpa sah- pred.ph.erg.
into existence. gEgE S| eat fried noodles.
- 'thu 'thep- ' -' | M thukpu adj. M| thick;
See: 'thusem thep-'. dense.
- 'thu 'nal- (W) pred.ph.erg.
- M thukal n. L| saliva.
(hon. of 'ehmba teh-k')
M M- 'thukal 'kyahp-
(t.) forget. '- -' | pred.ph.erg. L| spit at.
See: ''thu-'ral 'nal- (E)'.
M M- 'thukal 'kyur-
2 thu temp.pp./ loc.pp. (rare) | pred.ph.erg. L M| spit out.
until; up to (a certain point in
`- 1 thu- v.t. E| drink.
location or time).
`U h `| ah-gi 'tah thu-
`-` jy` sin. g H| I already drank tea.

296
`- -g

`- 2 thu- v.i. jt| be shortened; t , l` L L?

become too short. 'mehme 'eehbu 'du, 'a 'thup-ken ni
Lh `| 'kapta thu-sin. mih-'thup-ken? k j,
Ly jt| The clothes have become Ew Mj L M? Grandfather
too short. is old, I wonder whether he is able to
` thua adj. jt| short. get up.
l m- thui zii- pred.ph.erg. t thuba uuh n. UL
U| be gracious (gods to humans); | names of deities: a god.
pardon s.b.
thumbu '' | See:
Ll l m ! kindo 'thui 'zii 'thombu'.
o! , U
! Oh God, be
gracious to us! /
/ l l`-
`- thu-yal/
t hM T U thu-al a- pred.ph.non-erg. (hon.
of 'ihta lah-') E (t.) be
l m ``! 'ehmba
'teh-'kyo-di-la 'khyemba 'nam-'ya-gi angry.
'thui 'zii na-do! gL H l`, L !
k U | Whoever is 'mehme 'thu-yal mah-'a, di-ni kura
more knowledgeable, please forgive 'yihm-ba! k E, wu
any omissions or mistakes. UL ! Please don't get angry,
grandfather, this is just a joke!
l-
-j - thui-thee phul-
pred.ph.erg. gE| thank s.b; thu-yii n. (hon. of 'kyiih')
give thanks. (t.) knowledge.
J `U`
- thup- v.i. tLE | last; be | ooh sogo-'ra 'nahre
l
durable. lama-'ya-la 'thu-yii dibu meeh-ba.
J` `U l lM L A D W
| ohra yii-gi tahmda j| Therefore the lamas don't know
'aa-'kyo-di mah-'thup. UL very much about this now.
g L| Our agreement
didn't last. - k-L thu-ral dze-k
pred.ph.non-erg. (hon. of 'tuhal
(-`) j 'thup (-i)
(-
thimbu adj.ph. S| very peh-k') g U (t.) worry.
durable. - 'thu-'ral 'nal- (E)
- -
'thup-i meeh
` pred.ph.erg. (hon. of 'ehmba teh-k')
pred.ph.cop. L S| nondurable. , (t.) forget. ' -'
[Gram: cop.= specific attribution] | See: 'thu nal- (W)'.

- thup- aux. (hon. of 'khuu-') -g {-

{-} thur-tsuu {phap-}
M (t.) be able; can. [Gram: vs n./ adj. {v.i.} , J {n}
+ aux.] {descend} sloping downwards. 'L/
L' | See also: 'kema/
297
 L

kama'.
l- thusem ee-
J -g h S L | pred.ph.non-erg./ erg./ dr. (hon. of
ooh 'thur-'tsuu-ni phap-te-la khenda 'keehna lah-' and 'sem-lo teh-k')
'kaahbu 'du. J y U j| , g p (t.) be
It is very difficult to go down this pleased; be relieved.
steep hill. U lU
`!
l` -g | di 'lahm 'mehme-gi 'thusem ee-gen-di
dibu-'ra 'thur-'tsuu 'du. t 'nom-do! k, DD g
J j| Oh, this path goes down ! Please take the one you are
very steeply. pleased with, grandfather
thur-la ten-di; thu-la/ -/ - 'thusem 'thep-/

thur-la ten-di '/ ' 'thu 'thep- pred.ph.erg. (hon. of 'sem
thep-') (t.) like s.th.
|
J MUA` J
- thul- v.t. L l`l t`U ``
1) U y | wind up (e.g. `| ohle 'kyahlbu-gi-'a 'thusem
thread). 'thep-ti ooh kohmba 'a-de-la 'aga
`U L U| ah-gi 'kupa mahbu-'ra na-sin. A L
'thul-gen. U y j| I wind up kD U ED
the woolen balls (for weaving | And the king liked the
carpets). idea and donated a lot of money to
2) Uw | get involved with s.b. ' build that temple.
' | See also: 'rooh
thul-di'. [Gram: counterpart takes - thuu- v.t. t | meet.
<yambu/ yimbu>] `U l ` M| ah-gi
tahi pasa 'thuu-'kyo. AY
`U S ` j` M|
ah-gi 'kho 'yambu 'thul-di 'tsho `D tL H| I met Pasang a
peh-'kyo. EU UL while ago (not by chance).
H| I did business together with him. ` M| pehpa 'yih-la
'thuu-'kyo. t D L tL
|
/
/
/ thu-la/ The Tibetan met us (by chance).
thur-la ten-di/ then-di adv.ph. E y-/ J`- 'thuu o-/ oh-
y-
U| upside down. 'U / ' k/ AE| visit
pred.ph.non-erg. t
| See also: 'goo thu-la/ s.b.
thur-la ten-di'.
h` ML yH| L theka adj. , n| straight.
tahla 'kyahp-ken 'bele 'tihpa 'thu-la L L L | 'rehko
o-en. E V 'theka peh-ti thi-ko 'yeh-ba. y
E kj|
When the north wind blows, the | The bone will grow
H kyj
smoke falls. together straight.
L / L 'theka

298
k -h

'thoo-la/ 'theka-le 'yahr loc.ph. up, so I stretched them.

u| sraight above. - thep- v.i./t. V| hit a goal.
`U L- t` L ` | [Gram: if transitive the hitting thing
ah-gi 'theka-le 'yahr-'a karma takes the erg. <-ki> (see neutral
mahbu 'du. u word order for inanim. actors,
j| Oh, straight above me appendix 5, section 21.2)] ' -'
there are many stars.
| See also: 'sem thep-'.
- 'theka-sire adv. n,
L- J U | ooh-la 'gooli 'thep
| straight; directly. 'du. U Uj| Oh, a bullet hit
L- yU| 'theka-sire o-gen. there.
k| go straight ahead. J` L |
L- U| 'theka-sire ta-gen. toh 'mahr rihl-de oh-de 'kohre-la
| look at s.th. directly. 'thep-sin. `U Ut AD Uw
L- U| 'theka-sire 'ma-gen. V| The stone came rolling from
| say s.th. directly. above and hit the cattle shed.
k thezi 'k' | See: 'thozi'. ` U | ah-la toh-gi
'thep-sin. D `U V| The stone
-t l-
l- the-ol dal-
pred.ph.erg. W E (kE hit me.
LD) lamaisms: give `, T UU L!
enlightenment to a departed soul or 'tembu peh-ti su, khye-la 'gooli-gi
sometimes also to living people. 'thep-ko-'wa! kF, D
U V! Go carefully, otherwise
- then- v.i. L| go out; come you might be hit by a bullet!
out.
y- then oh-/ o-
J`-/ y- - thep- v.t. SE, El
pred.ph.non-erg. / jEt k| | hold up to give light (lamp,
appear/ pass by. torch).
- then 'phep- y `U M|
pred.ph.non-erg. (hon. of 'then oh-' 'mih o-sa-la ah-gi 'baati 'thep
and 'then o-') , jEt ter-'kyo. j k wE
k(t.) pass by; appear. SCHL| I held up the lamp for the
people going by.
- then- v.t. , ME| stretch
out s.th. lengthwise. 'L L
-' thepa n. S| scull. abusive
expressions: head.
| See also: 'tehk tehk then-'.
Lh L` L` L , L, J! 'thepa rop
ter-ken, ohle! S tCj, A! I
J `U V| 'kapta kandra
kundru kahl-sin 'du, ohle ah-gi am going to break your head! (used
then-'gyo. U Sgj, A when scolding children).
LHL| The clothes were crumpled -h thep-taa adj. Yt| of

299
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`-

inferior quality; of poor quality. indirectly.

'thep-taa-i
-hl U jH L

peh-ti adv.ph. U (L gE) Aj , | 'moh-gi 'roh
just get along; very simply (e.g. live). miih-'tshi-en peh-te 'teh-ku 'du lo
J ` -hl M 'mee-de 'mahr-la 'Atsham-la 'thee 'du
! ooh-la 'yih-ni 'thep-taa-i lo,. EL kL
peh-ti 'teh-'kyo ' nahle! Aj j | Atsham, who was
k- L ! There we lived in down (in his village), heard that her
very simple conditions. corpse did not burn.
/ thebu/ thibu n. K| {t-
{t-} thee {il-} n. {v.t.} t
thumb. {} clothing: {fix/ wear} turban.
/ therere/ terere temp. k
theezi 'k/ k' | See:
S| only just now. 'thozi/ thezi'.
l L A, ` `U
thee-di dep.pred.ph. , U|
| yahmbi-i kuuh 'aa, ah including; all together. [Gram: used as
'therere 'lah-go 'yeh-ba. HLj S , pp. after n.ph.] ' ' |
S Ewj | Wait a minute, I am See also: 'maah-the-ba'.
only just getting up.
` L,
therpu '-' | See: | di 'thee-di ah lehma sum
'yam-therpu'. kahl-sin, yohlmo-la. gt
- thel- v.t. , | plaster tL UCL, | I have been to
(floors and walls with mud). Yohlmo three times, including this
time.
S`U gM U V|
khu-gi 'tsikpa 'dep sasa-gi 'thel-'gyo.
theemu adj. jt| short. [Gram:
t | They no excl. form (see appendix 5,
plastered the walls with mud. section1.2); in excl. contexts 'thua'
is likely to be used]
- thee- v.t. | hear s.th. directly.
[Disc: often used with 'namdo-la '] tho n. | measures and weights:
'` ` -' | See also: hand-span.
'lha lha thee-'. L`/ / | tho 'kah/ toh/
Jk AjU | sum. HL/ C/ | one/ two/
'ohze-la-ni 'atsham-gi 'thee 'du lo. three hand-spans.
S Aj j | At that ` tho n. | plough.
moment Atsham heard it.
` `` LU| 'tho
`U l | ah-gi 'yai-la ken-gen. k
'namdo-la 'thee-sin. L | I
AyLE| fix the plough to the yoke.
heard it myself.
`-
`- tho- v.t. T| see. [Gram:
- thee- v.dr. E| hear s.th.
300
`-
`-

anim. undg. occurs often without 'kha-la thezi 'kyahp 'aa-di 'yeh-ba.
<-la>] ' `-' | See also: A LwL
'mii tho-'. A L UEHL j|
Having put our grains into the big
`-
`- tho- v.r. S| can be seen;
appear; look like (the specified wooden chest mother put a seal onto
`-' | See
quality). ' the chest.
also: 'yaahbu tho-'. ` Lh
thodo karten
U S `U | di-le-gi '`' | See: 'thora'.
'khawa 'lah 'tho-gu 'du. t
` L` thodo kah n. wEL
S j| Oh, the snow peaks can | place names: settlement on the
be seen from here. western ridge of the of Yohlmu,
LLA` J` Jk l before Golbhanjyang.
w `U | 'sarkar-ki-'a
ohra-la ohze diba maah-te-ba hi -
- thop- v.dr. E| receive; fall
'tho-gu 'du. L D to.
UL j k j| It becomes U mM S J`
apparent that the government is not m ! 'pator 'mihgi
paying too much attention to us. (i.e. 'zo-'kyo 'yih-na 'kho-la o
our business). meh-thop-na-ni 'zo mih-'thup!
`k` 'tho-dze-'ra n.ph. HL H t L
S k| everything in sight. W H E M! Even
though the horoscope calendar is
`` 'tho-da-la loc.
SS| in front of; before one's eyes. made by people, if the person hasn't
[Gram: onlooker takes gen. <-ki>] received ability (from above) he will
not be able to make it!
`/ ` {-
{-} those/ ` thop-ta n. (LL
thosi {lam-} n. {v.t.} L {t
} HL UL ) idol made
foods: {fry/ cook} vegetable or meat
in the name of a deceased person.
curry (with little sauce).
` U y | 'those /
/ M- thoba (E)/
'lam-ge-mu 'aa-sin 'du. L t

thopa (W) kyahp- pred.ph.erg.
yj| I see, the curry got scorched W U ( L AE AF
when it was fried. t L AUt S -
t `U T L) mark s.th. as
k/
k/ k/ k
M- thozi/ one's property (by piling together 3
thezi (E)/ theezi (W) kyahp- stones); fig: leave behind.
pred.ph.erg. , j UE| seal s.th.
` `,
'l' | See also: 'laha'.
M lH ! taah ah di 'yuhl-la
`U y ` AU ` meh-yoh, thoba 'kyahp 'aa-en
S k M l | 'yih-gi 'nahle! A UE L AE
'u paha-la 'luu-di 'ama-gi paha
301
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- -

W Uj! I am not coming h- 'thor tuu- pred.ph.erg.

back to this place again, I am leaving j| splatter s.th; splash s.th. '
it for good now! -' | See also: 'tor ter-'.
-
- thom- v.i. A| be tL M h ` !
undecided; be confused. 'moar-ki dakpa 'thor tuu-di ah-la
lep-ti! t D j! I was
-L thome 'lih-k
pred.ph.non-erg. A | be splattered with mud by a car!
confused; be full of consternation. `/
`/ ` Lh
thora (E)/
' ' | See also: 'thama thodo (W) karten n.ph. (poetic)
thome'. w | big star.
J`- thom-i oh- tholo a elliptic_S
pred.ph.dr. | become (elevated) Q g| forgive me.
emotionally disturbed. [Note: caused
` k ! 'yeehba
by a spirit of defilement called 'ihp'] dzolwa tholo 'a! U H Q g
/ / thombu/ Uj! Please forgive me for any
thumbu/ thombo adj. AV, AL| shortcomings and mistakes.
high; tall. [Gram: excl.: 'thowa!']
thowa n.
-
- tho-yih n. | work utensils: club.
1) `U
LkPL U HL g U ` wU | thowa-gi tuh-di
LL S| cerem. utensils: 'hu-gen. `U Lt || wash by
register in which the gifts given for beating with the club.
funerals are recorded. 2) `U| clothing: shirttail.
-() Lk - , L | 'laptar thowa,
lH| sem-'so(l) 'kahze ter-pa 'kurta thowa. L, LL `U| tail
tho-'yih-la 'priih 'aa-en. g of shirt, tail of kurta.
L L HL j S thowa adj. A AV|
SSj| The gifts which are given heightened.
for a funeral are recorded in the
`U ` L ,
register (especially kept for this
h ` | sa yom-ge-mu
purpose, in view of reciprocation). yome mah-kahl 'du, lehp tii oo-le
-
- thor- v.i. Ejt| splatter; 'thowa 'du. t E Hj,
splash. HLu AV Hj| The leveling of this
C J lH ` J ground was not quite successful, on
L| mahy 'ohma o-en 'bela one side it's somewhat higher.
phaba-la 'ohma 'thor-ken.

- thoo- v.t. , LS M|
EjtH Su j| When you milk carry in the hands or arms; fig: take
the buffalos your lap gets splattered along (people, animals). 'S-'
with milk. | See also: 'khur-'.

302
- `

AU ` E | J `` | ohle
aba-gi pohmo-la phaba-la 'thoo-w loh mahbu-'ra 'thoo-sin lo. A
'du. jD LS Hj| Daddy V | And it took many years
is carrying his little daughter in his they said.
arms.
() thoo(-la) loc. | above;
- thoo- v.i. take (of time). V upper.
() ' -' | See also: / 'thooma/ 'thoo-me adj.
'yihn thoo-'. L| the upper; the one above.

da n. | arrow (for shooting
with bow). 'l' | See also:
'u'.
` `U g| da 'yih-gi 'da
'tse-sin. k - S Gohare Khola.
S| Yesterday we were shooting
with arrows.
MU L l-` U U| 'a daga doge. L
| 'kyahlbu-gi pheka-la 'u-da 'da
peeh-di 'yeh-ba 'du. kL
kL LH SHL
k j| It turned out that the king
had hidden a bow and arrows in his
wide robe.
E 1 daw '' | See: 'dawu'.
E 2 daw (N) n. E| household
utensils: knife for cutting meat.
L dak intens. u| intensifier for
'tshii-'.
`- dak ta- pred.ph.erg. u
L `-
S, S| eat up everything.
M dakpa n. | mud.
M L` dakpa kah n.ph.
wEL | place names: pasture above
Chhimi on the high ridge between
Sermathang and Lha-Kahng Ghyang.
M SL dakpa kharka n.ph.
wEL | place names: settlement on
the western slope of the Melamchi
River valley, on the hill north of
U U daga doge adj.ph. y
y, gMt gMt| chunky and big.
gMt gMt| big pieces of meat (the
way it comes from the butcher).
` da temp. k| yesterday.
da kuhmu temp.+ n.
` L`
UHL | last night. [Usage: is used,
but meaning is somewhat ambiguous,
cf. 'tahi kuhmu']
`-` da-'tihri temp.ph.
`-
kAk| these days.
J LU
`-`U M ` M `
`| ohle kohmba-gi 'rahmne
'bela-le-di da-'tihri-gi 'kyahlbu ra
'kyahlmu yii 'phep na-sin. A U
k
AE| And to the dedication
ceremonies for the temple the present
king and queen came.
`-`U | da-'tihri-gi

303
`-
`-

'mih-'ya. AgL | the present -

- dam- v.t. j, l| choose;
generation. select.
` da-a temp. A (L `- dam-bi ta- pred.ph.erg.
`-
AUy) recently; some days ago. l| choose carefully.
`-
`- da- v.dr. V, AYE| have ` H| dam-bi ta-di
enough; be sufficient; last (of sah-en. k Sj| He eats
quantities). [Gram: quantity takes very selectively.
instrumental <-ki >, time span damini (N) n. OL |
indication takes <-la>] names: personal name, f.
` `| 'he ah-la da-sin. / {-} damur/ dambur
A D V| I have had enough {pruu-} n. {v.t.} y {kE} musical
potatoes. instruments: {rattle} small drum. [Note:
kU ` `U| deze-gi ah-la used in lama ceremonies]
da-ge. H D Vj| This much
is enough for me. dame (N) n.
` hU J` 1) gL| tailor.
` Lk `U? 'num 'elbu 2) OL | names: personal name,
tii-gi ohra 'meehme-'ya-la 'yihma m.
'kahze-la da-ge? HL /
/ dayim/ dayum 'AE
D L Vj? For how many ' | See: 'aw dawa'.
days does a bottle of oil last us?
-
- dar- v.i. L| tremble; shiver.
-` -da '-`' | See: '-ta 'L L -' | See also:
(clit. and sf.)'. 'lhok lhok dar-'.
` T

-da khyee TU `` ! 'khyaabu-gi
meeh-ba mih 'T ' | See: ni-'ra 'dar-sin! ky t L! I
'khyee meeh'. am shivering right to the bone!
H U M L | 'pruh-e
` - dae rihl- 'bele 'mehme-gi 'lahkpa 'dar-ku 'du.
pred.ph.non-erg. u y| fall
TS kL L j|
(intensified). Grandfather's hand is trembling when
dadar n. g UL Ly he writes.
HL k| cerem. utensils: bunch of darni n. | house parts:
cloths fixed on a stick. [Note: using ceiling beam.
five different colours; used to catch
T U | 'khya-ti 'darni guu
and bring back good spirits] '`U 'du. L Hj| Oh, your
-L' | See also: 'yagu ceiling beam is sagging.
peh-k'.

darpen (N) n. yt
| pen
` dabli '' | See: (biro).
'daabil'.
304


TU | 'darpen ''khyuu-gu 'du. {tshol-/ teeh sihn-} n. {v.t.} ,

yt j| Oh, the pen is writing. {Sl/ t } proof (of a material
kind) {look for/ find}.
/ darma/ daram (N) n.
| religious merit. M U M
jU` , h
darmi (N) adj. | innocent. | 'kyahlbu-la 'su-gi 'se-'kyo
-
- dal- (W) v.t. E, T| 'mee-di 'dai tshol-ge-'ra 'yeh, tahnda
win over. 'samma-ni 'teeh mah-sihn. kD
U U| 'lha-gi simbu-la L UL L Sk
'dal-gen. U D Tj| j, A UHL j|
The gods win over the giants. They are looking for proof as to who
killed the king, but up to now they
-
- dal- (E) v.i. U| become
mushy. have not found anything.
S j | khambu tshee-de - daa- v.t. gt| lick.
'dal-sin 'du. A L Uj| The S` l J`U|
peaches are so ripe that they have yohlmo 'khaba-la tehrma daa-e
become mushy. oh-gen. jL Y
gt j| In a Yohlmo household you
da-la '' | See: 'de-la'.
are allowed to lick your plate.
` ` dala bulu (W) n.ph.
Uy| insects and worms: earthworm. ` M- daa kyahp-
pred.ph.erg. L | emit light;
'' | See: 'dalu (E)'.
radiate light. [Gram: actor equals the
dalu (E) n. Uy| insects and light source]
worms: earthworm.
U U `U M` J`U|
dale lama n.ph. C 'phuu-gi 'baati-gi 'daa-gi de-la
| lamaisms: Dalai Lama. 'kyasae oh-ge. L L L
El j| The radiation of the
dalburi n. Uy|
insects
and worms: earthworm-like worm
lamp over there gives light here.
living in water. daanu temp. A (ML
AUy) some time ago.
dawa n.
1) | month. 'AE ' | Al T` J`V|
'ai-ni daanu pohmo khyode
See also: 'aw dawa'.
oh-'gyo. A j H
2) OL | names: personal name.
AEHL | Some time ago my
/ E daw(u) n. t| foods: grain elder sister came, and she brought her
mash cooked with butter. [Note: fed to daughter with her.
babies when they are still very small]
/
/ ` daabil/ dabli n.
{j-
{j-/ h
-} dai (N) g t HL Lg| household

305
 `
utensils: china bowl. M di pahrkyi temp.ph.
h` daar tii-'ra temp.ph. Ak| this season.
| always. Ay T M yH
`U h` T J M ? 'ahna 'ma-na khye di pahrkyi
'yahmbu-la o-en ni? H Ak
` M J`U| ah-gi 'daar
tii-'ra khye-la ooh 'phukpa nah-la Lwy kj L? In that case, are
to 'kyal oh-ge. D you going to Kathmandu this season?
Jy S E AEj| I will

di leehmu adv.ph. ,
keep coming into that cave to bring SL| like this; this way.
food to you. k` h `U| di
'leehmu dzi-gi 'teh-te meh-yoh-gen.
daarni (N) n. | measures and
weights: weight used on the 'umali' nUy U | You mustn't

(=2.400 kg). keep quarreling like this.
U di 'leehmu-gi adj.ph.

/ di/ de dem. | this. ', J' SL| such (things, people,
| See also: 'too, ooh'. etc.).
/ di/ de rohwa adv.ph. U `U !
, | like this; this way. di 'leehmu-gi 'mih-'ya-ni ah-gi sem-la
H, , ! 'e, di rohwa meh-'thep! SL j D
mah-be, 'nohno! J C, U, ! I don't like such people!
! Hey little fellow, don't do this. E {h-} diw {tuu-} n. {v.t.} g
/ ()U de {E} jewelry: {put on} bangles.
rohwa(-mu)-gi/ di rohwa(-mu)-gi
adj.ph. , | such (things, `y/
`y/ ` {-} dia/ dira
people, etc.). {ten-} n. {v.t.} w {L}
{make} noise (loud and echoing);
U ` L| de
rohwa-mu-gi 'sooh ah-la meh-'koh. {make} clattering.
SL gk D g | I don't k S` ` `y yE
need any such goods. | pehza-'ya 'khaba nah-la 'dia
ten-di o-w 'du. hg Y Su
L` di kah-la temp.ph. j| The children are
k y
(lamaistic) , | that stamping around noisily inside the
time. 'L`' | See also: house.
'kah-la'. `y ` yU| 'dia 'lah-di
w/ w di hi/ de he adv.ph. o-gen. k y | walk with a
| this manner; this kind. heavy step.
w L | di 'leeh di hi
` dibu n. U A
peh-ken 'nahle. L Uj | nyC k jE jE k HL
This is how you do this work. Ly| cerem. utensils: banner-like

306
` k

cloth. [Note: hung up horizontally in -

the 'kohmba'] '`' | See
also: 'yendar'.
` dira '`y' | See:
'dia'.
- dir- v.i. yUUE, L|
tremble (not used of people).
` L ! rih-'ra 'dir-ku 'du!
j! The earth is
k L
trembling!

dido (N) n. t, L| s.th. L

L/ L `-/ y-
y- dirku/ derku
pawned; deposit. lah-/ o- pred.ph.e. |
become muddy (of water).
lU| 'dido 'aa-gen. t
T| give a deposit. L J`- 'dirku oh- pred.ph.e.
yU| 'dido lehn o-gen. | be muddy (of flowing
water).
t | redeem s.th. pawned.
() din(-la) loc. AUy| before; di-la '' | See: 'de-la'.
in front of; at the front. - dii- v.i. U, ky| two ends
L lH| 'toohri 'din-la meet up with each other.
kuhr 'aa-en. AUy Sj| l` M S
Later in the day the effigy will be set L L
U L
up at the front. M| 'mih tham-di-'ra 'lahkpa-la
- 'din-'so n. AUyL |
- 'mehndo 'khada 'thoo-di kohmba
front tooth. 'har-ken-le-gi kohmba 'samma 'mih
'dina n. AUyuL t| 'dii-'kyo. kL S
front part (of clothes). HL jL UL US
{M-/ -} dibri U | Carrying flowers and
{kyahp-/ pruh-} n. {v.t.} UL ceremonial scarfs in their hands, there
was a line of people which went quite
g {L} (UL ) lamaisms:
{paint} wall frescos. far from the other side of the temple
right up to the temple.
S S | 'kho 'dibri
'kheeba 'yihm-ba. E gL | He is -j M| tam-'tshii
a fresco painter. sum-la 'dii-'kyo. jtL | give a
summary.
J U
` h| ohle 'dep-la k diizo n. n, kL|
'dibri-gi 'leeh-'ya 'dawa mahbu-la community.
sihnda 'te-sin. A g L k L L` U lU|
L UH | And 'diizo kohmba-la 'keeyer 'yuhlba-gi
it took us many months to finish the 'aa-ge. n U g U j
fresco paintings on the walls. UE Tj| For the community
temple the villagers hire a person to
dimi n. g, g| key.
look after the temple.
M- 'dimi 'kyahp-
pred.ph.erg. g, g UE| lock up. kU - 'diizo-le-gi ten-

307
 `

pred.ph.erg. nt L| M l ` A` !
excommunicate. 'mahkpa 'iba-ni 'tihri 'du-'a
mihn-du-ba! lC l Ak
diiba adj. jtL, Sg|
with little expense; brief. j! Today our son-in-law is not here
anywhere!
l J`| paahma
'diiba-i oh-sin. Sg | L yH L |
It was a very simple wedding feast 'kohre-la ta o-e-mu-ni kehpu-ni
(with little expenses). mihndu lo. Uw k j
`! tam 'dii-ba
| They said when they went to look
peh-ti 'mee-do! L jtL ! in the cattle shed the old man was not
Please say it briefly! there!
H kU ` !
() du(-ba) cop./ aux. j| exist; Samden 'ma-e pehza-gi 'tho-sin
be; have (mirative/ inferential evid.). 'du-ba! hg Sj ! I
[Gram: neg. = <mihndu (-sba)>. The heard later that the boy called
form with /-ba/ is the question form, Samden saw it!
but it is also used in somewhat
emphatic statements.] [Note: For more M () dukte(-la) temp. k
|
information on this copula see usually.
appendix 5, section 8.] M ` L, `
-` ` | 'lha-da ` ` h` L |
'lhamin yii 'du. E Ct j| 'dukte-ni di 'mih yaahbu-'ra 'yehken,
Oh, it's Lha and Lhamin. 'tihri nahbar 'ihta tii-'ra peh-ku
'du. j , Ag
L ` ` |
kohmba niba 'tohro yaahbu 'du. U j| He used to be a nice
fellow, but nowadays he is always
U An j| I see that the
old temple is still beautiful. angry.
J | ooh 'mih-la M
) 'dukte 'leehmu
(
'pestol 'du lo. jU j |
(peh-ti) adv.ph. k (U) as
They said they saw that the man had usual.
a pistol. S M ` J l yE
MU k` M l | 'kho-ni 'dukte 'leehmu-'ra ooh 'lha
dal o-w 'du. F k U
| 'kyahgar sen 'dzamma-'ra loori
'kyahp 'aa 'du. LL E ED V k j| He is going to
pay homage to that god as usual.
EtCHj| They turned upside down
all the millet seedlings. ` du n. S, | sting (of
S yH ! 'kho-ni insects); spear (E+W). 'g' |
'phurti ten-di o-e 'mih 'du-ba! F See: 'pahrtsa (W)'.
j j! He is one
` y ` du temba n.ph. wEL
who shows off!
| place names: village on the
308
`
western slope of the Melamchi River
valley, below Thang-Sying Kahng.
` ` du du '` `' |
See: 'do do'.
`` dudu (E+W) n. t, |
sprouts. ' U, ' | cement.
See also: 'mehndo bugul, dumdum'.
U `` k` U ! - dur- v.i. | become
'pharsi-gi dudu 'dzamma-'ra bu-gi
seeh 'du-ba! L t L
SHj! Oh, the worms have eaten up
all the pumpkin sprouts!
`/ `/ ` dumu/
domo/ domu n. t g t
y ( wL, Z) household
utensils: churn for churning salt tea.
` dure n. , | wick.
dup intens. , | intensifier
for 'preeh-'.
, L``! ooh
J
'mih-ni 'dup 'preeh 'du-ba,
kuhmu-'ra! j Uj,
! That man had swiftly run away,
already in the evening!
- dum- v.i. U,
HEt | join up (people).
S` t` h V| khu
'ohba tii-la dum-'gyo. E HEt
D L j| They joined
up in one household.
/ `` dumdum (E)/
dudu (W) n. , S| tower;
pillar.
`U| dumdum 'la-gen.
S EwE| erect pillars.
`` L| dudu karmu. |
Sundharara
L LU U tU
mM| kohmba 'kapi-gi 'laagi-la
'simeni-gi dumdum 'zo-'kyo. UL
SL U tL S CHL j|
For the post (supporting the roof) of
the temple they built a pillar of
mashed (messy and sticky).
'dur n. , Y| runny dough;
coarse mash.
g j h, J
mH| 'tsamba-la thu 'luu-di 'top-ti,
ohle 'dur 'zo-en. w j
Cj| You pour water into the
flour and mix it up into a runny
dough.
'durma adj. , |
coarsely mashed.
`U M mH| igi
'kyurpu 'luu-di 'he 'durma paa 'zo-en.
L AL Ej| I
make a curry of dried sour vegetables
and coarsely mashed boiled potatoes.
- dur-suta (N) adj. |
exactly the same.
`U ` - | di yii-gi
peh-ta 'dur-'suta 'du. CkL
g-g wML E j| These two
behave exactly the same.
- dul- v.t. (
) destroy (a spirit, giant, etc.).
m- 'dul-di 'thala 'zo-
m-
pred.ph.erg. U S | destroy
completely.
'dulma ' ' | See:
'sa dulma'.
de '' | See: 'di'.
309


de p. | attitude particles: (t) S L SHL C| I

reinforcing. [Disc: so far only observed never got to eat anything as tasty as
after 'yihn'] this.
S`U Ly Ly l y/
y/ y dena/ dene 'Ay/
, ` MM ! khu-gi y' | See: 'ahnamu/
'kahnum 'kahnum ihmbu sah-e yehnamu'.
ter-te, ah 'kyaah-'kyo 'yihn 'de!
E w w S H, tHL dep n. | wall (of room); side
! They give me such tasty food, (of box).
and so I have become fat! - 'dep-'ur n./ adj.
M M `U M S| slope; sloping.
t`U ` M | di 'kyahlbu - | di rih 'dep-'ur 'du.
'kyahlmu yii-gi pahrkyi-la 'aga 'a wE j| This landscape is
ter-'kyo 'yihn 'de. k CtL U sloping.
g HL | For these L | phar-ken 'dep. S|
brooches of the king and queen I paid opposite slope.
five mohars for both together. jL | tshur-ken 'dep. S|
slope on this side.
w de he ' w' | See: 'di
hi'. {-L} depa {peh-k} n. {v.i.}
1) EL, kU, g {U }
-S de-kham n. (lamaistic) {show} eagerness; zeal. [Usage:
CL| district. restricted contexts, e.g. for work]
` ` M-S sarc.: {show} greed.
-S t | tahbu tahbu J h j |
peeh 'kyahl-'khap-la de-kham 'uuh ooh-di-ni 'leeh peh-te-la 'depa
'yeh-ba lo. E L l 6t thimbu 'du. L UD
CL H | Formerly there were kU j| That one shows great
six districts in the kingdom of Tibet. zeal in his work.
-j/
j/ -j/ -h
L L V U ` U,
de-thowa/ de-thaa/ J, jl ! U
de-tuhba adj. | this big. H| 'keeh ter-ken 'gyaa-la 'lahla-gi
mahbu lehn-ge, ohle, "'depa
k/ k
(`) deze/ yehze
(-'ra) qt. () this much. thimbu-i 'du!" 'mee-di 'mih-'ya-gi
'ma-en. y wE L j,
deze-ba qt./ adv. L| this
k
much (referring to quality more than A, "F j!" j
quantity); such. j| When something is shared out,
some people take a lot, and then the
k
h A`
others say, "He is one who takes with
``| deze-ba topta ihmbu
nahm-'a sah mah-'yuh. L w zeal!"
2) [Usage: lamaistic] A {U} hope;
310
 `

expect. U doge qt. , `U| the whole

thing (e.g. pumpkin, bread, etc.).
dere adv. gML, hg| flat (of
sitting). 'h U' | See also:
'phirta doge'.
! sa-la 'dere 'teh! gML
! Sit properly on the floor! ML U` SH! ter-na di
'kyek doge-'ra sah khuu-en! LL
L derku 'L' | See: 'dirku'. `U S Mj! I can eat the
/
/ / de-la/ da-la/ whole cake in one go, if you allow me
di-la loc. | here. to!
-
-h dewa-ten '
-h' ` `/ ` ` do do/ du
| See: 'tehwa-ten'. du adj.ph. ` `/ ` `
(`U , kE AE ) loud
- dee- v.t. j| touch. 'L -'
and hollow (noise).
| See also: 'tok dee-'. [Gram:
anim. and inanim. undg. takes <-la>] L ` ` U | 'kee do do
ten-gu 'du. ` ` Ak Lj|
S- 'dee khuu- pred.ph.erg. j
There is a loud, hallow noise coming
M| harm s.b.
from somewhere.
UA` SH EC! taah
'lha-la 'su-gi-'a 'dee miih-khu-en uy! `-
`-L/
L/ `U do-kar/
A UD L j M ! Now dogar (E) n. HL
as you know, nobody can harm the UD| white-spotted (cattle).
gods! 'l`-L' | See: 'u-kar (W)'.
-M/
M/ -M - `U j j doga tshe thu
dee-lokpa/ dee-lohkpa phep- n.ph. wEL | place names: upper
pred.ph.non-erg. AE| flow of Tadi Khola west of Yohlmu.
cerem. terms: go into or be in a trance
`U dogar '`-L' | See:
in which the medium visits the realm 'do-kar'.
of the dead.
-M| 'mehme 'dee-lokpa. ` doba n. L | clan
names: non-lama clan (='maba').
AHL k| way to refer to a
male medium. `/ ` domu/ domo
-`| 'yibi 'dee-loma. '`' | See: 'dumu'.
AHL l| way to refer to a female -
-/
/ -
-
dop-dop/
medium. dop-top n. Ly| small
L L (h) dok dok (tii) rubber ball.
adj.ph. - (HEt) quite big. , - gH| o, 'dop-'dop
L L h T ! toh dok 'tse-en. AF, Ly S| Come, let's
dok tii 'khyer o! A wMLL `U
play with the ball.
F! Bring quite a big stone! ` doma n. cerem. utensils:
311
 -

L HEt LL | name UE| accuse.

of a religious book. [Note: with
doo n. g, jt| appearance;
instructions for rituals] countenance (of people and certain
domen pul n.ph. g things).
(wEL ) place names: Melamchi V- 'doo 'gyur- pred.ph.non-erg.
Pul. g | change appearance,
countenance.
{-} domba {paa-} n. {v.i.}
L {g}, C {} {take} a y ` VL | 'yahno
footstep. rih-'ra 'doo 'gyur-ken. G
S `l yE | 'kho L g j| In springtime the
'domba 'riha-i paa-di o-w 'du. F whole nature changes its appearance.
- C k j| Oh, he -/ `- 'doo 'tor-/ noh-
-
is taking long steps. pred.ph.non-erg. g U| become
ugly (appearance, countenance).
L-/ -L dos (N) ken-/
peh-k pred.ph.erg. UE, A

'tsamba, to, tha, 'na thamdi-'ra
na n. , L| kind (i.e. same/
different kind); item. ter-ken, 'yune-la. A g, , ,
h M
ky L S Cj,
J j ` gy(L A )| At (the
festivities after) the fast they give
H| sem-la 'na tii 'kyee-di 'yeh-na
'phi-la 'leeh lehmen peh-na ooh-di-la everything: tea, roasted flour, a rice
'thisal nahsal meh-'ma-en. HEt meal and whisky.
L g AL L U A AU M H, ` H,
D D | If you think J l` ,
one thing in your heart and do J ` yH| aba 'ama-gi 'kyuh
something else outwardly, you can't ta-en, 'leeh-na ta-en, ohle 'na
call this being honest. thamdi-'ra yaahbu 'yehsi-'ma-na,
ohle 'nama 'la o-en. A
` LL ! 'tho 'koh-ken
'na 'yihm-ba! T LL ! It's j , g g j
, A L
for the looks of it! A j Lt V kj| The
parents consider her possessions, her
l` 'na tham-di-'ra
n.ph. LL, L| all kinds; way of doing things, and if every
every aspect. aspect is to their liking, then they go
and ask for the girl as a bride.
J h, g, , j`,
l` L, ``| ohle 'tah, - -na vsf. kE PL

312
 -`

A| conditional. A UD HEt AW
CL J` J`, | And then Sanggye gave Lha a
` L yH? commandment.
tahlen 'baisak-la oh-na oh-sin,
`-
`- na- aux. tg HL
meh-yoh-si 'ma-na-ni 'moh kaah-la
PC tg E P| auxiliary
o-en? S AC AC, verb added to a non-honorific vs or
AC E L k? If she comes pred.ph. to make it honorific. [Gram:
this year in Baisakh then that's fine; if vs or pred.ph. ending in non-honorific
she doesn't come, then where will she vs + aux.]
go?
J ` MU `
M-
M- na kyal- pred.ph.erg. L ` ``, `k ` ooh
S, P | swear an oath. sobe 'tihkpa-gi tehnda-la 'nomsa ta
Ml L y j na-do, 'yendzen 'yehwa-'ya.
m` MU| 'na 'kyal-e-la L L h,
kohmba-la o-si-'ma-na 'theemi Ct| Therefore reflect about the
zu-di 'na 'kyal-ge. P D matter of sin, my friends and
U U P j| relatives.
If you go to the temple for making an
` na temp. | day after
oath, you hold on to a butter lamp tomorrow.
when giving the oath (taking it as a
witness). -` -na sf. PD E
A| verb stem nominalizer
/
/ / -/ M- na/ naa/ referring to the appearance of an
nal looh-/ kyahp- pred.ph.dr. ML action or state. [Gram: vs+sf.]
ML ( HL S S HL) '-`/ -`, -' | See also:
get tired of a certain food. '-ta~ -da, -lu'.
h`
A`, Lh l` gM l
` | 'sehn tii-'ra
`U| 'kapta samba
`
seeh-de seeh-de-'a, taah-ni ah-la 'nal 'aa-na tsokpa peh-ti 'aa-na niba
looh-sin. y SH ML 'leehmu 'tho-gen. Ly H
CL| We have been eating so much T k k Sj| If you
corn mash lately, I tired of it now. store new clothes in an unorderly way
M nakpa '' | See: 'a'. they will look like old stuff.
M m`- nakpa zu- '' Lh ` ` L`
| See: 'tam-la'. l `U| 'kapta niba
'yeh-'na kehn-na yaahbu 'yeh-na
`-
`- na- v.dt. (hon. of 'ter-') 'darpu 'tho-ge. U H
(t.) give. UE L H Sj | Even if
J `VU L h `| the clothes are old, if you put them
ohle sagye-gi 'lha-la 'ka tii na-sin. on neatly, they will look nice.
313
`

` j na thimbu ` U 'nado meeh-ba-gi

pela n.ph. gk, | adj.ph. gy E, gy g T| very
holy objects (used for worship). impatient; touchy.
` {`-
{`-} nada {ta-} ` ` 'nado 'rihbu
pred.ph.erg. , L {U, T} | patient;
adj.ph. M,
{give/ pay} attention. persevering.
S` Lk L ` ` ` ` y (Sy)
(Sy) -
- nani
Ll ! khu 'kahze 'kee (khini) or- pred.ph.dr. ML,
ten-'na 'rah nada ta meh-'teh ML V| be fed up with a person.
'koh-e leh! E k LH J Lk L
U j ! No matter how much ? ` y ! ooh
they shout, just don't take any notice 'leehmu tam-'ya 'kahze 'mee 'teh-ken
of them! 'yihm-ba, 'yih-la 'nani 'or-sin!
` naba n. S, l| L L UL? D ML
worker (working for wages). '
' UM! Who much longer will you
| See also: 'leehmi'. talk about such things? We are fed up
with it!
` / U LH|
naba-'ya-la 'la/ 'leega ter 'koh-en. y-
y- napsiwa o-
lD l j| You have to pred.ph.non-erg. nt L L
give the workers wages/ a salary. V| bear the consequences of
a false oath.
-
-` na-yemba '-`'
| See: 'nee-emba'. j j MU H
yH| thaa 'tshal-di 'na 'kyal-ge
k naze qt. L| all kinds of. 'belale 'paapi 'ma-e-di-di 'napsiwa
' k' | See also: 'name o-en. Yy tL U P nt
naze'. g nt L L
S` h k` E | khu Vj| The one who swears a false
sa-la topta 'naze-'ra sah-w 'du. oath bowing down (in the temple)
EL LL S SC will have to endure hardships.
j| The eat all kinds of different
foods. {-} napal {then-} n.
{v.i.} U {L} nasal mucus {run}.
l {-} nau {then-} n. {v.i.} M- 'napal 'kyur-

Lt {V} watery nasal pred.ph.erg. U M| throw away
mucus {runs down}. nasal mucus.
S {`-} nada kha {thu-} - 'napal phii-
n.ph. {v.t.} {} {use} snuff. | wipe nose.
pred.ph.erg. U j
`
nado theemu adj.ph. nam n. AL| sky.
A, yyE| impatient; touchy. L -L nam kuhr 'teh-k

314
 U`

pred.ph.non-erg. J V| find shelter {`-

{`-} namin (E) {tho-}
to wait for the rain to stop. n. {v.t.} LLL {T} {see}
L - nam 'kee ten- pred.ph.e. result of bad deeds; stigma (pointing
AL Uk| thunder. to bad deeds). [Gram: 'namin' takes
M- nam 'kyahp- pred.ph.e. causative <-ki>] ' ' | See:
| rain. 'neemin (W)'.
(U) jt/ jt {M-/ S ` gM M U
J`-} nam(-gi) 'thaa/ 'thea S M ``| 'kho
{'kyahp-/ oh-} n. {v.i.} 'toh-le 'leeh tsokpo peh-'kyo
{} be a heavy rainfall. 'namin-gi 'kho tahnda 'tuhkpu
jt `y` ` J`U 'yuh-sin. E LL UL
! nam-'thaa oha-'ra 'la-di A S V| His present
oh-gu 'du! LE AE hardships are the result of his former
j! This downpour is making a lot bad deeds. [Note: 'tsokpo' and
of noise! 'tuhkpu' cannot be replaced by
-L/ j-L nam 'teh-k/ 'yaahbu' and 'kyipu' respectively.]
'the-k pred.ph.e. | stop
k/ k name naze/
raining. name nazo qt.ph. L, L
j M- nam LL| all kinds of.
'thii-ba thimbu 'kyahp- pred.ph.e. J Mh` ` ``
w | it rains in big drops. L l` h k
`- nam sa- pred.ph.e.
`- L| ohle 'soktu
AL EU| clear up (of weather). 'yihmu-di 'yune-la 'teh-ke 'mih
M- nam thamdi-la-'ra topta 'name 'nazo
sahma 'sihme 'kyahp- pred.ph.e. ihmbu ihmbu-'ya ter-ken. A
| sprinkle with rain. Mh`L D
U `- nam-gi pah- w-w SL j| And on the
pred.ph.erg. l| get soaked second day all sorts of nice food is
with rain. [Gram: erg: see neutral given to all the participants of the
word order for inanim. actors, fasting festival.
appendix 5, section 21.2]
`() U `! ah(-la) -
-T/ -
-TE/ -
-T/
nam-gi pah-di! D k/ -
-T nam-khyu/
k! I got completely soaked by nam-khyiw (E)/ nam-khyuyu/
the rain! nam-khyubu (W) n. gL|
animals: slug.
nama n. , Ek|
sister-in-law; daughter-in-law. U` {} namga {yihn} n.
'nama samba n.ph. {cop.} K {} {be} new moon. 'j '
, | marriage: bride. | See also: 'tshee-ba'.

315
V

V namgyal n. OL | pred.ph.erg. L | hear by

names: personal name, m. hearsay.
l namda 'l' | See: l - 'namdo-la phu-
'saa'. pred.ph.erg. yLE, Eg| incite s.b.
T U l `?
l namdo n. L| ear. khye-la 'su-gi 'namdo-la phii-di
TU l V ! khye-gi ta-ba? D L Eg wHL?
'namdo 'yehn-'gyo 'du-ba! Who has incited you?
j| You must be deaf! (abusive `U S l H ! ah-gi
expression) 'kho-la 'namdo-la phu-e 'nah!
-/ -/ - 'namdo
l J - ED yLEj ! I am going to
'om tol-/ phu- (E)/ 'phru- (W) incite him!
pred.ph.erg. L jy , jyE| pierce
ears. y namo n. t| clothing:
breast pocket of 'thuba' or 'laptar'.
S l J | 'kho-ti
'namdo 'om tol-sin 'du. E L S-
S- namda khal-
jyj | Oh, he has pierced ears. pred.ph.erg. F L| spin (includes
`U l J / the whole process of preparing yarn).
| ah-gi 'nuhmu-la 'namdo 'om {-L} namdar {e-k} n.
tol-sin./ phu-sin. L L {v.dt.} L L A {E} {explain
jyH| I pierced the ears of the little meaning} of scriptures. [Disc:
girl. 'thee-gi/ pea-gi' + n.{v.dt.}]
J`- 'namdo
l ` J
yembu oh- pred.ph.dr. k `- namdo lah-
V | receive good news. pred.ph.non-erg./ dr. Y V, Y U|
be disgusted; find s.th. repulsive.
j- 'namdo 'tsha-
l j-
pred.ph.non-erg. L y M-U 'namdo 'kye-g ''
() be disturbed by noise. | See: 'sem-la'.
[Gram: exp. takes gen. <-ki>] `l

-
-
l t` t` t` t` -
- 'namdo 'lah-de 'leehmu tam 'ma-
'namdo 'a 'a 'o 'o peh-ti ta- pred.ph.erg. Y V L U| use
pred.ph.erg. L wy | spy filthy talk (sexual conn.).
around carefully; be alert. namba n. LyL t|
l M/ L 'namdo handicrafts: panel; width (of cloth).
'thukpu/ 'thuk-'se adj.ph. M L| gl l LH|
a bit hard of hearing. 'aahma 'tsem-de-la 'namba sum 'i
l U 'namdo 'thuga adj.ph. 'koh-en. "" ED g
, At| unyielding; t gj| To sew a back-apron you
hard-headed. need 3-4 panels of cloth.
l - 'namdo-la 'thee- g`-/ h- 'namba 'tsah-/

316


tuu- pred.ph.erg. U
D 'kyahp-ken. D
U U UE| put s.b. under a spell. Ej| When the lama performs the
[Note: involves cursing a piece of 'gopu' ritual he calls the spirit of the
clothing of the person to be harmed, deceased person.
and hide it in a cursed place]
-
- nar- v.i. U | be chronically
t- 'namba ten-/ 'ol-
-/ t- ill.
pred.ph.erg. Ut jtL
S l t` S, `
| deliver from a certain spell. | 'kho-ni 'neeh 'yihndu
/ L nambu/ nembu 'aah-'ra maah-khu, 'nar-te-'ra
kara n.ph. FL L tL| clothing: 'teh-sin. F Hj L
woolen cummerbund. L, U H | Once he had
/ UM` 'nambu/ fallen ill, he just couldn't get better;
'nembu garkya n.ph. FLL h he became chronically ill.
L| clothing: woolen blanket. /
/ - nara/ naara then-
- -nam-ya pp. (elevated) pred.ph.dr. t U L| have
lkl| honorific plural. a nosebleed.
LU t`U L M hU U L/ narko (W)/ naasum
E , H w-! Karma-gi 'aga (E) n. L| nose. [Disc: In metaphors
kohrmu 'kyah tii-gi godar 'luu-w 'du, with nose (examples see below) even
'e homba-'nam-'ya! L HL easterners usually use 'narko', but
gE j, lkl! Honoured they may be used with 'naasum',
guests, Karma is putting in one too.]
hundred rupees for the wedding gift.
L h-L 'narko 'te-k
t hM T-U l pred.ph.erg. AL Clk U, AL
m ``! 'ehmba 'teh-'kyo-la L Lt| spoil s.b.'s reputation; be a
'khyemba-'nam-'ya-gi 'thu-i 'zii disgrace to s.b. [Gram: undg. takes
na-do! UL kl gen. <-ki>]
Q U ! Please excuse me for L l-/ L m`- 'narko 'aa-/
the things I forgot, learned listeners! 'narko zu- pred.ph.erg. LE,
` namsa '`' | See: Clk | get/ keep a good
'nomsa'. reputation; save face. [Gram: undg.
takes gen. <-ki>]
nami n. , A| soul (of
a dead person); spirit (of a dead L y- - 'narko o-/
y-/ L -
person). ', , ' | See 'narko 'or- pred.ph.non-erg. ,
also: 'imbu, sem, la'. L k| lose reputation. [Gram: exp.
takes attributive <-ti>]
U U ML U
L ML| lama-gi 'gopu / M- narto/ narta
'kyahp-ke-mu 'imbu-gi nami-la 'kee kyahp- pred.ph.non-erg. w V,

317
-
-

y| stumble; trip over s.th; stub - 'nawa thim-

-
one's toe. pred.ph.non-erg. L , tk
y`` HV, J | be stupid; be senseless. [Gram:
ML! o-na-'ra meeh-e-e-'gyi, exp. takes gen. <-ki>]
ohle 'narto 'kyahp-ken! y k, T(U) V! khye(-gi) 'nawa
A w Vj! He has an akward way thim-'gyo! j! You must
of walking, and so he stumbles! have lost your senses!
-
- 1 nal- v.t. j
| knead -/ - 'nawa 'bup-/
(dough); stir a thick mash ('sehn'). 'phup- pred.ph.e. t | be
depraved.
J U L |
ooh piihmi-gi 'nal-de 'nal-de tam `-` j
'lahp-ku 'du. ACC L | da-'tihri 'mih
thimbu-'ya-di 'nawa 'bup-sin 'du.
gC-gC UL j| Oh, that
woman is talking with such an AgL kL t Hj|
exaggerated intonation. Nowadays the important people are so
corrupt.
-
- 2 nal- v.i. ()(t.) Jk M J`l
go out. [Usage: hon. of 'i-g' when
| ohze-la 'mih-'ya 'nawa 'bup-'kyo
referring to the dying down of butter oh-e 'yeh. S L
lamps used in worship] t HL j | At that time the
k-L nal dze-k pred.ph.non-erg. people will be depraved.
(hon. of 'yi looh-') V, E `- 'nawa meh-yoh-

(t.) sleep. pred.ph.dr. (h O )
`- 'nal sa na-
` `- never occurs (to him).
pred.ph.non-erg. (hon. of 'yi se-k/ () 'nawa meeh(-ba)

tshe-k') n, S (t.) wake pred.ph.cop. U| be thoughtless;
up. be careless. [Gram: cop.= specific
semi-attribution]
-/ M- nal looh-/
kyahp- '/ / ' | See: 'na/ - 'nawa ruhl-
naa/ nal'. pred.ph.non-erg. AW | be silly
(used to scold s.b.). [Gram: exp. takes
l {L-/ M-} nalda gen. <-ki>]
{ken-/ kyahp-} n. {v.t.} `
{AyLE} {fasten} door latch (made nawa yih n.ph. (poetic)
of iron). A, -, -Q|
anticipation; presentiment. 'U
nawa n. , W, L| ' | See also: 'sem-gi
awareness; thoughtfulness. yih-la'.
M 'nawa kyipu adj.ph. () 'nawa 'yih-la

MLU (L gkL U) meeh(-ba) pred.ph.cop. gHL j|
without care.
318
-
- `

have no presentiment; anticipation. black.

[Gram: cop.= specific M - 'nahkpu 'naa-rhile
semi-attribution] [Disc: no positive adj.ph. L L| colours: pitch
usage observed so far] black. '-U' | See also:
T J`U H ` 'naa-lohge'.
! khye di rohwa peh-ti
` () nah(-la) temp. |
oh-ge 'ma-en-di ah-la 'nawa 'yih-la within; before.
meehba! AEj
Ut `| 'gana sum
gHL C| I had no idea that you nah-la. Yt| within 3 hours.
would come this way.
l `| 'tin 'bae nah-la.
-
- na-suhr n. (rare) | k| before 3 o'clock.
corner (of table or clothes).
` () nah(-la) loc. |
nah att.p. , | attitude particles: inside; in.
mild, factual emphasis on statements
`U nahgo n. (poetic) ,
(obviously); mild insistence on orders.
u| inside part.
L ` L, J L `U - S L
A` l, J ` L ! | 'tarka nahgo ihmbu -
kehpu 'ii-de 'yihma sum kahl-sin, khambu 'phiko ihmbu. JSL
ohle lama-'a mahndor, ohle iih
w - AL w| With
'teh-ke 'nah! L L, walnuts the inside part is tasty - with
CH, A H L ! It's peaches the outside one.
three days since her husband died,
and she was not able to get a lama, so `U {-} nahgor {taa-} n.
of course she is weeping! {v.t.} UL jt | jewelry: {put
on} short necklace with coral,
- nah- v.i. | become ill. turquoise, and 'zi'.
` L ` A
l` M | ah 'leenu `l nahda n. U
'yeh-ken 'bela-le 'yih 'ama dibu-'ra A) insides (intestines,
(Ay
'nah-'kyo lo. S L etc.).

A HL | They `l `l nahda
tell me that my mother was very ill phada n.ph. Ay
A|
when I was a small baby. intestines, etc.

/ nah/ naah conj. L, , | ` nahden n. AL

conjunctions: introduces suppositions or | precious things (shown only
queries. inside).
` V
Mh` nahktu n. OL | `U, ` h` U| nahden
names: personal name, m.
'phi-la ten-di lehmen 'gyaa-la
M nahkpu adj. L| colours: meh-ta-ge, nah-la tii-'ra ten-gen.
319
` k

AL A L A tomorrow.
, SCj| Some
wC `` `, J T`U
precious things are not taken out and ! 'yihn-do nahbar-'ya,
` H
sent to other places, they are shown ohle khye-'ra-gi 'oh ee-en loh!
only inside. , A A Ej
` nahder n. A | ! Listen to it in the days to come,
precious things (of personal value). and you will know it yourself!
'' | See also: 'ter'. ` `/ nahbar

'yihmu/ 'leehmu temp.ph. t|
J SU t, J S`U
the next day; the following day.
` | ooh-di 'kho-gi
meh-ter-o, ooh-di khu-gi nahder `-L {L
{L
-} nah-lok
'yihm-ba. E , {kehn-} adj./ adv. {v.t.} t {UE}
EL A gk | He will {wear} right side out (e.g. clothes).
probably not sell this, this is a '-L' | See also:
precious thing of personal value. 'phi-lok'.
``/
`/ ` nah-do/ `` nahi pp. (elevated)
nah-la loc. A| among. , E| be like; do like.
`` L| rooh S ` ` ` !
nah-do 'mitap peh-ken. -L 'kho 'tohme nahi 'du-'ra
g AS C Uj| Among mihn-du! F L k j j! He
friends you wink your eyes at each just isn't the same anymore!
other.
k nahza n. | sickness; spirit
J S` ` S` of sickness.
| ooh 'khaba sum nah-la k M-/ - 'nahza
khu-di 'thoo-o-di 'yihm-ba. t 'kyahp- / sihn- pred.ph.dr. V|
Y EL Y L get a sickness.
| Among those three houses theirs is - 'nahza ta- pred.ph.erg.
k -
the highest (in size or at the highest
| investigate the cause of
altitude). sickness.
` nahba n./ adj. (lamaistic) k M- 'nahza looh
L | insider. 'kyahp- pred.ph.dr. n| have a
` `V nahba sagye relapse (of a sickness).
n.ph. (lamaistic) U | secretive -L 'nahza 'i-k
k -
religion. [Note: certain aspects are kept pred.ph.erg. E| drive out a
secret by the priesthood; lamaism = spirit of sickness.
'nahba sagye'] 'j `V' kU m`- 'nahza-gi zu-
| See also: 'thiba sagye'. | spirit of
pred.ph.erg. t
sickness seizes s.b. [Gram: 'nahza' is
` nahbar temp. |
the erg. actor (see neutral word order
320


for inanim. actors, appendix 5, section finding fault with me.

21.2)]
1 nahm q.w. L| when.
...
.../ ... nah...nah/ A` nahm-'a temp. k
naah...naah double_conj. ()... , L | [Gram: + aff. pred.ph.]
()... conjunctions: neither... nor...; ever. [Gram: + neg. pred.ph.] never.
either... or.... ` nahm 'yihmu q.w.+
J L , m n. L | which day. [Disc:
k| ohle-ni 'bipata kahl-de '*kaahndi yihmu' is not used]
'nahle, 'nah zum-ba 'nah mah-zum-ba. j nahm tshe-la q.w.+
A , | n.ph. L U| who knows when.
And they were in a dilemma, did they - nahm-nahm temp.
catch him or not, who knows... L L| sometimes.
` nahni temp. | last ` nahm peh-'na
year. temp.ph. k | always. [Gram: +
aff. pred.ph.; not used with neg.
nahndi n. YE| injury pred.ph.]
(physical). 'U' | See also: -/ nahm-'ma-na
'maga'. temp.ph. | always.
y- 'nahndi o- pred.ph.dr.
y- l nahm 'yihndu

YE V| get injured. q.w.+ temp.pp. L S| since when.
gM l L t
gM S ` L| 2 nahm n. y|
'tsiktor 'tuh-e peh-ken 'bela-le 'lehi atmospheric darkness.
rohm-di 'tsikso 'kheeba-'ya-la 'nahndi L nahm koo-la temp.ph.
mahbu kahl-sin. U , El V| before
El
dawn (3-4:00).
g L yLD YE |
When they were leveling the top of `() nahm
the walls the scaffolding collapsed, thoro(-la) temp.ph. El|
and the masons got badly injured. early dawn (still quite dark).
`- 'nahndi ta-
`- S ` L| 'kho
pred.ph.erg. YE UE| injure s.b. nahm thorola kahlsin. F
U| He went when the day
El
M-/ -L nahpsa was dawning.
kyahp-/ peh-k pred.ph.erg. `- nahm 'lah- pred.ph.e.
gLgE, Lg-Lg U| find fault El | become light in the
with s.b; grumble about s.b. morning.
MU ` L| - nahm 'see- (E)/ 'so-
-/ -
'kyuuhmu-gi ah-la 'nahpsa peh-ti (W) pred.ph.e. n , | become
'teh-ken. D Lg-Lg dark in the evening.
Uj| Mother-in-law keeps -/ - nahm-'simu/

321
U -

nahm-'semu temp. , | just arranged in a row.

after it becomes light. S` t J | khu 'pai
S -` L| 'kho ooh-la 'nahre 'du. E C
nahm-'simu-'ra kahlsin. F U| L j| Oh, they are standing in
He went just after it became light. a row.
U nahmga n. (poetic) AL| ` `V ()
sky. l! 'elbung-'ya pahgya-la 'nahre
(peh-ti) 'oo! A C
U `VU j nahmga U S! Put the bottles on the shelf
sagye-gi thee n.ph. | into a row!
lamaisms: Buddhist scriptures.
nahl nahl '

'
{-
{-} nahmsa {nom-} n. | See: 'nehl nehl'.
{v.t./ dt.} (hon. of 'kapta kehn-/
ken-') Ly, U {UE} (t.) nahli n. | small pipe of
clothes {put on}; cloth. mountain bamboo (used for smoking
the water pipe, cf. 'tohwa').
/
/ l m`- nahmsi (E)/ `U | 'tohwa thu-ge
nahmdi (W) zu- pred.ph.erg. Q 'nahli. S S | the pipe for
wL L| take a foreordained smoking the water pipe.
course (e.g. stars, animals).
` Lh U m`U, J nahle att.p. ! attitude
particles: emphatic confirmation.
hUA` m`U| 'thodo
karten-gi nahmsi zu-gen, ohle T j L ? - ` j
'tahbu-gi-'a nahmsi zu-gen. ! 'khya thuda kaah-la le? -
'yih thuda ta muuh-la 'nahle!
P Ej, A
Ej| The big star always L Yu L ?- Yu E:
appears at the same time, and the ! Where is your water mill? -
cock also crows at his regular time. Down there, obviously!

nahmsimu '-' k nahldzi n. EE w

| See: 'nahm-simu'.
/
nahr peh-ti/ nahrara peh-ti
| in single file.
adv.ph. U
1 nahre (W) temp. A| now.
'' | See: 'tahnda (E)'.
` 'nahre 'nahre-'ra
temp.ph. | again and again;
repeatedly.
2 nahre adj./ adv. C HL|
yy| household utensils: big ladle. [Note:
used for dipping out water]
nahr
j nahwa tshawa n.ph. S
| sickness; hardship (all kinds of
hardships and sickness).
naa n. | pus.
'naa 'soo- pred.ph.e. k|
-
become pussy.
- naa- v.t. | bear; endure (e.g.
-'
pain, hardship). 'j/ h
322
 l
`

| See also: 'thep/ tehp naa-'. dark.

j-
j- naa tsha- pred.ph.non-erg. g
g 'naa 'tsuhp
g
L tuE| be disturbed by noise.
'tsuhp 'tsuhp adj.ph. Y AL|
pitch-dark.
L ` , ` jE ! 'kee
mahbu mah-ten, ah 'naa 'tsha-w naara '' | See: 'nara'.
'du! LE, L tuE j!
-U naa-lohge adj. HL
Don't shout like that, it's getting on
L| colours: pitch black.
my nerves!
M -U | 'mukpa 'naa-lohge
` naa rih-di adv.ph. 'du. L L j| Oh, these
U| with perseverance. clouds are pitch black.
-/ M- naa looh-/ / () naasum (E)/ (naa) n.
kyahp- '' | See: 'na'. L| nose. See: 'narko (W)' for
metaphors with nose'.
`V naagyi n. wEL |place
names: small settlement above Kazye. ` j naai thimbu
-j naa-thile adj. | longsuffering;
adj.ph. ,
patience.
HL, A S UHL| sad;
disappointed. '`' | See ` j | 'moh 'naai
also: 'tohba'. thimbu 'du. F j| Oh, she
is patient.
-j L! di
tam 'thee-di 'moh 'naa-'thile kahl-di! ` -L 'naai peh-k
pred.ph.non-erg. | be patient;
L A S C!
When she heard this she became very show endurance.
sad! T `
y Sl
-j L | di | khye 'naai peh-na di 'leeh
tam 'thee-di 'moh 'naa-'thile peh-ku tehnda 'up khuu-e 'yeh.
'du. L C| L j | If you are
Having heard about this she is very patient this matter will come about.
sad. naah '' | See: 'nah'.
k naaza n. | ink. ...
... naah... naah '... '
k T-/ M- 'naaza 'khyuu- | See: 'nah... nah'.
(E)/ 'kyuuh- (W) pred.ph.e. |
L
naahkote n. UEL |
ink flows properly. place names: Naahkote (wide-spread
-k TE T ? 'naaza settlement on the eastern slope of the
'khyuu-w 'du ni miih-'khyu 'du? Melamchi River valley, below
j L j? Is there ink Langgyapsa).
coming out or not?
l
` naahu n. OL |
-k naa-dzube adj. A| names: personal name, f.

323
 `

naahra n. U UL
t hurt very much. [Usage: for physical
H E gy| festivals: festival on and emotional hurts] [Gram: exp.
which deep-fried bread is distributed takes gen. <-ki>]
to the villagers;. [Note: held yearly in ` h-U/ h- ni 'teh-g/
the 'kohmba'; date varies from place 'toh- pred.ph.erg. V, V|
to place] 'l ' | See also: have pity; have compassion.
'eero'. `- ni-'tehmu adj.ph.
`-h
`- 'naahra ta- pred.ph.erg.
`- Lw, Lw| cute; lovable.
gy E| celebrate the 'naahra' k ` hl ! di pehza
festival. ni-'teh-wa-i 'du! hg V
- 'naahra sah- pred.ph.erg. j! Oh, this is a cute child!
gy U | participate in the `-
`-h -L ni-'tehmu
'naahra' festival. peh-k pred.ph.erg. U, U| be
affectionate; be merciful.
-`
SL naah-luh
kharka n.ph. wEL | place names: l J`- ni
` h
village on the western side of the 'tehwa-i oh- pred.ph.dr. ,
Melamchi River, on the slope north of Lt U| have compassion; be
Gohare Khola. attracted.
`-h ni-'tohwa n. g|
`-
-`
gM naah-luh poor thing; cute thing.
tsokpa adj.ph. L | black and S S` `, `
foreboding.
` , `-h, S` `!
M -` gM ! 'mukpa 'kho-la 'kho-'la 'tuhal, 'moh-la
'naah-'luh tsokpa 'du! L 'moh-'la 'tuhal 'nahle, ni-'tohwa,
j ! Oh, there are foreboding khu yii-la-ni. ED ED ,
black clouds! ED ED , g, CkD!
ni conj. L| conjunctions: or. [Gram: He was worried, and she was worried
n.ph./ cl. + ni + n.ph./ cl.] [Disc: as well, poor things, both of them!
occurs only in questions; for ` `U`/ `
statements cf. 'ti-ni... ti-ni...'] MU` ni 'tih-le-gi-'ra/
T ` yH yH? khye ni thakpa-le-gi-'ra adv.ph. S
'tihri o-e ni meh-n-o-e? Ak | heart-felt.
k L k? Are you going today or - ni 'dar- pred.ph.non-erg.
` -
not? 1) y L| be terrified.
2) ky L| shiver (with cold).
` ni n. t| heart (physical).
` (`) g g -L ni `-` `- ni-'lu 'lah-
`-
(-'ra) tser tser peh-k pred.ph.dr. Og | have a heart
pred.ph.non-erg. t nL HL attack. 'w-`' | See also:
'haa-lu'.
A (U EwE)
`- ni 'lo- pred.ph.dr.
` `-
324
`U `

t , t t| stomach `l H lA`
rumbles. ! 'mih-la nidi 'ma-en-di-ni

S Lk ` ` | 'kho-la 'phema-i-'a meeh-ba! A AL
'kahze ni 'lo-sin 'du! EL t HL! He is merciless to
tHj| His stomach rumbled people! (very emphatic).
terribly! `- nidi o-
`l `-
pred.ph.non-erg. V, kV|
`U nigale n. wEL | place
names: settlement above Tap-Kharka, a feel endearment. [Gram: exp. takes
little more north, just below the ridge. gen. <-ki>]
k, `l `UU `,
`U nigu n. U (jL ky) J `U `l `UV!
foods: strained beer. [Note: tastes very
pehza-'ya, nidi o-gen-gi 'leeh
much like wine] peh-to, ohle 'yih-gi nidi
`l {-L} nidi {peh-k} n. o-gen-'gyile! hg, D
{v.dt.} , U| love s.b. L U, A Vj! Children,
`l M-U nidi 'kye-g behave nicely, and we will like you!
pred.ph.dr. V| feel love. [Gram: UA` `l `U, J
exp. takes <-la> if the recipient is not k! 'su-gi-'a nidi meh-o-ge,
stated, but <-ni> if recipient is stated ooh 'leehmu pehza-la! LL
as well, in which case the recipient kV, hg|
takes <-la>; see also appendix 5, Nobody likes a child who behaves like
section 26.4.] this!
` l` `l MH! `l `UU nidi
ah-ni 'moh-la dibu-'ra nidi o-gen-gi rooh n.ph. | dear
'kye-en! D EL A Vj! I friend.
like her very much! `l `l w/ nidi

`l nidi meeh-ba
o-de hi/ 'leehmu adj.ph.
pred.ph.cop. , w| be merciless. V k| endearing.
[Gram: cop.= specific di-attribution ` h-
h- nidam tol-
(exp. takes <-la> if recipient is not pred.ph.erg. , g | confide
stated, but <-ni> if recipient is stated in s.b.
as well, in which case the recipient
`U gM , J
takes <-la>; see also appendix 5,
` h| ah-gi 'leeh
section 26.4)] tsokpa peh-ti, ohle rooh thimbu-la
S `l ! 'kho-la nidi nidam 'tol-sin. L U, A
meeh-ba! ED j! He is a j kLL D | I did
merciless person! something wrong, but then I confided
S `l ! 'kho-ni what I did to a good friend.
'mih-la nidi meeh-ba! F w j!
He is merciless to people! `
` niba adj. | old (of
325
` -

inanimate things). [Gram: no excl. SE} {display} spiritual power;

form (see appendix 5, section1.2)] {perform} a sign.
` h -kU `U `l U SU M w U
| ah-ti 'teen-'rehzi-gi thagu ` LH| niihba ten-ge-mu 'kho-gi
niba-i 'yeh-ba. HEt 'ma-'kyo hi 'mih-'ya-gi 'tho 'koh-en.
L `L j| I have an old AL O SE E k
thangka of the god of deliverance. A Tj| When somebody
claims to perform a miracle, people
` nibu (W) adj. |
precious (of stones, metal). [Gram: no must see his claim become true.
excl. form (see appendix 5, nunu adj. L, AL| tender.
section1.2)] [Gram: excl.: 'nuwa!']
`/
`/ ` nima/ niba n. - nup- v.t. E| withdraw.
L | clan names: lama clan. LjU U ` L |
'katshuwa-gi goo nah-la 'nup-ku 'du.
` (j) niru
(thimbu) peh-ti adv.ph. U Lj tEL E j| The
turtle is withdrawing its head.
D, E D| diligently; attentively;
enthusiastically. num n. | oil.
k nimdzen 'k' | See: j 'num thule adj.ph.
'nemdzen'. g| shining with grease or oil.
g 'numri 'tsa n.ph. g
- -ni sf. | topical highlighting; Y| plants: an oily grass.
moderate focus.
` J L ` - num- v.t. Z | sniff (at) s.th.
-' | See also:
't/ t
`U EC! ah ooh-la kahl-ba
'yeh-na-ni ah-la looh ta-gen 'du 'uy! ''ihma/ ehma num-'.
UHL H D LC j / numbu/ nombo adj.
! If I go there they will send me S| sharp (of tools); pointed (of
back, will they? tools).
` L T L | - nur- v.t. UktE| tangle up
'ti-le-ni 'kuri 'khyer-ti kahl 'du lo. j s.th. ' -' | See also:
L U UHj | Then later he 'balu nur-'.
took the big hoe and went, they said.
kU L k` /
MU L L | h| pehza-'ya-gi 'kupa
'kyahgar-ni 'bok 'bok 'poo 'du lo. 'dzamma-'ra 'nur-sin/ 'nuhr tuu-sin.
LL t - ESj | As to hg U UktH| The
the millet (seedlings), he pulled them children tangled up all the yarn.
out in big lumps, they said.
U J `U U L |

{-} niihba {ten-} n. {v.t.} pruhl-gi 'om nah-le-gi goo 'nur 'nur
AL O, WL O {Q peh-ku 'du. t t
326
M

L U j| The 'nuhp 'phee temp.ph.

snake is sticking its head out of the | midnight.
hole and withdrawing it again. 'nuhpa n. g| people

living in the west.
M nurkyi n. OL | names:
personal name, f. U `U H|
'apru-gi 'mih-'ya-la 'yih-gi 'nuhpa
h` nuhrtu n. OL | 'ma-en. L jD
names: personal name, m.
g j| We call the people of
L` nuhrpu kah n. | 'apru' westerners.
place names: Nuhrpu Kahng (village on 'nuhp-ki kuh-la
L L`
the eastern slope of the Melamchi temp.ph. S| in the first part of the
River valley, on the way to night.
Langgyapsa before Timbu, fairly / - 'nuhp-la 'yeh/

wide-spread settlements). 'paar-'tii- pred.ph.cop. g | be
in the west. [Gram: cop.= specific
/ nuhrpu/ nohrpu n.
location]
1) ( gk) treasure;
precious possession.
- nuhp- (E) v.i. y| sink (e.g.
J ` S`U | in water). '`-, y-/ y-' |
ooh-di 'yih 'khaba-gi 'nuhrpu See also: 'bi- (W), up-/ ip-'.
'yihm-ba. YL | This is LjU U U L|
our house treasure. 'katshuwa-gi goo-la 'dee-na goo
2) OL | names: personal name. 'nuhp-ken. LjL tEL j
tEL LEj| If you touch a
U/ k nuhgul (E)/ nuhzul
turtle's head it disappears.
(W) n. S| hoof.
-U 'nuhp-ti 'i-g 'j'
-
` nuhmu 'L`
' | See: | See: 'thu-la'.
'kuhmu'.


nuhbri aahma n.ph.
k nuhzul 'U
' | See: UL jyu
'nuhgul'. L UE FL Ly| clothing:
-t nuh-ohlma n. OL woolen back apron of thick quality
| names: personal name, f. with broad coloured stripes on black
background.
nuhp n.
1) | night. [Usage: the darkest part
- nuhm- '-' | See:
of the night; for early night 'nohm-'.
'kuhmu']
nuhma n.
2) g| west. 1) L t| teat (of animal); nipple
L` 'nuhp 'kah n.+ qt. (of breast).
| the whole night. 2) tt| spout of pot.

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-

/ nuhmu/ nohmo n. away, he will harm himself!

| younger sister. M nekyi n. y| household
-/ - nuhr-/ nohr- v.i. utensils: pot; dish; container.
1) Ukt, u | get tangled.
nepa n. | spirit of sickness.
L k` ! 'kupa t Ll U H
'dzamma-'ra 'nuhr-sin 'du! U
| "'nepa 'ol 'koh-e 'du" 'mee-di
M
UktHj! The yarn is all tangled up! pohmbo-gi 'ma-e 'thee-'kyo. "
2) - U| withdraw.
E j" nP L
U U L | pruhl-gi | I have heard the shaman say,
goo 'nuhr 'nuhr peh-ku 'du. L "The spirit of sickness needs to be
tEL AE k C j| pacified."
The snake's head keeps sticking out
M-/ - 'nepa 'kyahp-/
and withdrawing. 'uuh- pred.ph.dr. V| spirit of
-L ne-k v.t. U| harm s.b. sickness befalls s.b.
HLL k L| 'eerak-ki LL gM MM
pehza-'ya-la 'ne-ken. M hgD J`U| 'rehre 'kahkala 'nepa tsokpa
Uj| Drinking whisky is harmful 'kyahp-'kyo oh-gen. L L D
for children. L UL j| Some
people are befallen by a very evil
-L ne-k v.semi-r. A U,
spirit of sickness.
S U| affect badly (mostly used of
foods). - 'nepa ta- pred.ph.erg.
-
` L| di seeh (kS ) investigate cause of
sah-si-'ma-na ah-la 'ne-ken. SH sickness.
D A Uj| Eating this - 'nepa then- pred.ph.e. U
kind of food affects me badly. L| cause of sickness is revealed.
-L 'nepa 'i-k pred.ph.erg.
-
M-
M- ne kyal- pred.ph.erg. E| drive out a spirit of
M, U U| give trouble; spoil sickness.
s.th. (abstract things); harm (spirits U ML| pohmbo-gi
harming people). 'nepa 'i-ti 'kyur-ken. nP
` `U tL , SU H j | The shamans drive out
M S` the spirit of sickness.
MU! 'bali pha-gen-di ahk 'leeh U m`- 'nepa-gi zu-
'yihm-ba, 'kho-gi maah-e-ba peh-ti pred.ph.erg. | spirit of
'kyur-si-'ma-na 'kho-'ra-la 'ne 'kyal-ge! sickness seizes s.b. [Gram: 'nepa' is
` U L , E the erg. actor (see neutral word order
W DL ED j! To for inanim. actors, appendix 5, section
throw away millet flour statues is 21.2)]
advanced work, if he throws them
- nem- v.t. h, Lg| press
328
 -

down. 'L`U -' | See V j| Oh, buckwheat spinach

also: 'kaba-gi nem-'. feels so slimy in your mouth.
U S | toh-gi 'kho-la ` ` U |
ED h| The
'nem-sin. `U paahna 'yehl 'yehl peh-ti then-gu
stone pressed him down. 'du. U L
nemu adj. , L| soft. j| Oh, there is sticky slime coming
out.
k/ k -
- nemdzen/
nimdzen tap- pred.ph.erg. Shg` - nee- v.t. w, h| think; take
as. ' -' | See also:
kE (AD S S E)
exhibit malicious pleasure. 'sem-la nee-'.
`U t`U L U T, J ` M , ``
SU ` k L | ah-gi ! ah-ni 'milam rohwa
'aga 'kumen-gi 'khyer-sin, ohle nee-'kyo, 'uhmbu-'ra 'yihm-ba
'kho-gi ah-la 'nemdzen 'tap-ke 'nah. 'du-ba! D k UL ,
g V, A E D ! I thought it was a
dream, but no, it's real indeed!
Shg` kEj | My money has been
stolen, and I know he is full of - nee- v.dt. w| suspect.
malicious pleasure. TU ` L ? khye-gi
M
ah-la 'kumen nee-'kyo? D
L nembu kara '' |
See: 'nambu'. g w? Do you suspect me to be
a thief?
UM` nembu garkya
'' | See: 'nambu'. - nee- v.dr. V| seem (i.e. find
s.th. to be of a certain quality). '
nesa '
' | See: 'neesa'. -' | See also: 'yaahbu nee-'.
-L y-
y- neh-kor-la o- S` ` | di
pred.ph.non-erg. k, L 'khaba ah-la yaahbu nee-sin. Y
k| visit a sick person or a D Vj| I like this house.
mother with a newborn baby.
- nee- v.i. (E
)
nehpa adj./ n. , U| sick; dwell (used for spirits and gods).
sick person. U , ! di
toh-la-ni 'lu nee-ge lo, maah-n-'de
/ `
` /
rooh! `U U j , j, !
-L nehl nehl/ yehl
yehl/ nahl nahl peh-k A nature spirit lives in this stone, they
pred.ph.non-erg. h-h V, say, don't touch it!
(g ) be slimy. - nee- v.e. V (UD E
M H S L | ) conceive. [Gram: no undg. or exp.
'kyahbre sah-e-mu 'kha-la 'nehl 'nehl is stated with this verb] [Usage: for
peh-ku 'du. S S h-h cattle, not for humans; appropriate in

329


informal contexts] ' -, After fixing the warp, the threads

-' | See also: 'same tuh-, need to be arranged so the they can
baali tuh-'. be pulled out alternately.
L, M, U
U? -
-`/
/ -
-` nee-emba/
| 'kere, 'same 'tuh-'kyo, nee-ge ni na-yemba n. wEL | place
meeh-ne-ge? - nee-sin 'du. S, names: lama settlement a short
HL , E L H? - E distance west of Taa-Khor (on the
Hj| Well, the cow has been with the western ridge of the Melamchi valley).
bull, will she conceive or not? She
has conceived. k
` neeza n. k, y| lodge.
[Note: a place where you stay
L-
L-/ L M-/ U
y-
y- overnight paying only for the food
nee kor-/ nee kora kyahp-/ eaten]
nee-gor-la o- pred.ph.non-erg./ erg./
J`U L k
`
non-erg. U| go on a
? 'yahmbu-la oh-ge-mu kaahndi
pilgrimage. neeza-la 'teh-pa? Lwy AE
`-
`-/ -
- nee ta-/ par- L k L? In which lodge did
pred.ph.erg. LL SL LUk you stay when you came to
kE L| cerem. terms: burn a piece Kathmandu?
of paper with some text and the name

` neena n. , |
of the deceased person on it. ' place of pilgrimage.
`-, h`' | See also:
` L` `l, EC ! Yari
'neebar ta-, tahbar'. 'kah neena-di, 'uy rooh! ` yy
` h` U j, ! Yangri Kahng
`U/ L| neebar 'yihmu
is a beautiful place of pilgrimage, isn't
'tyahbar-la 'imbu-gi 'mihn 'priih-di it, my friend?
nee ta-ge/ par-ken. EL
LUk LL S
{`-
{`-/ -L} neebar {ta-/
kCj| On the day of the 'neebar' peh-k} n. {v.t.} P {U}
ceremonies: ceremony performed 1-3
ceremony the name of the deceased
person is written on a certain piece of weeks after somebody dies or during
paper which them is burnt. 'kyehwa'. [Note: involves burning a
piece of paper (nee/ 'tahbar)
-
nee tuh- pred.ph.erg. t which carries the name of the
(Ug , MS A U AUy deceased person]
jy E) weaving ` M
terms: arrange the loom in such a way
U J`U| neebar
that the threads of the warp can be peh-ti nee mah-ta 'samma 'i-'kyo
pulled out alternately. 'mih-gi sem 'mahlsa-la oh-ge.
LH| thaa prehn-di
SL LUk kH Ly
nee 'tuh 'koh-en. UH tj|
330
 `-
`-

j | Until the 'neebar' ceremony - L

L-/ - L y-
y-
takes place the spirit of the deceased nee-sum kor-/ nee-sum kora
person remains in the cloth dummy. o- pred.ph.non-erg. (poetic)
/ neebu/ neemu (T) n. U (U ) go on a pilgrimage.
Yt, E/ E| owner (m./f.) (of a
{-
{-} neese {or-} n. {v.i.}
house). S {} {be affected} by harmful
food. [Note: food thought to be
/
/ {`-
{`-} neemin/
neemen (W) {tho-} n. {v.t.} harmful; but not poisonous]
LLL {T} {see} sign U l `U,

pointing to bad deeds; stigma. [Gram: L! H| "'nehpa-gi 'neese
bad deed takes causative <-ki>] sah-e meh-yoh-ge, 'neese 'or-ken!"
'mee-di 'ma-en. S L
'' | See: 'namin (E)'.
` A MU S , S j! j| They

say that sick people mustn't eat any
` `U `| ah-la
'asate 'lahp-'kyo-di-gi tahpse food which is harmful for their
'moh-'ra-la ah-gi 'neemin 'tho-sin. sickness, otherwise they will get
worse!"
E D nt L A
E S| Now I have seen on ` nee-i n. Lw| weaving
herself the stigma which are the result terms: weaving rod.
of her lying to me. (e.g. a lame hand,

neeh n. U| wheat.
a bad wound).
` 'neeha n. UL
l ky|
/
/ neesa/ nesa n. foods: beer made of wheat.
1) | resting place along a trail.

`

k
neehen pehza n.ph.
2) [Usage: poetic] ,
A V nyL| illegitimate child.
wE| dwelling place (of gods and

`
L- 'neehen 'kal-
L-
spirits).
LE| father an
pred.ph.erg. y
h (`, A) neesa tii illegitimate child.
(yii, etc.) n.ph. HL (C, A)
measures and weights: distance from
k
neehzo n. U| parrot.
one resting place to the next along a

neehmi n. (, y
trail. [Note: 30-60 minutes' walk] A t g L )
` | neesa handicrafts: fine bamboo strips. [Note:
yahmbi thaa-'rihbu 'du. used to make ropes for tying up
AL t j| It's quite far to the animals]
next resting place.

-M neeh-rokpa adj. U|
| neesa 'poh-la sickly.
'yeh-ba. kL j| The next
resting place is not far away. `-
`- no- v.t. U| spoil s.th./ s.b.

`U `y` `, S`

331
` `-

`V! di seeh ah-gi no-'a thought + 'mee-di' + pred.ph.dr. )]

mah-no, 'kho-'ra noh-'gyo! gk L`U ` jL h
! I
UL C, A UL A` `U L` `
didn't spoil this thing, it just broke by M | "yohla 'kah-gi-ni ah-la
itself! 'tshak tii to-'a meh-yoh-gen"
'mee-di 'kehlo-la 'nomsa 'kye-sin 'du.
` -L/ LL(L) -
L
noma teh-k/ kuku(k) teh-k Ak D HL jL S
pred.ph.non-erg. J | hatch V gj Q| The monk
eggs (of hens). thought, "One handful (of rice) will
not even make one meal."
L` M l h `
L| ` l LL
L U, `- 'nomsa ta-
` `-
pred.ph.erg. g U, h| think over
J LL LA` H| 'koha 'kye
sihn phando 'tahmu noma 'teh-ken. s.th.
noma 'teh phando 'kuku 'mee-di 'kee `U T` S
HU
Lh/
ten-ge, ohle 'kuku 'teh-ke-'a 'ma-en. ` `A` ` S HU

Lj LS J j| Lh 'nomsa-gi 'khyep-'ra
J j LL LL Uj, A LL
miih-khu-en-gi 'keta/ 'nomsa
L j| When the hen has
ta-de-'a ta miih-khu-en-gi 'keta
finished laying her eggs she hatches n.ph. g E L, g h
them. When she is hatching eggs, she L L| inconceivable things.
cackles "kuku", and so we also call it ` ` l- 'nomsa ta-di
"kuku 'tehken." 'aa- pred.ph.erg. k U, k
U|
plan ahead.
-
- nom- v.t. (hon. of 'lehn-' and ... `- "quote of
` `-
'kehn-') , UE (t.) take; put what is planned" + 'mee-di
on (clothes, etc.). 'nomsa ta- pred.ph.erg. "..."
-
- nom- v.dt. (hon. of 'ken') h, k U| plan s.th. [Usage:
UC (t.) put clothes onto s.b. s.th.which takes a lot of thinking,
- 'nom 'phep- pred.ph.erg. otherwise 'sem-la kye-g/ sem-la
(hon. of 'khyo-' and 'khyer-') H nee-']
AE, U k (t.) bring (here); M nohrkye n. OL |
take there). names: personal name, m.
nombo '' | See: nohrpu ' ' | See:
'numbu'. 'nuhrpu'.
`/
`/ ` nomsa/ namsa `- noh- v.i. U| spoil;
n. gC, g| thought. become spoiled.
` M-U 'nomsa 'kye-g y U ` `U|
pred.ph.dr. g AE, h| occur to; 'mahn-o-ni rih-gi doo-'ra noh-gen.
think. [Disc: thought is often quoted: G L g Uj| I
332
 -

autumn the appearance of nature just conversation). [Usage: leeh nohr-' is

spoils. o.f.]
2) ' -' | See: 'nuhr-'.
nohno n. (A
D U ) little brother. {m-
{m-} nohr {zo-} n. {v.t.}
-/ - nohm-/ nuhm- v.t. {LE} {accumulate} wealth; riches.
j| grope for s.th; stroke (e.g. an LA` `U m
animal). S| 'barma-la kahl-de-'a ah-gi
'nohr 'zo maah-khu. UH
L L U| uk uk
peh-ti 'nohm-gen. E j| LE L| Even though I went
stroke very affectionately. to India, I could accumulate no
wealth.
nohmo '
' | See:
'nuhmu'. -Mk nohr-kyahldzen n.
OL | names: personal name.
- nohr- v.i.
1) U, S | spoil (e.g. work, nooh n. C| younger brother.

alternations of suffix initial stops and
-
- pa thal- pred.ph.e.
the exception verbs marked with
UE M| miss the right
time (to do a certain agricultural job). <-k> see appendix 7, sections 1-3.
/-a/ occurs after vs ending in /p/.]
gl l | 'he
'tsuu-e-la yahmbi-i pa 'thal-sin. A T J`? khye nahm
oh-ba? L AHL? When did
D M| It's a little bit
late to plant to potatoes. you come?
g- pa tee-di 'tsuu- J L ? ooh 'mih
pred.ph.erg. wL UE, j| kaah-la 'yeh-ba? j L j?
observe the right time for planting. Where is that person?
SU, L L M `U U
-/
/-/-
/-A -pa~-ba~-a vsf. , E | 'kho-gi,
kE PL A| question "'rehko 'keeh-'kyo 'yeh-na ah-gi
suffix for past tenses; suffix used on tahm-go 'yeh, yaahbu peh-ti" 'ma-w
somewhat emphatic statements; 'du-ba. E z gLL H u UH
success-in-adverse-circumstances past; j j| He said, "If
perfect aspect (in certain contexts); the bone is split I will put a bandage
expressive-emphatic past in the neg. around (your leg) nicely." (slightly
form. [Gram: with the auxiliary verbs emphatic 'du-ba.)
/'yeh/, / 'yihn/, and /'du/ also used - L` S` k` `
for questions in present tense] [Phon:
h | 'teh-'te-pa
For the regular phonological

333
- M

'kah-la khu 'dzabra yii-la pohmo -/

/-/-
/- -pa~-ba/-wa sf.
tii ar-sin 'du lo. E PgL AL E , wEL
L HEt j kj | After they ky wEL D kE
had lived together for a good time a A| person from the place to
daughter was born to the couple. which the suffix is added; suffix to
(perfect aspect). form ordinal numbers. [Phon: This
g-S L` Aw k suffix follows the normal assimilation
J` L ! J rules for suffixes with initial stops,
` LMU `` that is /-pa/ after vl. sounds, and
h, L`! 'paanch-'khal /-ba/ after vd. sounds. (See see
'samma lep-ti kuhmu 'aah 'bae-la appendix 7, section 1.1.) After /o/
ooh-la-'ra 'baasa 'teh 'keehdi! ooh-la and /u/ /-ba/ fluctuates with /-wa/.]
'yehpa-'ra 'kiikpa-gi 'yahl-'ra '-' | See also: '<-pu>'.
maah-tu-ba, 'nuhp 'kah! gS / | yohlmu-ba/
U , L Aw k! A yohlmu-wa. , | the
E H! I only arrived people from Yohlmu.
at Paanch-Khal and had to stay over -`| serma-tha-ba.
night there! And then at night the `, `| The people
flees did not let me sleep the whole from Sermathang.
night! (An example of the expressive `-h| 'phubu-'tepa. ` g
,
past, affirmative and negative.) ` the people from
g
J `t k J` Phungbu-Che.
U S` ! ohle au C pay 'l C' | See: 'eero
'bas-la 'dzaa-di oh-di tosa-la-'ga pay'.
'khaba-la lep-a! A g
AE S Y U! And L pako n. P| peel; skin; bark
then in the morning I got the bus and of tree.
finally arrived at home at rice eating L - pako loo- pred.ph.erg.
time. (Success in adverse P j| peel off bark of trees.
circumstances.) ', L' | See also:
h-` ` S h ` yH 'paaba, phiko (W)'.
`U L` t L - pako 'u- pred.ph.erg.
! 'dawa tii-da 'yihma 'khal tii P | remove peel of potatoes;
'a o-en 'yihmu-di-'ga 'yoba fruit skin; shell of boiled egg; thin
'kaba-'laa 'plaaar peh-pa! HL bark of trees.
g V Su L U | 'he pako 'u-gen.
t UL| Finally, after one month AL P , j| peel potatoes.
and twenty-five days they also put a M `-
`- paka ta- pred.ph.erg.
cast on the right foot! (Success in g, L | divide s.th; cut into
adverse circumstances.) halves.
334
U `

`- paka
M `/ / l `- A k UL S
yii/ sum/ 'i ta- pred.ph.erg. C/ Ltt A| And the king
/ g L | divide into half/ descended from the helicopter on the
thirds/ quarters, etc. fallow ground this side of the temple.
U U paga pige adj.ph. t, `U` paga n. wEL | place
AL| newly sprouted. names: small settlement on the eastern
U U | 'sen paga pige bii slope of the Melamchi River valley,
'du. E t Hj|| Oh, below asyi Thang.
the seeds have only just sprouted.
`U
pagap aahma
` U U | tohbo paga n.ph. jy E Ly (
pige bii 'du. S A A
) clothing: back apron (of
Hj| Oh, the tree has already some fine quality, with finely striped
little buds and leaves. pattern).
`-
`- pa- v.t. V, jy| `V pagyen mehndo
renounce; give up. n.ph. L C HL LL |
-` ` j yH| plants: pink spring primula.
puh-da pohmo pa-di 'thee-la o-en.
j j U Q j| I will `k padza n. n kVU EL

renounce having children and become Y| grass in fallow ground.
a monk. `k {M-/ g-} padzi
` L pa karpu n.ph. wEL {kyahp-/ tsii-} n. {v.t.} L {UE}
| place names: pasture above {make} a pile (of things which can be
Kahng-Yuhl on the high ridge between stacked up).
Sermathang and Lha-Kahng Ghyang. ` ` `k h L U E
M T | ah-di palep padzi
` () pa(-la) loc. | tii-ni 'kumen-gi 'uhp 'kyaa 'khyer 'du.
outside.
HL L L g u Uj| Oh,
k ` , ` g g a thief has snatched away one of my
`! pehza-'ya nah-la mah-teh, stacks of shingles.
pa-la 'tsemu 'tse so! hg
, S kJ! Children, don't ` padi n.
stay inside, go and play outside! 1) jg| animals: shrew.
2) Su| insects and worms: mosquito.
`/
`/ `U pa/ paga n. n
( UHL kVU) fallow ground ` {t-} paden {ii-} n. {v.t.}
(flat or sloping). t AUyu L
J M LU -`U UE L Ly {UE} clothing: {put
on/ wear} front apron. [Note: as worn
`U Lt `| ohle
'kyahlbu kohmba-gi 'har-ee-gi by the eastern Sherpas]
paga-la 'helikopar-le pahp na-sin. ` l- pabu aa- pred.ph.erg.
335
` k

Q T| take s.b. along as a AT| joint of bamboo.

witness. [Disc: mostly used in the - padap-lo n. U|
-
phrase 'kindo pabu aa-di na handicrafts: inner layer of bamboo.
kyal-gen'] [Note: somewhat soft and whitish]
Ll ` l MU| kindo padi (N) n. | measures and
pabu 'aa-di 'na 'kyal-gen. weights: volume measure (ca. 4.5 l);
Q S P | perform an oath also used for estimating size of fields,
invoking God as witness. [Note: a cf. example below.
ceremony performed in the 'kohmba']
` S h yHU
`/ ` palep/ palip n. -` | 'yih-ti 'sen 'padi

Y jE L| house parts: shingle; 'khal tii o-e-gi 'neeh-ih 'yeh-ba.
small board. E k j| We
HL UL
` `L LLU have wheat fields which need 20
w L| 'toh-me-ni yohlmu-la pathis of seed-grain.
palep-ki 'kap-ken-gi him 'yehken. Sh 'padi 'khap-'te
LL j U| 'Sh' | See: 'khap-te'.
Formerly it was the custom in h 'padi tuhru n.+ n.
Helambu to make the roofs of n| a heaped full measuring
shingles. container.
` pasi n. CL
, CH


| g h L| 'tsamba 'padi
fruits: wild strawberry. tuhru 'tahp-ken. w n j|
He makes the container heaped full
`` pa-o n. (poetic) g| when he measures out the parched
slope (not very steep; fallow). flour.
` payo (N) n. | cooking
k {-L/ l-} pandza (N)
utensils: ladle (flat, of metal).
{teh-k/ aa-} n. {v.i./t.} Q {}


pata (N) meeh-ba adv. {be/ call} a witness (pertaining to the
A| awfully. [Gram: followed by traditional village law).
adj. or v.] `U L Ll
`U S SH k
-/ - pati(N)-tii-/
pat(N)-tii- v.t. E| believe. lH| ah-gi 'phai 'koh 'koh-e
'yeh-si-'ma-na ah-gi sem lee 'khal
` pada n. | sword. khuu-e 'mih-'ya-la 'pandza 'aa-en.
padap n. Ay U j
1) | trees: bamboo. SHL jD Q Tj | When I
2) wEL | place names: small have to divide the heritage, I call
settlement in the Nuhrpu-Kahng area some trustworthy persons to be
(in the upper part). witnesses.
-j padap-'tshii L
- L kU U

336
-
-

U LV H| paahma peh-ken - `- par-i/

'bela-le 'pandza-'ya-gi piihmi-gi
'laagi-la kahmgya 'pruh-en. U
LtQL j L Tj| -
When getting married the witnesses
write a marriage agreement for the
woman. (An optional custom).
-
- pap- v.t.
1) J, n| take down. [Disc:
'mahr pap-' is also used.] ' -'
| See also: 'tam pap-'.
2) YtE| belittle s.b. or s.th.
SU L | nahm h` parta n. U (M, ,
nahm 'kho-gi 'mih-la pap-ku 'du.
LL E D J blessed liquor or other drinks.
j| I realize that sometimes he
belittles people.
paba (E) n. , | daddy;
father. 'A' | See also: 'aba'.
(`) pama (tohbo) n.
L U U L C HL
LL t| trees: small fir tree.
paya (N) n.
1) (E) (yL Aw) handicrafts:
ply (of strings, yarn).
2) (W) LyL t| handicrafts: widths
of woven material (to be joined as
necessary).
- payen (N) luu-
pred.ph.erg. C , E| work the way one talks?!
utensils: sharpen blades. [Note: by
heating them in fire and rebeating the
iron]
par n. j, , j| printed J S`U
picture or script.
M- par 'kyahp- pred.ph.erg.
j, U| print (with wooden or
iron blocks).
-`/ `-
i-par n. LwL j| wooden
printing block.
- par- v.t. | light (lamp,
torch, or wood). ' -' |
See also: 'meh phu-'.
yH `l
L| 'mih-'ya phar o-en-mu 'mii
'tho-du 'mee-di 'baati par-ken.
j -E kS AS S
j| We light the lamp so
that people can see when they go by.
, ky AL) cerem. foods: ritually
` j` H h`lA`
` ! ah-ni tha 'ma-e-di
parta-i-'a mih-thu 'yeh! M
UL S! I do not
drink alcoholic beverages, not even
the ritually blessed little portion.
parten (N) n. sg|
Pradhan.
parmen n. g, , ,
jt| manner; estimation.
S kw,
J w
? 'kho 'dzaanha, tam 'ma-lu 'parmen
ooh hi 'yihm-ba le? , L U
L ? That bloke, is this
-L 'parmen peh-k
pred.ph.erg. A U, U|
estimate (amount); make
arrangements.
`
J` l L | ohle khu-gi
'parmen peh-simba-'ra ohra-la eero
ter-ken 'nah. A E U
337
M

D YE LHL UL
t misfortune.
j | And making the - pahrte sil-
h -
arrangements they give us festival tE| deliver
pred.ph.erg.(W)
bread. from misfortune.

j Ly - pahrte 'or-
h -
'parmen 'thapi 'kahnum V, `Lt | be
pred.ph.dr.
'ma-si-'ma-na cond.dep.pred.ph. L overtaken by misfortune.
| explanation introducers: to `
pahrtu n. t| house parts:
tell you how things are. horizontal roof rafter.
M M () pahrkyi
pahrten n. gyL
pahrkyi(-la) temp.ph. g g|
T (tL YE
from time to time. 'M/ M,
LHL t y )
M' | See also: 'kyil/ festivals: name of the most important
pahrkyi, di pahrkyi'. day of the 'naahra' festival. [Note: day
S`U `l M on which the people from further
M LH L| 'khaba-gi away gather, and on which 'eero' is
i-da-'ya-ni pahrkyi pahrkyi-la 'po given]
'koh-en kahl-sin. YL Lw g
g | The wooden parts pahrto n. U LL g
of a house have to be exchanged from HL wE| lamaisms: place between
time to time. hell and heaven where souls are
punished for lesser sins.
M pahrkyi-wa '' | S TU/ A TU|
See: 'pahrpa'. pahrto-la khorwa khyam-gen/ ala
g 1 pahrtsa n. g| house parts: khyam-gen. U LL g AU
sheet of mountain bamboo (finely | wander around in 'pahrto'. [Note:
woven, flexible). To lay people this seems to be as bad
a punishment as 'yalwa-la
g 2 pahrtsa (W) n. | spear.
thi-ken'.]
'`' | See: 'du (E)'.
h`
pahrtu n. t g| / M pahrpa/
foods: cake of compressed tea leaves. pahrkyi-wa adj./ n. n (gL)
[Note: used for making salt tea] the middle one.
/ | puh/ pohmo
h pahrte n.
, `Lt| pahrpa. gL j/ j| the second
misfortune. son/ daughter (if there are more than
U h `U| 'lha-gi pahrte two sons or daughters).
ta-gen. E
wE, `Lt
| the gods send misfortune. ` M pal aden
kyahlbu n.ph. (lamaistic) g
- pahrte sil-
h -
t| be spared of
pred.ph.dr.(E) k| His Majesty the King.

338
 `

- pal praah- pred.ph.erg. pah-gen. U LEj| Cats

k`U y| clear woodland (make bury their feces.
arable). 2) (W) A Uy, YE| bury s.th.
` U, J L (not doing a very good job of it); stick
ML| 'pal 'praah-sim-bara sel into.
'saa-ge, ohle 'kame 'kyahp-ken. k`U
M {m-
{m-} pahkpe {zo-} n. {v.t.}
y `U kD S UCj| t {E} foods: {make}
You cut down all the trees and shrubs dumplings with wheat flour (to add to
and burn everything, and then you do a broth with potatoes or other
the planting. vegetables).
/
/ palip/ palep n. L M g pahkpe 'tsamba
(A `L U CHL w| foods: dark, unparched
n.ph. UL
j) platform. [Note: built in fields as wheat flour.
watching shelter, usually covered] M gU ` {-
{-}/
k paldzo n. wEL | place {-} pahkpe
M gU y {-
names: Palchok (not inhabited by 'tsamba-gi 'pholdo {'nal-} (W)/
Yohlmowas). pahkpe 'tsamba-gi 'allo {'nal-} (E)
n.ph. {v.t.} UL
wL y {j
}
l paldo n. OL | names: foods: {knead} firm dough with
personal name. unparched flour.
palden n. OL | names:
` pah n. L, kw| cerem.
personal name, m.. terms: place defiled by birth or death.
palmu n. OL | names: 'M-, -, t' | See
personal name, f.. also: ''kye-rip, i-rip, ihp' for more
specific expressions'.
` palsa n. OL |
names: personal name, m.. ` l `U, t U!
pah-la 'uuh-e meh-yoh-ge, 'ihp
` pasa n. OL | names: 'phoo-ge! A wE
, L
personal name. Vj! You mustn't go into a house
-
- pa-sasa n. place names: which is defiled by birth or death, the
wEL | small settlement in the spirit of defilement will affect you!
Nuhrpu-Kahng area (near Padap `-/ `- pah-rip/
towards the north). pah-rihp n. LL Y|
cerem. terms: house with a newborn
- pah- v.t.
child in it. [Note: Such a house is
1) (E) Uy| bury s.th.
ritually unclean, so some people have
(properly). '-' | See also:
to avoid entering it, lest they should
'pihp-'.
become sick.]
UU MM U| 'guri-gi 'kyakpa
` `- ` l

339
`- -

`U| ah pah-'rip nah-la wooden chest.

'uuh-e meh-yoh-gen. D LL ` g paha 'mitsa n.ph.
Y | I mustn't enter a
LwL LL AUyu SHL
house with a newborn child in it. Lw| house parts: top beam of the
`- pah-sa ta-
`-` `- big wooden chest (usually also with
'` `-' | See: 'sa ta-'. carving).
`- pah- v.i./t. l/ kE| get `U - paha-gi
soaked/ soak s.th. [Disc: In most 'siih-'yim n.ph. LwL L
transitive contexts 'pah aa-' is UCHL AL gt Lw| house parts:
more appropriate.] carved top plank of the big wooden
chest.
M ` `| nam
'kyahp-te ah pah-sin. `V pahgya n. S| house
k| It was raining and I got soaked. parts: built-in shelves.
` ` U `| 'tihri `l M- pahden
ah nam-gi pah-sin. Ak kyahp- (E+W) pred.ph.erg. U|
k| Today I got soaked by the rain. invite (formal invitation). '`'
M ` U `| | See: 'tahdo (W)'.
nam 'kyahp-te ah-la nam-gi pah-sin.
D k| I got soaked by `` pahda n. ``| place
names: Pahngdang. [Note: one of the
the rain. [Note: see neutral word order
for inanim. actors, appendix 5, section two villages east of Langgyapsa
21.2] behind the ridge on the western slope
`U Lh ` l| ah-gi of Yangri Khola. The inhabitants are
'kapta pah 'aa-sin. U kH| I "Sherpa", i.e. they speak a different
put the clothes for soaking. dialect, which Yohlmowas find
difficult to understand.] 'L`-SL'
` paha n. LwL L| | See also: 'kah-kharka'.
house parts: big, wooden chest. [Note:
used for storing grain or potatoes] pahnal '
' | See:
` A paha 'ama n.ph. 'paahna'.
LwL LL U| house - pahp- v.i.
parts: wider bottom part of a big 1) (W) J| descend; climb down.
wooden chest. '-' | See: 'phap- (E)'.
` paha pahlap n.ph. J S`U h g
LwL LL g U| house j` T` | ohle khu-gi
parts: carved middle piece of the big 'praah-la 'ta 'tsuu-de 'mahr pahp-te
wooden chest. 'thuma phroo-de khyo-de lo. A
` ` paha 'puba n.ph. E ` UH J
LwL LL jEL wy Lw| S H AH | And they
house parts: corner posts of the big let a rope-ladder down the precipice,

340
 L

went down on it and snatching the pahptsa 'lah-sin. ky SL U

woman (from the cave) they brought | The beer has fermented.
her back.
pahmu n. gL j| female
2) (W+E) L (nP) fall into a offspring of 'dzomo' and 'lago'.
trance (accompanied by shaking).
J y` y` y` ` ` SA` M- pahmu kyahp-
! ohle 'e 'e 'e aa tuh-de pred.ph.e. | have frost.
'kho-'a pahp-te! A ` ` ` `-/ - pahmu-gi 'or-/
U `-
U `U kH F L! And 'saa- pred.ph.erg.
beating the drum he also fell into a () frost kills (plants).
trance! U U jL jL
L | 'pahmu-gi 'saa-di 'sohga-ni
-
- pahp or- pred.ph.dr. 'tshatrak tshitrik kahl 'du. k
k| be damaged; come to grief. LPML Hj| The nettles have
k t ` been killed by the frost and have
L | 'nahza
lU become a mere tangle.
maah-'ah-ba-la 'leeh peh-si-'ma-na
ah-la pahp 'or-ke mee-di 'dii-gen. ` pahya n. U|
household utensils: smallish milking
U L L U kj L
y Vj| If I work when I am not pail.
quite recovered from the sickness, I - pahr ter- pred.ph.erg.
am afraid that I will be left with some A AD | give s.b. a
damage. turn.
g` M- pahptsa kyahp- ` TU `! ah-la khye-gi
pred.ph.erg. ky, M AL U g pahr 'la! D F ! Give
me your turn!
T| foods: preparation of beer
(prepare cooked grains for the j h `U L, h
fermenting process). `U L| thuda-la 'mih tii
g` `- pahptsa 'lah- yii-gi pahr ter-ken, tii yii-gi
pred.ph.non-erg. ky SL U meh-ter-ken. Yu L j,
| ferment. | At the mill some people
L
give their turn to someone else and
j` l ML, J
g` `U| tha 'yee phando some don't.
phap 'kyahp-ke, ohle pahptsa -L pahr puhr peh-k
'lah-ge. ky LHj g j, A (W) pred.ph.non-erg. yy U| make
L j Sj EH abrupt movements (e.g. movements
AEj| After cooking the grain mash while sleeping).
you put in a fermenting agent, and
L
L pahrak puhruk
then it ferments.
' | See: 'leeh'.
'
j` g` `| tha

341


pahl n. F| wool. write by dipping the bamboo pen into

S- 'pahl khal- pred.ph.erg.
S- ink.
U L| spin wool. L paaka dalin n.ph. |
l- 'pahl 'u- pred.ph.erg. F house parts: boards under the roof
t| twist woolen threads together protrusion (to keep wind out).
(with a spindle-like device). 't-'
| See also: 'ihm-'. l/
/ l paaar/ paaer n.
-L / - 'pahl 'se-k A (L ) plants: forest
(E)/ 'pahl 'sep- (W) pred.ph.erg. F nettle. '`U' | See also:
'phega'.
(nS jtE) tease
wool (by hand). l LU MU `U |
-L 'pahl e-k pred.ph.erg. di paaar 'kupa-gi thaa-'kyo-gi 'phega
F (U L U) 'yihm-ba. AL U L
tease wool (with a brush). ' `U | This is fabric made of forest
M-' | See also: 'peeho nettle fibres.
kyahp-'. paapi (N) adj. , A|
false; guilty.
` pahla n. UD| cow.
T ` L H! 'khya
pahlap n. j| wave. yii 'paapi kaahndi 'du-ba ta-en!
'j-, `U ' |
Ck Lg j ! Let's see
See also: 'thu-pahlap, 'paha-gi which one of you two is the guilty
pahlap'. one!
pahlda n. (poetic) FL U paaba (E) n. j, P| skin
(U ) woolen yarn. (of people). 'L' | See also:
pahlba n. U| animals: 'pako'. [Usage: For some people
frog (black in colour). 'pako' and 'paaba' are
interchangeable.]

paa n. | foods: curry with a

thin sauce. [Note: of vegetables, meat, paar (N) n. S, L, jt|
eggs] kind (for unusual or bad things).
- paa- v.t. g| dip up (pickles); h Ll EC! ti 'paar
dip into (ink). kahm-di 'uy! L L !
What a funny chest!
`U g() H| ah-gi
'he 'martsa(-la) paa-di sah-en. A 'paar 'du aux.ph. LL
SL Ag g Sj| I eat the j| give the appearance of. [Gram:
potatoes dipping them into chili vs +<-te/ -ken> + aux.ph./
sauce. vs.perf.+<-pa> + aux.ph.]
`U `` k H| ah-gi S` J` g j j
'yu 'naaza-la paa-di 'pruh-en. L | 'khaba-la lee oh-di
'tsiibu 'thap 'thop kahl-ba 'paar 'du.
L L g Tj| I
342
- l

Y AHj kw -E j M| 'g-, g-' | See also: 'tsaa-,

When he came home it seems that tsii-'.
some defilement happened. SU M E | 'kho-gi nekyi
-L 'paar peh-k aux.ph. paah-w 'du. E yD L E j|
U (U ) pay He is stacking up the pots.
attention to an activity. [Gram:
- paah- v.dt. | add. [Disc: In
vs+<-te> + aux.ph.] dt. contexts 'paah ter-' is more
k Lh Ll `` common.] 'S -' | See
` , TU L h also: 'khen paah-'.
A! di pehza-ni 'kapta kehn-de-la S j l `!/ !
nada-'ra meh-ta 'du, khye-gi 'kho-la to 'theemu-i paah-do!/ paah
yahmbi ken ter-te 'paar peh 'aa! ter! ED !/ F! Please
hg Ly E U j, add some rice for him!
UF ! This child does not
care about getting dressed, please pay g-U paah tse-g pred.ph.erg.
some attention to get him/ her S| play a gambling game (with
dressed. round seeds).

- paar-tii- (N) cop. | be l

j- paaha thaa-
located. [Gram: alternative cop. for pred.ph.e. AE| echo.
<yeh> in clauses expressing A`-/ l- paaha oh-/
l
geographical location] 'aa- pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. LL
H| Timbu | have recurring (faint)
Yohlmu-la 'paar-'tii-en. rememberance of s.th. [Note: e.g.
j| Timbu is in Helambu. remember the things you did when
you were young when seeing what the
- paar-tii- (N) v.dr. | end younger generation does]
up with. ' -' | See
L LU jU
also: 'seenu paar-tii-'.
` ` jVU l
` gM | 'yih-la J`U| kehpu kehmu-'ya-gi ara
'sen tsokpa 'paar-'tii 'du. D arma-'ya 'tham-gen 'tho-si-'ma-na
E j| Oh, we ended up with bad 'rah 'tham-'gyo-gi paaha oh-gen.
seeds.
-D gL
paalo (N) n. | time; turn. T A gL AEj|
| di 'paalo. | this time. When the old people see the young
SU | 'kho-gi 'paalo. EL | ones dance they remember how they
his turn. used to dance when they were young.
SU | 'kho-gi paalo-la. EL S` ` l
| in his time. lH| tahnda khamsabu peh-na
'ti-la paaha 'aa-en. A C
- paah- v.t. L E| stack up.
U j j| If we have
343


fun now, we will have something to wedding feast.

remember later! -L paahma peh-k

l ` J`- paaha 'tho
l pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. U| get
oh- pred.ph.dr. AC ( married.
YtL ) be ` - ` L|
pursued by s.th. ah 'dawa-'sonam 'yambu paahma
` h h ` peh-ken. -U Uj| I
l ` J`U | am getting married with
'yihma-la 'leeh ti ti peh-pa Dawa-Sonam.
'rebe-'ra 'milam-la paaha 'tho U paahma 'yihgi n.ph.

oh-gu du. k k UL H E L L
S j| Oh, whatever I | marriage: register in which
did during the day pursues me in my the gifts given for the wedding feast
dreams. are recorded (in view of
reciprocation).

/
/ paahna (E)/ pahnal
(W) n. h-h (g ) slime. U E/ U paahma-gi

-TU / -TU |
'sawn/ 'sagun n.ph. E
nam-'khyu-gi paahna (E)/ k| marriage: day after a wedding
nam-'khyubu-gi pahnal (W). feast, with more festivities and
dividing of wedding gifts.
gLL g | the slime of
slugs. U E M
ML, J U

` y-
y- paahna-la o-
M`U| J
pred.ph.non-erg. HLU U (A MU t`U L ML|
Wt) divination: search for the life paahma-gi 'sawn-la 'nama samba
spirit of a sick person by meditation. 'mahkpa samba-la 'loptam 'kyahp-ken,
[Note: done by the shaman; he closes ohle 'yuhl-gi 'mih-'ya-la o 'mee-di
his eyes sits quietly] kyo-ge. ohle paahma-la 'luu-'kyo-gi
U T`l ` 'aga 'kohpa 'kyahp-ken.
yH| pohmbo 'nehpa-gi 'la EL kL D
khyo-de-la paahna-la o-en. nP nCj, A UE D H
L E HLU SCj EwL C U
UEj| The shaman goes into a state Uj | On the day after the wedding
of concentrated meditation to bring the bride and groom get exhortations,
back the life spirit of the sick person. and the villagers are invited and given

paahma n. | marriage: food. And then the money, which was

wedding feast. given to them at the wedding feast, is
` y LH| 'tihri divided up into equal shares (among
paahma-la o 'koh-en. Ak the bride and the groom).
kj| Today we have to go to a
344
 `

/
/ / -L paahrol/ U t U, S` `
paahrol-ma/-mu teh-k h `U| peema-gi
pred.ph.non-erg. 'ohlma-la pin 'paar-'tii-ge, khu yii
/ L | marriage: be best paahma peh-te meh-yoh-ge. t
man/ bridesmaid at a wedding. L - j, E HLAL
-L pi-k v.t. L, L| pull | Peema and ohlma are
U
out; take off. blood relatives, they cannot get
married with each other.
SU Lh A` M !
'kho-gi 'kapta pi-te-'a 'phe 'kyur-sin - pin-pinda n. y|
-
'du. E Ly L Hj| blood-relatives. [Note: Brothers and
Oh I see, he pulled of his clothes and sisters, father's brother's children and
just threw them down. mother's sister's children are
considered to be blood-relatives and
-
-g () pi-tsuu (peh-ti) are therefore not eligible for marriage
adv.(ph.) E t (U) head down. partners. Cross-cousins (father's sister's
-g `- pi-'tsuu 'yahl-
- children, and mother's brother's
pred.ph.non-erg. E t U | lie children), on the other hand, are not
with head hanging down. considered to be blood-relatives; these
-g - pi-'tsuu peh-ti
- are, in fact, the preferred marriage
rihl- pred.ph.non-erg. E t U partners.]
y| fall on one's head. pinda n. (poetic) y|
-g pi-'tsar adv. Yt (A)
- sibling.
emphatic of 'pi-tsuu' (pi-tsuu-'ra).
-g T M! pi-'tsar 'khyere 2 pin n. Ly -
'kyohp! Yt k! May you fall right U (k) weaving terms: woof; weft.
upside down! l pindu n. U (t )
glue (made from animal skins).
1 pin n. k-C, -|
sibling. l mH| kooba
L L
kambu yee-di pindu 'zo-en. LL
- pin 'yihn- pred.ph.cop.
k-C, - | be siblings. j LH U Cj| Glue is made
[Gram: cop.= identification] by cooking dry animal skins.
` SC | ah 'kho-y pin l y , ` m`U |
'yihn. EL k (C, , ) | di pindu ii-sin 'du, taah-ni 'yaah
I am his sibling. zu-gu 'du. U wL Hj, A t
- pin 'paar-'tii- j| This glue is o.k. now; it is sticky
pred.ph.erg. y | be of enough.
blood-relation. [Note: not used for `/
`/ ` {`
-} piyo/
siblings] [Gram: person in focus takes piwo {tuh-} n. {v.t.} `U
erg. <-ki>, associated person takes {kE} musical instruments: {play}
<-la>] guitar-like stringed instrument (bigger
345
M

than 'ahmyen'). When small babies die they are buried

in the ground.
M pihrkya 'hM' |
See: 'tihrkya'. 2) (E) A Uy, YE| bury s.th.
(not doing a very good job of it); stick
` pila 'L`' | See: into. '-' | See also: 'pah-'.
'kaba'.
` g ,
` piwo '`' | See: A` l | 'he yaahbu
'piyo'. peh-ti-'ra maah-'tsu 'du, sa-le phar
pihp-te-'a 'aa 'du. A
-L pih-k v.i. L, M| fall
out; fall off. j, L Uyj | They didn't
plant the potatoes nicely, they just
U A` | 'nuhmu-gi
'so-'a pih-sin 'du. L sort of stuck them into the earth.
Mj| Oh, so your teeth have fallen pihmba 'L`' | See:
out now, little sister. 'kaba'.
E pihw n. j, j, y, y / ` pii/ pii-na n. , g|
gL hg) calf (cow's,
(UD, appearance (the whole appearance of
buffalo's, or 'dzomo's offspring). a person).
` pihba 'L`' | See: gM pii tsokpa n.ph. L|
ugly appearance.
'kaba'.
! pii yaahba! L !
k pihza 'k
' | See: What a beautiful appearance!
'pehza'. k! pii-na
`
pihtir n. | animals: meeh-ba pehza-'ya! L L HL
porcupine. hg! What ugly children!
-/ `- pihn-/ pih- v.t. ` piina '`' | See:
J| transport s.th. from one place 'miina'.
to another. - -
- pii-pii ma-
j U/ `U| thu pihn-gen/ pred.ph.non-erg. - U| fife.
pih-gen. J| fetch water. E | 'kho-gi
SU -
`, U/ `U| i, liih lemu pii-pii 'mee-di phu-w 'du. E
pihn-gen/ pih-gen. E, J| - U kE j| He fifes
transport wood, manure. the bamboo flute.
- pihp- v.t. -L / g- piima
1) (W) Uy| bury s.th. peh-k/ piima-la tsuu- pred.ph.erg.
(properly). n U| go into business
k
L| partnership (with equal shares).
pehza 'leenu 'i-si-'ma-na sa-la j` j` l
pihp-ken. hg Uyj| j ` LH| 'tsho

346
 `-

piima peh-ti 'tshoro 'uuh phando-la - pu 'ur- pred.ph.erg. E,

'thi-sal nah-sal peh 'koh-en. n LE| pull out feathers; scrape
Hj t j| If you go fur off a hide.
into business partnership, you must be L| 'rah-la pu 'ur-ken.
honest. SD Cj | The the fur is
scraped off from the skin of
piimu n. Yy
| knee. 'j`U'
| See also: 'tshiigor'. (slaughtered) goats.
g- piimu 'tsuu- -/- -pu~-bu sf. PgL AL
pred.ph.non-erg. Yy tM| kneel down. E | suffix to form ordinal
g ` | de-la piimu numbers. [Phon: This suffix follows the
'tsuu-di 'teh-to loh. Yy tL normal assimilation rules for suffixes
| Look, kneel down here. with initial stops, that is /-pu/ after
vl. sounds, and /-bu/ after vd. sounds.

piihmi n. (somewhat elevated)

ACC, | woman; wife. 'j`'
| See also: 'thuma'.
J T k jU|
ohle piihmi 'khyowa 'dzamma-'ra
'tham-ge. A hj| shortened and the vl. suffix is used.]
And then all the women and men
dance.
- M j yH
piihmi 'kyahp-la piihmi tshol o-en
'mih n.ph. k, w| adulterer.
-k/
k h `, ` `,
piihm-pehza/ piihmi pehza n.ph.
, k| women folk.
piihru n. | baby animal.
piihru rooh n.ph. |
afterbirth (of animals). ''
| See also: 'ama'.
piihru adj. | small; little.
[Gram: no excl. form (see appendix 5,
section1.2)]
`-
`-/ M- piihru
la- (W)/ piihru kyahp- (E)
| whistle.
pred.ph.non-erg.
pu n. , | body hair; fur;
downy feathers.
(See see appendix 7, section 1.l.) In
addition it has on further
characteristic: After lexical items
ending in a long vowel, the vowel is
[Disc: To some extent this sf. is
interchangeable with the ordinal
number ending <-pa>. But there is a
tendency to use <-pu> when the
ordinal refers to a person.]
`! ti-pu-di 'yahr to,
yi-pu-di 'mahr to, sum-bu-di phar
to! D g wE, D
g wE, D g E wE!
Send the first (person) upwards, the
second downwards, and the third one
over there!
Mg puktsil '' | See:
'mih'.
`- pu- v.t./i. SE/ T,
SE| pour; spill s.th. '-, `
`' | See also: 'pho-,
oh oh'.
l ``! 'bree
sal-de-la loma-la 'pu-do! g
347
`U

LED ` SF! Poor the j/ j puh 'the-o/

rice into the bamboo tray to clean it! 'the-wa n.ph. kw j| oldest son.
J` J ` `| / M puh pahrpa/
'thablo oh-di 'ohma 'phu 'pu-sin. pahrkyi-wa n.ph. j| second
E SC| Oh the milk (or middle) son.
spilled because it boiled over. puh pehza n.ph.
-k
`U puga n. | plants: mustard. Ltj| boy.
L `U L, J LL M puh-ikpa n. HM j|
l
only son.
` H, J T
U| 'yarka 'puga 'tap-ke, ohle 'katik S lM | 'kho puh-ikpa
'masir-le phar 'tuh-e, ohle 'mel-la 'yihm-ba. F HM j | He is the
'khyer-ti 'num ten-gen. only son.
jj ` Cj, A `
U puhgu n. U| animals:
U j| Mustard is sown donkey.
during the rainy season, gathered in
t
puhi n. OL | names:
in October to November, and then personal name, f.
taken to the mill to press the oil out.

- puhp- v.t. UE| cover up;
`k pudzi '' | See: 'mih'. keep warm.
` puba 'M, LL` , L' lH| 'kera
L jl
| See: 'lahkpa, karku, koh'. tshee-e-la 'puhp-ti 'aa-en. L jt
pudi 'jU
' | See: MD UEj | Bananas are
'thee-gi'. covered up for ripening.

pudu n. wt, (LtL SL h/

h/ h {`
-}
) stump.
puhptal (E)/ pruhptal (W)
{tuh-} n. {v.t.} pt {kE}
` | i pudu. EL wt| tree
musical instruments: {play} the cymbal
stump.
(used in lama ceremonies).
U | magi pudu. LL S|
corn cob. puhmba n. n| cerem.
utensils: metal urn with bent spout.
L
puhrkani n. | birds:
pigeon. , `, `U mH|
'puhmba 'pital, 'ul, sahma-gi 'zo-en.
g
puhrtsi n. LD Lt| n g Cj|
baby sitter. Ceremonial urns are made of brass,
pusta (N) n. | generation. silver, or copper.
puh n. j| son. t
-/ y- puhmba uhp-
h`/ h` puh 'tu-o/ (E)/ up- (W) pred.ph.erg. n k
'tua n.ph. Lj j| youngest son. U (t n SL
kU k U
348
-

E L, nP) rituals: m- pe 'zo- pred.ph.erg.

m-
placate spirits. [Note: offer food and E| make a pattern.
sprinkle holy water; also a - pe 'aa-di 'ma-
l -
preparation ritual for a shaman's pred.ph.erg. E H | give an
festival, which takes place the evening example.
before the festival] - pe ta- pred.ph.erg. |
-
t
-/ y - follow an example/ pattern.
'puhmba 'uhp ter- (E)/ 'puhmba - pe ten- pred.ph.erg.
'up ter- (W) pred.ph.erg. n k SE| show an example; give a
U| rituals: appease spirits which pattern.
have seized persons. [Note: offer food pe 'ma-si-'mana
and sprinkle holy water] cond.dep.pred.ph. EL U |
explanation introducers: for example; to
- puhr- (W) v.i. | crawl
along. 'U-, UM U y-, -' | give you an example.
See: 'goo- / gokpa goo-di o- (E), / / j
boo- (W)'. Ly pe 'yihn-na/ pe
'yihn-si-'ma-na/ pe 'thapi
` puhsimu n. (elevated) 'kahnu-mu 'du 'ma-si-'mana
g| daughter (after given away in cond.dep.pred.ph. EL U|
marriage). explanation introducers: to show you
puuh n. g j LL U| how things are (used with appropriate
fermenting gases. gestures).
M`- 'puuh kyah- - pe 'uh- pred.ph.erg. (hon.
pred.ph.erg. L | blow up of 'pe ta-g-') (t) follow a
s.th. pattern/ example.
SU M`U | 'kho-gi j ` `
'belun-la 'puuh kyah-gu 'du. E mH| lama 'thee niba
L j | Oh, he is niba-'ya-la pe 'iih-di samba 'zo-en.
blowing up the balloon. L - LL
`-/ - 'puuh ta-/ ten-
`- H L Cj| You
(W) pred.ph.non-erg. | breathe. make new lama books by copying the
'F' | See: 'uu (E)'. old lama books exactly.
(k) puuhne (nahza) H
U
(/
) pe siih-en-gi
n.(ph.) L U| asthma. (tam/ leeh) adj.ph. (n.) E (L/
S k U| 'kho-la L) believable (talk); reasonable
'puuhne 'nahza 'go-sin. ED L (work).
U j| He has asthma. HU LH|
yahmbi pe 'siih-en-gi tam 'ma 'koh-en.
pe n. , E| example;
pattern. j| We must
AL E L U

349
L

present reasonable and convincing 'sabur'.

arguments.
pepe n. kU| insects and worms:

/ pe
HU leech.
miih-'sih-ba/ pe miih-'sih-en-gi U A L| pepe-gi aa 'tap-ken.
adj.ph. E, Aw| unchaste;
kU tM| leeches suck/ bite.
unreasonable.
S l ! 'kho 'mih
peben n. SL nP|
divination: self-made shaman.
pe miih-'sih-ba-i 'du! F Aw j
j! He is such an unchaste fellow! /
/ pemba/ pehmba n.
U h H OL | names: personal name.
! di piihmi-gi ti pe miih-'sih-ba - pel- v.t. E| thin out
tam 'ma-e 'yihm-ba! Lt L (seedlings).
E L UL! This woman is
` J`U j LH|
telling us such unreasonable things! 'tihri ohra-gi tsheema 'pel 'koh-en.
L {-} peka {then-} n. {v.i.} Ak U Ej| Today we
gCt {L} splinter of wood {comes have to thin out the spinach patch.
off}.
pela n. y-Ly
| household
l/
/ j-l pea/ thee-pea goods; luggage.
n. L (S L)
-L 1 peh-k v.t. U| do. [Gram:
religious book (Buddhist scriptures). neg. = 'meh-be, mah-be']
-w pe-him n.ph. | `U h ` H? taah-ni
custom. 'yih-gi ti peh-to 'ma-en? DL
- pe-him ta- pred.ph.erg.
-w - g A L U j? What is
| observe the customs. your advice, what shall we do now?
-w -L pe-him
l peh-'kyo-i n.ph.
M
'leehmu peh-k pred.ph.erg. k| something like.
L T| follow the customs. Ml | di 'leehmu
peh-'kyo-i 'du-ba. k j|
{-L} petam {e-k} n. {v.t.}
ES, L {, E} {tell} a story; There is something like this.
{tell} a proverb. ` peh-ta n. , |

` -j L behaviour.
- gE L| 'yih - peh-ta
` gM/
'milim-thim-la 'teh-ken 'belale petam tsokpa/ yaahbu 'thoo- pred.ph.erg.
e-e 'tse-w 'yeh-ken. -j / | have a bad/
UE L U| When we good disposition.
lived in Milim-thim we used to tell pehtap n. E, L| way
each other a lot of stories. of escape; solution.
hA` | pehtap ti-'a
pepur '`' | See: meeh. L E j| There is no way
350
 -

of escape/ no solution. nP| divination: shaman who does

U peh-'ra
` M not make blood sacrifices.
peh-'kyo-gi tam n.ph. hg HL `
V pehgyap (W) n. nPL
L| real-life experience. HEt | divination: ancestory line for
-L 1 peh-k v.i. U U| use s.th. shamans.
[Gram: neg. = 'meh-be, mah-be']
k
/
/ k pehza/ pihza n. hg,
T ` L? di 'khya yii 'su | child.
peh-ken? Ck L ?
k
MU U/ MlU k
Who of you two wants to use this?
M- pehza 'kye-gen-gi/
(e.g. a piece of clothing). 'kye-e-gi 'nahza 'kyahp- pred.ph.dr.
-L 1 peh-k v.semi-r. AC| L V| be in child-birth.
happen to; matter (what's the matter). k -L pehza 'teh-k
k
[Gram: neg. = 'meh-be, mah-be'] pred.ph.e. U | conceive a child.
h , J k? ti peh-pa 'm `' | See also: 'zubu
taah, ooh pehza-la? L HL , yihpa'.
hgD? What happened to this k L L? - k !
child? pehza 'teh-ken ni meh-teh-ken? -
h H? S-g M ` pehza 'teh 'du! U L ? - U
L ! ti peh-ti 'ma-e-ni? 'khep-'tsuu j| Will (I/ you/ she) conceive? - (I
'kyahp-ti iih 'teh-ku 'du! L HL have/ she has) conceived!
L? Yt C j! What's the k
pehza 'meehme-'ya

matter with him? He is lying on his n.ph. k-| family (wife and
tommy and crying! children).
-L 1 peh-k aux. V| be about pehza rooh n.ph.
k
to. [Gram: vs+<-te> + aux.; neg. = | afterbirth. '' |
'meh-be, mah-be'] '- -L' See also: 'ama'.
| See also: '-i peh-k'. peht '' | See: 'peh'.
S yl L | 'kho o-e peh-ku
pehto 'h` ' | See:
'du. F k Uj| He is about to go. 'taah'.
` lU l
M| ah yahmbi-i-gi mihmba
pehpa n./ adj. t| Tibetan.
rihl-de peh-'kyo. ny yL| I
pehma n. | sand.
almost fell over.
pehmba '' | See:
-L 2 peh-k v.i. () crow. 'pemba'.
[Gram: neg. = 'meh-peh, mah-peh']
- pehr- v.i. tuE| burning
/ peh/ peht intens. hu| sensation (of cold limbs warming up).
intensifier for 'te-k, the-k, tup-'. '`-' | See also: 'lha-'.
`U pehgar n. Lt U L` L | 'kaba pehr-ku 'du.

351


Su tuE j| Oh, my feet are {} {put on} a belt.

burning!


pee-di pee-di '-' |

` pehle tohbo n.ph. See: 'po-'.

S S| trees: tall tree with leaves
peena n. (k`U )
similar to holly leaves. [Note: leaves fruits: wild naspati.
are popular for cattle fodder]

1 peebe n. | insects and

pehlen n. G| loan; debt. worms: locust.

j- pehlen 'thol-
j-
pred.ph.non-erg. G gO | repaying
(l) 2 peebe(-i) pp. ,
of loan is finished. E| matching manner; matching
' | See also:
quality. '-


t h- pehlen 'uhp-/
-/ h-
tal- pred.ph.erg. G gO U| repay a '-la peebe'.
loan. S S` l
l |

- pehlen ter- pred.ph.erg.
'kho-la 'nama 'kho-'ra peebe-i 'dor
G | give a loan. 'du. E AD E Hj|
- pehlen 'phoo-
He got a wife whose level matches his
pred.ph.dr. G | have debts; be own level.
indebted. [Gram: exp. takes gen. U l-` jt h
<-ki>] `-` `-` w J`U|
goba 'i-da 'theimba tii-la
-L pehlen 'seh-k

pred.ph.erg. G | take out a loan; 'rah-'rah 'rah-'rah peebe 'hal
borrow money. [Gram: inanim. source oh-gen. AU UD EL
takes <le-gi>, anim. source <-la>] VA k Cj| The one
religious and the four secular leaders
- pehlen 'suuh-

pred.ph.dr. G | have debts; be each one get a responsibility
indebted. [Usage: refers to according to their gifts.
long-standing debts] [Gram: debtor
peema n. OL | names:
takes <-la>, lender gen. <-ki>] personal name.
` SU ``

peelen '-' | See: 'po-'.
| ah-la 'kho-gi pehlen
mahgu-'ra 'suuh-di 'yeh-ba. D
peeh n. t, | Tibet.
L G UL j| I have a large,
U w peeh-gi
j-w
long-standing debt with him. 'thee-him n.ph. tL | Tibetan
lamaism.
U
peegar n. (L
U
j-w y
St L St g) incense of peeh-gi 'thee-him-la ta
sap &. '`' | See also: 'sa'. o-si-'ma-na cond.dep.pred.ph.
t
{h`-
{h`-}/ {M-} peei (N) A| according to Tibetan
{ti-} (E)/ {kyii} (W) n. {v.t.} t lamaism.

352
-

- peeh-yih n. AQ, 'pee-di sah-gen. S AL S|

| Tibetan script. eat a variety of food.
- peeh- v.t. LE| hide. '-'
Lh pee-len
h
| See also: 'yip-'. peh-te-la kapta (W) n.ph. -
J MU LU ` ` U Ly| clothing: change of clothes.
` ` l-`
| pombo n. (poetic) AU, CL
ooh 'kyahlbu-gi pheka-gi phudu (U ) leader. 'Uy '
'rihbu 'rihbu nah-la 'u-da 'da | See also: 'gene pombo'.
peeh-di yeh-ba 'du. k J AU h`
kLL - jM | ohle aba-gi
LCSL k j| It turned out pohmo-la tah pombo thukpu
that that king had hidden a bow and 'mih-la ter 'du lo. A jD
arrows in the long sleeves of his robe. h`- MD Hj |
And the the father gave his daughter
peehnsar pohmbo
n.ph. nP (A L HL) to a rich fellow, the leader in the
unexperienced shaman. north.

M- peeho kyahp- pola n.

pred.ph.erg. F L| comb wool. 1) (W) | chaff. '' | See:
'busu (E)'.
-
- po- v.t. `VU ML |
1) , () change (e.g. roof, tuh-'gyo-gi 'neeh yohl-di 'pola
clothes); remove s.th. 'kyur-ken 'nah. LtL U
D
2) AL y SE| pour liquids L | I am winnowing the
(from one container into another). threshed wheat to separate it from the
'-' | See also: 'pyo-'. chaff.
j j-` ` | di thu 2) (E) t| husks of grain.
thu-sah-la pee-do leh. , , h` kE `
L w y SF | Please L ` J`U|
pour this water into the water storing 'neeh, 'sowa, tada, 'dzaw-'ya
vessel. tohbo-la 'yeh-ken 'bela-le 'pola
Lh 'poyap 'kapta n.ph. nah-la oh-ge. U, , L, k
- Ly| clothing: change of t j| Wheat, rice,
clothes. mountain barley, and common barley
'pee-di 'pee-di grains are in their husks when they
seq.dep.pred.ph. ( U) are still on the stalks.
have variety (e.g. in food). [Gram:
perfective form of <po->] [Disc: {L`-} polda {koh-} n.
used as adv.ph.] {v.t.} L y {E} foods:
{make} a firm lump of dough from
U| topta 'pee-di
h
'tsamba'. 'g' | See also:
353


'tsamba'. nPL D Tj| The

experienced shaman brings the spirit
() poh(-la) loc. kL| near.
of the unexperienced shaman under
jU S- ` `U
control.
| thimi-le-gi 'khawa-'lah 'poh-la-'ra
'tho-gu 'du. j UEt kL 2 pohmbo adj. t| thick;
S j| In Thimi you get a low.
close-up view of the snow mountains. L | 'kupa pohmbo. t
() 'poh-'ya(-la) loc. U| thick thread.
jE-jE, | somewhere near. L | 'kee pohmbo. t,
k `U | low voice.
J` ML | di {M-U} pohwa {kye-g} n.
pehza-'ya ah-gi 'poh-'ya-la {v.i.} Uy, UUy {L} goiter
oh-si-'ma-na 'so 'suh 'kyahp-ku 'du. {grow}.
hg kL AH T l` j, U`
j| Oh, if these children come ! 'diba-la 'pohwa toba thimbu,
anywhere near me, I get a tooth ache. 'boge-'ra 'du! Yt Uy A w j,
pohmo n. j| daughter. V! She has quite a big goiter, it's
pohmo pehza n.ph.
k bulging out!
jj| girl. () {-} pohwa(l)
y/
y/ {-L} {then-} n. {v.i.} k, L {L}
pohmol/ pohmrol {peh-k} n. foam {bubbles up}; bubbles on water.
{v.i./t.} nPL U {} {be} a j Sl L U| thu
companion to the shaman. 'khol-de peh-ke-mu 'pohwal then-gen.
` y yH| E V L AEj| When
pohmbo 'yambu pohmol peh-ti water is about to boil it starts to
o-en. nPU U H k| He is bubble.
the companion of the shaman. jU j | tsho-gi
pahr-la 'pohwa thaa 'du. SL
1 pohmbo n. nP| shaman.
M | di pohmbo 'tikpu g k j| In the middle of the
'du. nP g j| This shaman pond foam bubbled up.
forecasts accurately. - poo- v.t. ES| pull out; uproot.
-w pohmbo 'ruh-ha V `U M|
n.ph. T L nP| experienced yahl-'gyo 'mehndo-'ya ah-gi 'poo-'kyo.
shaman. ' ' | See JCHL L t ESL | I
also: 'peehnsar pohmbo'. pulled out the withered flowers.
-wU U - pooh- v.i. ES| become
U| pohmbo 'ruh-ha-gi peehnsar uprooted.
pohmbo-gi 'lha tim-ge. T nP
/
pooh/ poohwo n. j,
354
 `l

L) calf (of
j, y, y (UD yL ` {, E} {install}
cow or buffalo). [Usage: heard in the rope-ladder. 'h' | See: 'ta
village of 'Mehnda'] (W)'.
(g) poohli (tsamba) ` g `k`U ` U| 'pra
n.(ph.) LL | foods: parched 'tsuu-di 'prahdza-gi 'prah ten-ge.
millet flour. yL ` H L
nLj| You install a rope-ladder to
`-
`- pya- v.t. (o.f.) nyE| get the honey of the wild bees.
hang up s.th. 'h`-' | See
also: 'ta-'. ` prana n. , | poor
person.
-
- pyo- (E) v.t. AL y y l- 'prana-la 'aa-
SE| pour liquids (from one pred.ph.erg. L`U E| impoverish
container into another). '-' s.b.
| See also: 'po- (W)'.
``U j j-` ` prabu adj. U, L`U|
poor.
LH| di sahbu-gi thu thu-sah-la
'pyo 'koh-en. UUL L w prala n. | forehead.
y SEj| We must pour the E prahw (E) n. | plants:
water from the water carrying pot buckwheat. 'M' | See:
into the water storage vessel. 'kyahpre (W)'.
h pra tolbu adj.ph. Lt| ` 1 prah n.
meddling in other people's talk and 1) wD| sweets.
affairs. 2) S L U | sweet sap
U ` h L ! of certain trees (e.g. 'pehle prah').
'moh-gi 'leeh-'ra pra 'tolbu peh-ku
'du! EL L L E (Lt) j! ` 2 prah '`U(L)' |
All she does is meddling in other See: 'prahgo(k)'.
people's affairs! `U(L)/
U(L)/ ` prahgo(k)/
-
- pra sal- pred.ph.erg. nE, prah n. j| chest (body part).
U| declare; make a defence. `k` prahdza n. |
' -' | See also: 'tah insects and worms: wild bee.
pral-'. `k` j` 'prahdza 'tsha
`U `` n. L U| beehive of wild
LH| 'rah-gi tehnda-la tam pra sal bees.
'yuh 'koh-en. A U
`l () -
- prahda
L Ej| You must have the (rhil) tap- pred.ph.erg. (ML)
opportunity to make your own
A`U | hug (intensified);
defence.
embrace (intensified).
` {g-} pra (E) {tsuu-} n. {v.t.}
355
` -

` prahma n. nU| insects and grass) (W). '' | See: 'boolo

worms: fly. (E)'.
` M- prahu kyahp- U M
`
pred.ph.non-erg. | slide along on m H| 'baso-gi bii-'kyo
one's stomach (e.g. babies). 'praaba tohbo-'ya sah-si-'ma-na 'zii-di
'i-en. HL SL
prahwal n. | place
E SH j| When cattle eat
names: Baruwa (Tamang village on the
newly sprouted 'praaba' trees, they
western slope of the upper Indrawati will get intoxicated and die.
valley, below Jyalsa).

praah n. , jU| precipice.
V-/ M - praa gyur-/ - 'praah-'dep n. y, gu|

kyuhr- pred.ph.erg. U| give a cliff; rocky slope.
pretext. [Disc: usually preceded by a
quote stating the pretext] '
- praah- v.t. Lt (ny, L
V-' | See also: 'tam praa C) cut (hair, nails, wool); cut up
gyur-'. (vegetables).
S VL | 'moh U| pehza
k M l U
'laa maah-'khe-ba 'mee-di 'praa 'kyee phando tiga 'praah-gen. hg
'gyur-ku 'du. E g H kHj Ltj| When a child is
born the umbilical cord is cut.
Uj| She pretends that she was
unwell. E priw n. | animals: rhesus
SU j J Lh VL monkey.
| 'kho-gi 'thee oo 'koh-te 'yeh-ba
U priga n. | foods: cream (on
'mee-di 'praa 'gyur-ku 'du. F Y milk). 'J ' | See also:
E Ltj Uj| He 'ohma tar'.
gives the pretext that he has to cut
JU U UC !
cattle fodder. 'ohma-gi priga 'guri-y sah-sin 'du-ba!
S J` U j VL SHj ! Oh, the cat has
| 'kho oh mah-'lahm-ba-gi 'theela eaten up the cream!
'praa 'gyur-ken 'nah. ED AE
U, A Y ED j | M
M- prihkpa kyahp-
Well, because he doesn't feel like pred.ph.non-erg. hjE U| sneeze.
coming he takes the cutting of cattle
prihp n. gE SL| place names:
fodder as a pretext. small settlement below Kharka
(inhabited by Magars).

` praaba tohbo n.ph.

HL LL S (Hk
L S?) / U prii/ priga n. U| foods:
trees: tree with poisonous leaves and beestings (colostrum).
fruit (E). '`' | See: 'boolu
- prup- v.t. n, jyE| pull
(W)'. plants: poisonous plant (fern-like
down; pull off.

356
-
C L| may prup-ken. L
jyE| remove dried corn from the
cobs.
- pruh- v.t. S, T| engrave;
carve; write.
J U| om 'pruh-gen. E,
S| make a hole.
U U| 'yihgi 'pruh-gen. T, kU
gv T| write, write a letter, write
letters.
`U U| thagu 'pruh-gen. `L hg
E| paint thangkas.
U/ pruhgul/ pruhwul
n. tP| tidbits (usually of food);
crumbs. ' ' | See also: pre-pre i-i peh-ti leeh peh-k
'pruhpsil'.
| to 'pruhwul industriously.
sa-la 'tahp-sin. L C S|
Tidbits of rice fell on the floor.
h JU U | 'tah-la scratch up s.th.
'ohma-gi 'pruhgul 'teh 'du. g L
tP j| Oh, there are bits of milk
skin floating on the tea.
- pruhp- v.i. n| fall down (e.g.
wilted flowers, dry leaves from trees,
etc.).
pruhpsil n. n P tL
(JS A) crumb. 'L ' 'MM
| See also: 'tarka pruhpsil'.
pruhl n. | animals: snake.
- pruu- v.t. tLtME| shake out
(e.g. carpet); scrape (finish up food);
rattle (e.g. door latch). ' L -'
| See also: 'tam phruk
pruu-'.
U| to pruu-gen. L nM| have a stick for watching the buffalo.
scrape the rice pot.
-
L
preken n. y, `U | animals:
langur monkey.
` L
lL (h) |
rih nah-la preken phaaik (tii) 'du.
k`U HM y j| There is only
one langur monkey in the forest.
- pren- v.t. Yh| devour greedily.
, J g g
L! pehza-'ya-gi to yaahbu
pren-sin, ohle 'tsem 'tse kahl-di!
Yg, A S UH!
The children devoured the food, and
then they went to play!
- -
-
-L
pred.ph.erg. L L L U| work
-L preh-k v.t. L, L, g|
scratch (an itch on one's own body);
U L| 'mih-la 'tohm-gi
preh-ken. jC gj| The
bears maul people with their claws.
- preh ter- pred.ph.erg. L,
LE| scratch s.b.
L prehka n. v, | stick
(walking stick, and smallish sticks).
' | See also:
'kyuhkpa'.
` ` L g y LH|
da 'tihri-ni 'mehme prehka 'tsuu-di
o 'koh-en. kAk k v tL
| Nowadays grandfather
y
has to use a stick for walking.
C l L | mahy ta-e-la
prehka 'yeh. ED v j| I
- prehn- v.t. E (D
357

- -j

U) weaving terms: prepare loom

preehyar n. U| run-away;
for weaving. refugee.

- preeh- v.i. `- proh- v.i. n k

1) V| run away; flee; elope.
2) V| have enough of a given
taste.
j ? 'tsha 'preeh 'du? Uj?
Is there enough salt in it?
j | 'tsha maah-'preh 'du.
UL j| No. (There isn't enough
salt).
h | 'tini 'preeh 'du. g
Uj| is sweet enough.
It
Ew AE| surface (e.g. foods on
liquids).
` `U `
J`! 'tihri tahra 'a-ge-mu oh
'proh-di oh-di! Ak
k Ew A! When I was
churning the buttermilk the curds
came up to the surface.
prohbla ' ' | See:
'preeh'.

/ -
- preeh/ prohbla L L L ( ) `
ta- pred.ph.erg. gT| taste s.th.
-L plek plek plek (peh-ti)
`- 'preeh yam-
`- yahl teh-k pred.ph.non-erg.
pred.ph.erg. | savour s.th.
gU | lie there lifelessly.
S H
` 'L L L' | See also:
A` `L | 'kho to sah-en 'blek blek blek (W)'.
'bele 'preeh mah-yam-ba peh-te-'a
'yih-ku 'du. F S D U -L plege lih-k
j| When he eats his rice he pred.ph.non-erg. ML | be
swollows it without even savouring it. extremely tired.
- 'preeh yahl-/ yal-
-/ - U -L plege 'teh-k (E)
pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. S / E| pred.ph.non-erg. ML | sit around
become/ make tasteless. [Gram: undg. listlessly. 'L L L/ U, L
takes gen. <-ki>] L L/ U' | See also:
L k M 'blek blek blek/ blege (W), phlek
U| 'tito 'karil-la 'rahmdzi 'kyahp-ti phlek phlek/ phlege'.
'preeh yal-gen. LD E -j pwaah-tshoosa n. wEL
L L tCj| Titekarelas | place names: Bhwachosa
are blanched to take away some of (settlement on the western slope of
their bitterness. the Melamchi River valley, opposite of

` preehma n. (wEL Phaadungdung Chhyu, above
) place names: Salmi (village east of Kwah-Kahng.
Sermathang, facing Ta-ohngsa).

358
 `

pred.ph.non-erg. j U| have regrets;
pha n. (elevated) (U )
father. '' | See also: feel sorry (about missing a chance).
'mah'. j` ` L , `` yl
kU L , U L| 'tshiri phabu peh-ku 'du,
'tihri-'ra o-e 'yeh-ken. Ak
LH! di pehza-gi 'pha kaahndi
'yihm-ba, 'mah-gi ten 'koh-en! k j` A
hgL L , A SEj| j| Tshiring is feeling sorry, he/ she
The mother has to tell us who the would have left today.
father of this child is! `-
`- 2 pha- v.t. (lamaistic)
M M phakya phekyo () throw away.
adj.ph. A-A| unfinished; UA` `U, UA`
incomplete (work, song). `U| lama-gi-'a 'sohr pha-ge,
pohmbo-gi-'a 'sohr pha-ge.
M M t`, h h!
'mahni 'phakya 'phekyo 'ah-di, ti U E L Uj| Both
nP
peh-te! A k, L U! We the lama and the shaman throw out
recited the ritual prayer incompletey, the offering called 'sohr'.
what to do! ` ` -/ - phaa phue
u-/ ii- pred.ph.erg. U U
U - phage then- pred.ph.dr.
AE| get the measles. L| intensifier phrase for undoing
s.th; undo s.th. completely/ quickly.
Jk ` U L|
ohze-la ah-la 'phage then-di 'yeh-ken. ` phaba n. LS, A`U| lap;
S D AHL | At that folded arms.
time I had the measles. ` M- phaba-la 'kyaa-
pred.ph.erg. j tH T| hold in
`-
`- 1 pha- v.semi-r. A V,
one's arms.
j V| be attached to s.th.
emotionally; regret s.th. k ` M yE | pehza
phaba-la 'kyaa-di o-w 'du. hg
S ` j , J S |
'kho-la pha-ba tshee 'du, ohle ter j| He is
j tH h y
miih-khu 'du. ED Uj, walking around with a child on his
arms.
A L| I see, he is so attached
to it that he can't give it away. ` -/ l- phaba-la
'thoo-/ 'aa- pred.ph.erg. LS /
`! phaa! adj.excl. L A!
g! interjections: what a waste!; T| hold in one's lap.
what a shame!. ` phalo n. L (U L
` -L phabu peh-k C) work utensils: spindle (the

359
hg

handle part). / l S` J``

hg phattsi loc. A | a little J`U| o 'ma/ 'mee phando khu
way over there. [Gram: is often used oh-'ra oh-gen. Hj E
without <-la>] '()' | A AEj| If we invite them they
See also: 'phar(-la)'. will surely come.
J S L hg | ohle ` L` L l g-
'kho kahl-de phattsi lep 'du lo. A F M S! yari 'kah-la kahl
phando-ni tsom-'lu meh-'kyahp
U A Uj | And he went and
arrived a little bit further over there. 'khame! ` yy UHj k S
S! Going to the Yangri-Kahng
k phazi n. P (AL) sack. (festival) we will have to sing
[Note: made of forest nettle fibre competitive songs!
fabric, used for transporting grains]
y phano dir. E k| going to
t M- /-L phaa (N) the other side. [Gram: short for 'phar
kyahp-/ peh-k pred.ph.erg. t o-en-mu'; works like a dep.pred.ph.]
| tell a lie. J y jy S`U L|
M g`- phat phet ohle phano tshuno khu-gi 'batar
kyur tsah- pred.ph.erg. ter-ken. A AE k E k
| throw s.th. forcefully. SEj| And on the way over there
and on the way back they give us a
g- phatur (N) tsuu-
meal.
pred.ph.erg. E| accuse falsely.
{-
{-L} phada phidi -
- phap- (E) v.i. n| descend;
{pi-k} adv.ph. {v.t.} tt {ES} climb down. [Usage: 'mahr phap' is
common] '-' | See: 'pahp-
{take off/ pull out} s.th. carelessly
and leave it disorderly. (W)'.
S` U L | 'khaba
l phando logical_pp./ temp.pp. 'thoo-le-gi 'mahr phap-ku 'du. YL
-S, -j| since; after. [Gram: vs/ vs jt n j| Oh, he is climbing
perf. + pp.] down from the top of the house.
` l M` J`U|
nahm 'lah phando 'kyasae oh-gen. {M-} phap {kyahp-} n.
{v.t.} g {} {add} fermenting
El Hj El j| After the
agent (when making beer). 'g-'
darkness of the night has lifted, it
becomes light. | See also: 'tsor-', v.t.'.
M lU| to
TU / l ` J`U|
'lhaama-la phap 'kyahp 'aa-ge. EL
'khya-gi o 'ma/ 'mee phando 'yih
oh-gen. AF j g Tj| I will add some
fermenting agent to the rice which is
AEj| Since you invited us we will
come. left over.

360
-
-

-
- pham- v.i. | lose (game, going back to my birth place in my
struggle). ' ' | See also: homeland.
'ma phambu'.
j` y-
y- phar
` ` ! 'tihri ah phar phir phir tho-di o-
'taas-la 'pham-di! Ak S pred.ph.non-erg. E E k| run
! Today I lost when we were without delay; run as fast as you can.
playing cards!
() phar(-la) (W+E) loc. E|
phama n. (elevated) -| over there. [Gram: is often used
parents. 'A A' | See without <-la>] '' | See: 'har
also: 'aba ama'. (E)'.
`U L , `! j k M- phar tshur
ah-gi 'phama kaahndi 'yihm-ba, 'dzop 'kyahp- pred.ph.erg. U|
ten-do! - L , SF! argue with each other.
Show who my parents are! (An
y- phar o- pred.ph.non-erg.
y-
illegitimate son might say this when
E k| go over to. [Gram: dest. takes
his inheritance is in jeopardy). <-le>, not <-la>]
/
/ phamin/ phamen n. ! ah
` ` yl
C| former home of a married sermatha-le phar o-e 'mee-di!
woman. ` kE L! I want to go
m T`U, J `U over to Sermathang.
t yH ! 'nama zum-di L- phar 'suhr,
, j L-
khyo-gen, ohle 'ti-le-'ga 'phamin 'ol tshur 'suhr kor- pred.ph.erg. E
o-en 'nahle! g Cj, jES jE Y| go
A CD S j UCj | through a whole area.
You capture the bride and bring her () phar-ken ('dep)-la
L
home, and only after that you go and loc.ph. (u) on the other side of
pacify her family. the valley; on the opposite slope of
the valley.
/
/ phayin/ phayen n.
, | merit (religious). - -` phar-ee/
-`/ -
phar-oo loc. Eu| on the other
J`- 'phayen oh-
pred.ph.dr. | gain merit. side. [Gram: loc. takes <-la>, dir.
<-le>]
-L 'phayen peh-k
pred.ph.erg. U| do works of -` j phar-ee tshe n.ph. AL
-
merit. k| life after death. [Usage: not so
common; more common 'tshe
phayu n. k| homeland. thima']
M yH| taah-ni
/ phar-'tep/-'tap loc.
'kye-sa 'phayu-la looh o-en. A
-S E| from a certain point
kL L Lj| Now I am onwards (away from you). [Gram:

361
,
reference point takes <-le> or
<yihndu>]
U
L
`, j L
LH| 'gara 'phee-le phar-'tep sa
'kee-do, tshur-le 'ko meh-'koh-en.
y`L E A S, S |
Dig up the soil of the other half of the
terrace, on this side you don't need to
dig.
, - phar, -le temp. (L
)-| about at. [Gram: temporal
indication is followed by <-le phar>]
| 'nuhp 'phee-le phar.
| about at midnight.
l | 'tin 'bae-le phar.
k|| about at three o'clock.
phara n. y
, | animals:
wolf. [Note: looks like a big dog,
attacks cattle but eats only the
intestines; comes in packs]
L L -L pharak phuruk
peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. kL kL
U| make forceful/ lively movements.
` ` phara phuru adj.ph.
U` U`| unordered; chaotic.
`- phara
` ` -L/ `-
'phuru peh-k/ ta- pred.ph.erg.
gLg U| make a mess.
`t`t`t` -
- LH k l LH,
phara-a-a-a ma-
pred.ph.erg. ttt (HM
E) blab away.
t- pharara (N) aah-
pred.ph.erg. | read fluently.
L pharko n. | household
utensils: small silver-lined wooden
bowl (used for drinking). 'k,
g' | See also: 'dzabya,
tsahbya'.
phalana (N) det. | a
certain person/ place (an undefined
entity).
phal-phul (N) n. |
fruit.
phai n. A| inheritance
(referring primarily to fields).
AU ` ! aba-gi
'phai mahbu 'yeh-ba! L A
j! My father has many fields (to pass
down to us).
- 'phai 'keeh ter-
L
pred.ph.erg. Ay U| give the
inheritance.
AU ` L L
| aba-gi 'tihri puh-'ya-la 'phai
'keeh ter-ke lo. Ak jD
Ay Uj | I heard that
their father will give out the
inheritance to his sons today.
L- 'phai 'koh- v.t. A
U U| divide up inheritance.
AU U LH| aba-gi
'phai puh-'ya-gi 'koh-en. A L
j U UD y j|
The sons divide up the fields of their
father among themselves.
J S`U L M L|
'phai 'koh-e 'bele 'pandza-'ya 'aa
'koh-e, ohle khu-gi 'phai 'kohpa
'kyahp ter-ken. Ay U sg
Tj, A E A y-y
Uj | When the inheritance is
divided up, the witnesses (trustworthy
persons) divide everything up into
shares for you.
362


- 'phai sah- pred.ph.erg. magic rituals (in order to cure

A S| take possession of sickness).
inheritance.
phaaba 'h ' | See:
-k
AU U H| aba-gi 'teen-rehzi'.
'phai puh-'ya-gi sah-en. L A
j Sj| The sons take `/ `U phaaba
possession of their father's fields. ien/ igen n.ph. | place
names: Swayambhu.
- 'phai thop- pred.ph.r.
-
(rare) A E| receive inheritance. phi intens. , | intensifier for
L| puh-'ya-la 'kyur aa-, or-'.
'phai thop-ken. j A Ej| AU J k M l !
The sons receive the inheritance. 'ama-gi ooh pehza-la 'phi 'kyur 'aa
phaa n. ,
| animals: large 'du! A hgD jy
wild pig or domesticated pig. UCj| The mother abandoned this
child!
y/ 'phaanam (E)/
'phaanam (W) n. `U| wisdom L k` L!
tooth. 'kumen-la sandi mih-zu-na 'phi
'or-ken! gD U
lL (h) phaaik (tii) qt. Lj| If the thief is not grabbed
(num.) HM, w`U| only one. firmly he will escape!
` L
lL (h) |
rih nah-la 'preken phaaik (tii) 'du. -U phi-g v.i. | be late.
k`U HEt y () j| There ` | ah yahmbi
is only one langur monkey in the 'phi-sin. HLj H| I am a
forest. little late.
`A` U, T` -U phi-g v.e. A | be too
lL h` ! di 'su 'yambu-'a late.
mih-thin-ge, 'khyera phaaik tii-'ra | taah-ni 'phi-sin. A
'teh! LU , HM A | It's too late now.
w`U ! You are not getting along
() phi(-la) loc. | outside.
with anybody, so stay by yourself!
y- 'phi-la o-
y-
-`` phaa-dudu n. wEL pred.ph.non-erg. g k| go to the
| place names: small settlement toilet.
across the stream after Kayn Kahng on - 'phi-la ten- pred.ph.erg.
the path to Langgyapsa. [Note: there is L| publicize.
a small electric plant there] U L 'phi-gi pako n.ph.
- -
- L phaa-phaa L P| outside appearance.
phu-phu peh-k pred.ph.erg. LL U Ll` , `
U| divination: perform all sorts of J` LH| 'phi-gi pako-i-'ra
mihm-ba, nah-di yaahbu oh
363
L

'koh-en. P C, l l


/ l
l U

U

j| It's not the outside appearance phindu nee-e 'leehmu/ phindu
which counts, the inside must be nee-gen-gi 'leeh n.ph. tLE L|
good. lasting work.
L phiko (W) n. l l phindu nee-e

1) P| bark (of trees). 'L' peh-ti adv.ph. (elevated) tLE U|
| See also: 'pako'. with a lasting effect.
2) [Usage: poetic] | outside part. l - phindu 'thup-
pred.ph.non-erg. tLE | last for
L `U - S L
good.
| 'tarka nahgo ihmbu -
khambu 'phiko ihmbu. JS J`U l LU LH|
ohra-gi phindu 'thup-ken-gi 'leeh
w - A w| With walnuts
the inside part is tasty - with peaches peh 'koh-en. tLE L
the outside one. j| We must do work which lasts
U
for good.
h` phita n. D jLE
ky| cerem. foods: beer of which a y/
y/ y/ `-
`-/ -
-
small portion has been offered to the phini/ pheni/ phen ta-/
house god. [Note: requires especially or- pred.ph.erg./ non-erg. /
careful preparation] ', -' SL| pass wind.
| See also: 'phii, phii phul-'. phimu adj. | late.
jM` t t h` y- 'phimu o- pred.ph.
y-
LH| 'thekyo 'dawa 'uuh 'uuh-la | be too late. [Gram: eventive form
phita 'tor 'koh-en. j-j of attributive copular construction]
LD ky gEj| The house ` yH| ah-la 'phimu o-en.
god has to be sprinkled with ritually D j| It's too late for me.
clean beer every six months. -L 'phimu peh-k
pred.ph.erg. UE, U|
phit intens. (L)
intensifier for 'pi-k, pih-k'. delay.

phidi n. E| credit. ' ' /

| See also: 'laahdi'.
T` `-/ T- 'phidi khyo-/
T`-
'khyer- pred.ph.erg. E E/ |
buy on credit.
- 'phidi ter- pred.ph.erg.
E | give credit.
l/ l/ l phindu/
phundu/ phundo n. tLE, SC|
long lasting.
/ phiyo/ phiwa (N?) n.
U, U| kidney. [Note: or
possibly spleen; there is some
uncertainty about these organs; the
Nepali 'phiyo' refers to the spleen, but
several people said in Yohlmo they
use it for 'kidney'; see for example the
sentence below.]
` | 'phiwa yii 'yeh-ba.
Dt U j| There are two
kidneys.
364
-
- -

-
- phir- v.i. E| jump up and '``' | See also: 'asa'.
down. ` ` ` !
j`- phir 'tho-
j`- 'tihri 'mee-di nahbar 'phisa o!
pred.ph.non-erg. | jump down. Ak A AF! Come
L k j` | tomorrow somewhat later than today.
'nuhmu-di 'phok 'dzaa-de phir 'tho 'phi-'se '-/-' | See:
'du lo. g g j | '-se~-see'.
The younger sister jumped up (unto
l- phior aa-
the scaffold) and quickly jumped off pred.ph.erg. jy| interrupt s.th;
again. leave s.th. undone. 'S -L'
``-
``-/ `- phir a-/ lah | See also: 'khadi lih-k'.
'L' | See: 'phrik'. ML` l|
nam 'kyahp-ko-'ra 'leeh 'phior
h phirta adv./ adj. Et| wrong
way around. 'aa-sin. L L L jy|
Because it rained we interrupted the
- phirta kehn-
h L
pred.ph.non-erg. Et E| wear inside work.
out. phii n. (hon. of 'tha') M
h U phirta doge adv.ph./ (t.) alcoholic beverage. 'h`'
adj.ph. wL Et| just the opposite. | See also: 'phita'.
h phirta 'mih n.ph. Et (U) L- phii(-gi) ken-
j| stubborn people. pred.ph.erg. (hon. of 'zi-g') M
h` M j`-
j`- phirtu (t.) get drunk. [Gram: the
kyahpti tho- (E+W) bevarage is actor and optionally takes
pred.ph.non-erg. g k| gallop; erg. <-ki> (see neutral word order
jump around like young calfs. '` for inanim. actors, appendix 5, section
M y-' | See: 'ali kyahp-te 21.2)]
o- (W)'. (U) L | lama-la
'phii(-gi) ken-sin 'du. ky j|
-
-L/
L/ -
-M/ -
- Oh, the lama is drunk.
phi-lok/ phi-lokpa/ phi-loo - phii phul- pred.ph.erg.
adj./ adv. Et| inside out (of clothes, LCL L U gE|
etc.). '`-L' | See also: ceremonies: offer first fruits.
'nah-lok'.
-M LV | di - phii- v.t. j
| wipe.
'phi-lokpa kehn-'gyo 'du-ba. Et M `! 'lahkpa phii-do!
UHL j| You put this on j! Wipe your hands!
inside-out. L , `! kahm-la
'thalbi 'du, phii-do! L j,
` phisa temp. A A| quite ! Wipe the chest! [Usage:
j
late; later (has comparative conn.). 'kahm-gi/ -la thalbi phii-do!' is
365
- l

also possible.] ) intensifier for 'tshii-'.

- phu- v.t. M| blow (with `/ h`-/ - phubu
mouth). ' -' | See also: (E)/ phumbu (W) tah-/ tooh-
'meh phu-'. pred.ph.erg. (elevated) L U
T-
T-/ M-
M- phu khyol- ( kE L) cremate; burn a
(E)/ phu kyol- (W) pred.ph.erg. corpse.
U, U| carry s.th. through; `-h phubu-te n. wEL |
bring s.th. to completion. ' T' place names: Dhumsisa, Thulodhunga
| See also: 'sih khyol-'. (village on the western slope of the
h l J T Melamchi River valley, opposite
LH| 'leeh tii peh phando ooh-di Nuhrpu-Kahng).
phu khyol 'koh-en. HEt L U
`- - phu-sum phoo-
j U jyj| Once you pred.ph.dr. U | have a bad
start something you must carry it horoscope; be under an evil star.
through. [Note: is the same as 'loh phoo-']
L phuk intens. (k ) S `- U U
intensifier for 'tshii-'. E | tahlen 'kho-la 'phu-sum
'phoo-ge 'mee-di lama-gi 'ma-w 'du.
M/
/ phukpa (E)/ phuu (W) n.
J| cave. '' | See: 'phuu ED `- U j
(W)'. j| The lama says that
this person is under an evil star this
S| 'phukpa/ 'phuu-gi
M/ U
'kha. JL S| entrance/ mouth of year.
cave. `/
/ ` phui/ phoi
n. (L w y) household
`- phu- v.semi-r. V| come
utensils: big copper pot. [Note: used for
to harm.
cooking grains to make alcolholic
` U L
beverages; lowest part of 'artsa']
` `y| 'phu-sum 'phoo-ge
loh-la 'kurim meh-be-si-'ma-na 'yih-la ` j` lU H|
'phu-o. ` U V phui-la tha ten-de-gi 'dur 'luu-en.
k U D V| If we Ly j| Into the big copper
don't perform a ritual the year you pot we put the grain mash for making
are under a bad star (bad horoscope), whisky.
we will probably come to harm. -t phu-ohlma n. OL
` `- phu pu- pred.ph.erg./ | names: personal name, f.
non-erg. T SE| spill s.th. ` phudu n. | clothing:
suddenly. sleeve.
` phue intens. ML (yL l/ l phundu/ phundo

366
- ()

'l' | See: 'phindu'. = 3, etc.]

2) weight used on the 'umali' (=600
- phup- ' -/ -' |
See: 'nawa bup-/ phup-'. grs).

{g-} phup {tsuu-} n. {v.t.} -y/

y/ -y` phul-in/
phul-i (Eng) n. L, t|
{} (W) {lay} trap for big animals;
(E) {lay} trap for small animals (e.g. fountain pen.
birds). TU -y Lk M?
khye-gi di phul-'in-la 'kahze ter-'kyo?
phumba n. Z| household
LC L HL? How
utensils: big earthen pot. [Note: used to
much did you pay for this fountain
store beer] pen?
phumbu (W) '`' | See: phuu 'M' | See: 'phukpa'.
'phubu (E)'.
() phuu(-la) (W+E) loc. |
- phur- v.i. (hon. of 'uhr-') Ey over there. 'E' | See: 'haw (E)'.
(t.) fly.
U L| 'lahla 'lha -gg/
gg/ -gg
nahmga-la phur-ken. L U phuu-tsatsa/ phuu-tsotso amu
n. hEL | foods: yellow boletus.
AL Eyj| Some gods fly around
in the sky. L {-
{-} pheka {nom-} n. {v.t.}
phurpa n. L {E} (jl gy h
1) (W) L ( ) work utensils: S E L) cerem. terms: {put
post to which animals are tied. 'k' on} robe with wide sleeves for
| See: 'dzoobur (E)'. masked dancing. 'l' |
2) (W+E) OL | names: personal See also: 'baandam'.
name. `U phega n. AL U|
thread or fabric made of forest nettle
-t phur-bui n. OL |
names: personal name, f. fibres. 'l' | See also:
'paaar'.
- phul- v.t. `UU k, Lt, J `
1) (hon. of 'ter-') gE| give; offer to mH| 'phega-gi 'phazi, 'koo, ohle
gods. phoo 'leehmu 'zo-en. AL U
2) Ygy| push. P, Lt, A MS Cj| Of
phulu (N) n. | measures and the forest nettle fabric sacks, coats,
weights: and jackets and other such things are
1) container used to measure liquids made.
and things measured by volume (e.g.
() phe(t) intens. Lt U
butter; 7.5 dl). [Usage: 'phulu kah' | intensifier for 'ta-, tor-, am-,
= 1, 'phulu toh' = 2, 'phulu sum' kyur-, kyur aa-, kyur ta-, thal-,

367
 -

or-'. J`- phendop oh-

S , S` pred.ph.dr. , C | be
L` ! 'oohle 'kho profitable.
'mahr 'phe 'thal-de, khu-ni / J`- phembu/
kuh-'see-la lep-te 'nahle! F phemba oh- pred.ph.dr. C | be
UCLL , Eg LS useful; be profitable.
ACUL ! He started going down / y `-
`- phen/ pheni
quickly in the morning, but they ta- 'y' | See: 'phini'.
arrived there only in the evening!
- phep- v.i.
phet thule intens.ph. L| 1) (hon. of 'o-') k (t.) go.
intensifier for 'ahl-, tuhkpu 2) (hon. of 'oh-') AE (t.)
yuh-, teh-k' (with the sense of come.
'stay on'), 'sah-' (eat a lot).
- 'phep 'uh- pred.ph.erg.
M- phetap-la kyahp- (hon. of 'kee kyahp-') E
'`' | See: 'ih'. (t.) call s.b; invite (ask to come).
L phetar kohtar adj./ U j `
adv.ph. jt, `U| scattered. | lama-gi 'thee peh-simba-'ra
'lha-la 'phep 'uh-sin. L
` ` pheda yii num.ph. UD E| Reading the
y| one and a half. book the lama asked the god to come.
` | 'pheda sum. C| two -M - 'phep-'kyal 'uh-
and a half. pred.ph.erg. (hon. of 'kyal-') E
` l| 'pheda 'i. | three (t.) take s.b. to some other place.
and a half.
J M M L
` ` `| 'yihma 'pheda ` -M | ohle
yii. y | one and a half days. 'kyahlbu 'kyahlmu kohmba nah-la
g L ` ` LH| 'tsamba 'phep-'kyal 'uh-sin. A k D
'kap 'pheda 'a 'luu 'koh-en. w U CH| And escorting the
g L j| You must take four king and the queen they took them
and a half cups of flour. into the temple.

phededede ' ' | - 'phep-'lahm n. (hon. of
See: 'tam phededede'. 'lahm') t, U(t.) road; path.
- phen- v.dr. L V| be ! 'phep-so 'ihba
profitable; gain merit.
'yeh! cl. H y

UE U| marriage: greeting used to
- phen 'thoo- pred.ph.dr. L
welcome a bride to her new home.
V| be profitable.
[Note: sung by the groom's party]
l - phendu 'thoo- (W)
pred.ph.non-erg. tLE | last for ' | See also:
'l`, l
'a-so, uu-so'.
good.
368

()

LL (`) phepe koko (natural increase of people, animals,

(-'ra) adj. AA| partial; field produce); spread (e.g. news,
incomplete. gossip).
Ll LL` | `-
`- phea ta- pred.ph.erg.
tahnda-ni 'he 'ko-e-ni 'phepe
A g| cut s.th. in two halves.
'koko-'ra 'yeh. A S An Ak
`/ / l, A `-
`-
L j| At this time the digging of 'phea yii/ sum/ 'i, etc. ta-
the potatoes has been done only pred.ph.erg. C/ / g, A g g|
partially. cut s.th. in half/ thirds/ quarters, etc..
phema adj. | small. phee qt. A| half.
y- 'phema o- pred.ph.
y- `U ` g t L| ah-gi
| be/ become too small. [Gram: doma 'phe-tse 'aah-di 'yeh-ken.
eventive form of di-attributive copular
` L Ak L
construction] [Disc: Almost any adj.
H| I had read about half of the book
can be substituted in this called 'doma'.
construction.]
Ul ` yH| di 'gandi - phee- v.t. S| open. 'S -,
ah-la 'phema o-en. Uk D `-' | See also: 'kha
j| This T-shirt is too small for phee-, tah-'.
me. L` `! 'kohlda 'phee-do!
Ul ` J`U ! di U S! Please open the gate!
'gandi ah-la 'phema oh-gu 'du! (i.e., draw back the bars).
Uk D Hj| Oh, this T-shirt
() pheebe(-'ya) n. |
is too small for me! male group. [Usage: with pl. pronouns
'phema
L to make polite pronouns for male
'yeh-ken 'bela-le temp.dep.pred.ph. groups; see also note for
S| when (I) was small. 'meehme-'ya']
l 'phema-i qt. AL | T ()| 'khya 'pheebe(-'ya).
little (small quantity of a sticky mass). D ( `U)| you (male
'(l), (l), j l' group).
| See also: 'sipi(-i) (E), sipa(-i) S` ()| khu 'pheebe(-'ya).
(W), theemu-i'. E ( `U)| they (male
group).
phemar (W) n. YE g
L | cerem. foods: dough of ` ()| 'yih 'pheebe(-'ya).
parched flour, butter and sugar. [Note: ( UL OD L
presented for well-wishing] U) we (excl.).
J` ()| ohra
phel '' | See: 'phyal'. 'pheebe(-'ya) (E). (
- phel- v.i. | increase UL OD t )| we (incl.).

369
 -
-

F ()| uuh 'pheebe(-'ya) (W). Mt Mt phoka phoka n.ph.

( UL OD -, tP-tP, wE-wE| groups;
t )| we (incl.). patches.
- pheera ten- Mt Mt |
pred.ph.non-erg. ghE| shout. 'mih-'ya 'phoka 'phoka peh-ti 'teh-ti
'duba. - U L
| pheera ten-di
` L
'luh-den ter-ken. w LE| j| The people are sitting (or
teach with a loud voice. standing) in groups.
`` k`U| pheera L` Mt Mt |
'la-de-'ra dzi-gen. ghH nUy 'kaba-la 'phoka 'phoka then 'du-ba.
U| fight with shouting. Su wE-wE St Lj| Oh,
there are patches of sores on your
- phee-la n. Yu A legs.
l| charge at mill.
U phoga '' | See:
-
- pho- v.i. T| spill over (used 'phowa'.
for liquids). '`-, ` `'
| See also: 'pu-, oh oh'. `-
`- pho- v.i. t
, yL| burst;
explode.
j ` ` E |
thu-ni oh oh peh-ti 'pho-w 'du. `U U `l` ! ah-gi
goo pho-de-'ra peh-sin! tEL
jgL S j| Oh,
splashing back and forth the water is At I have a splitting
t
spilling over. headache!

jU/ gU pho tshoge/ pho ` phoi '`' | See:

tsoge adv.ph. tML| take a squatting
position.
() jU ! sa-la ('pho) F L jt HL Lt)
tshoge 'teh! tML ! Squat on the
ground!
L phok intens. , |
intensifier for 'kyaah- ter-, lehn-,
tahm-, dzaa- (leak and climb)
uuh-, am-, ehmba - teh-k,
dzol-, see-, meh - se-k, meh/ mih
- i-g, thal-, then-, kyur aa-,
ruhl-, tshii-, gam-'.
`U t`U L M! ah-gi ` kU V ` `
'aga 'phok 'kyaah-di!
! I squandered my money just like
that!
'phui'.
` phoo (E) n. MS (yL
clothing: woolen jacket. [Note:
hand-woven of homespun wool, worn
mostly by men] '` U' | See:
'teega (W)'.
k phoze n. | male animal.
'k' | See also: 'mohze'.
-
- ( ) -L pho-pho
(peh-ti) teh-k pred.ph.non-erg.
- U | sit in groups.
- L| 'mih mahbu
dzom-gen 'gyaa-la 'mih 'rah 'rah
'pho-'pho peh-ti 'teh-ken.
370
-
- -
-

wE A-A U j| away of a person). [Note: involves

Where many people meet together "ihlbu, damur pruudi thee
each one sits in his own group. aahgen"]
-
- phor- v.i. , E (t) L - phosok ten-
rise; increase (in volume, e.g. bread pred.ph.non-erg. ` , E|
dough). show off; be conceited. 'wL'
-
- phol- v.t. | break up clods | See also: 'hasak'.
(of earth). ' -' | See S h` H
, L l!
also: 'sa phol-'. 'kho tii-'ra ee-en 'leehmu, 'phosok
diba! E kL k, HL
-L phol peh-k 't ' | Ej! He thinks only he knows it,
See: 'eeh'. what a conceited fellow!
` pholdo n. y| lump (of phosor adj. L, |
earth, cooked rice, etc.). slovenly; unkempt.
` h H| to 'pholdo tii S h | 'kho 'phosor tii 'du.
sah-en. HL y Sj| I will eat F L j! What an unkempt fellow
one lump of rice. he is!
(U) `| sasa(-gi)
'pholdo. tL y| lump of earth. phoo '' | See: 'phowa'.
/
/ U/ phowa/ phoga/ - phoo- v.i. V| hit a mark.
phoo n. t, y [Gram: goal takes <-la>] ' - ,
| stomach.
-' | See also: 'sem-la
h`- 'phowa tah-
pred.ph.erg. t | provide for s.b.'s phoo-, tam phoo-'.
living. [Note: for s.b. who is living - M- 'phoo-'lu 'kyahp-
outside one's own household] pred.ph.erg. AP L U UE|
sing aggressive songs.
j`- 'phowa 'tshe-
j`-/ j`-
(E)/ 'tshi- (W) pred.ph.non-erg./ dr. - phoo- v.t. nM, E
t y| have overeaten. [Gram: if (gt) take off the stove/ fire.
non-erg.: exp. takes gen. <-ki>]
M- phoo kyahp- '
- 'phowa 'uu- M-' | See: 'phowa kyahp-'.
pred.ph.non-erg./ dr. j, S V|
have diarrhea. [Gram: if non-erg.: exp. phooyap n. (o.f.) t|
household utensils: potholders.
takes gen. <-ki>]
/
/ M- phowa/ phoo -
- phya- (W+E) v.t. S U,
kyahp- pred.ph.erg. L U U| despise; look down upon.
'M -' | See also: 'kyen
(L A L L
taa-'.
L L) cerem. terms: help the
soul leave the body (a ritual S` ` U H|
performed shortly after the passing 'khaba se meh-be-si-'ma-na 'mih-gi

371
Mt -

'phya-en. YL C U A told him to his face in no uncertain

S Uj| If you don't clean your terms.
home, people despise you.
` y-
y- phyal ta-di o-
Mt phyaka 'Mt' | See: pred.ph.non-erg. SC
L SC
y

'byaka'. (HL y
) go without paying
attention to anybody.
phyam (W) n. w L|
board (floor). 'j' | See: y-
y- phyal phyal o-
'tham (E)'. pred.ph.non-erg. SC
SC | go
y
{M-} 'phyamri (W) without looking left or right.
{'kyahp-} n. {v.t.} L E| house /
/ phyal/ phel intens. ,
parts: {fix} floor boards. 'jy'
| intensifier for 'tahp-, tsahr-'.
| See: 'tham-i (E)'.
- phyaa- (W) v.t. | sweep
-
- phyar- v.t. the floor.
1) jyL, jyLE| ladle s.th; splutter
- 'phyaama 'phyaa-
(when ladling s.th.). 'j-' | (W) n. {v.t.} Lg E| {sweep the
See also: 'thar-'. floor} with a broom. 'j h-'
J `l kU | See: 'thaama tooh- (E)'.
L| 'ohma 'thaplo mah-yoh-du
'mee-di 'dzaru-gi phyar-ken. E ` phraa n.
kJ yy gCj| Milk is k | cerem. utensils: prayer beads.
ladled with a big spoon so that it will phramu adj. | fine.
not boil over. L | 'kee phramu. |
M ! 'thukpa phyar-ti high voice.
maah-lu! S jyL ! Don't L | 'kupa phramu. U|
splash when you ladle out the soup! thin thread.
2) tV, (k, ny) hoist
M- phraa kyahp-
(flags). 'j-' | See also:
pred.ph.erg. (Yy, UD)
'thar-'.
kick (of animals).
phyar-te phyar-te U ML| tabu-gi
adv.ph. U, | continuously; 'mih-la 'phraa 'kyahp-ken. Yy
to one's face.
jD j| Horses kick people.
S LU M|
'kho-la prehka-gi phyar-te phyar-te L ``-
``-/ L `- phrik a-
'kyahp-sin. ED v U (E)/ phrik lah- (W)
LC| He was continuously beaten pred.ph.non-erg. n`U nL, |
with a stick. jump up (intensified); jerk
`U S | ah-gi (intensified).
'kho-la phyar-te phyar-te 'masin. - phrii- v.t. nM, L (
EL AUy ED t-t | I
372
- L`
H L) take some back; relieve
of some. ' -' | See also:
'leeh phrii-'.
jl `| to 'theemu-i
phrii-do. AL L|
Take some rice back!
- phru- v.t. S| carve; pierce.
'J -' | See also: 'om
pruh-'.
` J l k` LH| i-la
'om 'phru-e-la 'dzo 'koh-en. Lw
SD gj | To carve a
hole into wood you need a chisel.
L phruk intens. u| intensifier
-' | See
for 'pruu-'. ' L
also: 'tam phruk pruu-'.
-L phre-k v.t. L, L, S
(j L `U ) scratch up soil
(with fingers or paws).
hU ` L
|
'tahmu-gi sa-la mahbu phre-ken.
LS C Sj| Hens scratch up
the soil a lot.
` phreta adj./ adv./ n. |
level; horizontal (stretch). '`'
| See also: 'tae'.
` | 'lahm phreta 'du.
CL - baik (N) ten-
pred.ph.erg. kt L|
excommunicate.
CL - 'baik (N) then-
pred.ph.non-erg. kt L|
withdraw from a community.
L bak n. g (`UL g
CHL M, w ) house parts:
t j| The path is level.
` S J`U | khurpu
S
phreta khur-ti oh-gu 'du.
U L AE j| Oh, his load is
slanting sideways.
` `! phreta-la su!
u
kF! Go on the level path.
` ` phreta tae adj.ph.
| level all the way.
- phroo- v.t. S| snatch away.
- l! lM
J`U ! tol-'u diba! 'mih-la
dor-'kyo-di phroo oh-gu 'du! L
! A HL S AE j!
What a rascal! He comes and snatches
away what somebody else received!
L L L/ U - phlek
phlek phlek/ phlege lep-
pred.ph.non-erg. gHL AE|
turn up unexpectedly. 'L L L,
L L L' | See also:
'plek plek plek, blek blek blek'.
L L L L |
'moh-ni phlek phlek phlek lep-ti
'teh-ku 'du. F gHL
AE Uj! She keeps turning up
unexpectedly.
roughly woven sheet of mountain
bamboo. [Note: used to make
temporary sheds]
L T m LL| 'bak thaa-de
'khyim 'zo 'koh-ke. M g Y
Ej| We had to weave bamboo
sheets to make a shelter.
L`/
L`/ U`/ ` L baka/
373
M t

baga/ baa kohmba n.ph. U` ba-khaso (E) {teh-k/ tor-} n.

U| place names: temple and
monastery east of Yangri-Kahng.
[Note: the monastery of Lama
Sangyetan]
M/
M/ {L -} bakpa/ baa
{kehn-} n. {v.t.} Ly {UE} {put
on} mask.
j- 'baa 'tham-
j-
pred.ph.non-erg. S h| perform
masked dance.
j- 'baa 'thee- pred.ph.non-erg.
S | dress up for masked
{v.i.} LC {V/ E} ground fog
{there is/ has lifted}. '`' |
See: 'babu (W)'.
`-
`-` ba-ba n. yL |
house parts: porch railing.
` {(E) - L/ -
-} babu
(W) {(up) teh-k/ tor-} n.
{v.(ph.)i./v.i.} LC, {V/ E}
ground fog {there is/ has lifted}. '`-
S' | See: 'ba-khaso (E)'.
l bai n. gE| foods: rice

dancing. flakes.
l -/ - 'bai ter-/ sah-g
M baksa (Eng) n. L| box pred.ph.erg./ non-erg. tC / S|
(metal). give/ get a beating.
M baki n. LwL k| gM `UU LL
household utensils: cupboard. , l! tsokpa 'lha-'ya-la
'mehgal-gi ter 'koh-ke 'nahle, 'bai!
U` baga 'L`' | See:
'baka'. UD AUt gE j!
The bad gods must be beaten with a
U bagal '' | See: 'baal'. glowing piece of wood, they must be
` ba n. C| hard ground smashed!
(stamped earth, inside or outside of l () bae(-la) (N) n. k
house). () o'clock. [Usage: collocates only
` , `U ! ba-la with Nepali numbers]
mah-'teh, tego-la 'teh! C
,
Jj ! Don't sit on the bare t baa n. At, gu| household
utensils: cone-shaped copper bowl.
floor, sit on the mat!
[Note: bowl put on top of 'miiza'
` ` j` baa bue filled with cold water, which is
tho-di adv.ph. EH y| run periodically replaced, so that the
excitedly; run hurriedly. liquor steam keeps condensing on the
` ` j` yE | bowl; part of the 'artsa']
'mih-'ya baa 'bue 'tho-di ta o-w M t H, J j
'du. jL y k j| t` H| 'thoo-o nekyi-di-la baa
The people are hurrying excitedly to 'ma-en, ooh-di-la thu 'ahmu 'luu-en.
go and have a look.
L yD u j,
`-
`-S {-L/ -
-} g j | The top

374
t -
-

vessel (of the destilling device) is 'luu 'aah rooh, ti serna dibu peh-ken
called bowl; cold water is put into it. 'yihm-ba! A , L Lg
t {M-} baa {kyahp-} n. UL ! Give me a bit more, friend!
{v.t.} h g V HL U Why are you so stingy?
| {sing} middle piece in a song -
- bam-uu n. tL|
for dancing. plastic sheet.
t h- baa tuu- pred.ph.erg. - L 'bam-'uu 'kahlda
-
h U UE| insert the middle n.ph. tLL n| plastic
piece in a song for dancing. bag.
batar (N) n. k-| meal at -
- bar- v.i.
a feast or ceremony. 1) , k| burn. '-, -'
L| 'batar ter-ken. k | | See also: 'tiih-, saa-'.
serve a special meal. L | 'meh bar-ku 'du. AU
U| 'batar sah-gen. k L j| The fire is burning.
S| eat a special meal. 2) L, L| grumble out loud.
bati '' | See: 'baati'. ` l` L ! da 'moh
dibu-'ra bar-ku 'du! k E L
bada n. HL LL L w C! Yesterday she was grumbling
Lg| household utensils: brass plate out loud for a long time.
(high-rimmed, vertical sides).
L L barak buruk ' '
banda bindu adj.ph. | See: 'leeh'.
-| worn out.
t
-/ y- baran
-
- bap- v.dr. ACV| befall uhp- (E)/ baran up- (W)
(fate). pred.ph.erg. Q U, U|
` M | ah-la 'tuhkpu pay back; replace s.th.
bap-sin. D S ACV| Trouble
U h l t LH|
befell me. 'mih-gi pela taa phando 'baran 'uhp
J` LlU L | 'koh-en. ALL tHj Q
ohra-la kindo-gi 'ka bap-sin. D j| When you break other people's
U
L AW (g) A| We things, you must replace it.
received God's word.
-
- bara-bara (N) adv./ adj.
l/
/ l bapu-i/ bapa-i | equal.
adj./ qt. ( S Ag V) an j L M,
astonishing amount. `, - `!
bap-'se '-/-' | LH| 'mih thimbu-la 'kee 'kyahp-te,
See also: '-se~-see'. "'nisab tee 'la, yaahbu peh-te
C A , h 'bara-'bara tee 'la!" 'ma 'koh-en. w
l L ! yahmbi-y bap-'se jD H, QU

375
 k

U! j| Leaders must be performed to placate the house god

called, and you must tell them, the lama throws away millet flour
"Please judge our case, please do it in statues.
a fair way!"
{-} balu {nur-} n. {v.t.} ky
baro adj. | rich. {t} foods: unstrained beer;
T U j` ! khye-ni fermented grain mash {mix with
baro-gi 'thuma 'yihm-ba! water}.
L ! You are the wife of Mt/ Mt 'balu 'byaka/
a wealthy man! 'phyaka 'Mt' | See: 'byaka'.
`-
`- barta la- pred.ph.erg. balu mehndo n.ph.
U U, LE| scold. L | trees: high altitude bush
with small flowers varying from pink
barma n. (S U E
to white.
) India, i.e., mainly northern
India (and other countries in that baso (N) n. | cattle.
general region). U 'baso-gi 'mihli n.ph.
` Ay L k| animal life.
L, Al| 'mahr-la 'barma-la 'yih baa 'M' | See: 'bakpa'.
'ahna pehte 'teh 'teh-ken, 'ai.
L j, | U l- baaga (N) aa-
Down there in northern India we live pred.ph.erg. L U| make a vow.
like this, sister. ` baa (N) n. `| plants: hashish
(the product of hemp). ''
bal (N) n. , ky| strength.
j 'bal thimbu adj.ph. | See also: 'sihma'.
| strong. ` L baa kohmba 'L`'
bala bole 't ' | | See: 'baka'.
See: 'eeh'. /
/ baati/ bati (N) n. |
` {`- lamp (ordinary, i.e. not used for
{`-} bali {pha-} n.
{v.t.} LL w j HL HL religious purposes).
LL {} rituals: {throw - 'baati 'thare par-
j -
away} small statues made of millet pred.ph.erg. L L | shine
flour. [Note: a ritual performed by the light straight at s.b.
'lama' to placate evil spirits] 't - 'baati sal- pred.ph.erg.
-
M-' | See also: 'ahsor L U| trim the lamp.
kyahp-'. y-
y- baani (N) o- pred.ph.dr.
L` `U U ` `U| | acquire a habit.
'kasu tagen 'bele lama-gi 'bali
k baandzo (N) adj. n (
pha-ge. L nE `
UCHL , S) fallow.
j| During the ritual
376
l

l {M-/ `-
`-} baandam

, S L-t`U j|
{kyahp-/ na-} n. {v.i.} (elevated) We must not dig up the fields at new
S {h} {perform} a masked moon and full moon time; otherwise
dance. ' j-' | See also: we will kill worms and other insects.
'baa tham-'.
L l- baar (N) ken aa-
J L j j ` pred.ph.erg. k UE| hand over
jl l M
l ` | responsibility.
ohle kohmba 'tshar-ti-le thaane-la
`U ` L l
'yehpa-'ra 'tshiiu 'baandam
y LL | ah-gi 'rahsa
'kyeehba-i na-sin lo. A U pohmbo-la 'baar ken 'aa-de o
CLj EYt jl 'koh-ke 'nahle. AL nPD k
gy g Sg gC | H kj | I must hand over the
When the temple was finished and responsibility to another shaman
dedicated, they performed an before I go (to India).
extravagant masked dance.
l Ll `U U L / U baal/ bagal (N) n.
U| 'baandam kindam na-gen U, | group; herd. [Usage: often
'mih-gi pheka 'nom-ge. S h L used instead of pl. sf. after nouns and
L Ej| The masked dancers pronouns]
put on a costume called 'pheka'. (A J U U A `
long robe with wide sleeves.) | ohle 'mahni geeru-gi piihmi
H
'baal-'aa 'oh ee-e lo. A E
{M-} baabar {kyahp-} n. U L D gj | And
{v.t.} {E} foods: {make} he said that he also knew the women
deep-fried pancakes made of rice flour of Mahni Geeru.
(mainly for 'lohsar'); {make} other
J L L` l
foods fried in oil.
| ooh kohmba-la 'kehlo 'baal-'ya
L` ML| 'koha 'uu-di 'yeh-ba. U Q
'baabar 'kyahp-ken. At E
L j| Groups of monks live in
(AyL t)| make an omelette. that monastery (with a temple).
M ML| pahkpe ` jV! 'yih 'baal
'baabar 'kyahp-ken. UL t E| 'ahpru 'tham-'gyo! gL!
make deep-fried wheat bread. We all danced!
- baa-bu-'ya n. baali (N) n. , Ak| crops.
L-t`U | insects and worms: all ()- 'baal(i) 'thuu-
sorts of insects and worms. pred.ph.non-erg./ dr. k, g
U` h` Ll `U, | get inseminated; be in calf.
- L| namga teea-la sa [Usage: for larger animals such as
'ko-e meh-yoh-gen, 'baa-bu-ya cows, buffalos, horses; appropriate in
'se-ken. A () t S formal contexts] '-, -'
377


| See also: 'nee- v.e., same j L AY

tuh-'. j| The people of that village are
`() | 'pahla(-la) doing a good deed in a concerted
'baal 'thuu-sin. UDD k | action.
The cow is in calf.
bitur n. | place names: road
-L baasa (N) teh-k intersection near Trisuli.
pred.ph.non-erg. | stay
bindu adj. `| worn out;
overnight. ' -L' | See run down; wretched (fig.). [Gram: no
also: 'aah teh-k'. excl. form (see appendix 5,
- 'baasa (N) ter- section1.2)]
pred.ph.erg. | allow to stay
J l J`
overnight.
| ohle piihmi bindu-i then oh-sin
U bigul '' | See: 'du lo. A HEt n ACC LACj
'biyul'. | And then a wretched woman came
along.
`-
`- bi- (W) v.i. y| sink (e.g. in
water). ' -, y-/ y-' | / U {-} biyul/ bigul
See also: 'nuhp- (E), up-/ ip-'. (N) {phu-} n. {v.t.} (k)
j `! toh thu-la bi-de! musical instruments: {blow} mouth
`U y! The stone sank in organ. [Note: played by men and
the water! women; used for entertainment]
` M- bi 'kyahp- v.i. y| M-TUA` H,
sink. UA` H| 'biyul
M ` ` ML S`U 'kyep-'khyowa-gi-'a phu-en,
` y h| dakpa nah-la piihmi-gi-'a phu-en.
bi 'kyahp-ke 'mee-di khu-gi ah-la Uj| The mouth organ is

phar o maah-tu. yH played by both, the men and the
E D E k H | Because women.
they were afraid that I would drown
bisuli (N) n. | measures
in the mud they did not allow me to and weights: weight used on the
go over to the other side. 'umali' (=1.200 kg).
` j bi 'thee-di adv.ph.
HL, H| in concerted action. - bii- '-' | See: 'bu-'.
S ` j ML | 'khawa bi biimbi ' ' | See:
'thee-di 'kyahp-ku 'du. E 'mehndo'.
j| Oh, it is snowing heavily.
1 bu n. L| insects and worms:
J U U ` worm or insect (usually refers to
` j ` L | ooh 'yuhl-gi crawling insects).
'mih-'ya-gi 'leeh yaahbu-di-'ra bi
ML| bu 'kyahp-ken. L ||
'thee-de-'ra peh-ku 'du. UEL
378

have worms (e.g. in food).
-gM/ -jM bu-'tsihkpa/
bu-'tshikpa n.ph. nL| insects
and worms: hairy caterpillar.
2 bu n. C| rice when being
planted. '' | See also:
'sowa'.
` S`U gU ! 'tihri
khu-gi bu 'tsuu-ge lo. Ak EL
C ! They said that today the
will plant rice.
-` bu-ih n. S| rice
field (irrigated field).
-/ - bu-/ bii- (E) v.i. tE|
sprout (from cuttings, not from seeds).
'-' | See: 'buu- (W)'.
U| a bii-gen. E| UM` ML| garkya butur
there is flesh (or skin) growing.
U bugul ' ' | See:
'mehndo'.
` ` y-
y- bu bu o- ''
| See: 'mih'.
``` buuu '' | See: [Gram: producing plant optionally
'mih'.
` bue '' | See: 'mih'.
`k budzi '' | See:
'mih'.
` buma n. Uk| rosette (of
plants); cluster of leaves. ''
| See also: 'mih'.
` h| 'mehndo 'buma
tii. L Uk| a rosette of flower
leaves.
j ` h| tsheema 'buma tii.
UL Uk| a bunch of spinach.
L ` h| 'salak 'buma tii.
L Uk| a head of lettuce.
l {-} buur {then-} n. A,
A {AE} {have} a stye (small boil
near the eye).
-t {h-} bu- il {tuu-} n.
{v.t.} t {E} (k
g HL t L
E U) jewelry: pendant earrings
{put on}.
-t U| bu-'il-la 'yu 'luu-ge.
t () j| The
pendant earrings have turquoise
stones inlaid.
{h-/ M-} butur {tee-/
kyahp-} (E) n. {v.t.} Uw {/ E}
{make} a knot in cloth. 'U ' |
See: 'gurtum (W)'.
'kyahp-ken. L Uw | knot
together a cloth making a bundle.
budi n. Uy (AkL Uy) grain;
seed; beed.
- budi taa- pred.ph.non-erg.
Uy V| produce seeds or grains.
takes <-la>]
- bup- '' | See: 'nawa'.
(h) bum (tii) num.
(HL)S (100,000) numerals: one
hundred thousand.
A bure arti n.ph.
J L j| clothing: shawl of
raw silk. [Note: worn by men for
festivities]
L/ L bure surku
(E)/ buri sirki (W) n.ph.
E Lt| clothing: woman's
coat made of raw silk.
379
U

U bulga '' | See: ` | di 'toh-o

'bulwa'. 'bed 'yihm-ba. | This
cow (buffalo, etc.) has given birth to a
buldir n. wEL | place
names: Boldir (a small settlement on calf for the first time.
the eastern slope of the Melamchi ` | di 'bed yii
River valley, below Langgyapsa and 'yihm-ba.
asyi-Thang). | This cow (buffalo, etc.)
has given birth to a calf for the
M- buldur kyahp- second time.
pred.ph.erg. LS D ` L 'toh-o 'bed-ki
Uy| take a dust bath (chickens). piihru L hg first-born
/
/ U {-/ -/ -L} (animal)
bulwa/ bulga {phul-/ ter-/ /
/ bela/ bele (N) n./
peh-k} n. {v.dt.} g, A, Q verbal_pp. | time. [Gram:
{} {give/ make} a donation. [Note: vs+<-ken> + verbal_pp.: "at the
in kind or cash, to the 'loben' or to time of verbing"]
the 'kohmba']
U U H, ` U| bele '' | See: 'bela'.
bulga phul-gen 'ma-e-di, 'rah-la y/ y belu/ belo n. Yt ,
'yeh-ti phul-ge. Q j y| household utensils: earthen pot
AU HL A Cj| As to (used for making curds). [Note: also
making donations, you give as much the pot placed inside the 'miiza' to
as you are able to give. collect the whisky when destilling,
part of the 'artsa']
busu (N) (E) n. , t| chaff.
'' | See: 'pola (W)'. tU HL y L|
baa-le-gi 'eerak 'belu-la 'tahp-ken.
- buu- (W) v.i. E| sprout Att M Yt Sj| From the
(from cuttings, not from seeds). '-/ bowl the whisky drips down into the
-' | See: 'bu-/ bii- (E)'. earthen pot.
J L U-`
| ohle prehka-la yahlga-da lohma U
( / `
) beegar
buu-sin 'du. A v U (mehndo/ tuhbu) n.(ph.) U
Hj| And then leaves and (-L / S) trees: rhododendron
branches sprouted from the stick. with white flower. '`U, `'
| See also: 'tagu, tamar'.
bet (N) n. | cane; wicker.
L| 'bet-ki prehka. L
L
{-/ -} beena (N) {ter-/
v| cane stick. lehn-} n. {v.t.} {/ } {give/
take} an advance (money).
bed (N) n. | birth (used of
animals). bo n. U| share.
M- 'bo 'kyahp- pred.ph.erg.
380
L `-
`-

U E| divide into shares. Now if from up there a witch comes I

m- 'bo yii 'zo-
` m- will beat her up with a glowing piece
pred.ph.erg. C U U| divide into of wood!
two. M - 'boki 'uuh-
- 'bo 'uuh- pred.ph.non-erg. pred.ph.dr. M V| be under the
U | take part. spell of a witch. [Note: symptoms: the
` J j` | ah person trembles, shouts, says
ooh 'tsho-la 'bo 'uuh-di 'yeh-ba. whatever the witch makes him say]
L j| I am a U boge adj. y
k LL|
partner in this business. belching out.
L/
L/ L bok/ blok intens. V, g U g U !
| intensifier for 'uuh-, luu-, tselbu thaa maah-e-ba-gi tselbu 'phoo
poo-, kahp-, ral-, rahl-, ta-'. 'boge then 'du! yL k yLL
J H, S L lH| 'om-la g U y k Lj ! Not
'luu-en, 'kho-ni 'bok 'luu 'aa-en. knowing how to weave properly, the
St j, ED St V sides of this carrying basket are
j| I put him into a whole, I belching out!
put him there forcefully.
bop n. pE| moss; lichen;
` L L | fungus on trees.
pohmo nah-la 'blok 'uuh kahl 'du lo.
jg j | The daughter bop bop adj. n n|
swiftly entered the house. heaped full.
! to tehrma bop
L-
L- {-
{-} bok-tam {ma-} n. bop ter! n n F! Give
{v.t.} wy {U} {use} impolite a heaped full plate of rice!
speech; {use} non-honorific speech.
g bop-tse adj. A L n|
[Usage: also 'tam bok-tam ma-'] quite heaped full.
M bokto adj. ( HL) bobe adj. AtEk n|
dull (of tools). steeply heaped full.
M y-
y- boksa o- -
- bol- v.i. Ey, jttE|
pred.ph.non-erg. y, U| rot (first writhe; have cramps; writhe with
stage of rotting wood). pain.
M boki (N) n. M /
/ {M-} bol/ bool
(y`L) witch. {kyahp-} n. {v.t.} {E} work
M J` utensils: plane {plane s.th.}.
M `UU L ! 'nahre `-
`- / `-
`-
'too-le 'yahr 'boki oh-na 'boki-la bolo-seeh/ bolo-siih n.
'mehgal-gi ter-ken! A t 1) `- (k`U L )
M AC D AUt j! fruits: wild growing fruit of about

381
() Mt

walnut size with big kernel. [Note: the 'samma kahl 'du. A hg
outer skin is yellow and can be eaten, Hj| I see, this child is able to crawl
as well as the nut inside the kernel] now.
`- ` j J`U| M- boodo kyahp-
'bolo-seeh tohbo thimbu oh-ge. pred.ph.non-erg. w V| stumble;
`- L S w j| The tree of stub. [Usage: heard in Serka thili]
the bolong-seeh fruit is big.
` M L` `
2) wEL | place names: settlement
j`! ah 'boodo 'kyahp-ti 'kaba
near Taa-Khor (a small distance to the semu-'ra phir 'tho-di! w U
north-east).
SuL ` EL! I stubbed my toe so
() j() bolo(m) that the toe nail flipped right off!
tholo(m) adj.ph./ qt.ph. | plenty
boombo n.
(of food, clothes). 1) (W) L| flower bud.
-
-L` bol-kah n. UE| 2) (E) t| sprouting trees and plants
place names: Bolgaun. [Note: a (especially when growing in clumps).
settlement on the western slope of the L l J`U|
Melamchi River valley, about opposite padap-ki boombo paa sah-e oh-ge.
of Naahkote. (Another 'Bolgaun' is a L L S j | Bamboo
Tamang village on the western slope sprouts may be used to make curry.
of the Indrawati valley "behind"
M- bool kyahp- ''
Sermathang.)] | See: 'bol'.
bolbu adj. | plentiful; full ` `
boolu tuhbu (W)
(in volume). n.ph. k`U EL S
t`U L| 'aga 'bolbu w S| trees: big tree with edible
peh-ken. gE| spend a lot
`' | See: 'praaba
fruit. '
of money. tohbo (E)'.
L U| 'kee 'bolbu
peh-ti 'lu lehn-gen. w w U boolo (E) n. YL |
plants: poisonous plant (fern-like
UE| sing with a full and resounding
voice. ' | See: 'praaba (W)'.
grass). '

- boo- (W) v.i. | crawl. 'U-, Mt/

Mt/ Mt byaka/ phyaka
UM U y-, -' | See: 'goo- adj. , | uncomely
/ gokpa goo-di o- (E), puhr- (W)'. (appearance); tasteless (of beer mash).
k yE | pehza 'boo-di o-w S Mtl ! 'kho 'byaka-i 'du!
'du. hg k j| Oh, the F j! He is quite an ugly fellow!
child is crawling. Mt/ Mt L|
k SH L | 'balu 'byaka/ 'phyaka-di 'baso-la
'nahre di pihza-ni 'boo khuu-en ter-ken. HL ky D
Cj| The the tasteless residues of
382
`-
`- L

the beer mash are fed to the cattle.

/

brelbu/ brelu(W) n.
`-
`-/ `- `- brya- (E)/ bra- k`U EL
S L |
(W) v.i. t, k U jE| any wild fruit that grows on trees.
follow s.b. obstinately. [Usage: has a bree n. g| rice (husked,
negative connotation, e.g., children uncooked).
hanging onto mother's skirts, spirits -F 'bree-'uu n. g| foods:
haunting people] rice washing water.
kU A y ` -F l U| 'bree-'uu 'aa-di
l` `U| pehza-'ya-gi 'ama-la paa-la 'luu-ge. g S
'ibu 'la 'mee-di dibu-'ra j| You put the rice washing
'brya-gen. hg AD V water aside, and then you use it for
jEj| Children follow their cooking the curry.
mother obstinately, asking for money. ` 'breea n. gL ky|
l
foods: beer made of rice.
{M-/ `-
`-/ -} bram
{kyahp-/ ti-/ luu-} n. {v.t.} kU - 'bree-to n. gL | rice
(cooked).
{/ } {build} the foundation
(of a building).
/ (g) 'bree-be/
(g)
'bree-bi ('tsamba) n.ph. gL w|
{`-} 'brami {'ti-} n.
{`-
foods: rice flour.
{v.t.} (poetic) kU (U )
{build} a foundation. -F ble-uu adj. (o.f.) Aj, |
lazy.
brumsi n. Ug
| household
utensils: rug (bed-sized). L L L/ U -L blek
blek blek/ blege (W) teh-k
bremu n. L ( L) yak
cow. pred.ph.non-erg. ML |
sit there undisturbed. 'L L

{-/ -} brelba {tuh-/ L, L L L' | See

ter-} n. {v.t./ dt.} A, g also: 'phlek phlek phlek (W), plek
(AL){EwE/ } cerem. terms: plek plek (E)'.
{collect/ give} a contribution of grain
towards the expenses of a religious L blok 'L' | See: 'bok'.
festival or building. - bloo- (W) v.t. E| boil in
water (e.g. potatoes, eggs). '-,
brelbu (E) n. gg (
L-, S-' | See also: 'yo-
AtL ) fruits: fruit just forming.
(E), kol-, khol'.
- E
` U !
di 'paalo-ni 'aw 'brelbu-la-'ra sera-gi L/
L/ L blyak/ blek intens.
prup-ti! L EL gg , | intensifier for 'tahp-'.
A n! This year the ` T`V, `
hailstorm tore the apples off the tree L () ! a 'yeeh-di
when they were just nicely forming! khyo-'gyo-ni, 'lahm-la-'ra 'blyak
383
-
- -
-

(rohwa) 'tahp-ti! L HL , and on the way home it slipped out

t S! I bought some meat, and fell flat on the ground!

-
- ma- v.dt. , | say; talk; jU , h J ` S `
tell. [Gram: goal takes <-la> or <-ki ` L| 'kho-gi 'kumen
poh-la>] '-' | See also: mah-'kyahp 'ma-e-di-la ah-gi 'yih
'lahp-'. 'thee-ge, ti-be 'ma-na ooh 'yihmu
'kho ah 'yambu 'yeh-ken. E gL
U ` ,
! 'mih-gi ah-la yaahbu 'ma-na C g Uj, L
'ma, mah-'ma-na mah-'ma! A D F U | I believe that he has
not stolen anything, because that day
, ! I
don't mind what people say about me! he was with me.
S `l `UU k` ...H ...'ma-en-di pp. g|
the one called... (used for thing or
AU H| "'kho-ni
nidi o-gen-gi pehza-'ra mihm-ba" person); the one named... (used for
'ama-gi 'mih 'poh-la 'ma-en. F U thing or person). [Gram: occurs after
the item named]
LL hg j A L AUy
j| Mother says to people, "He is H| 'partap 'ma-en-di.
not a lovable child!" g the one called Pratap.
...H h -L ...'ma-en tii l () 'ma-e 'ma-na(-ni)
peh-k dep.pred.ph.erg. ... t| cond.dep.pred.ph. ()
explanation introducers: to say it clearly.
make a show/ fuss. [Disc: is preceded
by a quote of the show or fuss] '-l l` 'ma-e-'ra
-L' | -di peh-k 'ma-na-ni cond.dep.pred.ph.
` y, y` y! H h | explanation introducers: to tell you
the truth; to put things right. 'L-
M| ah-ni "mehn-o, o-'ra
mehn-o!" 'ma-en tii peh-'kyo. -' | See also: 'theka-sire
ma-'.
k, k k! tL| I made
a big fuss, saying, "I won't go, I - g-U 'ma-'ma 'tse-g
-
absolutely won't go!" pred.ph.erg. U| talk back and
forth.
...H / H j-
...'ma-en tam-la/ 'ma-en-di-la 'yih -
- ma- v.t. n, g| speak;
'thee- dep.pred.ph.erg. ... (L) intend; want. [Disc: quote of intention
E| believe that.... [Disc: is or wish + v.t.]
preceded by a quote of what is ` S` yl M| ah
believed] 'khaba-la o-e 'ma-'kyo. Y kF
SU L M H `U L| I intend(ed) to go home.

384


J`U ` L j U/
U/ C/ magi/ may/ maa n.
, J` h H| ohra-gi-ni L| maize; corn. '-`' |
tohbo kaahndi thimbu 'yeh-ba, See also: 'maa-ih'.
ooh-di-'ra 'tup-te 'ma-en. k U l` magi 'pau n.ph. j
S w j, S Lt gj| As L L| foods: maize variety. [Note:
to us, we want to cut the biggest tree. with short stalks and small grains,
`U LU ` h planted after 'neeh' or 'tada' has
` M j LH| been harvested]
'rah-gi 'yuhl-la 'yeh-ken-gi tohbo U {-} magi 'pohwal
'tup-te 'ma-'naa 'kyahlbu-la 'tshora {then-} n.ph. {v.i.} LL {Ew}
peh 'koh-en. A Q HL S foods: kernels of popcorn {pop}.
Lt g LD g j| U magi 'philo n.ph. LL
Even if you want to cut a tree in your YU| corn cob.
own region, you have to give notice C- may-'sii n. L| foods:
C-
to the government. tender maize.
-
- ma pham- pred.ph.non-erg. `U magar n. , |
L (KL) be discouraged. mother-tongue Nepali speaker.
y- 'ma 'phambu o-
y- `U 'magar tam n.ph.
pred.ph.non-erg. Lk (KL) L, L| Nepali language.
come off second best. `- 'ma-'yih n. AQ|
`-
-L 'ma 'phambu Nepali script.
peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. | be `U mangen n. UUw| place
discouraged. [Usage: is more coll. than names: Manggengoh (saddle and lodge
'ma pham-'] settlement on the western ridge of
y- 'ma 'pham-di o-
y- Yohlmu, between Taa-Khor and Iiring
pred.ph.non-erg. L , | Kahng).
be inferior. [Usage: for people]
` maba n. L HL
C may 'U' | See: 'magi'. | non-lama.
U maga n. gt, YE| wound. `` | di
'' | See also: 'nahndi'. yuhl-la maba-di-'ra 'yeh-ba. UE
H U | h U ? - L HL j|
tUU MU U | 'e de-la There are only non-lamas in this
maga 'du. ti maga 'yihm-ba? - village.
'uhgu-gi 'tup-'kyo-gi maga 'yihm-ba. H
` {M-U} mara {kye-g-} n.
S j| LL S ? - SL {E, L} mustache
{v.i.} kU
LtL S | Oh, you have a wound. {grows}.
What happened? - It's a cut from a
dagger. mana (N) n. | measures and
weights: container used to measure.

385
 -
-`

[Note: liquids and grains, etc.; 5.5 dl] 'mar ta-'ra meh-ta-ge!
L`| 'mana kah. HL | ! The lamas will
Lt- U U
one mana. never make blood sacrifices!
| 'mana toh. C | two mar mar mur
manas. mur '' | See: 'tam'.
, A| 'mana sum, 'aadi.
, A| three manas, etc. -
-E` mar-uhe '' |
See: 'mahrmu'.
- mandar ten-
pred.ph.non-erg. ML (Lt) -
-M mar-kya '' |
show off; pretend s.th. See: 'mahrmu'.

h mapta n. | birds: M` markya 't`U' | See:

peacock. 'aga'.

m-
m-/ -L mabap zo-/ g martsa n. S| spices: chili.
peh-k pred.ph.erg. hE, , g L 'martsa kahrpa adj.ph.
YtE| belittle s.b. or s.th; put down | peppery hot.
s.b. or s.th. (fig.). j- 'martsa-gi 'tshal-
gU j-
pred.ph.erg. S L| chili vapor
` ` S`U `
mH| 'rah 'prabu 'mee-di khu-gi gets one's throat. [Gram: the chili
'rah-la 'mabap 'zo-en. D U takes takes the erg. <-ki> (see
E hEj | Because neutral word order for inanim. actors,
we are poor they put us down. appendix 5, section 21.2)]
h` ` S`U Al gU jU | 'ai-la
'martsa-gi 'tshal-gu 'du. D S
! di 'na tii-'ra seeh-'la khu-gi
'mabap peh-ti! HEt gkD E j| Oh, the chili vapor gets
L
hH ! Even though it's exactly the your throat.
same thing (as they had) they
`- martum lah-
belittled it! pred.ph.non-erg. Ut V| feel dizzy.
mamu adj. g| low. (T) `- 'martum

(khyiriri) 'lah- pred.ph.non-erg.
`-
`- mar ta- pred.ph.erg. U P A AE| be beside oneself
, gE| cerem. terms: make with anger.
blood sacrifices. [Note: Offering eggs
can be interpreted either as 'kar `- marmi lah- ''
ta-gen' or as 'mar ta-gen'.] | See: 'maami'.
J U `U| ooh -
-U mar-lohge '' |
pohmbo-gi 'mar meh-ta-ge. See: 'mahrmu'.
nP Lt- U | That shaman
-
-`/
`/ -
-/ -
-
does not make blood sacrifices.
mar-sa/ mar-hur/ mar-hure
U `` `U! lama-gi

386
`

'' | See: 'mahrmu'. has come, we cannot tarry even for

` mara adj. kU, |
robust (only used for people).
g mahrtsa '' | See:
'mah'.
/ mahrmu/ mahrpu adj. 'yihm-ba, 'mah-gi ten 'koh-en!
| colours: red.
- -E` 'mahrmu
-/ -
'mar-'hure/ 'mar-'uhe adj.ph. U
| colours: deep red; intensely red.
-` 'mahr-sa n. UD 'tsutso n. | origin; starting point.
UL | names: name for a reddish
cow or bull.
-M 'mar-'kya adj. U|
- thimi-la 'yeh-ba. L
colours: pink.
-U 'mar-lohge adj. U
- clan is in Chhimi.
| colours: deep red.
-` 'mar-sa adj. |
- U mah magi n.ph. HL
colours: bright red (the colour of
geraniums).
- 'mar-'hur adj. U UL|
-
colours: pinkish; pale red.
(/ V) ma-sa (lahm/
gyaa) n.(ph.) E (t/ wE)
place of consolation.
`U` ` l `
(/ V) | 'rah-gi-'ra 'leeh
no phando 'su-'la 'ma-sa ('lahm/
'gyaa) meeh. A L Uj
LD wE j| When you
spoiled things yourself you have no
place of consolation.
j k l `UA`
, LL | 'mih tshe
'tiihzi lep phando yahgo-'a 'ma-sa
'meeh, 'i 'koh-ken 'yihm-ba. L
L AHj HLj S wE
j| When the end of our life span
one moment, die we must.
mah n. (elevated) | mother.
'' | See also: 'pha'.
kU L , U
LH! di pehza-gi 'pha kaahndi
hgL E Lg , A
SEj| The mother has to tell us
who the father of this child is.
-gg/ gg 'mah-'tsutso/
` MU -gg j
| 'yih 'kyihpa-gi 'mah-'tsutso
T j j| The origin of our
LL L| foods: maize variety.
[Note: with tall stalks and large grains,
planted between the potatoes]
/ g mah/ mahrtsa n.
, E| capital (money).
/ g - 'mah/ 'mahrtsa
'luu- pred.ph.erg. E | invest
capital; make an investment.
/ g `- 'mah/ 'mahrtsa
'loh- pred.ph.non-erg. E Ew, L|
recover the capital. [Gram: recoverer
takes attributive <-ti>]
j` M ` g `|
'tsho 'kyahp-ti ah-ti 'mahrtsa
'loh-sin. U Eg Ew|
Having pursued my business, I
recovered my capital.
-` - 'mah-da
,
'mah-la ter- pred.ph.erg. E E
| sell s.th. at cost price.

387
- hg

-/- mah-~maah- prf. too much rice for me.

ALgL | negative for past `-j mah-'thewa qt.
tenses and the imperative (i.e. for k| mostly.
perfect aspect). [Phon: For the SU `-j L|
morphophonemic conditioning of the 'kho-gi mah-'thewa 'leeh yaahbu
vowel length of this prefix see peh-ken. E k L Uj| He
appendix 7, section 13.2.] '-/
-' usually does good work.
| See also: 'meh-~meeh-'. J ` `-jU
kU ` ! l j| ohle 'ti-le
pehza-'ya-gi tehnda-la 'tuhal mah-be! mah-'thewa-gi 'Helambu 'ma-e
hgL g ! Don't 'tshuu-sin. A j
worry about your children! | And later most people
L -` , Lh, l started saying "Helambu".
j! 'yehken 'mih-da 'nohr, `k mah-dze '-g/-k' |
'kaptya, thamdi-la sem maah-tha! See: '-tse~-dze~-ze'.
A, , U-t, L L ` mahbu qt. | much;
UF! Don't remain attached to many.
your loved ones, your possessions and `

/ `
clothes, don't remain attached to mahbu 'leehmu/ mahbu rohwa
anything! | usually.
temp.ph. k
C mahy 'U' | See: )y- mah-ro
` (`)y-
'mahgi'. (mah-ro) o- '-/-y/-t...' |
See: '-ro~-o~-o...'.
M mahkpa n. kC, k, ` mah-'le '-/-' |
k| son-in-law; brother-in-law; See: '-le~-lee'.
husband of father's sister. ` mah-'se '-/-' |
M 'mahkpa samba See: '-se~-see'.
n.ph. | marriage: bridegroom.
hg mahttsi loc. A | a little
U/
/ C mahgi/ mahy n.
| way down. [Gram: is often used
buffalo. without <-la>] '()' |
`- mah- v.i./dr. , | See also: 'mahr(-la)'.
increase; be too much. t hg l! 'ahl
j` ` k`y` k`U ! meeh-ba 'yeh-na 'mahttsi 'uu!
tha mah-na-ni dzi-'a dzi-ge A ! The ones

'nah! ky S nUy Uj Uj! who are not especially important
If they drink too much whisky , they should sit further down.
will certainly be fighting! hgU 'mahttsi-gi 'mih
` `| ah-la to n.ph. L | low-class
mah-sin. D | This is people; not prosperous people.

388
M

M mah-tahkpa adj./ n. , A 'mahni 'ama-'ya

A| guilty; criminal. n.ph. k LP w U k
kU M M | cerem. terms: women reciting
l yH, H| pehza-'ya-gi the mantras at 'kyehwa'.
mah-tahkpa peh-'kyo 'yeh-na 'dawa L- 'mahni kul- pred.ph.erg.
sum 'i-la 'nehpa o-en, 'i-en. UE| announce which
hg Ag L UL H C mantra is to be recited. '-l '
L j, L j| I the | See also: 'loh-emba'.
children are guilty they will become U U {-} 'mahni-gi goo
sick within three four months, and {ten-} n.ph. {v.t.} wL {U}
they may even die. cerem. terms: {say} the beginning of
-L mah-tahkpa
M the mantra.
'leeh peh-k pred.ph.erg. A U| do j- 'mahni 'thepa
j j-
evil. 'tham- pred.ph.non-erg. h
` Sy mahda kheno (LL LL L ) cerem.
terms: dance for a departed soul.
n.ph. UL | names of deities: a
goddess. t`- 'mahni 'ah-
pred.ph.erg. w U| cerem. terms:
mahdem n. p LL recite mantras. [Note: accompanied by
StL| house parts: doorstep; counting prayer beads]
window-sill. -L 'mahni peeme

S` ` H L h peh-k pred.ph.erg. U
y LH| 'khaba nah-la 'uuh-e-mu | cerem. terms: recite mantras.
'koh 'mahdem 'te-ti o 'koh-en. Y [Note: accompanied by turning prayer
LL St L H kj| wheel, or counting prayer beads]
When you enter a house you have to t`- 'mahni 'bum
go over the doorstep. 'ah- pred.ph.erg. HL S w U|
mahni n. cerem. terms: say 100,000 mantra
1) | stupa or stone wall with prayers.
stupa(s). [Note: built in the name of j- 'mahni 'bum
j-
deceased relatives to gain merit for 'tham- pred.ph.non-erg. HL S
the deceased and for the builder] w U L h|
L M LH| ( ` y ceremonies: dance for 'naahra'.
LH|) 'mahni kora 'kyahp 'koh-en. y 'mahni mehnal
('yoma oo-le o 'koh-en.) Yj| n.ph. L LP U gE
(t kj|) You must walk Aj| cerem. terms: gifts presented to
around the stupa. (This implies you the 'mahni loh-emba'.
must go on the left side; it is done to ` 'mahni mehnda
accumulate merit.) n.ph. | cerem. terms: prayer
2) k | mantra (ritual prayer). wall.
389


` `- 'mahni 'luh
`-
na- pred.ph.erg. L Q | , ` U A` LH|
lamaisms: explain the mantras; give
instruction for reciting mantras.
U
mahni geeru n.ph. wEL
| place names: village on the
western side of the Melamchi River
valley, a little distance east of
Taa-Khor.
S J L
'mahpi-ni 'kho 'ophis-la 'leeh peh-ken
'mih 'yihm-ba, 'yih-'na 'phi-gi
'leeh-'a peh 'koh-en. F
A L U j , L
L U j| He really is an office
clerk, but he also has to pursue some
other work besides.

`
V L mahni mahma n. (hg
tuhgyur kohmba n.ph. U U ) food (child's language).
`V U| place names: the newer mahr n. YE| foods: boiled
temple in Sermathang, upon the butter.
saddle. - {-} 'mahr-'men
{phul-} n. {v.dt.} (YE
y mahni (W) n. St, `|
bedstead. 'y' | See: 'mahli L) cerem. terms: {offer} butter
(E)'. lamps (for religious merit).

y mah-n-o v.i. kF| don't () mahr(-la) loc. | down.

go. [Gram: imp. neg. of 'o-'] [Gram: is often used without <-la>]
y- 'mahr o- pred.ph.non-erg.
y-
y mahno dir. E k| k| go down to. [Disc:
going downward. [Gram: short for Destination takes /-la or /-le/ +
'mahr o-en-mu'; works like a v.ph.i.; both mean 'going down to';
dep.pred.ph.] the use of /-le/ may make the answer
y mahno temp. ky | somewhat less definite as to the
autumn. [Note: mainly used by destination.]
cattle-breeders (kohre-gi mih)] ` J yl ! 'yih
ooh-le 'mahr o-e 'mee-di!
() mahpi(-ni) n.
t k gj! We want to
| explanation introducers: really;
the main thing is. go somewhere down there!
` L/ yl ! ah
T ` L H,
'kolama-la/-le 'mahr o-e 'mee-di!
h L ? 'khe
,
'yahmbu nah 'mahr 'teh-ken-ni L kE L! I want to go
down to Kolama.
'ma-en, 'mahpi, 'leeh ti peh-ko
'yeh-ba? Lwy j j, - 'mahr tah- pred.ph.erg.
L L Uj? You say you E, E E| drive downwards
are living down there in Kathmandu; (e.g. cattle).
but really, what are you doing there? / 'mahr-'tep/-'tap loc.
-S | from a certain point
390


downwards. [Gram: reference point peh-ti nee mah-ta 'samma 'i-'kyo

takes <-le>] 'mih-gi sem 'mahlsa-la oh-ge.
`U t L | SL LUk kH LL
'yah-gi 'ehpa 'phee-le 'mahr-'tap kam U j| Until the 'neebar'
'du. jL t AS E Lj
| Oh, ceremony takes place the spirit of the
the lower half of the fish is dried up. deceased person remains in the cloth
dummy.
mahrap n./ adj. /
(SL ) greed (primarily for maa 'U' | See: 'magi'.
food).
{M-} maa {kyahp-}
-L 'mahrap peh-k pred.ph.erg. , yC {U} make war.
pred.ph.non-erg. U, g U| be
ML MU
greedy.
M| peeh-la 'maa 'kyahp-ken
y mahli (E) n. St, `| 'bela-le 'kyahmi-'ya-gi 'kyahl-sin.
bedstead. 'y' | See: 'mahni U g kL| When
(W)'. there was war in Tibet the Chinese
won it.
h- mahlsa tee-
pred.ph.erg. LL U A J`U l L`U
LyD Lk CS w L| di 'leeh-ni 'maa oh-gen
'bela-le 'u ku-gen hi kahl-sin.
L LL E LP|
cerem. terms: prepare clothes and cloth L yC ShHn | This
for 'kuhr'. is just as if you curved the bows only
when the war is already on. (Do
l- 'mahlsa 'aa-
pred.ph.erg. P Uk LL things without thinking ahead.)
U, Ly ST| cerem. terms: () maa-la loc. (poetic)
place bundle of clothes near the house (U ) upon.
altar to represent the deceased until hl | sapi
'neebar ta-gen' takes place. 'maa-la tihndi meh-'lap 'du. k
lU M U U A j| The blessing will
U M T`U| 'mahlsa not fall upon the earth.
'aa-ge-mu 'i-'kyo 'mih-gi sem lama-gi
- maap (N) peh ter-
gopu 'kyahp-ti khyo-ge. LL U, pred.ph.erg. | forgive.
LyD Lk CT LL
H Ej| /
/ `- maami/ marmi
When the cloth dummy (for a person lah- pred.ph.non-erg. Ew k
who just died) is prepared, the lama (UL ) sleep-walk; have a
calls the spirit of the deceased person nightmare.
into it. M- maar (N) kyahp-
` M pred.ph.erg. | kill for sacrifices.
U J`U| neebar [Usage: mostly when the killing is
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-`

done by lay people] ' `-, L | heavy rain.

`-' | See also: 'mar ta-,
L -
- mikor ta- pred.ph.erg. t
kar ta-'.
AS | watch s.b. with suspicion;
C - ` look at s.b. reproachfully.
ML| 'dasa-la 'lha-'then-'ya-la 'maar
mahbu 'kyahp-ken. L M {-/ -} mikya {then-/
j| At the dasain phii-} n. {v.i./t.} ASL g {L/
festival a lot of animals are sacrificed } {have/ wipe} eye secretion.
j
to the gods at the worshipping places. ` mimar n. OL |
` w kU `U, names: personal name.
J U kU` g mitsa n.
ML| roh-ba him-la 1) | eyebrows.
'pudzari-'ya-gi 'mar ta-ge, ohle
2) Lw (L k
'dase-gi 'bele-la 'dzamma-gi-'ra 'maar
A) house parts: carved wooden
'kyahp-ken. L trim on furniture or above windows
k Uj, A and doors.
L
j|
According to the custom of the valley l/ -
-j miu/ mi-thu n.
dwellers the priest offers blood A| tears.
sacrifices, and at the time of the -/ - 'miu 'or-/
l -
dasain festival everybody kills animals then- pred.ph.non-erg./ dr. A n/
for sacrifices. L| cry.
`- 'miu ta-
l `-
-` maa-ih n. L| pred.ph.non-erg. A n, | weep.
maize field; unirrigated field.
l () `-`- 'miu
`
U maahgu n. wEL (w 'phyal ('phyal) ta- pred.ph.non-erg.
Ly) place names: village in the AL n| weep big tears.
western area of Yohlmu, on a ridge
{g-} mita {tsuu-} n. {v.t.}
about four hours west of Taa-Khor.
{} {set} trap for larger animals.

maah-the-ba pp. L| -L mitap peh-k

' | See also:
excluding. ' pred.ph.erg. AS | wink one's eye
'thee-di'.
at s.b.
` ` J `k
SU L | 'kho-gi
L| ah maah-'the-ba-'ra ooh-la 'moh-la 'mitap peh-ku 'du. E ED
'mehnda 'a-ze 'yehken. L
AS j| Oh, he is winking his
gk k H| Excluding myself eye at her.
there were about five people there.
/
/ minam/ miinam (E)

M- maahmari (N) n. kE L, SL g| life style;

nam kyahp- pred.ph.e. culture; manners. '`/ `' |

392
-
-t

See: 'miina/ piina (W)'. have power of concentration; magic

-L 'minam
power. [Gram: cop.= specific
meeh-ba peh-k pred.ph.erg. S , semi-attribution]
| have no manners. - 'mipa/ 'miirim
/ -
- 'minam ten- pred.ph.erg. 'lop- pred.ph.erg. CW M| learn
g U, Ag U| be well transcendental meditation.
mannered. / - 'mipa/ 'miirim
{`- -} 'minam
{`-/ - 'uh- pred.ph.erg. CW U| get
{'tho-/ ta-} n. {v.t.} A UL instruction for transcendental
AE| {be aware of/ follow} meditation.
culture/ life style.
mipu n. | eyelashes.
-
-t min-ohlma n. OL ` miyo 'SL ' | See:
| names: personal name, f. 'khap-ki mii'.
/
/ L- mipa/ miirim ` {-} miyo {ten-} (W) n.
kohm- pred.ph.erg. CW U|
{} handicrafts:
{v.t.} LE, L
do transcendental meditation. [Note: {make} a loop. 'SL ' |
Performed by lamas in seclusion See also: 'khap-ki mii'.
during the burning of a corpse; by
shamans when trying to cause the 'la' L mihrku ' ' | See:
to return to a seriously ill person. It 'mehnda'.
includes saying mantras. For most `-
`- milam tho-
people 'mipa' and 'miirim' seem to pred.ph.erg./ dr. T| dream; have
be free variations; but some feel that a dream.
'mipa' is more appropriate for lamas L` ` `U | kuhmu
and 'miirim' for shamans. Lamaistic ah-la 'milam 'tho-gu 'du. E
explanation: 'mipa kohm-': to T j| I have dreams at
meditate on one god or only one night.
topic; 'miirim kohm-': to meditate on TU ` A` J
many gods or many topics.] ` J`U ?! khye-gi
/ j- 'mipa/ 'miirim 'milam-la 'tho-di' mee-di-'a ooh tam
thuu- pred.ph.non-erg. CW | 'tehmba-'ra oh-ge leh?!
meditation is spoiled. [Gram: exp. T g j ?! Do you think
takes attributive <-ti> or gen. <-ki>] this will become true just because you
`- 'mipa/ 'miirim
/ `- dreamt it?!
na- pred.ph.erg. CW (t.) U Mh 'milam-gi takta
introduce s.b. into transcendental n.ph. L AyL| forecast. [Usage:
meditation. so far only observed in connection
/ 'mipa/ 'miirim with dreams; otherwise 'eei']
'yeh pred.ph.cop. CW | S J`U L` `V

393
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-j

U Mh | 'kho-la di mih n. j, | man;

'leehmu oh-gen-di kuhmu 'tho-'gyo person; people.
'milam-gi takta 'yihm-ba. E L 'mih karpu n.ph.
SL L | It (LC, S) white person (a
happened just as he dreamt. caucasian). 'U ' | See also:
`U U Mh SH| ''goo serpu''.
ah-gi 'milam-gi takta-di 'thii - 'mih 'oh ta-
` -
miih-khu-en. L AyL g pred.ph.erg. Q, U| be a
wL | My dreams don't work out.
respecter of persons (trying to impress
` U Mh wL-wL important people); show favoritism.
` -` J`U , J ` ` | 'mih 'oh tee-di. jL
`U lU| ah S , L U| showing
'milam-gi takta-di 'hik-'hik favoritism.
'yaah-'yaah oh-go 'yeh-ba, ooh ` | 'mih 'oh
sobe ah-gi 'milam-la taa-i 'aa-ge. maah-te-ba. jL S , Q
t j| L U| without favoritism.
L T Tj| My dreams work j 'mih thimbu n.ph.
out exactly; therefore I attach w j ( k) important
significance to my dreams. person.
l-/ 'milam-la j- 'mih 'thoo-la
j-
taa-i 'aa- / 'yeh pred.ph.erg./ dr. 'tham- pred.ph.non-erg. A
L T T| believe in dreams; AL U| take advantage of s.b.
attach significance to dreams. M 'mih 'nahkpa (W) n.
U ` ` j| ordinary folks; secular
lH| 'mih-'ya-gi 'rah 'rah 'milam-la folks. [Note: as opposed to lamas and
taa-i 'aa-en. A-A shamans]
L T Tj| The people ` M ! 'yih-ni
believe in their own dreams. 'mih 'nahkpa 'yihm-ba!
T hA` ? j ! We are just ordinary
khye-la 'milam-la ti-'a taa-i folks.
'yeh-ba? D L L T j? M 'mih 'nahkpu n.ph.
Do you attach significance to your Yy| proud and selfish person.
dreams? [Usage: also for literally black]
-
-j/
j/
-j Mg h- 'mih 'puktsil
milim-thim/ milam-thim n. 'tee- (W) pred.ph.non-erg. j
gUE| place names: Milimchhim AE| crowds of people gathering.
(Melamchigaun). `k 'mih 'pudzi (W) '
`k' | See: 'mih budzi (E)'.
-L miser peh-k ' ' y- 'mih 'bu 'bu o-
` ` y-
| See: 'miiser'. pred.ph.non-erg. L y k|
394
- M

crowd of people going somewhere. L g| human existence. '

``` J`- 'mih 'buuu ' | See also: 'baso
oh- pred.ph. j HL gt AE| mihli'.
people crowding together. ` j j `` `
` -L/ `l -L - L `` L| 'tima
'mih 'bue 'teh-k/ 'mih 'buma-i tshe 'thima-la 'yih-'ra-la 'yehpa-'ra
'teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. j / 'mih-'mihli thop-ke 'mee-de 'yune
| crowd of people sitting. 'teh-ken. AL k L
`k/ `k 'mih 'budzi k A j| We fast so
(E)/ 'mih 'pudzi (W) n.ph. jL that in our next life we will be born
| crowd of people. as people again.
`k/ `k M-/ h- 'mih-'yuhl n. |
-
'mih 'budzi (E)/ 'mih 'pudzi (W) foreign place.
'kyahp-/ 'tee- pred.ph.non-erg. T - J` Ay
j | crowd of people h yH? khye 'mih-'yuhl-la lee
gathering. oh-di 'ahna-mu peh-ti ti-be o-en?
M L 'mih ALL AH L
meeh-ba 'kyahp-la kahl-di adv.ph. ? Why are you walking around
yj
ggU L HL L | like this in a foreign place?
secretly; quietly. ` g - 'mih-'ra miih-'tsi-
-
- `-`
-
pred.ph.erg. j U (T C)
`-` 'mih reeh-reeh degrade s.b.
yii-yii reeh-reeh yii-yii peh-ti - 'mih-rooh '' |
adv.ph. HL-C k U| in small See: 'mihro'.
groups. - 'mih-la tsokpa
gM -
`U 'mih 'luhba-gi 'ma- pred.ph.erg. AL U|
'mih n.ph. | foreigner. slander a person.
` 'mih 'sihda n.ph. 'mih-la meeh-ba

jL | moving crowd of 'mih n.ph. HMM j| people
people. without many hands to help. [Usage:
U M M 'mih-gi small families; parents whose children
'kyahp 'kyahp-la loc.ph. AL jy left]
( E U) behind people's - - 'mih-sem 'saa-
backs. pred.ph.erg. AL g SE| make
U U L- 'mih-gi goo-la s.b. feel bad.
ken- pred.ph.erg. AL tEL |
-/- mih-~miih- '-/ -'
blame s.b. else for one's faults. | See: 'meh-~meeh-'.
-j 'mih-tshe 'k' |
See: 'mihze'. M/
/ mihktemba/
- 'mih-'mihli n.ph. mihpten n. EYL (U

395
M

L ) marriage: master of k S H kU
ceremonies at the wedding. [Note: an Ukj| However hard it is, we have
older member of the bridegroom's to make ends meet living in this place
family; not responsible for food now.
arrangements]
h-L/ h-L mihdam
MU S U| teh-k/ te-k pred.ph.erg. AL L
'mihkten-gi paahma-la 'khada pra saldi
Lt| gossip (negative conn.).
'luuge. EYL
Hj H S UCj| mihn cop. C| is not; no.
On weddings the master of ceremony [Gram: neg. of <yihn>]
puts the ceremonial scarf on the - mihn/ mihm-ba
/ -
couple and announces how much 'ma- pred.ph.erg. AL U, C
money has been given. | deny s.th; refute s.th.
/
/
M mih-kyipa '' | mihn-si-'ma-na/ mihn-na-ni
See: 'sem'. cond.dep.pred.ph. | conjunctions:
`V mihgyur n. OL | otherwise.
names: personal name. J y,
` mihmar n. OL | ! ooh-di yalmu
l
names: personal name. 'yihn-o, mihn-si-'ma-na-ni di 'leehmu
peh-ti 'nah-e meeh-ba! nP
`
mih-yihm-ba 'S' , H!
| See: 'khal'. This is probably the forest spirit;
k/ k/ -j mihze/ otherwise you don't get sick like that!
mihzi/ mih-tshe n. k, kU| mihn n. | name.
life (span).
g`- 'mihn 'tso- pred.ph.erg.
g`-
k ` - L k `! 'mihze 'rih U, jLE| spoil reputation.
keehze thu! U A ! U g`U| 'mih-gi 'mihn
May (my) life be longer than the short 'tso-gen. AL U| spoil s.b.
life of the (new) garment. (A wish else's reputation.
made when wearing a new garment
`U g`U| 'rah-gi 'mihn
for the first time.) 'tso-gen. A U| spoil one's
k/ k/ -j `-
`-/ M-
M- own reputation.
'mihze/ 'mihzi/ 'mih-tshe ta-/ l- 'mihn 'aa- pred.ph.erg.
'kyal- pred.ph.erg. kU E/ Uk| T, LE| make oneself
spend one's life. famous; make oneself popular.
Ly M J`U - 'mihn taa- pred.ph.erg.
` k M Ll! T| give name.
'kahnu-mu 'tuhkpu 'yeh-na ohra-gi
- 'mihn thop- pred.ph.dr.
-
de-la 'teh-ti-'ra 'mihze 'kyal 'koh-e! T | become famous; become
396
U()

popular. get to eat after I die!

M 'mihn 'thoo-'kyo ` M` mihra kyara
adj.ph. UL| be called. adj.ph. EwV, HL| lonely
U() mihn-ge(n) '/ (place); desolate.
/ U()' | See: 'yihn/ ` ` M` V lU!
yihm-ba/ yihn-ge(n)'. ah-ni 'mihra 'kyara 'gyaa-la
'dii-ge! D EwV wE y
() mihn-du(-ba) '()'
| See: 'du(-ba)'. Vj! In desolate places I get
frightened.
mihpten 'M' |
See: 'mihktemba'. /
/ - mihro/ mih-rooh
n. E, , F, | lit.: people's friend.
mihm-ba cop. C| is not; [Usage: mainly used like a third
no. [Gram: neg. of <yihm-ba>] person sg. pronoun; has often a
S `U M L ! H , somewhat derogatory conn.]
| "'kho
, t! h Lh , U!
'yiiru-'ga 'kyahp 'teh-ku 'du!" 'ma-e ti 'keta leh, 'mihro 'lu yaahba
'bele, "mihm-ba, oohbu!" 'mee-de lehn-ge! , L U
'ma-sin 'du lo. F H j!
UEj! It's no problem for her, she
L , C, l, HL sings beautiful songs!
j! j | When he said, U h !
"Rather you are sleeping!" the other 'mih-ro-gi ti yaahba 'seh-sin 'du!
one answered, "No, my bond friend!" j L U U j! How
mihm-ba pp. L| except; nicely she has recorded it!
not for. [Gram: "except" = cond. cl.
mihli n. k| human life;
ending in <-na> + pp.; "not for" = life. 'j' | See also: 'tshe'.
cl. ending in <-ken> + pp.] J` |
SC , V ohra-ni yaahbu peh-ti 'mihli thop-sin.
H| 'kho-y de-la sah-na mihm-ba, k | We received
lehmen 'gyaa-la-ni meh-sah-en. E human life alright.
L A wE S | He doesn't U L L|
eat in any other place except here. 'baso-gi 'mihli thop-na-ni 'tup-ken
` J`U , kahl-sin. (AL k) L k
` l J`U! j| If we receive animal
'luhba-la yaahbu oh-gen mihm-ba, life, it is our destiny to be killed.
nahbar 'ii-de-le sah-e oh-gen!
'mihli 'mih-'ya n.ph.
AD C, (A CL kE| the living people.
U ) j S Cj! It is
not that it would benefit the people, mihser n. (poetic) D,
(it's for my own benefit) so that I will (U ) alien (people from other

397
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places). jH| 'rah sah-na 'kha 'tsha-en, 'mih-gi

k L` - S` -
sah-na 'mii 'tsha-en. A SH S
h ! 'mihser dzom-be 'kah-la j, A SH kj| If you eat it
khamsa reeh-reeh 'teh o! yourself, your mouth burns; if other
HL C U! When people eat it, your heart burns (i.e.
gathered with people from other you are jealous if someone else eats it).
places let us have fun together! `- 'mii 'tho- pred.ph.non-erg.
`-
k 'mihser dzom-bo AS T, k| be able to see; be
n.ph. (poetic) L kYt, k (U born.
) marriage: party of the groom. h `| pohmo tii
yH , k 'mii 'tho-sin. HEt j k| A
l ! daughter was born.
kU U, J yH| 'nama - 'mii 'blok ta-
L -
lehn o-e bela-la, "'mihser dzom-bo pred.ph.erg. AS tML | open eyes
thamdi 'phep-so 'ihba 'yeh!" 'mee-di suddenly.
'lu lehn-ge, ohle o-en. - 'mii meh-ta- pred.ph.erg.
-
kS, " HL D y
AS | disdain; think little of.
A Uj!" k U UEj, [Gram: undg. takes <-la>]
A yj | When going to get the ` -L 'mii yah-di
bride, the procession of the groom 'teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. AS tE|
sings: "Honorable guests, let's all go!" be inattentive.
And they take off. j- 'mii-ra 'thip-
` j-
pred.ph.non-erg. AS E|
(l)
mih-ihmba(-i) adj. w, S| dazzle; blind.
not tasty. -/ - h M-
'mii-'rihm/ 'mii-'rim 'te-ti 'kyee-
mii n. AS| eye. pred.ph.erg. jtD U| distribute
M 'mii 'kyahlmu n.ph. (food) watching carefully not to leave
ASL | pupil (of eye). out anybody. '' | See
j- 'mii 'tsha- pred.ph.non-erg.
j- also: 'rihmba'.
y U, AL T k| be 'mii serpu n.ph. S AS
jealous (of other people's possessions). HL j| light-coloured eye; white
` A` S U M person.
jE | 'rah-la 'yeh-te-'a 'kho 'mih-gi j , ` h |
'kyuh-la 'mii 'tsha-w 'du. AU H tshenda-ni yaahbu 'du-ba, 'yih-'na
AL T EL k j| 'mii ser-ti 'du! A j
Even though he has possessions AS S j| She has a nice face,
himself, he is jealous of other people's but her eyes are too light-coloured!
possessions. hUA` - 'mii 'suhr
-
` S jH, U tii-gi-'a meh-ta- pred.ph.erg.
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ASL HL jE | totally `U mU| 'miigor 'zo-gen.

ignore s.b. | make a knot.
LE, L
- 'mii ahr- '-' `U | 'miigor sandi. L
| See: 'ahr-'. Uw| tight knot.
-` -L mii-en se-k U `U ` ,
pred.ph.erg. U, hE| m LH| 'rehl-gi 'miigor sandi
disparage s.b. [Gram: disparaged party mah-yoh 'du, sandi 'zo 'koh-en.
takes gen. <-ki>] L Uw L H j, L
` U -` SU ! Ej| The knot on the tying up
'tohma piihmi-gi 'mii-'en 'kho-gi rope is not tight, we must tighten it.
'se-sin! E kw D h k/
/ miiza/ miira n. M
(kw Lj H)| He g w y| household utensils:
disparaged his first wife (by getting a big earthen pot with a ring of small
nicer second wife). holes at the bottom. [Note: part of the
-` 'mii-'en-la n.ph. AL 'artsa'; put on the 'phui' for
AUy| before one's eyes; to the distilling whisky]
disparagement of.
`/
`/ ` miina/ piina (W)
U -` `U l n. kE L, SL g| life style;
L| 'mih-gi 'mii-'en-la ah-gi 'leeh manners; culture. '/ ' |
yaahbu-i peh-ken. A S See: 'minam/ miinam (E)'.
HEt A L Uj| I am going to do a
`/ `
h
good deed before the eyes of the
J`V? 'miina/ piina meeh-ba
people. 'yuhl-la ti-be oh-'gyo? A
`U `U TU -` wE L AHL? Why did you come
` T y` yl! ah-gi to such an uncivilizied place?
'toh-gi 'khyowa-gi 'mii-'en-la 'rahsa
` U `/ ` LH,
'khyowa-la o-'ra o-e!
J LH| 'rahsa
VD hE AL V Sk 'mih-gi 'miina/ piina ta 'koh-en,
kj kj! In order to disparage my ohle yaahbu-di 'lop 'koh-en. A
former husband I absolutely want to
jL kE L j, A g
marry again.
Mj| We must watch other
`U miigor n. people's life style and culture and
1) (E) UL AT| node (in wood). learn from them the good aspects of
` `U , l L their life style and culture.
J`U| di i-la 'miigor 'du, 'aa-e miinam '' | See:
'kaahbu oh-ge. E AT j, 'minam'.
g U j| There are nodes in this
wood, it's hard to split it. miim (N) n. , |
| knot (in a rope).
2) (W) LE, L white foreigner (used for m. and f.).

399
 g

miima '``' | See: ('taare) pare 'teh-ken. tt-t

'yuma'. | be clouded over with small
clouds.
miira 'k' | See: 'miiza'.
M U| 'mukpa ruhl-gen. yL
- h mii-rim te-ti V| there are red clouds in the
'-' | See: 'mii-rihm'. morning sky (forecasting rain).
miirim '' | See: M/ M
mukpu/ muhkpu adj.
'mipa'.
Lk `U| colours: dark reddish
/ -L miiser/ miser brown. [Gram: no excl. form (see
peh-k pred.ph.erg. L U, AS appendix 5, section1.2)]
E| be suspicious of one's spouse M M- muksil kyahp-
(with or without reason). pred.ph.e. LL | be misty
S` k` ` L and damp.
k`U | khu 'dzabra yii 'miiser
peh-ken tam-la dzi-gu 'du. E C g-U muta (N) tse-g
pred.ph.erg. gE| take s.b. to
- L U L p j|
The couple is quarreling because they court.
suspect each other of unfaithfulness. j- 'muta 'thin-'tii- (N)
pred.ph.erg. , j| settle a
Mg muktsa n. | insects and
court case.
worms: white ant; termite.
LU `l Mg M | {h-} mundir (N) {tuu-}
'kohre-gi ida-la 'muktsa 'kyahp n. {v.t.} {E} jewelry: {put on}
'du-ba. UwL Lw Uj| There earrings (golden, simple kind).
are white ants in the woodwork of the - mur- v.t. U, Su |
cattleshed. massage; rub in; tread upon (e.g.
woolen rug to shrink it).
M mukpa n. | cloud.
M t -L 'mukpa imba U h` l | 'phaa-gi
'teh-k pred.ph.e. L V| tada 'neeh-'ya 'mur 'aa du.
have cumulus clouds. | Oh, the wild pigs have
L U yj
messed up (trodden on) the barley
M t `U| 'mukpa
imba 'teh-na nam sa-ge. L and the wheat!
V AL EUj| When there - 'mur ter- pred.ph.erg.
are cumulus clouds the weather will U| give a massage to s.b. else.
be good. g murtsa n. Lgt| temple (body
M t t L| 'mukpa part).
imba imba 'teh-ken. L U g` `l !
AU-AU jt | there are heavy 'yahma-gi 'murtsa-'ra pho-de
rain clouds. peh-sin! Lgt t
At!
M () ` L| 'mukpa This sinusitis makes my temples feel
400
M

like bursting! l mendu n. Eg| medical

treatment.
M muhkpa n. LL (U Lt
L) insects and worms:; a kind of l` mendu pohmo
moth. n.ph. (poetic) UL| singer (f.).
M muhkpu 'M' | See: memu n. (nPL C
'mukpu'. A A Y k`UL w
- muhr- v.i. gE| chew. S j|) spirits: female spirit
which lives in the woods. [Note:
-
- muhr muhr ma- teaches the shaman]
pred.ph.non-erg. AtU | - 'memu sihn- pred.ph.dr.
grumble to oneself. V| spirits: be possessed by
/
/ muha/ mohnur n. 'memu'. [Note: the person shows
Ck, | marriage: dowry. [Note: symptoms of insanity]
parents' gifts to a daughter when she
(`)/
(`)/ M (`) mere
gets married] (-'ra)/ merkya (-'ra) adj.
/ m-/ - 'muha/
/ m- () full to overflowing.
'mohnur 'zo-/ 'soo- pred.ph.erg. `` jA l |
E| make private savings (one sahbu-la thu-'aa 'mere 'luu 'aa 'du.
member of a household). [Usage: Most UU Sj| Oh,
people use it only for girls; boys get the water pot is filled to overflowing.
'phai'.]
{M
{M-} melam {kyahp-}
() muuh(-la) loc. | below; n. {v.t.} A {} {give} a blessing
down. (with visible gesture). 'hl/
LV ! ta h`U -' | See also:
muuh-le 'mahr kahl-'gyo 'nahle! E: 'tihndi/ tihgi lap-'.
UHL ! We went jU h`
somewhere down there!
ML| lohsar-la 'thewa-gi 'tua-la
men n. 'melam 'kyahp-ken. w
1) K| medicine. D A j| During the
2) (t) battery. new year festival the elders bless the
- 'men 'tuuh- pred.ph.erg. younger ones.
KL | inhale medicated - 'melam thop-
-
steam. pred.ph.dr. A V, E| be
l 'men 'mendu n.ph. blessed; receive a blessing.
K Eg| medical treatment. - 'melam 'uh-
pred.ph.erg. A | present
mena n. k| spices:
oneself to receive a blessing.
cummin-like spice.
mewa n. S| mole (brown
401


mark on skin). -/
L


U
meh-/
meeh-keh-ba-gi seeh n.ph. g
meh n. AU| fire.
J` J` y-y- 'meh oh oh gk| useless stuff.
o- pred.ph.e. AU L| become -/
L U meh-/

glowing red. meeh-'keh-ba-gi tam n.ph. g
-L 'meh
J` J` L| superfluous talk.
oh oh peh-ti 'teh-k pred.ph.e. -/
-/ -/-
L AE| glow (e.g.
AUL `U meh-~meeh-~ mih-~miih- prf.
coal). ALgL | negative for
M- 'meh 'kyahp- non-perfect aspect/ tense. [Phon: For
pred.ph.erg. AU E| set fire to s.th. the morphophonemic conditioning of
h M- 'meh taaso the vowel quality and the vowel
'kyahp- y| rituals: length of this prefix see appendix 7,
curing ritual in which a heated iron section 13.1-2.] '-/-' |
instrument is applied to the painful See also: 'mah-~maah-'.
spot. [Note: usually performed by t t ` !
monks] 'ihpsa-la ta-na-ni 'ihpsa meh-'tho
m` m` -/ k` k` 'du! j S j! When I look
- 'meh 'za 'za 'tiih-/ 'meh for my shadow, there isn't any!
'dza 'dza 'tiih- pred.ph.e. AU L L` M h
| there is a blazing fire. j ! 'kaba sa-la 'kyahp-ti ta-na

- 'meh 'tuuh- pred.ph.erg. sa-la tehlap meeh-tha 'du! Su C
AU | warm oneself by the fire. tL C
y L S j!
S` U | khu When I step on the ground, I don't
'meehme-'ya-gi 'meh 'tuuh-sin. E leave any footprints!
AU || The ladies warmed `
U` mehga n. UL
themselves by the fire.
Y| cooking shed for 'kohmba'.
- 'meh 'tiih-/
-/ -
'meh bar- pred.ph.e. AU V, L| `
U {-} mehgal {thep-}
fire burns. n. {v.t.} AUt | {shine with} a
- 'meh phu- pred.ph.erg. AU glowing piece of wood.
M| get a fire going; blow the fire. `
meh-yemba adj. |
- 'meh-lohma n. AUL ' | See
not nice. ' `
l, | flame of fire. also: 'tam meh-yemba'.
- g
` {y-
{y-} meh-tsama
j - 'meh-lohma 'lhap 'lhap {o-} adj. {v.i.} A, kw {}
lhep lhep 'har tshur 'tiih- pred.ph.e. {become} defiled. ' `'
g
AUL w L| there is | See also: 'leeh meh-tsama'.
a roaring fire.

/
/
{M-} mehto/
402
`
`
mehdo {kyahp-} n. {v.t.} (hon. of
'soyim kyahp-') Q V (AL) 'thala (W) n.ph. k, U| pollen.
{collect} alms.
`/
`/ ` {-
{-/ -}
mehda/ mehna {par-/ thep-}
n. {v.t.} L {} {light/ shine with}
torch. [Note: made with a bundle of
finely split sticks of fir wood]
` mehna ' `' | See:
'mehda'.
l mehnda n.
1) Lg| household utensils: small
metal bowl. [Note: used to serve
individual portions of curry, etc.]
2) g (wEL ) place names: Chitre
(the lowest village below Tap-Kharka,
on the eastern slope of the Melamchi
River valley).
y(l) meh-n-a-wa(-i)
adj. | not alike.
j yl ! di tshenda {AE} embers {give a glow}.
meh-n-awa-i 'du! A AU
j! He/ she doesn't look at
all like the others!
/
/ L mehnda/ mihrku n.
k| person (used with numbers).
/ L `| 'mehnda/ 'mihrku L LL , I L
'a. g k| five people.
{-
{-} mehndo {ar-} n.
{v.i.} {} flower {bloom}.
J- 'mehndo oo- (E)
pred.ph.erg. t| pick flowers.
g- 'mehndo 'tsa- (W)
g-
pred.ph.non-erg. | be blooming.
t- 'mehndo 'uuh-
pred.ph.erg. gyE| break off
flowers.
U / U
`
'mehndo-gi 'thalbi (E)/ 'mehndo-gi
'mehndo biimbi (E)
n.ph. L| flower bud. [Usage:
mainly in Sermatha]
U()/ 'mehndo
bugul(i) (E)/ 'boombo (W) n.ph.
L| flower bud.
(L) mehba(k) '
{M-}' | See: 'meehba
{kyahp-}'.
mehme n. k, k |
grandfather.
-j| 'mehme
'rihmbur-'thee. UL U V
HL | title for a well-learned
lama.
/
/ M-
M-A` {J`-}
mehlo/ meha kya-ahe
{oh-} n.ph. {v.i.} AUL LCL
` mehlo n. I| mirror.
- 'mehlo ta- pred.ph.erg.
` -
I | look in the mirror.
t L , ` H, ! a
e-ke tee 'nah, 'mehlo ta-e, tee 'nah!
!
Look how he is combing his hair, look
how he looks at himself in the mirror!
- 'mehlo
` ` -
nah-la ta- pred.ph.erg. I | look
at s.th. in the mirror.
J kU `U j `
` E | ooh pehza-gi 'rah-gi
tshenda 'mehlo nah-la ta-w 'du.
hg A A I j|
That child is looking at his own
appearance in the mirror.
403

()

meha '
' | See: -
- mee par- pred.ph.erg. L|
'mehlo'. cry out for help.
/
/ ` meho (E)/ SU L| 'kho-gi 'lha
meho (W) n. `U 'lhamu-la 'mee par-ken. E
| household
utensils: blowing pipe (for fire). ED Lj| He cries out to the
god and goddesses for help.
U U | 'meh 'meho-gi
phu-gen. `U AU M| blow the
M- meemu kyahp-
fire with a pipe. pred.ph.erg. | curse s.b.
`-
`-/ g`- mee ta-/ mee J `U` AlU M
tsah- pred.ph.erg. wE (L L ! ooh sogo-'ra
'ai-di-gi 'meemu 'kyahp 'teh-ke
g) send a message.
mihndu leh! L g
` J` LH AU
` `V| "nahbar oh j ! So because of that the
meh-'koh-en" 'mee-di 'ama-gi ah-la older sister keeps cursing (them)!
'mee ta-'gyo. AE - 'meemu 'suuh- pred.ph.dr.

A D wEHL j| Mother V| be affected by a curse.
sent me to tell you that you don't S | 'kho-la 'meemu
need to come tomorrow. 'suuh-sin 'du. ED Uj| I
realize that he is affected by a curse.
T jM yl
`C g`U `! "khye pohmo
{L
-} meeyol (W)
thukpu o-e 'yeh-ba lo" 'mee-di {kehn-} n. {v.t.} nPL U {E}
ah-y 'mee 'tsah-gu 'du 'mee-do! cerm. terms: {put on} shaman's
j j L costume.
F! Tell him (the father) that I U k yH

L
told you that his daughter will jU| pohmbo-gi 'dzaatar-la o-e-mu
become rich! 'meeyol kehn-di 'tham-ge. nP
l- mee aa- pred.ph.erg. k nPL U UH hj| When
| leave instructions; give a to shaman goes to a festival he puts
message. on his costume and dances.
` yH T
() meeh(-ba) cop. j| is not.
lH| ah 'yahmbu-la o-en 'bela [Gram: neg. of 'yeh(-ba)']
khye-la tam 'mee 'aa-en. Lwy

`- meeh-ba ta-
`-
k D L nH kj| pred.ph.erg. S | destroy.
When I go to Kathmandu, I will leave
y U
you instructions for everything.
`V E | pohmbo-la ta o-na-ni
S` L l! khu "yalmu-gi meeh-ba ta-'gyo" 'ma-w
sa-la kahl-di tam 'mee 'oo! EL 'du. nPD k nP
UH S UT! Go and give them S j| When they
the message. went to see the shaman he said, "The
404
 -
-

female forest spirit destroyed him!" 2) | female group. [Usage:

`| 'yeh-ken
L with pl. pronouns to make polite pl.
pela-'ya meeh-ba ta-sin. HL pronouns, see examples below. When
| They used up addressing or referring to a mixed
everything they had. group, you can choose to address
meeh-ba-'ya n. HL| either the males, or the females, or
the have-nots. both together: 'khya pheebe
meehme-'ya']
-L meehba peh-k
pred.ph.erg. A U, U| T ()| 'khya 'meehme(-'ya).
worship; believe. ( `U)| you.
D
`U U {-} 'rah-gi
S` ()| khu 'meehme(-'ya).
'meehba-gi {phul-} adv.ph. {v.t.} E ( `U)| they.
A A { U} {offer} ` ()| 'yih
with devotion. 'meehme(-'ya). ( `U,
`U U j h UL OD L U) we
(excl.).
Jk` , j M
Jk`! 'rah-gi 'meehba-gi 'theemi J` ()| ohra
tii phul-'naa ohze-'ra 'yihm-ba, 'meehme(-'ya) (E). ( `U,
'theemi 'kyah phul-'naa ohze-'ra! UL OD t )| we
(incl.).
A A HEt
, F ()| uuh 'meehme(-'ya)
(W). ( `U, UL
| I you offer your butter
lamps with devotion, it doesn't matter OD t )| we (incl.).
whether you offer just one or one
y-
y- meehra o- pred.ph.e.
hundred! y V| be a forest fire.
/
/
(L) {M-}

` meehla n. `, | house
meehba/ mehba(k) {kyahp-} n. parts: rack hung above the firepit.
{v.t.} U (L) {shoot with} [Note: used for drying wood, etc.]
a gun.
-
- mo- '`U' | See: 'lago'.
() meehme(-'ya) n. {l-} mone {aa-} n. {v.t.}
1) () family (also used for a
Aj {T} cerem. terms: rice or
group of animals). wheat grains used for making a
T Lk ? 'khya diagnosis by fortune telling {give}.
'meehme-'ya 'kahze 'yeh-ba? D
L kL j? How many -
- mol- v.t. j
| roll s.th. in
are there in your family? some substance.
/ C | 'luuh/ mahy g H| 'yaa 'martsa-la
'meehme-'ya. y/ | group of 'mol-de sah-en. y S g
sheep/ buffaloes. Sj| I am going to eat the arum

405


roots having rolled them in ground by the shaman] 'g L-' |

chili. See also: 'tsi kor-'.
moh pr. F, E, (L M / E | 'moh 'tikpu
'du/ 'moh 'thii-w 'du. kS L
U ) she.
-U M, AlC A` L wML UHj| The divination
was accurate.
| 'moh-gi "'seh-sin"
'ma-'kyo-ni, 'ai-y 'seh-'a mah-'seh - M- 'moh-'yih 'kyahp-
'du-ba. E "" L , pred.ph.erg. gv | cast lots (for
dividing up things).
L j| She said that (she) held
out (the microphone), but actually S`U ` ``U U -
elder sister hadn't. M| khu-gi mah 'yuh-gi
'laagi-la 'moh-'yih 'kyahp-sin.
` 'moh-'ra pr. F, E,
A| she herself (emphatic). -L U gv | They cast lots
to see how much each one should get.
-Jk ` m ` `
| ohze-la 'moh-'ra "zubu thabu k mohze n. | female animal.
mah-yoh" 'ma-sin. S E A 'k' | See also: 'phoze'.
kE g H | At that time mohnur ' ' | See:
she herself said that she didn't feel 'muha'.
well.

{m-
{m-} moohmo {zo-} n.
M- moh kyahp- {v.t.} : (g) {E} foods:
pred.ph.erg. kS | divination: {prepare} steamed meat dumplings.
divination ritual. [Note: usually done

1 ya p. , (L U U
) interjections: take it!.
, `! ya, thu! , F! Take and
drink it!
2 ya n. , , A EVHL
| tarnish. [Note: on metals such as
copper, brass, and silver] 'g'
| See also: 'tsee'.
`U ` J`U| sah-gi ya
umbu oh-ge. EVS
Sj| The tarnish on copper is
greenish.
M- ya 'kyahp-
pred.ph.non-erg. EV| become
tarnished.
`, , `, `
ML| sahma, 'pital, 'ul, 'haya-la
ya 'kyahp-ken. , , g,
EVH Sj| Copper,
brass, silver, and aluminium get
tarnished.
3 ya n. HL LL w k|
animals: stag (?). [Note: a big kind of
deer, as big as a cow; has antlers]
U L | di ya-gi kooba
'yihm-ba. w kL j | This
is the skin of big stag.

406
 `

4 ya (W) att.p. L! attitude 'poh-'ya-la lee oh-na-ni ah 'so 'suh

particles: intimidating. 'kyahp-ku 'du" 'ma-en lo. A
h J `V L g, Ct hg jE jE AH
S ! lehm tii ooh mihgyur T Uj | And the
kahpu-la rop maah-khu-na-ni ya! HL stepmother would say, "When these
gt V D C L two children come near me I get a
L! Once I am surely going to tooth ache."
beat up this fellow called Mihgyur! U U M
-
- ya- semi-r./i. gE| itch. M | 'sombo-'ya-gi 'imbu-gi
tehnda-la 'kyehwa peh-'kyo 'yihm-ba.
` E | ah-la ya-w 'du. D
gHL j| Oh, I feel itchy. kE LL P UHL
` M ! ah 'lahkpa yee-di! | The living ones perform the death
rites for the benefit of the deceased.
g! Oh, my hand is so
itchy! AC U ` U
V!
'ay Samden-gi 'rah-'ya-la rooh
- -ya sf. -| plural. [Disc: used 'thee-gen-'gyile! D
on noun, pronoun, locative, temporal
U j! Sister Samden is one
and verb phrases] who keeps company with people like
` j j` `l us!
H| tohbo 'theemu-'ya U U
'tshar-sim-ba-'ra ida-la phen T` J`U| pehpa 'pahl-gi 'brumsi
'thoo-en. S L j Lw- thaa-gen-'ya-la yahmbi 'khyepsa
L Vj| When the small trees are oh-ge. U Ug D
grown they can be used for the wood L j| The ones who weave
work (of a house). carpets with Tibetan wool make some
TU ` k` h profit.
`| 'khya-'ya-gi ih-ni
'dzamma-'ra 'mih tii-di meh-yoh. L L L L -L yak yak
L HL kL | All

yuk yuk peh-k pred.ph.non-erg.
your fields do not belong just to one E U (E wE E y) flit
person. back and forth.
J T` A ` S L L L L
` ! ohle 'khyera 'ama-'ya L | 'kho 'mih 'poh-le phar yak yak
'yambu 'Yahmbu-la-'ra 'teh! A yuk yuk peh-ku 'du. F jL jE
AU Lwy ! And you E U j| He flits back and forth
stay with the family of your mother in in front of the people.
Kathmandu. M yakpu n. L (gL )
J AU, k ` yak bull.
J` ` ML H ` ya n.
| ohle 'asa-di-gi, "pehza yii 1) hj, R| spirit of luck; good
407
`k `k

fortune. [Note: is thought to have a luck (through rituals).

spirit form] ` - ya 'uuh-
S` l `U, pred.ph.non-erg. hj | luck
` yH| ter 'khaba 'phi-la enters.
ten-e meh-yoh-ge, 'phi-la ten-na-ni - ya 'or- pred.ph.non-erg.
` -
ya o-en. Y L hj | good fortune/ luck gets
, L hj kj| You
lost.
must not take your precious things `U` yaga adj. hj|
out of the house; if you do, they loose fortunate.
their spirit of luck. J S` `U` | ooh 'khaba
2) , | tune; melody. yaga 'du.
` M LH| ya 'kyaa 'koh-en. Y hj j| That household is
Egj| We must raise the tune. fortunate.
` LH| ya pap 'koh-en. `U -L yagu peh-k
nj| We must lower the tune. pred.ph.erg. hj L U, AL
3) (T) | vowel. E| rituals: catch and bring back the
A, C, E, J, H H U ` spirit of luck into one's dwelling.
H| aa, i, u, o, e 'ma-en 'yihgi-'ya-la `-y` ya-'a n. R L
`-
ya 'ma-en. A, C, E, J, H | lucky coins.
AQD j| a, i, u, o - `k S-/ L-
L- yadzi khur-/
these letters are called vowels. kal- pred.ph.erg. AE L gyL
` J`- ya oh- pred.ph.dr. U k / UE| festivals:
hj | have luck/ good fortune. become/ make responsible for next
[Gram: exp. takes <-la>] year's festival.
` L- ya kuu- pred.ph.erg. ` jlU `k A `U
hj E| catch and bring back S| sabe 'tshiiu-gi yadzi 'a
luck. pasa-gi khur-sin. AE L jl
` j- ya thaa- L k ` C | Brother
pred.ph.non-erg. (poetic) hj | Pasang has become responsible for
have good fortune; be blessed. next year's 'tshiiu' festival.
t- ya
` jM t- -` U U L
thakpa a-'ihba 'yeh cl.cop. L
J`U, J -wU L
`U | peace and prosperity reign. ` jlU `k LU| yuhlba-da
[Gram: cl.cop.= specific existence] yuhl-gi goba-'ya kohmba-la oh-ge,
y- ya o- pred.ph.non-erg.
` y- ohle yuhl-him 'hisap peh-ti sabe
hj k| lose one's luck. [Gram: 'tshiiu-gi yadzi 'kal-ge. UE UEL
exp. takes attributive <-ti> or gen.
CL U AEj, UEL
<-ki>]
- A AE L jl
- ya 'ruu- pred.ph.erg.
` - L k Ej| The villagers and
hj E| accumulate good
408
`k -
-

the village leaders assemble in the -

- yam-therpu adj. gLgL,
temple, and make somebody jtt| restless; fidgeting; unruly.
responsible for next year's 'tshiiu' j - ,
festival. M ``U , ` L`
`k/
`k/ L`k yadzi/ kahdzi j! 'theemu 'bela-le 'yam-therpu
n. ty| grain which has not been mah-be rooh-'ya, 'tuhkpu 'yuh-gu
threshed successfully (because it was 'du, ah 'leehmu 'kaba thaa-na-ni!
moist). gLgL U , S C
` `U MU `k `| j, k Su g ! Don't
'tihri ah-gi 'kyahgar yadzi be unruly when you are small,
tuh-sin. Ak LL ty friends, you will have to endure
Lt|
Today I threshed the millet grains hardship if you break your leg as I
which had to be dried again. did.

`l yadi n. LtL | names: yambu (W) '`/ '

personal, f. | See: 'yambu/ yambu (W)'.

`l yaden n. LtL | `
` yayi tha n.ph. wEL
names: personal name, f. | place names: pasture above
Chhimi on the high ridge between
` L` yari kah n.ph. wEL Sermathang and Lha-Kahng Ghyang.
| place names: Dhupku Daaa
(mountain peak above Langgyapsa). yar 'L' | See: 'yarka'.
[Note: residence of the goddess 'ama -
-/ T-/ T`-
T`- yar-/
tohmu yari'] yar khyer-/ yar khyo-
pred.ph.erg. gED (j
` SL yari kharka n. `
SL| place names: cattle shed LEU) borrow (belongings,
settlement north of Yangri Kahng, just returning the very same item, not the
below Kahngdza Lah. same in kind). 'M-, M -'
| See also: 'kyii- 2), kyimba
` g` yari tsabu n.ph. lehn-'.
` S| place names: Yangri Khola ` T k h J`V|
(the river east of Yangri Kahng). ah 'khya sala 'toozi tii 'yar oh-'gyo.
-
- yap- v.t. L, E| agitate L HEt L gED
(e.g. the wind agitating water); (E) AHL| I have come to borrow a
swing (e.g. hands). '-' | See: small hoe from you.
'yuu- (W)'. `U k h T`| ah-gi
CU U L| mahy-gi goo 'toozi tii 'yar khyo-sin. HEt
yap-ken. tEL Ej| Buffalos L gED H| I borrowed a
swing their head back and forth. small hoe.
yama '' | See: 'toh'. - 'yar ter- pred.ph.erg. gE

409
L -
-

| lend (belongings, expecting the also: 'iga, karkyen'.

very same item back). 'M -, M
yahrma n./ adj. L| cow or
-' | See also: 'kyii- ter-, buffalo which has calved the previous
kyimba ter- 1)'. year, but not yet this year; toddler
SU t k `U S (9-15 months).
t h M| 'kho-gi 'ebul C l , `U`
maah-'ze 'samma 'yih-gi 'kho-la 'ebul
J ` U| mahy oma-ni
tii 'yar ter-'kyo. EL t 'yeh-ba, 'yahrma sogora 'ohma
k t ED gE mahbu meh-then-ge. j,
HL| Until he has made his own L
| We have
table we lent him one. buffalo milk, but because it has been
L/ yarka/ yar n./ temp. S, a year or more since the buffalo
| summer; rainy season. [Gram: calved, it doesn't give much milk.
does not take <-la>] [Note: warm and `C k S L ` t! -
rainy season, about Apr.- Oct.] ? ah-y pehza
L j- 'yarka 'tshuu- pred.ph.e. 'kha kom-di iih 'yeho! - 'leenu
S | warm, rainy season 'yihm-ba ni 'yahrma 'yihm-ba?
begins. hg SH ! - L w
- 'yar 'uuh- pred.ph.e. S ? My child is probably crying of
V| warm, rainy season has come. hunger! - Is it a new baby or a
l M| taah-ni 'yar toddler?
'uuh-e peh-'kyo. A V


y-
y- yahrmen
AtL | Now the rainy season is about mahrmen o- pred.ph.non-erg.
to come.
, A | be unsettled; be torn
-` {t-} 'yar-i {'uuh-}
- apart.
n. {v.t.} S E {t} {gather} wood
` Al
for rainy season. di 'paalo 'yih 'ai
L|
yarpa (E) n. n`Ut| house paahma peh-ti 'yahrmen 'mahrmen
parts: tile (used for roofs). 'A' | kahl-sin. U
See: 'arpa (W)'. A HL j| My elder sister got
married recently, but she is unable to
L M- yahrka kyahp-
pred.ph.erg. A D tEL settle down properly.
YE UE A | cerem. terms: -
- yal- v.t.
apply dabs of butter to s.b. or s.th. 1) EL (U A) take off; scrub off.
[Note: a ceremonial mark of blessing; M j M j
when applied to people, the butter is ML| di 'baki-la serpu tshee yal-di
put onto the head; seniors apply it to 'nahkpu tshee 'kyahp-ken.
juniors; is also a part of the wedding A U ELD L U
ceremony] 'tU, LM ' | See Ej| I am going to scrub off the
410
 (`)

yellow paint of this cupboard and

yalmu neesa n. wEL
repaint it black. | place names: small settlement
2) Sk U| abolish (e.g. a law). between Tehn-Thang and Kayn Kahng.
`U w `U V| ` yah att.p. | attitude particles:
tahbu-gi him-'ya 'yih-gi yal-'gyo. prominent, emphatic focus.
EL Sk U| We L L L , y
have abolished the old laws.
`! di palip-ni 'lihk 'lihk peh-ku 'du,
M- yal kyahp- rohm-o yah! j j,
pred.ph.non-erg. S E, C U| L ! This shelter is shaking like
yawn. anything, it's going to collapse!
yala yule qt.ph. | Lh LU ` ! 'kapta-ni
little patches here and there. kehn-ge yah rooh! Ly Ej !
Of course we will dress up, friend!
M | nam-la
'mukpa yala 'yule 'du. AL ` S `, M! ah 'khui
yah, tihkya-ni! S j , A ! I
j| There are some small clouds
in the sky. am just happy where I am, these
days!
yalmu (E) n. nP| spirits:
female forest spirit. [Note: lives in `- yah- v.i. HLU , tE|
forest or mountains, wife of 'iben'] waver. ' `-, U `-, `-'
'`' | See: 'yalmu (W)'. | See also: 'mii yah-, goo
yah-, sem yah-'.
U T
| 'moh-la-ni "yalmu-gi 'khyer-sin ` h- yah tuu- pred.ph.erg.
'du" 'mee-di then-sin. kS E| make forget; brighten up s.b.
nP UL L L| The ` hl L|
divination ritual revealed that the 'mih-la yah tuu-e-la petam e-ken.
female forest spirit had captured him. AD ED ES j| In
order to brighten up people you tell
- yalmu sihn- pred.ph.dr.
stories.
nP t ( k V) be
possessed by 'yalmu'. [Note: the {y-} yah 'sede {o-}
` {y-
person shows symptoms of insanity] adj.ph. {v.i.} L , ML |
{become} refreshed; relieved
H, J
(physically).
A SH| yalmu sihn-si-'ma-na 'mih
'nah-en, ohle 'i-'aa khuu-en. ` -L yah-di 'teh-k
pred.ph.non-erg. tH | hang
nP t j j,
around.
A Mj| If somebody gets
possessed by the female forest spirit, (`) `-/ `-
`- yah() aa-/
he will become sick, and he may even a- pred.ph.non-erg. Ak, Aw
die. A | feel embarrassed; feel
awkward.
411
`
S ` ` ! 'kho yah aa-sin
'du! ED Aw Uj! He felt
embarrassed!
` ` `! ah yah aa-di!
D Aw V! I felt so
embarrassed!
(`) `l J`- yah()
a(a)-wa-i oh- pred.ph.dr. Ak
| be so embarrassed.
`/ k` -L yah/ dza
peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. Lg ,
Aw | act with reluctance;
reticence; shyly.
` (l
) -L yaha
(paaha) peh-k pred.ph.non-erg.
Aw | act shyly; be
embarrassed.
` -L yaha-mu peh-k
pred.ph.non-erg. Aw | act
shyly; be embarrassed.
`U! yahgo! elliptic_S HLj
S! interjections: wait a moment!.
[Gram: elliptic for 'yahmbi kuuh
aa!']
` yahdi adj. L, `U
light (in weight).
` yah-'se '-/-' | - - L
See: '-se~-see'.
`...
... `... yah-ni...
yah-ni... double_conj. L g
( U U ) conjunctions: E L gL k V| L
double conjunction expressing
wavering. [Gram: conj. 1 + cl. + conj
2 + cl.]
` H , ` H | See: 'ehmba'.
, H L L , H
M l! yah-ni sah-e 'leehmu,
yah-ni meh-sah-e 'leehmu, sah-e
'yih-na 'tok 'tok 'soh, meh-sah-e 'yih-na
'kyur 'oo! L g S k, L
g S k, S H SML SF,
S H jyF! Why are you
messing around with this food? If you
want it, eat it up nicely, if you don't
want it, then leave it alone!
hg yahttsi loc. A | a
little way upwards. [Gram: is often
used without <-la>] '()'
| See also: 'yahr(-la)'.
hg hg l! 'yahttsi 'yahttsi
'uu! A ! Move up,
please! (A polite invitation to take the
good places.)
J hg T h | ohle
'yahttsi-la 'khyim tii 'du lo. A A
HEt Y j | And a little bit
further up there was a house.
hgU 'yahttsi-gi 'mih
n.ph. A L j| prosperous
people; high-class people.
- - -L
yaht-yaht yiht-yiht peh-k
pred.ph.non-erg. L yL
k
| (wE M, t A) whiz
by; flip past.
`V| U ? yahpsa-la
'yaht-'yaht 'yiht-'yiht peh-ken
'tho-'gyo. 'su-'ga 'yihm-ba? y
? I saw something moving on the
porch. Who might it be?
yahda yihde 't '
yahdem n. p LL
gLL Lw| house parts:
412
y

top beam of a window or door frame. S k | 'kho-la 'yahma

'nahza 'du. ED Uj| He has
y yahno dir. E k, AE|
going upward. [Gram: short for <yahr got a sinusitis.
o-en-mu>; works like a SU t| 'kho-gi 'yahma
dep.pred.ph.] 'aah-sin. EL L | His is
healed of his sinusitis.
y MMg` l|
'yahno-ni rooh 'kyahktse-'ra k j yahmdzen thewa
dor-sin. E k D adj.ph. Ag| astonishing; amazing.
| On the way up I had a lot of ' k' | See also:
companions. 'leeh yahmdzemba'.
y yahno temp. G| k jU /

springtime. [Note: mainly used by 'yahmdzen 'thewa-gi tam/ 'leeh
cattle-breeders (kohre-gi mih)] n.ph. AgL L/ L| s.th.
astonishing; s.th. amazing.
y ` yH| 'yahno rih
umbu o-en. G k (j)l J`-
j| In springtime the landscape
'yahmdzen ('thewa)-i oh-
becomes green. pred.ph.dr. Ag V| be (very)
astonished.
yahp n. (hon. of 'aba'; used in k l! 'yahmdzen diba!
lama families) , (t.) excl. L Ag! exclamations: how
father. awesome!.
h yahpten n. (poetic)
, | father. [Usage: 'yahpten k yahmdzemba adj. Ag|
aba' is also used] astonishing (e.g. work).
- (`) yahp-see (yii) k(l) -
n.(ph.) (hon. of 'aba puh') (Ck) 'yahmdzemba(-di) nee- pred.ph.dr.
j| father and son. Ag V| be astonished.
T - ` L M? 'khya yahmbi n./ adv. HLj/ A,
yahp-'see yii kaah-la 'phep-'kyo? D AL| a moment/ somewhat.
Ck j L k? Where did ` | yahmbi de-la
L
you go? kuuh-do loh. HLj S | Wait
a moment here.
/
/ yahpsa/ yahpse n.
, y| house parts: porch `! 'leeh

(covered, with or without wooden yahmbi 'lop-'se peh-ti peh-to! L
railing). A U! Work somewhat
slower!
{M-} yahm {kyahp-} n. ` M ! 'tihri to
{v.i.} {V, } epidemic yahmbi 'lhakpu 'luu! Ak AL
{breaks out}. ! Give me somewhat more rice
yahma n. | sinusitis. today!
413
 M

l(U) t gv wEj| When the cast has

yahmbi-i(-gi) mihm-ba adv.ph. been taken off, we will send you a
ny() almost (s.th. almost letter from down here up to (where
happened). you are).
lU t hh ! y- 'yahr o- pred.ph.non-erg.
y-
yahmbi-i-gi 'ehmba 'teh-te peh-sin! k| go up to. [Gram: dest. takes
! I almost forgot it!
ny L <-le>, not <-la>]
l ` ` j yl ! ah
`-` yl M| yahmbi-i thimi-le 'yahr o-e 'mee-di!
mihm-ba ah-ni 'praah-le 'mahr j k UL! I want to go up to
ta-'lah o-e peh-'kyo. ny Thimi.
t S UL| I almost went - 'yahr tah- pred.ph.erg.
right down over the cliff. E, E E| drive upwards (e.g.
lU yahmbi-i-gi cattle).
peh-ti adv.ph. HLj | by just a - - 'yahr 'yir-/
-/ -
little bit. 'mahr 'yir- pred.ph.erg. /
lU T L, LE, YE| turn s.th. this or that
S` ` L| yahmbi-i-gi way around (e.g. furniture).
peh-ti khye 'phimu kahl-sin, khu / 'yahr-'tep/-'tap loc.
tahnda-'ra kahl-sin. AE HLj -S | from a certain point
A , E S UH| You upwards. [Gram: reference point takes
are just a little bit too late, they left <-le>]
just now. S m M ` | 'kho
l` yahmbi-i-la-'ra zubu 'kyepa-le 'yahr-'tep 'rihbu 'du.
temp. HML| suddenly. EL kE LS j|
l () yahmbi-i-le The part of his body above the waist
(phar) temp.(ph.) HLj j| a is quite long.
moment later. y- 'yahra 'yihre o-
y-
pred.ph.dr. `Ut V| become dizzy.
yahmbu n. Lwy| place
names: Kathmandu. yahra yohre ''
V 'yahmbu 'gya-sa | See: 'yohre'.
n.ph. (o.f.) Lwy k| place
M/
M/ -M J`-
names: the capital of Kathmandu.
yahrkyi/ yahr-kyi oh-
() yahr(-la) loc. , E| pred.ph.non-erg. E V, KL |
up. [Gram: is often used without become prosperous.
<-la>] T A` M J`l !
t L U khye nahm-'a 'yahrkyi oh-de
`U| 'plaar 'ii-di-le 'mahr-le mihn-du! L E V!
'yahr-ki 'yihgi ta-ge. t Sj You will never become prosperous!

414
-

- yahl- v.i. JC, SC| any adj. may be substituted here]

wither; wilt (of plants); lose strength ` `U | di tohbo
(salt, blessing). yaahbu 'tho-gu 'du. S S
l h U j| This tree looks beautiful.
| pea-'ya 'mih-la 'yar ter-na tihlap -/ - yaahbu nee-/ ee-

yahl-ge lo. L AD gE pred.ph.dr. V| find s.th.
O Ej | They say that if you pleasing. [Gram: almost any adj. may
lend out the buddhist books, some of be substituted here]
their blessing gets lost. ` ` U | di

tohbo ah-la yaahbu nee-gen. S
yahla yuhle 't '
| See: 'ehmba'. D Vj| I find this tree very
pleasing.
` ` yahla mahla yaahbu peh-ti adv.ph.

'' | See: 'sem'. | well.
U yahlga n. U| branch. yaah-ro yaah-ro
`U U L | '-/-y/-t...' | See:
tohbo-gi yahlga-'ya kuuh-sin 'du. '-ro~-o~-o...'.
SL U `UHj| Oh I see, the yaah-'le '-/-' |
branches of the tree are hanging See: '-le~-lee'.
down. yaah-'se '-/-' |
See: '-se~-see'.
yaa n. y| foods: arum roots
(potato-like roots).
yaahyo n. hgD
LE U U | interjections:
- yaah- v.i. , | prosper;
do well; bear fruit. '-' | See rhyme to pacify babies.
also: 'roo- (W)'. `- 'yaahyo 'la- (E)
`-
pred.ph.erg. uE V LP|
| 'he yaah-sin. A |
money: beg for gifts by shouting
A | The potatoes did well.
slogans in groups. [Note: done once a
/ A`

yaah year, but only in some villages]
meeh-ba/ yeh-'a meeh-ba l `U |
pred.ph.cop. j j| none at all. [Gram: 'mehnda-la nahm nahm 'yaahyo
cop.= specific existence] 'la-ge lo. g LL uE V
S ! piihmi LP Uj | I heard that in
'kho-la-ni 'yaah meeh-ba! EL Mehnda they sometimes beg for gifts,
j j! He has no wife at all! shouting slogans in groups.
yaahbu adj. , A| good; `U 'yaahyo 'la-ge

beautiful; nice. petam (W) n.ph. hgD E UE
`- yaahbu 'tho- pred.ph.r.
`- U| lullaby.
S| look good. [Gram: almost yi n. (poetic) L (U
415
L

)(U ) center. [Note: {'kyahp-} n. {v.t.} t, L {E}

center in relation to the geographical cooking utensils: {beat with} beater.
directions; used in songs or ritual
yildo n. AU| courtyard.
speech]
j-
j-/ j J`- yih
L/ L J`-/ M- yiku/ tshim-/ yih tshimbu oh-
yiko oh-/ kyahp- pred.ph.dr. pred.ph.dr.
y V| have the hiccups. 1) lkL A U, | get
L` j `- yiku-'ra satisfaction (physical); feel good
thaa-di uh- pred.ph.non-erg. M
L (physically).
L U | sob violently.
M 2) Shg` kE| (feel) malicious
` (V) yibu (gyaa) adj. (n.) pleasure.
(wE) quiet and lonely (place). S`U mMU
k yindze 'Ek' | See: t`U , J ` j|
'umdze'. khu-gi 'mih-la hamba hupsu pehti
'zo-'kyo-gi 'aga 'tor-sin, ohle ah-la
l yindu adj. Lg (LL 'yih 'tshim-sin. E AD wU
) unripe (only used for fruit, k HL H, A Shg`
not for vegetables or grains).
kH| They lost the money which
S l` | khambu-ni they got by cheating people, so I felt
tahnda 'yindu-'ra 'du. A An Lg good about it.
j| The peaches are still green. jl 'yih 'tshim-de
-
- yip- v.t. LE| hide. [Note: rohwa adj.ph. lk k|
mostly used for people; for things see convincing.
'peeh-'] jl ML ! 'yih
lU,
lH| 'tshim-de rohwa 'aa 'kyahp-ku 'du!
'mih-la 'yip-ti 'aa-ge, pela-di peeh-di wu U j! He makes
'aa-en. ' LE' D ' pertinent jokes.
lU' j, ' LE' D g ! 'yih
jl S SL
lH' j| For hiding people
' 'tshim-de rohwa khurpu khur-ku 'du!
you usually use 'yipken', and for E lkL w Lj! He is
hiding things 'peehgen'. carrying an awfully big load!
yibi n. l, k A| jl w 'yih 'tshim-de hi
jl
grandmother. adj.ph. lkL| satisfactory.

-
- yir- v.t. YE| spin s.th. j- yih thee- pred.ph.erg.
around. ' -, -' E, U| believe; seem
right; be convinced. [Gram: goal of
| See also: 'yahr yir-, mahr
yir-'. faith takes <-la>; but does not take
human goal] '...H j-,
`
` {M-} yir-i -' | See also:
j
416
 -j

'...ma-en tam-la yih thee-, yih L| doubtful.

meeh-the-'. l 'yih
j
U U L L meeh-'the-wa-i adj.ph. E,
jH| 'lahla-gi lama pohmbo-gi E| poorly performed (of
'kurim peh-ke-la 'yih meeh-'the-en. festival).
LD nP UL LL l J`- 'yih
j
V| Some don't believe in meeh-'the-wa-i oh- pred.ph.dr.
the rituals of the lamas and shamans. A L U| have some doubts.
j 'yih 'theebu adj.ph. g U yihgi n. AQ, gw| letter.
p| beautiful; artistic. [Gram: excl.: '`-, -' | See also:
'yih thewa!'] 'ma-yih, peeh-yih'.
jl 'yih 'theebu-i n.ph. U - 'yihgi 'pruh- pred.ph.erg.
g p L| s.th. beautiful; s.th. gw T, AQ T| write; write a
artistic. letter.
- yih thaa- pred.ph.erg. Uz U t- 'yihgi 'aah- pred.ph.erg.
M, L E| keep bringing up , gw | read; study; read a
s.th. [Usage: usually neg. conn., but letter.
also keep bringing up one's own good - 'yihgi 'lop- pred.ph.erg.
U -
deeds, i.e. praising oneself] [Disc: M| learn to read.
matter of praise is stated in a different
` ` (`) yihme
indep. or dep. cl.] thome-la (-'ra) adv.ph. HML|
` SH AU M, J suddenly.
U, 'J `' U| ah ` j` ` j
'laa meh-'kha-en bele 'ada-gi ta-'kyo,
L, ` `` A`
ohle 'nama-gi, 'ooh ta-'yi' 'mee-di 'yih
L ` j` yl `
thaa-ge. S C D H ! 'yi 'baal tha thu-de
, Ek CU LgLg tshoo-de 'teh 'teh-te 'yehken-ni,
Uj| My older brother looked 'yihme 'thome-la-'ra 'aa 'kaami
after me when I was unwell, and now 'hop 'lah-de 'thuma-di-la 'amda
my sister-in-law keeps reminding him yii ter-te 'ma-en rooh!
of this.
H ky SH L , L
j- yih meeh-the- HML kML Ew gD C
pred.ph.non-erg. E, | ny C ! I tell you, we
disbelieve; disagree. were sitting together in a group,
j -L 'yih drinking beer; and then suddenly
maah-'the-ba peh-k pred.ph.erg. L uncle Kaami got up and slapped his
U| doubt s.b; have doubts. wife on her cheeks.
jU U 'yih -j y-
y-/ m-
m- yih-thile
meeh-'the-gen-gi adj.ph. E, o-/ zo- pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. MS,
417
-`

`U / | be stunned/ stun s.b. 'rih-'le/ mah-'le 'thoo-en? L

-` yih-to n. t| UD D L Vj? How
stillness; emptiness. long will it take you to do this work?
` H| ah yahmbi
-` yih-toe adj. | 'yihn 'thoo-en. D L Vj| It
desolate; lonely. will take me a moment.
t
- yihdam uhp- H| toba-ni 'yihn
pred.ph.erg. A D 'thoo-en. L Vj| It will take
T| lamaisms: discipline oneself some time.
through meditation; manipulate s.b. `` H|/ l`
through meditation. H| 'yihn mahbu-'ra 'thoo-en./
L M T`U, J U dibu-'ra 'yihn 'thoo-en.
tL, J `U Vj| It takes a long time.
yL| lama-la 'kee 'kyahp khyo-ge, H| 'yihn meeh-tho-en.
ohle lama-gi 'yihdam 'uhp-ke, ohle V| It will take no time at all.
'rah-gi 'leeh-'ya tehnda 'up-ken. / / U() yihn/
D H Ej, A yihm-ba/ yihn-ge(n) cop./ aux. |
D H Tj, be (truth emphasized evid.); yes.
A R j | I will call the [Phon: Before the cond. suffix /-na/
lama, and he will meditate to the stem final /n/ of this copula is
manipulate the god, and then my usually dropped.] [Gram: neg. =
aspirations will be fulfilled. <mihn/ mihm-ba/ mihn-ge(n)>.
/ yihn/ yihnda n. | The form with /-ba/ is the question
time span. form, but it is also used in somewhat
/ `l yihn/ emphatic statements.] [Note: For more
yihnda riha-i n.ph. | for a information on this copula see
long time. appendix 5, section 8.]
/ `U 'yihn/ ` ` | di
'yihnda 'rihbu-gi tam n.ph. 'pahla piihru ah-ti 'yihn. UDL
gy L| long talk. '` `U j | This calf is mine.
' | tih rihbu-gi tam S` t ! khu-ni 'maar
/ `/ `? 'yihm-ba! t ! They are
'yihn/ 'yihnda 'rih-'le/ mah-'le? teachers!
'-/-' | See: '-le~-lee'. J l t U|
- 'yihn 'thoo- ooh 'mih-ni 'yihn-de-ni 'buan-di
pred.ph.non-erg. V, A | 'yihn-gen. j hg tL |
take time; be delayed. That person really is from Bhutan.
h T `/ ` S` S U , S
H? di 'leeh peh-te-la khye 'yihn ll? khu-di 'kho 'su 'yihn-ge leh,

418
` `

'kho-la 'see 'aa-e-la? EL F L adv.ph.

HL k U|
, ED TD? What is he unnoticeably.
to them, that they would raise him? A` 'yihn-de-'a
U ` , ` seq.dep.pred.ph. H| conjunctions:
S U| di 'gari tahnda ah-ti even though. [Gram: any vs can be
'yihm-ba, toh-me 'kho-ti 'yih-ge. substituted for 'yihn'] '`'
Yy A , EL | | See also: 'yihm-ba-'la'.
This watch belongs to me now, before S `` LA`
it belonged to him. S| 'kho 'oohle
J ` andi-'ra kahl-de-'a 'thal-i lep
(U)| ooh 'mih 'toh-le pohmbo maah-khu. F L UH
mihm-ba ('yihn-gen). j HL V L| Even though he
nP H| That man was not a left early in the morning he could not
shaman before. make it in one day.
J ` L`A` ll, - 'yihm-ba 'ma-
-
U`A` J lU | ohle pred.ph.erg. L| acknowledge;
yari 'kah-'a dal-de, 'baga-'a insist on.
ooh-le dal-ge 'yihn. A ` yyL H M-U
j, L` UL | And 'yihm-ba ni mih-m-ba 'ma-en sem
we will pay homage on the Yari 'kye-g pred.ph.dr. L V, |
peak, and the Bagang monastery is doubt.
also to be worshipped from there. ` 'yihm-ba-'la
`C M M ! ah-y dep.pred.ph.cop. H| conjunctions:
'kyahlbu-la 'uh-'kyo 'yihm-ba! even though. [Gram: this construction
kD UL ! I put this is not readily used with other vs]
request to the king! [Disc: has a somewhat derogatory
J -M H EC connotation.] 'A`' |
?-| ooh 'mihn 'yibi See also: 'yihn-de-'a'.
phur-'tihkyi 'ma-en 'uy rooh? - S t ` AklA`
'yihm-ba. EL -L l j ` | 'kho 'maar 'yihm-ba-'la
, C ? - | Her name is ohze-i-'a 'oh maah-e. F t H
grandmother Phur-Tihkyi, isn't it, k n | Even though he is
friend? Yes. a teacher, he did not even know this.
l 'yihn-du cop. | let it `/
`/ yih-'na/ yih-'naa
be. [Gram: optative form of 'yihn'] cond.cl.cop. | conjunctions: but;
h ()` l! ti however.
'yih(n)-'na 'yihn-du! k H !
j tE L| `, `C
Whatever may be, let it be!
`` S| 'thee-'ya 'aah-w
y` w/ j
'yehken. 'yih-'na ah-y 'oh-'ra ee
'yihn-'a mihmba hi/ 'tshul peh-ti
419
U() l

maah-khu. L H, p upset, you mustn't eat all sorts of

L| I used to read the books, but I things.
could not understand things. - 'yihn-dze
k k -
J J E j`U `U k mihn-dze tam 'ma- pred.ph.erg.
` , j ` , ALLE, AL U| hesitate.
l` j J`U | ohle k` yihn-dze-'ra
ooh 'priw 'tho-gen 'tho-gen-di dep.pred.ph.cop. | all sorts of.
pehza 'yih-'na 'yihn, 'mih thimbu [Gram: used as qt.]
'yih-'na 'yihn, dibu-'ra 'sodi
thimbu oh-ge lo. A yL l l (
) yihn-di
T hg L w j F
mihn-di (peh-ti) adv.ph. k H
A V j | And the child or , L | under all
adult who sees this monkey running circumstances; at all costs.
will be very fortunate. l l J ` T
L- 'yih-'naa ` LH! 'yihn-di mihn-di ooh
mihm-ba tam ken- pred.ph.erg. nt yihmu 'khya lep-'ra 'koh-en! L
E| accuse falsely. [Gram: undg. ACV j!
takes <-ki thoo-la>] Under all circumstances you must
- arrive that day!
'yih-'naa mihmba-la 'yihndo ten- `U , l l
pred.ph.non-erg. Lt U| play the h- ` L ` E
hypocrite; be hypocritical. ! 'yih-gi pohmo-la, "'yihn-di
mihn-di 'tah-rhil yii 'kal to 'ma-w
U() yihn-gen '' | 'du" 'mee ter loh! jD, k
See: 'yihn'.
H Ct gL y wCF
k k yihn-dze mihn-dze ! Please tell our daughter
n.ph./ adj.ph. L L, k| all that I told you that she should send us
sorts of things; indiscriminately. two cakes of tea without fail!
j J`U, ` ` l yihndu temp.pp. -S|
k k yH | 'nahwa tshawa since. [Gram: if the temporal is a
oh-gen, nahbar 'ti-le 'yihn-dze pred.ph., the vs is followed by <-le>
mihn-dze oo 'nahle. S j, + temp.pp.]
j L L j | k` j l| ''dzambuli
There will be sickness, all sorts of thaa-'le 'yihndu. t HS|
things will go wrong afterwards. since the world came into existence.

k k l U) yihndu(-gi) loc.pp.
l(U)
`U| 'phoo 'tembu meeh-na -S| from.
'yihn-dze mihn-dze sah-e
lU` 'yihndu-gi-'ra pp.
meh-yoh-ge. t g j k
, U| including.
S S | When your stomach is

420
 L

yihnden yeh 'du. E D wE Lj| He

pred.ph.cop. CWL A | wasn't sure whether he recognized
have power of meditation. [Gram: me.
cop.= specific semi-attribution]
y- 'yihme thime o-
j y-
S | 'kho-la 'yihnden pred.ph.dr. L C k | be
'yeh-ba. ED CWL A j| unsure about s.th.
He has the power of meditation.
yihm-ba '' | See:
- yihndo ten- 'yihn'.
pred.ph.non-erg. C E, HL
- yihr- v.i. Y, L| spin
LD | feign; pretend. around; turn around. ' y-'
U U Ul` | See also: 'yahra 'yihre o-'.
, Jk l M ! L gML Mgl M|
'moh-gi di-gi tehnda-la 'yihndo 'bas-ki 'tsakka 'ihk-tse-i 'yihr-'kyo.
ten-gen-dzi-'ra 'yihm-ba, 'moh-la ohze
L gML AL Yj | The wheel
dibu kyiih meeh-ba! E of the bus just turned a little bit.
C UHL , ED W
j! She is just pretending she knows, yih-la 'U M/ ,
she really doesn't know much about ' | See: 'sem-gi
this. kyil-la/ yih-la, nawa yih-la'.
- - -la 'yihndo ten-
yihi nuhrpu n.ph.
sf.+ pred.ph.erg. -L UE| accuse C | names of deities: Dalai
of. [Gram: dep.cl.+sf. + pred.ph.erg. Lama.
(dep.cl. states the accusation)] U M `
MM| 'yihi 'nuhrpu-gi 'kyahmi
- yihp- v.i. M| hide.
'yambu 'maa 'kyahp-'kyo. C
S` M |
pruhl 'khaba 'kyahp-la 'yihp 'teh 'du gU yC UL H| The Dalai
lo. Y jy L | The Lama fought a war with the Chinese.
snake hid behind the house. - yii- v.t. tE| cause a prickly
sensation in the mouth. [Gram: takes
-
-j/ j/ j
J`- yihma-the / yihme inanim. actor; exp. takes <-la> (see
thime/ yihme thame oh- neutral word order for inanim. actors,
pred.ph.dr. L | be doubting. appendix 5, section 21.2)]
-
-j/ j/ j ` `U ! ah-la
-L 'yihma-'the/ 'yihme 'yerma-gi yii-di! D t t!
thime/ 'yihme 'thame peh-k This timmur has given me a prickling
pred.ph.erg. L C k , wE feeling in the mouth.
M| be unsure about s.th. L l- yiik (N) aa- pred.ph.erg.
SU ` j | DS T| harbour resentment; think of
'kho-gi ah-la 'yihme thime peh-sin revenge.
421
`

g gH

k`VU L
yulu muhlu adv.ph.
`A l L ! 'phema 'bela-le p, | altogether.
'tsemu 'tse-e-mu dzi-'gyo-gi 'yiik ` Lh t |
tohro-'aa 'aa 'teh-ku 'du! hg 'tohba-la 'kaptya 'yulu 'muhlu 'il
S kL DS F An T j! Oh, 'du-ba. A Ly p j |
he still harbours the resentments Her face is all wrapped up.
which built up when we quarreled as hU A A` L`
children while playing! t` ! tip tii-gi aa 'tap-ti-'a
'kaba-ni 'yulu 'muhlu 'a-sin 'du!
` L` yiiri kah n.ph.
wyt| place names: harepai (high HEt gj EL Su
saddle on the western ridge of Hj! I got stung by a bee, and now
Yohlmu, above Milimchhim village. my leg/ foot is swollen all over!

yu n. (t ) turquoise M
yuhkpi n. , k n|
plants: kind of weed (looks very much
stone.
like wheat in its early stages).
L-` yuk-a '-`' |
See: 'yuu-a'. `
- yuh- v.i. | shake.
L L `U| 'lihk 'lihk
`- yu- v.t. E| rock; shake. 'yuh-gen. L, | shake
SU L` `U | 'kho-gi 'kaba uncontrollably.
'yu-gu 'du. E Su E j| He
is making his legs tremble. `
yuha n. | spices:
turmeric.

yuhrma n. n| weed.
- 'yuhrma 'yuhr-

yuhm n. L HEt
pred.ph.erg. Uy| weed. LL | cerem. utensils: name of a
religious book.
- 'yuhrma 'en-

pred.ph.erg. n HL-HL U ES| pull
l `-
`-/ l `-
`-
out weeds individually. 'yuhm dal na- (E)/ 'yuhm daalo
na- (W) pred.ph.erg.
- yul- v.t. M, j| cover up (t.) ceremonies: read the book
evenly (with soil, manure). called 'yuhm' during a ceremony.
` L` SU | 'tihri
kuhmu 'khawa-gi 'yul-sin 'du. Ak l/
yuhmden/ yuhm
n. (poetic) | mother.
E k Lj| Last night it
snowed and it covered up the yuhmbu n. L |
countryside. wife of lama.
- yul tum- v.t. j| - yuhr- v.t. Uy| cultivate soil.
envelop; engulf; soak through and
yuhl n. UE, Q| village;
through. [Gram: actor is normally region.
inanim.]

422


-L yuhl peh-k 'y -L' has no work, and so he wanders

| See: 'ul peh-k'. around.
-w yuhl-him n. UEL () yuuh(-la) loc. , E|
k| village tradition (local law). above; up.
-w M- 'yuhl-him 'kyuuh- LV ! ta
pred.ph.erg. UEL V| fulfill/ yuuh-le 'yahr kahl-'gyo 'nahle! E:
maintain tradition. UHL ! We went
H `, -w M ! somewhere up there!
'ee 'luhba-'ya, 'yuhl-him
-h yuuh-te n. CgL| place
'kyuuh-wa-la o! H UE , UEL names: Ichok (big Tamang village on
L U AJ! Hey folks, come the western side of the Melamchi
and fulfill the tradition (i.e. bring River, on the slope north of Gohare
your contributions for the festival). Khola).
`- 'yuhl-him no-
-w `-
pred.ph.erg. UEL U| spoil yemba '' | See: 'toh'.
tradition. yemba lahma n.ph.
{h-} yuhldum {tee-} n. wEL | place names: small
{v.t.} L {} {arrange} bundle (a settlement above Timbu (on the upper
load wrapped up in a cloth). way to Langgyapsa).

yuhl-ba n. UE| villager. - yer- 'S' | See: 'kha'.

- yuu- v.t. E| wave s.th; (W)
swing (e.g. hands). '-' | See:
'yap- (E)'.
SU E | 'kho-gi
'ahmu pi-ti yuu-w 'du. F t L
E j| Oh, he is taking off his
hat and waving it at us.
U U H| 'baso-gi goo yuu-en.
tEL Ej| Cattle swing
their head back and forth.
-`/
`/ L-` - yuu-a/
yuk-a ten- pred.ph.erg.
SE| show off (excitedly, e.g. like
children).
- yuuh- v.i. Y, E k|
wander from one place to another.
E | 'leeh meeh-ba-la
yuuh-w 'du. L H Y j| He
(`) yerma() n. t, t|
spices: timmur.
- yel- v.t. tPE, h| tear off;
break off.
Ul T g l H|
yahlga-i 'yel-di 'khyer-ti 'tsuu 'aa-na
bu-en. HEt U g U
Ej| If you break off a twig and
plant it, it will sprout.
() yeh(-ba) cop./ aux. j| exist;
be; have (attested evid.). [Phon: For
the irregularities in voicing
assimilation of suffixes see appendix
7, section 4.] [Gram: neg. =
<meeh(-ba)>; for past tense see
<yehke(n)>. The form with /-ba/ is
the question form, but it is also used
in somewhat emphatic statements.]

423
L
() l`

[Note: For more information on this L h 'yeh-ken

h/
copula see appendix 5, section 8.] tii/ 'yeh-pu tii n.ph. g|
J ` | ooh well-to-do person.
arpa yii-ni ta yuuh-la 'yeh. Ck g ` 'yeh-tse-'ra/
`/ k
E: j| Those two Sherpas 'yeh-ze-'ra qt.ph. HL |
are up there. everything available.
AE , U-j , L
() yehke(n) cop./ aux. |
S`U HV! 'nahre aw-'ya 'yeh-ba, was; had (attested evid.). [Gram: this
go-'thewa-'ya 'yeh-ba, khu-gi is the past form of <'yeh-k>; neg =
'ma-en-'gyile! A LL j, <meeh-ba yehken>] [Note: For
U j, E j ! more information on this copula see
Now there are your uncles, and there appendix 5, section 8.]
are the village leaders, they will talk
m` H M Ll
for you!
L| 'Sonam Zabu 'ma-e 'mihn
-SL `C T ! 'thoo-'kyo kehpu-i 'yehken.
'lii-'kharka-la ah-y 'khyim 'yeh-ba!
m` UL HLk j H|
-SL Y j! I have a house in There was an old man called Sonam
Liih-'Kharka! Zabu.
h -kU `U, y t l U ` L| 'gari ah-ti
yU ` h ! di rohwa 'yehken. Yy k
'teen-'rehzi-gi su-ge, "owa rihu
| I had a watch like this one.
semden 'en-gen ah tii mihm-ba-ni
L L ` yE L|
meeh!" gk j, kehpu 'kohre-la 'yahl o-w 'yehken.
L A L D Lt Uw k| The old man
O UE M! The god called used to go and sleep in the cattle
Teen-rehzi says, "There is no other shed.
god who can deliver the animate
beings out of hell but me!" k
(`) yehze (-'ra)
`
| 'k(`)' | See: 'deze(-'ra)'.
ah-la-ni 'loohlo 'leeh mah-be' 'mee-de
- yehn- 'l' | See:
'yeh. D AL L U L j| I 'namdo'.
have been told to do no other work.
l - yehnda phul-
U l ! pred.ph.erg. gE
'baso 'or-ti 'mih-gi 'baali sah-e
( ) cerem. terms: pour
'yeh-ba! L AL Sj!
ritually clean water into 7 small metal
The cattle will get loose and eat other bowls and place them on the altar as
people's crops! an offering for the gods. 'k'
L
L( ), L
() | See also: 'tihndzar'.
'yeh-ke(n)-'ya, meh-ke(n)-'ya n.ph.
| the haves and have-nots.
- l` yehnda n./ adj. |
424
y

deaf. 'l V' | See S ` M U U|

also: 'namdo yehn-'gyo'. 'khawa mahbu 'kyahp-na yahlga
S l`l | 'kho 'yehnda-di 'yehl-gen. E U
'du. F j| Oh, he is quite deaf. gj| If it snows a lot the
'yehnda piihru
l` branches (of the trees) break off.
n.ph. hg (H U

{M-} yehser {kyahp-}
U ) abusive expressions: term used n. {v.i.} L, gL {} beams of light
for a child who pretends not to hear, {fall/ shine}. [Gram: source takes gen.
or hears everything crooked. <-ki>]
y yehna peh-ti U ML | 'hira
'Ay' | See: 'ahna'. 'moti-gi 'yehser 'kyahp-ku 'du.
j
j-
yehpa thaa- L gL AE j| The pearls
pred.ph.non-erg. tL, LL are shining.
| shine; sparkle. yee p. H , A (U U )
LU U w jH interjections: soft surprise; agreeing; oh,
U, J w jH| kohmba-gi I see.
'mih-gi hom 'yehpa thaa-en 'samma , y `U J
phii-ge, ohle hom 'yehpa thaa-en. h LH? yee, 'yehna
LY`L j n tL U 'ma-si-'ma-na ah-gi ooh simbu-la ti
hjj, A tLj| The people of peh 'koh-en? H, H L U
,
Langgyapsa wipe the floor boards QD? Oh, I see, so in that case
until they shine, and then the floor what do I have to do to that monster?
sparkles.
k
yeezo n. ACk| place names:
(-
(-`) yehpa (-'ra) adv. , Aiju (small settlement in the western
An| again. conjunctions: and what's area of Yohlmu, on the north side of
more. the ridge above Maahngu).
`, L tU `UA`
yeeba n. L | clan names:
y LH| 'yehpa-'ra, 'kame non-lama clan (='maba').
'uuh-ge-mu 'yih-gi-'a rooh peh o
'koh-en. , ES L/
L/ L/ AL/ AL/ l L/
UH Uj|| But when the l L yeerak/ yerak/ aarak/
harvest is brought in, we also have to arak/ eerak/ erak (H) n. M|
go and help with it. whisky. [Usage: W: 'eerak' = hon.]

- yehl- v.i. tP, L,

yeeh n. tL
A| foods:

g| decay; break off. parched grain (any kind).

gM | 'tsikpa 'yehl-sin 'du. g ` l
` LH|
Oh, the
U (S) Lj 'tsamba 'eebi thaa-e-la 'yeeh 'o
wall is decaying slowly. 'koh-en. ED A t j| To
make parched flour the grains must
425

- -
be parched.
- yeeh- v.i. Yt, SC|
wear down; decay.
g` `U S` yH|
'tsabu nah-gi toh-'ya 'kho-'ra
'yeeh-di o-en. SL `U
A SCH kj| The stones in the
river bed wear down slowly.
-
- yo- v.t.
1) (E) LE, E| cook; boil in
water.
2) (W) LE| cook. '-, L-,
S-' | See also: 'bloo- (W),
kol-, khol-'.
M/ V/ yokpu (m.)/
yogmu/ yoomu (f.) n. L, L/
L, L| slave.
MU j L| yokpu-gi
'tha-la 'teh-ken. LL k |
be a slave.
M
M- yopta kyahp-
pred.ph.erg. S E| prepare a
meal.
yoba adj./ n. | right
(hand).
yoma adj./ n. | left (hand).
-
- yol- v.i. J| wrap clothes
around oneself (e.g. shawl).
S UM` | 'kho garkya
yol-sin 'du. E Jj| Oh, he
wrapped a shawl around himself.
- yol ter- pred.ph.erg.
J| wrap clothes around s.b.
V {-
{-} yolgyap {yol-}
pred.ph.erg. j {J} clothing:
{put on} shawl.
yolsen n. J (
L L) clothing: (W): shawl
(worn by ladies and gentlemen); (E):
shawl (worn by lamas, monks, and
nuns). [Usage: (E): for the shawl worn
by ladies it is o.f.; easterners use
'khaso' (N) or 'ol' (Eng)]
/ yohre/ yahre
yohre adj./ adj.ph. ML, ML|
fat-bellied; bulging; fat-bellied.
J Ml j , t |
ooh-di 'kye-e 'yeh-ba tshee 'du, 'ehpa
'yohre 'du. E j M, y
ML Lj| Oh, it seems that this
one is going to have a calf, it has a fat
belly.
k` |
di 'mih 'dzamma-di-'ra 'phowa 'yahre
'yohre 'du. L t ML ML
Lj| Oh, all these people are
fat-bellied.
- yohl- v.i. | pass (of time
spans); go past a certain point. [Usage:
in time- and space-related contexts in
the realm of nature]
l S
J`| loh tihn yohl phando 'kho
looh oh-sin. j F L
A| After seven year he came back.
` `-y L` hg
, gl L
| 'yihma 'ihm-umbu 'kah-le
'mahttsi yohl-sin 'du, taah-ni 'he
'tsuu-e 'bela kahl-sin 'du. Y
`-y yyS A AE
j, A A Hj| The
sun now sets past the hill of
Ngyihm-umbu, so now it is time to
plant the potatoes.
426
- `

- yohl- v.t. ` | shake g yohlmu nohrtsa

s.th. back and forth in oval circles. E| place names: Laurebina
n.ph.
[Note: e.g. rice in a tray in order to (high saddle on the western ridge of
clean it] Yohlmu, just before the Gosainkuna
`C l U| ah-y lakes).
'bree yohl-di 'soi ten-ge. g
/
/ yohlmo (E)/
` Lj| I am going yohlmu(W) n. | place names:
to shake the raw rice grains back and Helambu. '' | See also:
forth in oder to pick out the spelts. 'yohl'.
/ / yohl/ yohla/ `| yohlmu 'luhba.
yohlmu n. Ak| handful. Q| Helambu country.
L`U ` ` yH / | yohlmo-wa/
S L` ! 'kehlo-gi yohlmu-wa. | person of
'soyem 'la o-en 'bela-le-ni 'kho-la Yohlmo.
yohla 'kah ter-ti! Q Q V
yohwa n. y| handle (of
Ak C! When the monk tool).
went to ask for alms he received
(only) one handful! yoomu 'M/ V' | See:
'yokpu/ yogmu'.
yohla '' | See:
'yohl'.

` ra '`U' | See: 'raga'. J ` LMU
`` h, L`! ooh-la
-`/
`/-t`/-
t`/-y`/ - 'yeh-pa-'ra 'kiikpa-gi 'yahl-'ra
-ra~-a~-a/ -ra sf. | maah-tu-ba, 'nuhp 'kah!
emphatic. [Phon: /-'a/ occurs after
E H, tM! And
/r/ and /p/, /-'a/ after //; these then there the fleas would not let me
two variants are optional, some sleep at all the whole night!
people use /-'ra/ everywhere; /-'ra/ ` `U,
used in less careful style of speech] t` L| 'yih-ni taah looh
L` Aw k J` meh-yoh-ge, taah-ni 'mahr-'a
L! kuhmu 'aah 'bae-la 'teh-ke. A L
, A
ooh-la-'ra 'baasa 'teh 'keeh-di! L j| We will not come back now,
Aw k ! And we now live down there.
reaching there at eight o'clock in the
evening we had to stay overnight ` ` raa roe '`' |
there. See: 'roge'.

427
`U

`U/
`U/ ` raga/ ra conj. | L`U L L U
conjunctions: and. '-`/ -`' | 'yoma 'kaba-gi 'rehko-ni 'raba
| See also: '-ta~ -da'. 'rebe 'kee ten-gu 'du. SuL z
h- `U C ` g`! g A A LEj| The bone of the
'tah-rhil raga 'mayda ta 'tsoh! A left leg is making some noise.
gL y wC! Send us a J `U L l
cake of tea leaves and some white | ohle 'yih-gi 'mahr-ki tam 'raba
U
flour! 'ribi ee-ge. L ()
J AU J h ` A A kj| And then we know
` ` T | ohle aba-gi ooh a little bit of the language they speak
'tihbi 'mahrmu ra umbu yii 'khyer down there.
'du lo. A g g Lh| 'raba 'rebe 'keta.
VHj | And then the father took L ( L)| insignificant
the red and the blue bird along with matter.
him. 'raba 'rebe peh-ti

adv.ph. SL| without much
`U `U/ `U `U
ragal rogol/ rahgal rohgol expenses (i.e. without performing a
big ceremony).
L) half
adj.ph. `U `U (y
naked. h-/ j- raba robe
T h `U `U y L taa-/ thaa- pred.ph.erg./ non-erg.
? 'khyaabu-la ti 'ragal rogol gLg E/ | smash/ get
ee 'teh-ken 'yihm-ba? ky L A smashed (breakable things like
`U H yL ? Why are you crockery).
walking around half-naked in this m l-/ ` l- 'raba
cold weather? 'robe 'zee 'aa-/ ta 'aa- pred.ph.erg.
`U` `U` ragalo t E| crush s.th. (grass, plants,
rogolo '`U`/ `U`' etc.).
| See: 'rogolo/ rohgolo, -
- ral- v.t. h| tear.
grammar note'.
L L ( ) rasak resek
rap '' | See: 'raap'. (peh-ti) adv.ph. U,
/ j- rap rup/ gL | messily; carelessly (do a
CU
rahp-ruhp tshii- pred.ph.non-erg. job this way).
, S | burn down rah n. S| goat (f. and
completely. generic).
(-l)/ (-
(-l) 'rah-a/ 'rah-li n.
l/
raba rebe(-i) (E)/ raba ribi(-i) | goat excrements.
L
(W) qt.ph. A A ( ) a 'rah-bal n. SL F|
little; insignificant amount. wool made from goat's hair.

428
L `l

'rahbu (m.) n. L, yL oneself.

| male goat; ram. `U 'rah-gi pr.poss. A|
one's own.
L L rahk rohk intens.ph.
tML, tML| intensifier for 'taa-, `U S -L rah-gi
thaa-'. khui (N) peh-k- pred.ph.non-erg.
AS U| please oneself.
M rahkpa n. | work
`U m`- 'rah-gi sem zu-
utensils: strap used to carry loads on
pred.ph.erg. A (
the back. [Note: by placing the strap ) cheer up.
around the load and wearing it across
`U t l- 'rah-gi
the forehead] sem 'ih-la 'aa- pred.ph.non-erg.
` rah pr. A, | self. A T| exercise
` U - 'rah go then- self-discipline.
pred.ph.non-erg. A Su E| `U l l- 'rah-gi
become independent; live on one's sem-la tahmda 'aa- pred.ph.non-erg.
own resources. A U| be self-controlled.
` ` `U {-L} 'rah [Gram: exp. takes gen. <-ki>]
'rah tahga {peh-k} n.ph. {v.t.} ` ` raha rohe '`'
A-A S {U}, Chj {U} each | See: 'roe'.
one {does} as he pleases.
- 'rah 'rah
` ` - `U `U rahgal
'so-'so adv.ph. U| free to do what rohgol '`U' | See:
pleases. 'ragal'.
` ` - yU| 'rah 'rah `U` `U` rahgalo
'so-'so o-gen. A-A k| go each rohgolo '`U`/ `U`'
one his own way. | See: 'rogolo/ rohgolo,
` ` -U U| grammar note'.
'rah 'rah 'so-'so-gi 'leeh-la 'uuh-gen.
`V -
-/ -L rahgyal
A-A L V| look out for or-/ peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. At,
one's own interests.
w, | be stubborn; unruly.
` ` - L| 'rah 'rah
'so-'so peh-ken. U U| please `l `-
`- rahda ta-
oneself (in a carefree way). pred.ph.erg. k U
` U `` M- 'rah SE (L kAk A) festivals:
sem-gi 'rah-la-'ra 'kyaa- sponsor a special festival.
U| praise
pred.ph.erg. A A`U l`
oneself. `U-h `l jl `V|
'aa-gi 'ini loh-la 'uhgan-'te-la
- 'rah
` U ``
sem-gi 'rah-la-'ra 'ma- pred.ph.erg. 'rahda 'tshiiu ta-'gyo.
A A AD | talk to `U-h k

429
` -

jl L Ak U| The year `` rahi adv. A A|

before last year my maternal uncle on one's own (gift developed without
sponsored a 'tshiiu festival in teaching).
Syuhnggan-Che. `` U| pohmbo
'rahi then-gen. A A nP
` rahden n. |
selfishness. | become shaman on one's own.
`U `U| 'rahden-gi rahna rihne adv./ adj.ph.
samlo ta-gen. A | `U -`
U (nyHL A)
have selfish intentions. uneven in length and not very neat
` J`UU L| (of things hanging). 'l l'
'rahden oh-gen-gi 'leeh peh-ken. | See also: 'dana dine'.
L U| work only for one's L` Lh h`
own interests. l | yahpsa 'kah 'kapta 'rahna
m- 'rahden 'zo-
` m- 'rihne ta 'aa 'du. y U
pred.ph.erg. U| be selfish. `U -` nyC Sj| All over
U
SU h ` ` h` the porch there are clothes hanging in
mH| 'kho-gi-ni ti 'leeh peh-'na a disorderly fashion.
'rahden tii-'ra 'zo-en. E k L
rahpu adj. | strong;
U A D Uj| He experienced; mature (of people ).
is selfish in everything he does.
V U| rooh

`` M-U rahdo kye-g 'rahpu 'yeh-na 'leeh gyooba sihn-ge.
pred.ph.non-erg. U g AE, L gy j| If
Sl, AL U | become you have a strong friend the work will
aggressive. be finished quickly.
`U hA` S` -`
rahp-ta
`` M ` ` k` J` rihm-ba peh-ti (W) adv.ph.
| ah-gi-ni ti-'a maah-'me-ba-la
U, P| with perseverance;
'kho-'ra 'rahdo 'kyee-di ah diligently; one by one.
'yambu dzi oh 'du-ba. L
` k -`
F A Sk U nUy U ` ` L| ah
A| I hadn't said anything; he pehza-'ya-ni 'rahp-ta 'rihmba
became agressive just like that and peh-te-'ra noh-di kahl-sin.
started to fight with me.
hg PU U UH| My
` rahsa det. AL| other. children got spoiled one by one.
` ` 'rahsa 'rahsa rahpten n. OL |
adj./ adv.ph. | different. names: personal name.
` ` -L 'rahsa
'rahsa peh-k pred.ph.erg. jtE| - rahp-ruhp '-'
separate. | See: 'rap-rup'.

430
 -

rahba rehbe adj.ph. put into curry.

UU, nn | odd bits and ` ` rahma
pieces; all kinds of. tohbo n.ph. EL S| trees: big
`U g ` A` T`| tree with soft leaves.
ah-gi 'tsa 'rahba 'rehbe 'ee-di
` ` MM V
khyo-sin. UU k H
` J`U, ` J`U,
Y Lt CL| I cut all `` J`U| rahma tohbo rih
kinds of grass and brought it. 'kyahp-'kyo 'gyaa-la mahbu oh-ge,
`/
`/ ` rahbya/ 'lah-'la oh-ge, roh-'la oh-ge.
rahbiya n. (U k EL S UHL wE j,
k) animals: toad. [Note: there j| The
L j
are two kinds: 'thu rahbiya' and 'rahma' tree usually grows where
'pa rahbiya'; some people eat there has been a landslide; it grows at
them] higher and lower elevations.
- rahma rohme - rahl- v.i. h| tear.
rohm- pred.ph.non-erg. UU
() 'rahlda (ruhlda)
L| {fall} pell-mell. adj.(ph.) `-`| torn up.
k M- rahmdzi kyahp- rah-li 'l' | See:
pred.ph.erg. L E| blanch. 'rah-a'.
[Note: done to vegetables to take away
y rahli n. HLu k ALu
some of their strong taste]
k HL Lw| cerem. utensils:
L k M wooden gadget carried by the god
U| 'tito 'karil-la 'rahmdzi 'dambe-ya'.
'kyahp-ti 'preeh yahl-gen. LD
l-`U M h y
E tCj| Titekarelas are M J`U| 'dambe-ya-gi 'lahkpa
blanched to take away some of their tii-la 'rahli 'thoo-'kyo oh-ge.
bitterness.
l-`L HEt y HL
{`-
{`-/ L-} rahmne j| The god called dambe-ya
{ta-/ kyahp-} n. {v.t.} EYt {U} carries a wooden gadget in one of his
(w, U AL) festivals:: hands.
{celebrate} dedication of 'kohmba'
rahlba n. n, u| blossom
and other religious monuments. [Note: of grass-like plants.
involves masked dancing]
t | a 'rahlba 'rihn
rahmba n. | plants: 'rihn. LL u| unkempt shock of
chives. [Note: growing wild, and hair.
planted in gardens]
- -raa '-' | See: '-ree'.
U| rahmba paa-la
'luu-ge. j| Chives are - T -raa khyer-ti aux.ph. ,

431
- -

H| with adj. stem: intensify a L| tam 'ma-raa 'thal-di di 'keta

quality; with vs: overdo an activity. tsokpa kahl-sin. L
[Gram: vs/ adj.stem+ aux.ph.] [Note: | This matter has
For etymology of '-raa' cf. 'raah-'] become awkward because somebody
h j- T ` said the wrong thing.
t- J`| tihlap 'the-raa MM SU ` yL!
'khyer-ti di 'luhba-la a-'ihba 'kyahk-raa 'thal-di 'kho-gi 'mii-'ra
oh-sin. A H UE 'up-'kyo! t
EL AS g
| There was such a tremendous Hj! He has become so fat that his
blessing that the region prospered eyes are not showing anymore!
well.
/ raap/ rap (N) n. , |
S j- T L t` heat waves; fig.u.: emanation of
`| di khurpu 'the-raa 'khyer-ti authority.
'koh-le 'yahr-'a mah-o.
j| 'meh 'raap thimbu.
w H Lt j| This load is so AUL w , | intense heat of
huge that it would not go through the the fire.
doorway.
`U | 'yihma-gi 'raap.
LE h`- T jL , | heat of the sun.
L
hA` `| di 'kauli 'tu-raa J j | ooh 'mih 'raap
'khyer-ti paa 'tshak ti-'a mah-yoh. thimbu 'du. L w j|
LE A H HL jL That person emanates an aura of
| This cauliflower is so tiny that it
U authority.
is not even enough for one meal.
S S- T U` M| raari (N) n. y|
household
utensils: hand-woven carpet of sheep's
khurpu khur-raa 'khyer-ti goo-'ra 'suh
'kyahp-sin. L tEL T| I wool.
carried so much that I got a head - raah- aux.dep. , H
ache now. U| perform an activity excessively.
- T l`` [Gram: vs + aux.dep.]
M| 'lu lehn-raa 'khyer-ti U `U `
'diba-'ra 'suh 'kyahp-sin. U ! 'moh-gi barta 'la-gen-di

UE Yt T| We sang so much taah-ni mah raah-sin! EL U A
that our throats are hurting. ! Her scolding has become too
much (to bear) now!
- -raa thal-di aux.ph. L
L U| go too far J Ut ` MU w
unintentionally in doing s.th. [Gram: U! ohle 'gii tuh raah-di
vs+aux.ph.] [Note: For etymology of 'lahkpa-le-gi 'haa 'thiiba then-ge! Uu
'-raa' cf. 'raah-'] Lt Lt
L wt U V
j! And breaking up so many
Lh gM
stones for gravel your hands will start
432
 -L`

bleeding! -
- ril- v.t. yE| cause to fall
over.
m`- raah zu- '`' |
See: 'yaah'.
` h
J` `C U H! di 'leehmu
/
/ U M- raahma (E)/ 'thana arpa 'mehnda tu oh-'naa
raahgam (W) kyahp- ah-y ril-gen ma-en! `
pred.ph.non-erg. , L S| k AH j ! I tell you,
wrestle. even if ten of those wretched Sherpas
k ML| come, I will throw them over!
pehza-'ya rih-la raahma 'kyahp-ken.
LtLt k`U L Sj| The rih n.
children wrestle with each other in 1) k`U| forest.
the forest. 2) Q, | region; landscape;
climate.
-L raahr (N) peh-k -E rih-'u n. (poetic) Y k`U|
pred.ph.non-erg. U| desire; covet. thicket; deep forest.
l! raahr diba! n.ph. L L M- rih kora 'kyahp-
! exclamations: how interesting!. pred.ph.non-erg. k`U Y| go for a
raaha n. Q| seed of walk.
fleocarpus ganitries tree. [Note: used M- rih 'kyahp- pred.ph.e.
for rosaries and amulets] 'E' k| be a landslide.
| See also: 'siw'. `- rih 'yihl-'dep
U ` ! n.ph. YL wE| sunny slope/
'mehme pohmbo-gi 'raaha mahbu side/ place.
taa 'du! nP k QL t` rih 'ahmu n.ph. g
UEHj| Grandfather shaman is wE| cold climate.
wearing (a necklace with) a lot of t rih 'ihp-lo n.ph.
rudraksha seeds! j, wE| shady place; chilly
climate.
/
/ ` rin/ ri n. , | foot of
tree or mountain. t - rih 'eeh bar-
-
pred.ph.e. U V| get warmer (of
` 'rin-'ra meeh-ba

weather in spring). 't ' |
'U' | See: 'goo'.
See also: 'eehmbar'.
t -L ripoo (Eng.) peh-k | rih 'eeh bar 'du. U
t
pred.ph.erg. Ek U| report to the Uj| It's getting warmer.
authorities. t rih ohmo n.ph.
- t` -rim ahma '- wE| warm climate.
t`' | See: '-rihm ahma'. -L` rih-kah n. wEL |
-U -rimba-gi '-U' | place names: small settlement north of
See: '-rihmba-gi'. Phaa-Dungdung on the upper way to

433
M

Langgyapsa. `U rihgur n. |
animals: wild cat.
M/
/ M rihkpa/ rihki n.
W, | cleverness (in work, speech rihda n. k| wild animal
and behaviour); wisdom; intelligence. (forest animal).
S M S |/ S M ` rihdo n. Y k`U
| 'kho-ni rihkpa 'kheeba 'du./ 'kho-ni wE| deep forest (big forested
rihkpa yaahbu 'du. F j| He area).
is intelligent.
S M t | 'kho-ni rihkpa - rihn- '
-' | See:
ihmbu 'du. F gL j| He is 'rehn-'.
clever/ cunning. / ` rihn/ rih n. , ,
M j`` L
U Ll | price.
rihki 'tshabu-'ra 'yeh-ken-gi U Lk L? di-gi 'rihn
kindo n.ph. g, 'kahze peh-ken? L L ?
| the all-wise God. How much is the price of this?
` rih '' | See: 'rihn'. Lk ? di-di-la 'rihn
'kahze ter-pa? D L ?
`- 1 rih- v.i. | be too How much did you pay for this?
long; be prolongued.
M- 'rihn 'kyahp-
M `| di thakpa-ni pred.ph.erg. U| set price.
'rih-sin. y | This rope
(hg) h- 'rihn
is too long. ('mahttsi) taa- pred.ph.erg. E
L ` | kuuhda YtE, L| reduce the price; bargain.
'rih-sin taah-ni. S, A SF|
S U 'rihn
/ `
We can't wait any longer now. maah-khu/ maah--gu pred.ph.dr.
``/ `` 'rihdo/ L , E V | the price is
'rihdu n. C| length. inadequate. [Usage: only neg. usage
`-` 'rih-du adj. jt| observed] 'S-, U-' | See also:
uneven in length. 'khuu-, guu-'.
` 'rihbu adj. | long. SU S` ( ) S /
` 'rih-'le '-/-' | `U | 'kho-gi 'khaba-la 'rihn
See: '-le~-lee'. maah-khu 'du/ maah--gu 'du. E
`- 2 rih- (W) aux.dep. V| EL YL Ek Hj| The
be near. [Gram: vs + aux.dep.] ' -/ price he got for his house was not
-' | See: 'rehn-/ rihn- (E)'. adequate.
T J` `| taah-ni T C ( ) `U!
'khyaabu oh 'rih-sin. A ky 'khya mahy-la tee-di 'rihn
AE V| The cold season is about maah--gu-'wah! L
to come now. ! Hey, you didn't get an adequate
U

434
L -U

price for your buffalo! -L rihmba peh-k

M- 'rihn 'yahr pred.ph.erg. UH | do s.th.
'yahr 'kyahp- pred.ph.erg. E| one after the other; do s.th. in an
raise the price. orderly fashion. 'j-U'
L rihnak n. OL | | See also: 'the-rihmba-gi'.
names: personal name, m. T U
lt| 'khya
- rih-pohmbo n. phee-be-'ya-gi 'rihmba
nP| spirit (male, lives in the meh-be-si-'ma-na 'lahla 'mih-la to
forest, teaches the shaman). meh-n-dor-o. D UH
/
/ - rihba/ rih-phaa n. (S) H L L jt | If
| animals: wild pig. you fellows don't do things in an
orderly fashion, some people might
- rih-barma n. wEL |
place names: settlement on the western not get their food.
slope of the Melamchi River valley, 'rihmba peh-ti

adv.ph. UH, | one after
about opposite of Kayn-Kahng.
the other; in an orderly fashion.
rihbal n. | place names:
settlement on the western slope of the -U/
U/ -U -rihmba-gi/
Melamchi River valley, a little to the
-rimba-gi temp.pp. k P
north of Serka-Thili. L L U | whenever
performing the action of vs. [Gram:
` rihbu n. S| animals: vs+temp.pp.]
rabbit. M -U `|
-/ - t` -rihm/ -rim 'kyaahbe-di sah-'rihmba-gi ten-do.
ahma temp.ph. P L L S AM A L|
UL L hj| each time when Take out (of the storage) the
performing action of vs. [Gram: provisions as you need them.
vs+temp.ph.] '-`' | t`U L-U gU| 'aga
See also: '-rihmba-'ra'. 'koh-'rihmba-gi 'tsaal-'tii-ge.
- t`` L| pela AM A gEj| I will use
ten-'rim 'ahma-'ra 'tor-ken. E the money as I need it.
LL L hj Cj| -`/ -`
Each time he takes this utensil out (of -rihmba-'ra/ -rimba-'ra temp.pp.
the box) he loses it. P L L UL L hj| each
k ` j- t`` `E | time when performing action of vs.
pehza-ni 'yi tshe-'rihm 'ahma-'ra [Gram: vs+temp.pp.] '-/ -
uh-w 'du. hg t nL
L t`' | See also: '-rihm/
hj j| Each time the child wakes -rim ahma'.
up he cries. S ` j-` U |

435
-j

'kho-ni 'yi tshe-'rihmba-'ra 'bol-gu western ridge of the Yohlmu valley,

'du. L gt n hj F jttEj| below Taa-Khor.
Every time he wakes up he turns over
- rih-al n. UHL wE|
restlessly. landslide site.
-j rihmbur-thee n. w `` ` `
| lamaisms: highest rank for lama. M ! rih-'al nah-la-'ra 'rahma
[Note: They are believed to be tohbo 'kyee 'du-ba! UHL wE
reincarnations of a former EL S Ej ! Oh, even on the
'rihmbur-thee'.] landslide site 'rahma' trees are
J h-t -jU growing!
M| ooh 'taha 'rihmbur-'thee-gi - rih-ol n. | mass of a
'tohmba 'uh-'kyo. ht w landslide.
AD LL U L M j ,
UHL | That big lama called j J` ! kaah-le phar rih
'taha' devotes his life entirely to 'kyahp-a tshee 'du, rih-'ol thimbu
religious activities. oh 'du! L UHj M ,
- rihl- v.i. y, t| fall over. t Hj! Somewhere there
`U
` lU l M| ah must have been a landslide, there is a
yahmbi-i-gi rihl-de peh-'kyo. huge mass of debris!
ny y| I almost fell over. - rii- v.i. U , Lk k|
{m-
{m-} rihldo {zo-} n. {v.t.} languish away (be sick for a long
EL AL M {E} time).
foods: {make} thick soup with mashed `U | 'yih-gi
potato dumplings. 'paba 'rii-di 'rii-di 'i-sin. U

L `, J H | Our father died after
L, J MU having been sick for a long time.
h U| 'he yee-di pako 'ii-di
riihba n.
tuh-di, ohle 'sohndor 'kol-di, ohle 1) (W) , U| clan. 'M' |
rihldo 'lahkpa-gi 'te-ti 'luu-ge. EL See: 'kyihpa (E)'.
AD j g 2) (E) A| bones (especially used for
gMt D, kn (L ) the remains of a burnt corpse);
Hj j| You boil the ' | See
skeleton. 'w-`
potatoes, peel them and mash them, also: 'haa-da 'riihba'.
and then you make a spiced broth,
`-` `-j
tear up the mash with your hands and
V g` Ml lU|
throw the pieces into the broth. da-'tihri mah-'thewa 'riihba-'ya
- rih-samba n. wEL | 'ruhp peh-ti 'gyaa 'tsama
place names: small settlement on the 'phukpa-i-la 'aa-ge. Ag A

436
-
- `-`

k U HEt Jy Sj| - ruhl- v.i. L| rot; get

Nowadays the bones (of a burnt spoiled completely.
corpse) are usually gathered up and
- -ruhl pp. D S |
put in an undefiled place in a cave. abusive expressions: particle added to
-
- rup- 'S' | See: 'kha'. the first syllable of clan names to
make them abusive. [Usage:
(`) rube (-'ra) qt. , k|
all at once. 'do-ruhl, ah-ruhl, tah-ruhl',
etc.]
Jk T LL! 'ohze
'mih 'rube tahm-de 'khyer 'koh-ke! J ` h U `U`
j D j! That ` h- H! ohle 'yih
many people we have to bind (i.e. 'tahba 'yihn-ge sogo-'ra 'yih-la
make invisible to the gods) and take 'tah-ruhl 'ma-en! A h
them along together. HL D h- j! And
because we are of the 'tahba' clan,
` t h, h
they call us rotten birds!
! petam 'rube 'rube-'ra
lA`
'ehmba 'teh-te-ni, ti seeh-i-'a ruhlda adj. `, n| rotten
meeh-ba! L L AE ! (of clothes).
I forgot all the stories, nothing is left!
t S-
S- ruhl-di ihma
rumal (N) n. | clothing: kha- pred.ph.non-erg./ dr. LH U
headscarf. AE| have a rotten smell. [Gram:
source of odour takes gen. <-ki>]
- ruhp- v.i. | unite. '
-, j -' | See also: - ruu- v.t. k-k U| gather in/
'rooh ruhp-, thoo ruhp-'. up.
` A l UA` - -L 'ruu-rooh peh-k
SH H ! 'yih 'ada-'ya 'ruhp pred.ph.erg. k-k U U|
phando-ni 'su-gi-'a 'laa meh-'kha-en help gather in/ up. '-/-'
'ma-en rooh! kC | See also: '-rooh~-ruuh'.
AHj L EU tL - -ruuh '-/-' | See:
M, ! I tell you, if our '-rooh~-ruuh'.
brothers unite, nobody will be able to
stand against them! -L re-k v.t. t
| apply friction.
'j`U -L' | See also:
-L 'ruhp peh-k
pred.ph.erg. L U, k U| gather 'tsherma-gi re-k'.
together; collect (things). - 're-ti 'tup- pred.ph.erg. t
LH | pela-'ya Lt| cut with friction (e.g. with a
'ruhp peh 'koh-en taah-ni. A dull tool).
j| We must gather
y k U `-` re-re adj. H
things together now. z j, S| thin as a

437


skeleton. L E L| These potatoes

are about to sprout, but because there
/
rep/ rehp intens. hu|
intensifier for 'tup-, praah-, te-k, was no rain they have not quite made
the-k, muhr-'. it yet.

(`) rebe (-'ra) qt. | all. k rehndza n. t| foods: soya

beans.
- L reh-k 'L -L' | See: k U `U| 'rehndza roli-gi
'kee reh-k'. tuh-ge. t `U Lt nj| Soya
L
rehko n. beans are threshed with a piece of
' | See
1) z| bone. ' wood.
also: 'riihba'. k/
k/ k rehndzin/
2) L| stone in fruit (e.g. mango, rehndzen n. OL | names:
peach, plum). personal name.
`
U
U// `
U rehga/ rehge qt./
rehp '' | See: 'rep'.
pr. L| some. [Gram: indef. pr.]
Jk ` `UU
rehpa adj. gE L, |
skinny; wrinkled.
| ohze 'bela-la-'ra 'mih
'rehga-gi 'halla peh-sin. S L `C L` M L!
ah-y 'kaba 'lahkpa 'rehpa 'rehpa
U| Just at that time some
people started a commotion. kahl-di! Su H gE
`U y`A` j j j| My arms and legs have become
so skinny and wrinkled!
U ! 'rehga-ni 'yehna-'ra-'a
thimbu 'theendo ten-ge 'nahle! L
rehmu n. u| pattern; design.
tj ! Some U| 'rehmu 'pruh-gen. u
people are arrogant without any L| draw a design.
reason! U | 'rehmu 'luu-gen. u |
weave/ knit with a design.

-/ - rehn-/ rihn- (E)

aux.dep. V| be near. [Gram: vs + ML/ LU| 'rehmu 'kyahp-/
aux.dep.] '`-' | See: 'rih- 'ko-gen. u S| carve a design (on
(W)'. wood).
S J` V | taah-ni rehre qt./ pr. L, L| some.
'kho oh 'rehn-'gyo 'yihm-ba. A F [Gram: indef. pr.]
ACV | He must be about to Ay`A` `
come now. `U| 'rehre 'mih-ni 'ahna-'ra-'a
M V , 'ihta 'lah-gen. L j L
MU M S| di 'he 'kye Ej| Some people get angry for
'rihn-'gyo 'yihm-ba, nam nothing.
mah-'kyahp-a-gi 'kye maah-khu. LML gM MM
A E HL , J`U| 'rehre kahkka-la 'nepa
438

-

tsokpa 'kyahp-'kyo oh-gen.

reeh n.
L-LD L U UL 1) | cotton.
j| Some (people) are possessed by 2) Ly| cloth. [Note: strictly cotton
a very evil spirit of sickness. cloth, but is sometimes used for other
hUA` yH| 'rehre 'sur materials as well]
tii-gi-'a o-en. L L S L 'reeh karpu (E) n.ph. L|

gHj jyj| Some (spirits of cerem. utensils: death cloth. '
l
'
sickness) just leave when you give | See: 'reeha (W)'.
them a food offering.

- reeh- v.t. V ( U V
rehl n. | work utensils: rope ) beg; borrow (keep
for tying up animals. borrowing without returning).
k LU| 'rehl dzoobur-la
U
reehgo n. k| animals: large
ken-ge. L AyLCj| The kind of deer (m.). '' |
rope for tying up the cattle is slipped See also: 'awa'.
over a pole.

l
reeha (W) n. L| cerem.
-/- -ree (E)/ -raa (W) sf. C| L' |
utensils: death cloth. '
etcetera; various kinds. [Gram: See: 'reeh karpu (E)'.
n.ph.+'-raa/ -ree']
l - T ! paa

reehba bu n.ph. U

sah-e-la 'a-ree 'khyer o! L U HL LL nL| insects and
y
worms: caterpillar (black, with yellow
, A E! Bring meat, etcetera
for the curry. spots). [Note: travel in a long line]
J h- L TL| ohle

` reehma n. L
(S,
'tah-ree 'kol-de 'khyer-ken. A yL U) excrements of goats, sheep
g- H k j| And I will and forest animals.
make tea and take it along with some

-
reeh-reeh qt. L, L|
other refreshments. one each.
J h- ! ooh-la taa-ree 'du! S` t`` ` -

j! There are all J`U| 'khaba 'ahma-'ra 'luwa
sorts of iron things!
reeh-reeh oh-gen. L Y HEt
24 U `h- ML| 24
U SL j| Every house has
'gate-la 'yohpte-raa 'kyahp-ken. 24 one spirit enclosure.
U L U j| On the 24th I
- reeh-reeh peh-ti

will go shopping.
adv.ph. HL-HL U| one by one; one
J k` - g`U | after another.
ohle 'yihn-dze-'ra 'a-raa ter 'tsah-ge
S`
-
L|
lo. A LL CwE khu 'meehme-'ya reeh-reeh peh-ti
| And then he would send various kahl-sin. E HL-HL U UH| The
kinds of meat.
women left one after the other.
439
- `U`

-/
/-y/-
y/-t... -/-
/-y/-
y/-t y-
y-/ been cut off). [Gram: in pl. contexts:
J`- -ro~-o~-o... -ro~-o~-o 'raa roe/ raha rohe']
o-/ oh- reduplicated_sf.+ v.i. L k ` () ` L |
U k| gradual increase di pehza-ni roe (peh-ti) 'yahl 'teh-ku
in the stated quality or quantity. 'du. hg `U j| Oh, this
[Phon: For the phonological child is sleeping uncovered!
conditioning of the variants see k ` ` () `
appendix 7, section 8.] [Gram: affixed L | di pehza-'ya-ni 'raa roe
to adj. or qt. stems: stem+<-ro> (+ (peh-ti) 'yahl 'teh-ku 'du. hg
identical stem+<-ro>) + 'o-/ `U j| Oh, these children
oh-'; occasionally also used without are sleeping uncovered!
reduplication]
`U` M/ `U` M
l y l y - Ly rogolong kyere/ rohgolo
Ly! semba en-o en-o - liihbu kyere adj.ph. , `U-`U
|
kehn-o kehn-o! - - completely naked; stripped of
k-k! The older the body everything.
becomes - the younger the heart!
U ` `U` M m
M ` t`` gMt l ! peebe-'ya-gi tohbo-'ya-la
gMt yE ! di 'kyibu-ni 'yihma rogolo 'kyere 'zee 'aa 'du!
'ahma-'ra tsok-o tsok-o o-w 'du!
SL SD `U CHj|
LL U k j! This Oh, the locusts have stripped the trees
dog gets meaner every day! of every leaf!
` t`` j j L
J`| 'yihma 'ahma-'ra `U`/
`U`/ `U` rogolo/
'the-ro 'the-ro kahl-di oh-sin. rohgolo adj. ML, (jt
AE j| They became
w L) tall and slender; gangly (e.g.
bigger each day. after rapid/ fast growth). [Gram: in pl.
contexts: 'ragalo rogolo/
U ` mM `U` U
` `` `` L | rahgalo rohgolo' is used]
'ugu mahbu 'zo-'kyo sogo-'ra J Ly V j,
'ugu tuhbu-'ya 'yuh-ro 'yuh-ro `U` L! ooh 'nooh-ni
kahl 'du. LUk HL LL 'kahnu-mu gyooba 'tshar-ti,
t Yt k j| Because much rohgolo kahl-ba! C L jt
paper was made, the paper bush has j, Hj| How quickly this boy
gradually decreased. grew, he has become quite gangly!
j `A` H
`/ ` roe/ rohe adj. , `U` `U` L !
`U U HL| naked tshamu-'ya-ni 'oh-'a meeh-e-en
(people); bare (trees); tall and straggly 'samma 'rahgalong rohgolo kahl
(e.g. trees from which the foliage has 'du! k g M U

440
-
-

ML j| Oh, my nieces have - rohnde phoo- pred.ph.dr.

become tall and slender, I hardly U V| have a very bad
recognize them anymore! horoscope; be under a very evil star.
[Note: is worse than 'phu-sum
-
- rop- v.t. tE| smash; crush s.th.
phoo-']
-
- rom- v.t. LE| tear down U M
(walls, etc.). U| 'rohnde 'phoo-ge loh-la loh
roli n. v| work utensils: mih-'kyur-na 'roh ten-ge. U V
threshing stick. U L L
L jM` LVU U j| If you don't ward off the
`U| 'kosa 'thap-kya-'ra 'rohnde' the year when you are under
kam-'gyo-gi tamra roli-gi tuh-ge. this evil star, there will be a corpse in
LHL L LD `U v the house.
gt Uy Lj| Beans dried in the - rohp- v.i. tP-tP | get
pods are threshed with a piece of smashed.
wood.
- rohm- v.i. L| collapse.
roh n. | corpse. '`, '
| See also: 'phubu, (-`) ` -L rohme
phumbu'. (-'ra) lah teh-k pred.ph.non-erg.
` {`-} 'rohla {'lah-} E| stand in a thronging crowd.
n. {v.i.} {Ew} ghost {appear}. - rohl- v.t. (hon. of 'tuh-')
[Note: a deceased person appearing in (t.) beat.
t, Lt
a bodily form] U k ! 'mehme-gi
U `U g`U pehza-'ya-la 'rohl-di! k hgD
` `U| 'guri raga 'tsubi-gi t! Grandfather beat up the
'roh-la 'dee-si-'ma-na 'rohla 'lah-ge. children!
D jH {L -} rohlmu {kee
Ewj| If a cat or a rat touch the corpse ten-} n. {pred.ph.non-erg.} Yt HL
it will get up and appear as a ghost.
( nPD g )
` roh n.
| valley (lower {l} cerem. utensils: shoulder strap
parts of a valley ). with little bells {tinkle}. [Note: used
` roh-ba n.
during rituals by the shaman or the
| valley dweller. lama]
` rohe '`' | See: 'roe'. rohwa pp. -k| alike. '/
' | See also: 'di/ de
`U` rohgolo '`U`'
| See: 'rogolo'. rohwa'.
l l Lh |
`U` M rohgolo kyere ee-e rohwa 'lu-i lehn 'koh-te
'`U`' | See: 'rogolo'. 'du-ba. kL HEt U UE j|
441
 Mh`

We must sing a song which we know. 'ai-gi ah-la 'tihri rooh 'ruhp-sin.
-L rohwa peh-k aux.ph. Ak D U| Elder
k U| act as if. [Gram: vs+<-te> sister helped me today.
+ aux.ph.] - rooh 'reeh- pred.ph.erg.

`l L | 'moh uh-e V (A U) beg for help.
rohwa peh-ku 'du. F k U -L rooh-ram peh-k
j| Oh, she seems to be weeping. pred.ph.erg. (elevated) U| give
help.
rohwa n. `| horn.
- roo- (W) v.i. | bear fruit -/- -L -rooh~-ruuh
(trees). '-' | See: 'yaah- (E)'. peh-k pp.ph. YE, L L
E ` | tahlen-ni U| help with the activity expressed
'aw roo-'ra maah-ro. E by the preceding stem. [Phon: /-rooh/
occurs after vs with /u/, /-ruuh/
tML | This year there were no
apples at all. elsewhere; it is mainly attached to
verb stems, but occurs with some
rooh n. | friend; companion. noun stems as well.]
rooh 'thul-di adv.ph. ` `! ah-la
n U, | do s.th. pela-'ya 'ruu-rooh peh 'la! D
corporately. k U YCF! Help me
j` ML| gather up these things!
'lahla 'mih-'ya rooh 'thul-di 'tsho S M `! di
'kyahp-ken. L-L U khurpu-'ya yahmbi 'kyaa-ruuh
Uj| Some people engage in peh-to! EwE YCF!
business corporately. Please help lift these loads!
- rooh 'thee- pred.ph.erg. T
g `!
( ) get along well khye 'leeh meeh-na di 'tsembu-'ya
(with s.b.); be friends with. '-' 'ii-ruuh peh-to! L j
| See also: 'thin-'. C E YCF! If you have
-L/ - rooh peh-k/ nothing to do, please help undoing
rooh 'ruhp- pred.ph.erg. U| help; these seems!
keep company.
AlU ` ` |

kuuh-do leh. HLj S !
/ rhap rhip/
rhaba rhibi temp.qt.ph. HL nL, Please wait just a little moment.
HLj| a brief moment. Mh` rhiktu n. OL |
` | 'rhap 'rhip
L names: personal name, f.

442
L-
L-L

L-
L-L rhik-rhik n. OL
| names: personal name, f.
-
-g(-l) rhip-tse(-i)
temp.qt. HL j () a brief moment.
, gl ` `
``! 'mehme-la "'rhip-'tse-i
'phep-to" 'mee-di su na-do!
kD, HL j L
! Please tell
grandfather to come just for a little
moment!
rhile intens. MML| intensfier
for 'yahl, yi looh-'.
` j J`V j , S 'koha rhop rohp-sin. n LSL
`| tha 'the-ti oh-'gyo
'yihm-ba tshee 'du, 'kho rhile
'yahl-sin. F L AHk j, MML
| 'I see, he was tired when he
came, he lied down right away.
rhilmu adj./ n. U, t|
round (of ball shape). 'L, `'
| See also: 'kohrmu,
pholdo'.
, M` | 'kho
S U
goo-ni rhilmu meeh-ba, kyomo 'du.
EL tEL U j, AyL j| His
head is not round, it's quite longish
(oval-shaped).
rhema '' | See: 'sema'.
rhop intens. u, u|
intensifier for 'rop-, rohp'.
k ` h L`
| 'dzoola nah-la 'tahmu
u t| All the eggs were
smashed in the bag.
T y L! khye
'amba rhop rop ter-ko-'wa!
U u yLCj A! Mind, I
am going to smash your cheek!

1 la n. , | life spirit/ life
substance of a person. ', ,
' | See also: 'sem, [Gram: undg. takes gen. <-ki>] [Note:
nami, imbu'. [Note: The 'la' dies
when a person dies; when a person is
very sick people believe that a ghost
has taken the 'la" away; then the
shaman tries to call it back; if he
doesn't succeed, the person will die.]
- L/ L- 'la-'u
-E (j-E) -
(tshe-'u) peh-k/ 'la kuu- pred.ph.erg.
E (nP) divination:
ritual performed by the shaman to
cure 'la khyer-sin'.
T- 'la 'khyer- pred.ph.erg.
( ) divination: be
delirious; be in a state of shock.
The actor is usually not stated, but
understood to be an evil spirit.]
y- 'la 'khyere o-
T y-
pred.ph.non-erg. n`U D yE| get
a fright.
-j` 'la-tshe-'ra
-
mihn-du pred.ph.cop. UHj (
UL k S) be completely
listless (nearly dead). [Gram: cop.=
attributive possession; evid.: mir.]
k -j` | di pehza-di
'la-tshe-'ra mihndu. hgL
UHj| This child is completely listless.

443
 `y`

2 la n. l| wages. soldier serving in the army of a

SU M k H| foreign nation; but often used in the
'kho-gi 'la 'kyahp-ti pehza 'meehme-'ya extended sense]
'so-en. E l L U D E J`! 'lawre oh-sin!
j| He brings up his family by A! A well traveled person has
working on daily wages. come back!
U ML `! la! v.dt. F! (D, D)
H| 'dawa-gi 'hisap mihm-ba-di-la 'la give me/ us!. [Gram: familiar imp. of
'kyahp-ken 'ma-en. L 'ter-' when speaker equals recipient
UHLD l j| If it is (to me/ to us)]
not on a monthly basis, you talk of
working for wages. `-
`- la- v.dt. V| beg.
- 'la 'ma- pred.ph.erg. V|
` -
- -la sf. -, -D| locative marker; ask for.
goal marker; marker for undergoer.
[Note: Occurs also with various `-
`- la- v.t. EwE| get s.b. up;
pred.phrases; to describe these cause to get up; erect s.th.
interesting usages a special paper is ` laa n. n`| cooking utensils:
needed.] copper cooking pot (for 'sehn').
A S` ` | 'ama
`U/
`U/ ` lago/ la n. U| ox.
'khaba nah-la yehba. A Y
- 'lago/ 'la 'mo-
`U/ ` -
j| Mother is inside the house. pred.ph.erg. U k| plough with
`U A, MU L, T! oxen.
yahgo 'aah, tohkpa-gi ter-ken,
`U - 'lago 'naar(N)-'tii-
khye-la! S , D j! Just
pred.ph.erg. U | harness oxen.
wait, I am going to kick you!
` h 'la 'hal tii n.ph. HL
-
-la peebe pp.ph. -A| U| a pair of oxen yoked for
according to. ploughing. measures and weights: phrase
T `UA` J` used for estimating size of fields.
! khye-la peebe ah-gi-'a 'leeh ` ` `
peh oh 'nah! U A | ah-ti ih 'tabyar 'la 'hal
kL j ! I will pay it back to you! sum-di 'yeh-ba. L
U ! 'mih-la peebe-gi U Vj| It takes 3 days to
sooh! j AL ! (The plough my fields.
quality of) the merchandise matches
`l` -L lada peh-k
(the quality of) the person! pred.ph.erg. U U| marriage: ask for
E/ E lawre/ lowre (N) n. a bride officially.
| person
, UH LL
`y` laa n. wEL | place
who has been working or traveling in names: Langang (Langtang).
a foreign country. [Note: strictly:
444
`y

`y lau n. (L U) t t lapa lepa adj.ph. t

1-2 years old ox. t| odd bits and pieces of flattish
things (like cloth, paper, etc.).
` {-} laba (E) {then-} n.
{v.i.} {L} steam {comes out}. k Lh t t `
'`' | See: 'lhaba (W)'. LV| pehza-'ya-la 'kapta 'lapa
lepa-'ya 'yoh kahl-'gyo. D
`-j labur-thee n. | Ut L UHL| I went to buy
animals: elephant.
some odd clothes for the children.
`-
`-` la-yuha n. wEL | laptar n. , | clothing:
place names: very small settlement on
Nepali style shirt.
the eastern slope of the Melamchi
River valley, near Kayn Kahng, below labu n. (o.f.) L| servant.
Sindir Kahng. `/
`/ ` labra/ lapra n.
`() M/ `V S Y wEL |
la(ri) kyahp-sa/ lagyapsa n. head lama's house or settlement.
LY`| place names: Tarkeghyang. ` ` | lama labra
nah-la 'yeh. A Y j|
` {-} lau {then-} n. The lama is in his house.
{v.i.} k U {L} {have} a
skin disease. [Note: white patches, -
- lam- v.t. | fry.
usually on the face; is curable] lama n. | lama (Buddhist
(U) ` L`V ` priest).
| 'moh(-gi) 'tohba 'kahgya 'lau g j L| lama-la 'tsaa
then 'du. EL U k U thimbu peh-ken. D
Lj| Her face is full of white Uj| The lamas are greatly
patches from a skin disease. honoured.
t`/
`/ -
-w` m-m-U J/ J lama 'omu/
laul-'ra/ la-hul-'ra zi-g lama 'omo n. L j ()
designation for a lama's daughter.
pred.ph.non-erg. v U | be
completely drunk. ' | See also: 'seemu'.
'
j`U t` mM S {`-} lama 'tham
j {`-
{na-} n.ph. {v.i.} Ly UH h
t U | tha-gi 'laul-'ra
'zi-'kyo 'yih-na 'kho 'ehmba sihn-gu g {SE} {perform} masked dance.
'du. M v H F j| j lama 'thee n.ph. L
Even though he is completely drunk L| Buddhist scriptures.
he has not lost his senses. tU lama ulgu n.ph. L
A| reincarnated lama.
landi adj. (n )
thin (of sauces, mashes, milk, etc.). lawa n. M| lungs (body
part).
-
- lap- v.t. tE| fold.
445
 M

lah n. L, | mountain large milking pail.

region; high hills.

M lahkpa n. | hand; lower
` `` arm.
, J ` L` | tahnda ` M L , `
'samma ah 'lah-la lep mah-'yuh
H-` ` y! 'rah
M
'yeh-ba, ooh yari 'kah-le 'yahr. 'lahkpa-la 'yehke 'nah, sa
A ` yyL L 'kyeeh-n-da 'yala-la o-n-ni! A
V HL j| Up to now I have not j , U k L k! It
been able to go up to the high depends on you, whether you go to
mountain, like up to Yangri Kahng. heaven or hell!
-U 'lah-goo n. yyL gg| M L`A`

-
top of a peak. 'lahkpa 'kah-'a 'leeh meh-be-
J S` `L` -U | pred.ph.erg. L h| not lift a
ohle khu yi-ka-'ra 'lah-goo-la finger (to do/ help with work).
lep-sin. A E k yyL gg M M- 'lahkpa 'kyahp-
U| And they both arrived on the top pred.ph.erg. | put one's hand
of the peak. into s.th. ' M M-'

-g 'lah-'tse n. L g| | See also: 'leeh-la
mountain peak. lahkpakyahp-'.
U -g `` `U | J j t `, kU
de-le-gi 'lah-'tse mahbu-'ra 'tho-gu
M ML! ooh thu 'ohmo
'du. t yyL gg S 'har 'tooh-do, pehza-gi 'lahkpa
j| Oh, you can see many 'kyahp-ko-'wah! E S,
mountain peaks from here.
hg ! Put this hot water
'lahmo n. (poetic) yy (U somewhere else, otherwise the child
) mountain range. might put his hands into it!
`l `` , M M M` 'lahkpa kyohbu
`! na-de na-'yi 'yeh-na, adj.ph. S , jg | striking
'lahmo 'kyahp-la mah-na! easily; clumsy handed.
, yy Lt ! If you really want M ` 'lahkpa yii n.ph. C
to give her away (your daughter), at
| hands (of one person).
least don't give her to somebody
M g` 'lahkpa 'tsama
living in a remote place! meeh pred.ph.cop. gS j (A
Mg lahktsi n. | jewelry: O ) put poison into
necklace or bracelet with beads. people's food. [Gram: cop.= specific
Mg | 'lahktsi budi. L Uy| attribution (possessor of 'hand' takes
jewelry beads. attributive <-ti>)]
Mt/ k
lahku/ laahzum M h 'lahkpa tandi
n. U| household utensils: adj.ph. Lg, Lk| stingy.

446
U
M m` 'lahkpa zabu
adj.ph. | generous.
M k/ kU/ kU/ k 'lahkpa
'dzuu/ 'dzugu/ 'dzugi/ 'dzubi n.ph.
L K| finger.
M k`U 'lahkpa dzoogo
n.ph. L| elbow.
`- 'lahkpa ta-
M `-
pred.ph.erg. jy, AU looh- pred.ph.non-erg. V-U EL|
E| strike s.b; stretch out hands.
M 'lahkpa 'thil n.ph.
L| palm of hand.
M ` 'lahkpa 'puba n.ph.
S| upper arm.
M ` 'lahkpa yahdi
adj.ph. | generous.
'lahkpa
M -
'laah-lehp n.ph. L AY Su
| thigh of forelegs of animals.
M- - 'lahkpa-'tsa ta-
-g -
pred.ph.erg. y j (tL U )
feel the pulse.
M m`- 'lahkpa-la zu-
pred.ph.erg. | take by the
hand. [Gram: grabbed party takes gen.
<-ki>]
TU kU M m``! yLL L lU k
khye-gi di pehza-gi 'lahkpa-la
zu-do! hgL F! 'thozi 'kyahp-ken. yLL L
Take this child by the hand!
U U lahga lohge adj./
adv.ph. t`U, ML, V-U|
turned over (intensified). 'U'
| See also: 'lohge'.
U U J`- lahga lohge
oh- pred.ph.dr. k ,
`Ut V| feel like vomiting; feel
dizzy.
U U - lahga lohge loo-
pred.ph.erg. t`U tE| turn over
in layers (big pieces).
Lh U U U l
| 'kahpta-'ya 'lhaaba-gi lahga lohge
loo 'aa 'du. Ly ML
LH Sj| Oh, the wind has turned
over all the clothes.
U U - lahga lohge
come off in layers (big pieces, e.g.
bark off a tree).
gMU U U |
'tsikpa-gi sasa-'ya lahga lohge looh
'du. L t V-U ELHj|
Oh, the mud on the wall is coming off
in big blotches.
`- lah- v.i. Ew| get up; rise.
` -L 'lah-di 'teh-k
pred.ph.non-erg. E| be standing up;
stay up.
` lahe intens. wy D|
intensifier for 'aa-, 'teh-k'.
l laha n. | handicrafts:
sticky, black resin; shellac. [Note: used
to fix tool handles and for seals]
ML| 'aak-ki 'kahlda-la 'laha-gi
j UCj| Mail bags are sealed with
shellac.
lahtul n. OL | names:
personal name, m.
-L lahdap peh-k
pred.ph.erg. C U| gesticulate.
SU `U M
| 'kho-gi 'rah-gi 'lahkpa 'lahdap
peh-ti tam 'ma-sin. E A
C U L U| He talked
447


gesticulating with his hands. LtL yL AyL j!

L -L 'lahdap Oh, having cut the trees they didn't
koodap peh-k pred.ph.erg. fall properly; they are just leaning
-EL C U| gesticulate lively. against each other!
`- lahdo lah- -L lahp-koohra n. (o.f.)
pred.ph.dr. L V| get mountain L| vegetable garden. 'L'
sickness. | See also: 'kohndum'.
` `U lA` lE g lahptse n. E| cerem.
| ah-ni 'lahdo 'lah-ge 'mee-di terms: pile of stones on mountain
'dii-'a 'dii-w 'du. D L Vj passes and cross-roads. [Note: erected
y UL j| Moreover I am by travelers; adding a stone prolongs
afraid I might get mountain sickness. your life]
yH
`U| 'lah-la o-e-mu 'lahla 'mih-la lahpti n. E, | leaf.
'lahdo 'lah-gen. L k '' | See also: 'lohma'.
L-LD L Vj| Some people J L LL | ohle
get mountain sickness when they go 'kera 'lahpti 'kap-ku 'du-ba. A LL
into the high hills. j jE j| And they make
the roof of banana leaves.
- 1 lahp- v.dt. | talk; speak;
say. [Usage: in very restricted {-} lahba {phu-} n. {v.t.}
contexts; normally /ma-/ is used] k U kE L k
J `U L k {kE} musical instruments:
! ohle
`U S A {blow} long copper trumpet. [Note:
'manage tam 'lahp ter-ken 'bela-le-ni 1.5-2 m. long; used in lama
'manage tam-'aa loo meeh-e 'du-ba! ceremonies]
A `U L US E lahbu n. | foods: radish
L LE k! And when we talked (white, short or long).
Manangge to him, he was not able to
lahm n. t, yL| path; way;
answer in Manangge! road.
M-/ M -L k V 'lahm dzom-sa
'lahpi 'kyur-/ 'lahpi 'kyur 'teh-k 'gyaa n.ph. t| merging of paths;
pred.ph.erg./ non-erg. U M/ U where paths meet.
| chat.
- 'lahm ta- pred.ph.erg. t
-
- 2 lahp- v.i. HL , | look for an opportunity; wait for.
- HL | be layered; be on top [Gram: expected person or opportunity
of one another. take gen. <-ki>]
` U `- 'lahm ta- pred.ph.erg.
`-
! tohbo-'ya 'tup-ti t SE| send s.b. on his way.
mah-rihl-ba-'ga 'lahp-ti 'teh 'du! S U `U| lama-gi
448
-

'imbu-la 'lahm ta-gen. lahmu. leeh-lahmu'.

D t SEj| The lama V lahm-gyi n. L|
sends the spirit of the deceased person guide.
on his way. (That is, away from the
` V ! 'yih-la
living.) 'lahm-gyi peh rooh! D
y- 'lahm
J`-/ y- U! Be our guide, friend!
then-di oh-/ o- pred.ph.non-erg.
t L AE/ k| come/ go lahmdo n. (wEL
past a location. [Gram: loc. takes ) place names: Lamdo (small
<-ki>] settlement quite high up on the
western slope of the Melamchi River
k 'lahm sumdza t|
fork in a road. valley, about opposite of Timbu).
-V 'lahm-'gyaa n. tL lahmna n. g
jE| in proximity of the road. , Ly| cerem. utensils: long
- 'lahm-'iih n. tL white cloth. [Note: used to lead a
| course of path. corpse out of the house and to the
burning place by the lamas; later it is
- lahm- aux.dep. kU V|
feel like doing s.th. [Disc: used for used to make up the 'kuhr']
things one expects to be attainable] w-L 'lahmna 'hi-k
w-
[Gram: vs + aux.dep.] pred.ph.erg. D yH Yt
` U U| ah g ( Ly, D
maahgu-la 'teh 'lahm-gen. U t SED) ceremonies: lead a
UE Ej| I like to stay corpse out of the house to the burning
in Maahngu. place.

'lahmbu peh-ti - lahmba peh ter-
adv.ph. kU U| devotedly. pred.ph.erg.
h LH| ti 1) U, HL ALD
'leeh peh-na 'lahmbu peh-ti peh U| hand on s.th.
'koh-en. k L U kU j| 2) U| marriage: act as a
Whatever work you do, you must go-between person. [Note: especially to
devote yourself to it. arrange marriages, but occasionally
lahma '
' | See: also for another purpose]
'lehma'. lahmbur ' ' |
- lahma lehme See: 'lehmbur'.
saa- pred.ph.erg. kE| burn lahyo n. | sin. 'M'
(intensified). | See also: 'tihkpa'.
lahmu '-M/-V , J`- 'lahyo oh-
-' | See: '-kya~-gya pred.ph.dr. | be sinful.
M- 'lahyo 'kyahp-
449
-M

pred.ph.erg. V| suffer the , k ` !

consequences of an action. [Note: most 'lahso 'laah, taah de-ze-'ra 'yihm-ba
often used with inanimate actors] 'laah! , ! My honoured
T ` h ` listeners, that's all now!
Mh ! 'nahre khye to 'pu S-
S- laa kha- pred.ph.erg.
tuu-di 'rah-la 'lahyo 'kyahp-tu 'nah!
| stand up to s.th; be possible.
S D U! If ` k LH, U SH? di
you spill your rice now, I hope you tohbo-la 'dzaa 'koh-en, 'su-gi 'laa
will suffer because for it! 'kha-en? S gj, L g
U T ML ! to-gi Mj? Somebody has to climb onto
khye-la 'lahyo 'kyahp-ken 'nah! D this tree; who can do it?
L Vj|! The rice will S L- 'laa 'kha kahl-
punish you! aux.ph. V| be just about to.
-M ` lahr-kyahp [Gram: vs + aux.ph.]
mehnda n.ph. wEL | place S y S L | 'kho o
names: pasture above Kahng-Yuhl on 'laa 'kha kahl-di 'yeh-ba. F k
the high ridge between Sermathang UL j| He is just about to go!
and Lha-Kahng Ghyang. Sk/ S 'laa 'kha-ze/ 'laa
lahla qt./ pr. L| some. 'khase adv.ph. L| if possible. '
[Gram: indef. pr.] S-S' | See also: 'su 'laa
kha-kha'.
U j` `U| 'lahla
'mih-gi tha mih-thu-gen. L-L Sk V` ! 'laa 'khaze
gyooba-'ra o! L gy AF!
ky S | Some people don't drink
alcoholic beverages. Come as soon as possible!
t h| tam 'lahla S - 'laa meh-'kha-
-
'ehmba 'teh-sin. L L | I pred.ph.non-erg.
forgot some of it. 1) A | be impossible.
L l L j ` Ly , J
t U,
` LH| `U
U| 'nehpa kahl-di 'i-e SH| lama 'thee niba-'ya
peh-ken 'bela-le 'lahla-di 'ehmba 'kahnu-mu 'yeh-ba, ooh 'leehmu-'ra
sihn-ge, 'lahla-di mih-sihn-gen. pe 'uh 'koh-en. ah-gi-ni 'laa
meh-'kha-en. L L
H V LL j, LL
| When people are sick and
kL Ej|
about to die, some are still alert to M| The old lama books have to
things around them, and some aren't. be copied exactly as they are. I can't
do it.
lahso p. k, | 2) () | feel unwell; be
interjections: polite response: alright,
seriously ill.
okay.
450
U

S SH L| 'kho 'laa signalled me to be quiet.

meh-'kha-en kahl-sin. F j|
L
-
-
He is seriously ill. 'laahdap koodap pehti tam 'ma-
pred.ph.erg. EE UH L U| talk
U laaga n. gL jyu -
with gestures.
U HL T U| house parts:
step-like shelves at the rear of the
1 laahdi n. U| cash. ''
fireplace. [Note: for pots and pans, | See also: 'phidi'.
etc.] T`- 'laahdi khyo-
T`-
pred.ph.erg. U E| buy with
U laagi-la (N) pp. -L U|
for; benefactive postposition. ' ' cash.
| See also: 'tehnda-la'. [Gram: t`U ` L | 'aga
n.ph.+<-ki> + pp.] 'laahdi-'ra ter-ken. U | pay with
cash.
w laahe (N) n. w| young fellow
(15-17 years old).
2 laahdi n. | work
utensils: adze (used to scrape off wood
laah att.p. k (t.) attitude splinters). '' | See also:
particles: polite attitude. [Disc: used
'tebu'.
after vocatives, responses or
` lL | i ar-ken
questions; and as a polite response: 'I 'laahdi. Lw j | the adze
heard you.' 'What did you say?'] used to scrape off wood.
h ` ` `U ,
? ti 'nomsa ta na-go 'yeh-ba,
laahbar n. , tL|
'mehme 'laah? L h j, k? rubber; plastic.
What are you thinking about, -L laahri peh-k
grandfather? pred.ph.non-erg. U, UE|
exchange labour. [Gram: comitative.
U/
/
laahgor/ laahwor
n. k, YuL k| work utensils: takes <yimbu/ yambu>]
millstone (of hand-mill and of h- 'laahri tal-
h-
water-mill). pred.ph.erg. | pay back labour.

k laahzum 'Mt' | See:

- laah-la thep-
'lahku'. pred.ph.non-erg. (poetic or elevated of
'lahkpa-la lep-') E, |
-L laahdap peh-k receive. [Gram: recipient takes gen.
pred.ph.erg. C U| signal; give <-ki>]
signals with hands. S` M
S`U `
SU ` Sk | khu-la yaahbu nee-'kyo 'nama
M| 'kho-gi ah-la 'khazum 'teh khu-gi 'laah-la-'ra 'thep-sin.
'mee-di '1aahdap peh-'kyo. E D
D L
g U C UL | He H| They received the

451
-
daughter-in-law they liked.
-
laah-lehp 'M' |
See: 'lahkpa'.
laahlo n. YL | foods:
thin mixture of parched flour and salt
tea (or hot water). 'g' |
See also: 'tsamba'.
laahwor 'U
' | See:
'laahgor'.
-
-L li-k (W) v.t. SE, E|
feed (a child). '-' | See: 'lin- (E)'.
k A| pehza-la 'li ter aa!
hgD SF ! Here, feed the
child!
M likpa 'l' | See: 'de'.
` li n.
1) M, nHL| dense
aggregation of objects; mass.
MU `| 'mukpa-gi 'li. M
, LC| dense clouds.
U `| 'mehndo-gi 'li.
nHL | mass of flowers.
2) t (LyL) handicrafts: width of
cloth (e.g. in 'tohrma').
` l LH, J | rooh 'baal-di 'tho-de, rih-la
`U| tohrma-la 'li sum 'i 'koh-en,
ohle da-ge. LD g t
gj, A Vj| For a skirt you need
3 - 4 width of cloth, that will be
enough.
`k lidza (W) n. n, , Y|
bunch (of things connected); cluster.
LU `k| 'kera-gi 'lidza. LL
| a bunch of bananas.
A`UL `k| 'agur-ki 'lidza.
A`U L n| a cluster of grapes.
` lii n. (poetic) (U
`
) world.
` y - ` L
l y| pohmo 'yihma awa 'lii
kor-ne dal o. j k -
y U k| A young lady
looking like the sun! Let us go and
walk through the world and worship.
-
- lin- v.dt. SE, E| feed
s.b. '-L' | See: 'li-k (W)'.
l LE | 'nehpa-la
sahe 'lin 'koh-w 'du. D S
SE j| The patient has to be
fed.
-L lih-k v.i. , ju|
remain; be left.
L` ` M `U`
M | yohl 'kah
'soyim ter-'kyo sogo-'ra yohlmo
'mihn 'lih-'kyo lo. Ask Q
HL UHL | The
legend goes that because the people
gave (only) one handful of grain for
alms, the name of Yohlmo stuck to
the region.
j`, S h`
'kho ti-'r 'lih-te lo. g y
U, A F HM k`U | The
friends ran away, and he was left
alone in the forest.
L L j- lihk lihk
thaa- pred.ph.non-erg. k (n
k M V ) become jelly.
-/ -L 'lihk
L L `
'lihk 'yuh-/ peh-k pred.ph.non-erg.
, L| tremble uncontrollably.
` ` S lih lih khur-ti
adv.ph. gL gL U (L
452
`U
M C) flapping. [Note: the valley dwellers (hindus), chicken
carried goods making a flapping
movement, e.g. cattle fodder]
`U lihgi '`
U' | See:
'lehgu'.
lihdo n. | horoscope
calendar (used by lamas).
E
U t Mj| To tell you
H| loh 'phoo-w 'yeh-ba ni
'mee-di lama-'ya-gi 'lihdo-la ta-en.
U j L j | they said.
The lamas look up the horoscope
calendar to see whether you are under
a bad star or not.
/
/ lihndi/ luhndi n.
| jackal.
- lihp- v.t. jL| shake back
and forth.
l M` S
H| lohma-la 'breebi 'lihp-ti 'dambu
kyohbu 'kha 'phee-en. `
gL w jL S AU M- lii kyur- pred.ph.erg. U
j| Shaking the rice flour back
and forth in the bamboo tray you
separate the coarsely ground flour
from the finely ground flour.
lihbu '' | See: 'liih'.
` lihbu n. L| cerem.
utensils: brass urn with very narrow
neck.
/ E lihyu/ lihw n. | 'luu-ge, ohle lii 'kyur-ken.
tradition.
`U h w Ej, A tL tj,
H rohba-gi 'lihyu-la 'tahmu 'se-ti
'lha-la 'haa 'luu-en.
A LS EL U grains onto them, and then they
gCj| According to the tradition of
are killed, and the blood is applied to
the idols.
` h H , J
U E J`U| tahbu
ti 'ma-en lo 'ma-si-'ma-na, ooh-di
pohmbo-gi 'lihw-le then-de oh-ge.
E E L , nPL
what was said formerly, we learn
from the tradition of the shamans,
` lihwa adj. U|
colours: orange.
lihi n. `U| spices: cloves.
lii n. kU (kL) insects and
worms: kind of leech.
`U L HU |
'pahla-gi 'narko-la 'uuh-e-gi lii. UDL
L kU| the leech which goes
into the nostrils of cows.
U ( A L
k E) cerem. terms:
lama or shaman placates the spirits of
sickness and misfortune with little
statues made of flour. 'L` `-'
| See also: 'kasu ta-'.
U L`U, J `M
U , J ML| lama-'ya-gi lii
'koh-ge, ohle 'o-'kyo 'swaa lii-la
(LL y HL jL )
A j| The lamas form the millet
flour statues, and put roasted rice
throw them out.
453
-SL `()

-SL lii-kharka n. wEL | sing (a song).

place names: small settlement on the - 'lu sil- pred.ph.erg. L
-
western ridge of the Yohlmu valley, L U UE, HEt UHL UD
below Taa-Khor. AL E | take up 'tsuu-lu'
after 'baa'; sing a song in reponse to
liih n. L, | dry leaves;
fertilizer. [Note: The dry leaves are a song sung by the other party.
mixed with animal dung and used as - -lu sf. PD E A|
fertilizer.] 'j, h' | See verb stem nominalizer for way of
also: 'thaa, tohwa'. doing s.th. [Gram: vs+sf.]
hU| liih 'tooh-gen. L '-`/ -`, -`' | See also:
| gather dry leaves. '-ta~ -da, -na'.
U/ `U| liih pihn-gen/ `U yl`, L
pih-gen. M/ J| take Ml! ah-gi o-lu-i-'ra,
fertilizer to the fields. 'mih-'ya 'keehmu 'kyahp-lu-i!
/
/

/ liih/ yC, jL C! People have to
liihbu/ leehbu/ lihbu n. (poetic) laugh when they just see my way of
walking!
kE, l, (U ) body; life;
soul. SU ! 'kho-gi to yo-lu
yaah-ba! EL LC ! How
1 lu n. U| spirit residing in an well he cooks!
object of nature. [Note: resides in y| 'teh-lu o-lu. g-g,
stones near houses, springs, in the C, yC| behaviour; life style.
forest, or in the 'luwa'] '`'
| See also: 'loe'. ` () y-
y- lu(-la) o-
pred.ph.non-erg. , j |
j-L 'lu 'the-k pred.ph.erg.
become unconscious; faint.
U nE, U k U| appease a
spirit residing in nature. ` `- 'lu 'lah-
pred.ph.non-erg. `Ut V| feel very
2 lu n. U| song. dizzy.
- 'lu 'a-'a
`` ``
'u-'u lehn- pred.ph.erg. U `k/
k/ `k {J`-} ludzi (E)/
UUE| hum a tune.
ludzu (W) {oh-} n. {v.i.} A,
g- 'lu 'tsuu- pred.ph.erg. U {AE} wind storm {arises}.
'' | See also: 'lhaaba'.
EwE| begin a song (for dancing).
- 'lu pap- pred.ph.erg. U
- `() lu(da) n. U, Ag,
U U (L U L S L (AL O) spiritual power;
AL U UE) interrupt 'tsuu-lu' horoscope.
in order to sing the middle piece ` y- 'luda ii-
'baa'. pred.ph.non-erg. U | have
- 'lu lehn- pred.ph.erg. UE|
matching horoscopes.

454
` `

` gM/ ` y 'luda ` luwa n. U| cerem.

tsokpa/ 'luda 'mahn-o n.ph.
U/ SLHL V| be under a bad
star.
` () 'luda
('thombu) 'yeh n.ph./ pred.ph.cop. U
| have (much) spiritual
power. [Gram: cop.= specific
attribution]
'luda
` / ` | have time for the activity stated
mamu 'yeh/ 'luda meeh
pred.ph.cop. U Lk / U| have
little/ no spiritual power. [Gram:
cop.= specific attribution]
/ ` y 'luda
` ` ` y-`
yaahbu/ 'luda 'yahn-o n.ph.
U/ V L| be under a good star.
- 'lu(da) 'so-
`() -
pred.ph.non-erg. A E| enhance
one's chances of living longer.
` ludar n. k| small
prayer flag.
` {j-
{j-} lubar {thar-} n.
{v.t.} k {tV} big prayer flag
{hoist}.
g M- lutsa (N) kyahp-
, t | lie
pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. t
(i.e. tell a lie).
g/ g 'lutsa (m.)/ 'lutsa-mu
(f.) n. t, hg| liar.
{`-
{`-} lupi {ta-} n. {v.t.}
(poetic) U {UE} (U ) {sing}
a song.
terms: small enclosure made of stones
with a stone in the middle. [Note:
made as a dwelling place for the 'lu']
luh '' | See: 'luuh'.
M
luhkso n. OL |
names: personal name.
-`
-luh pp. L LL U
in the verb stem. [Gram: vs+sf.; may
be attached to most vs] '`,
S-` ' | See also: 'loh,
khum-luh'.
| 'tihri
ah-la o-'luh meeh. Ak D k
j| I don't have time to go
today.
` ` -`A`
`! 'tihri 'yih-la to
sah-'luh-'a mah-yoh! Ak D
S H! Today we
didn't even have time to eat!
-`
/ -'luh
mihm-ba/ meeh-ba temp.pp.ph.
-L| as soon as (the activity stated
in vs is over). [Gram: vs+temp.pp.ph.]
J` y-`
-jU S ! ohra o-'luh
mihm-ba 'mehme 'rihmbur-'thee-gi
'khada taa-di! kL w
k S UC! As soon as we
went there the big lama put a
ceremonial scarf around our neck!

`-
`- lupi ta- pred.ph.erg. `
/ `
{`-
{`-} luh/
luhden {na-} n. {v.t.} Q {}
L L U| speak from your heart.
lamaisms: {give} instruction; teaching.
`- lum lah- ` - 'luh/
/ `
pred.ph.non-erg. ky | ferment. 'luhden 'uh- pred.ph.erg. Q

455
`
-

U| get instruction; teaching. festival the people contribute rice,

` 'luh 'yeh pred.ph.cop. whisky, and mountain barley.
CWL A j| have power of `
` luho '`
' |
meditation. [Gram: cop.= specific See: 'luh'.
semi-attribution]
L` ` | di 'kehlo-la luhndi '' | See:
'luh 'yeh-ba. QD CWL 'lihndi'.
A j| This monk has the ability to - luu- v.t. | put into; pour
meditate. into.
`
/ `
` luh (E)/ - luur-tii- (N) v.t. t
, SS
luho (E) n. S| rift valley g| rob.
(large or small, with or without
/ luuh/ luh n. y| sheep.
' | See: 'luhba
stream). '`
| 'luuh 'meehme-'ya.
/
3) (W)'.
yL | a group of sheep.
`
luhda n. Ly (w SyL

, l
/
/
luuh-a/ luuhli n.
nU A EgL U E wE)
| sheep excrements.
L
household utensils: carrying rings on big
metal vessels. - (U) -le(-gi) sf. -S, -t| from
(directional).
`
luhden '`
' | See:
Jk ``
'luh'.
U ` y` yE L| 'ohze
`
luhba n. 'bela-le-ni ah-'ra 'bas-le then-di
1) , Q| country; region. 'lahm-gi 'thoo oo-le o-'ra o-w
2) QL | people of the 'yeh-ken. S A t
whole region. J tL t k H| At
3 (W) S| rift valley (large or that time I myself, having come out of
small, with or without stream). '` / the bus, was walking along it above
`' | See: 'luh (E)/
` the road.
luho (E)'. L` UA
` j J`U| 'luhba 'tham | yohl 'kah-le 'lhaama-ni 'su-gi-'aa
oh-ge. j h AEj| All mah-ter 'du lo. HL Ak
the people will come to dance. L H | Nobody gave him
`` `U L, j` more than a handful.
L, J h` L| 'yune-la J j LU U
'luhba-'ya-gi 'bree 'tahp-ken, tha yH HU `U` | ohle
'tahp-ken, ohle tada 'tahp-ken. Thimi kohmba-gi yildo-le-gi phar
gy (gy k HL o-emu to yo-e-gi 'mehga-la lep-sin.
D) UEL j g, ky A j UL AUt E k
M, L, Uj| On the fasting LE Y U| And going

456
- L

over from the courtyard of the temple the box?

in Thimi I arrived at the cooking T Lh ` LU? khye
shed. 'kapta 'rih-'le kehn-ge? Ly
-U -le-gi peh-ti pp.ph. LL Ej? How long do
H, | by way of. you wear your clothes?
LU S` `! h U M M`
kohmba-le-gi peh-ti 'khaba-la su! ? 'leeh peh-te-la 'moh-gi 'lahkpa
U Y kF! Go home by the way kyoh-'le 'du? L U EL
of the temple! LL L j? How clumsy is she
when it comes to working with her
- -le phar ', - -' |
See: 'phar, -le nn'. hands?
? tahlen 'he yaah-'le
/ le/ leh att.p. | attitude
'du? A LL Hj?
particles:: mitigating (e.g. command);
How are the potatoes doing this year?
pleading; convincing. [Disc: In ` ? di 'paalo 'he
identificational interrogative mah-'le yaah-ba? A LL
constructions this particle may replace
? How much potatoes are there
the copula.] this year?
J U M h ll ,
EC A! ohle 'lha-gi peh-'kyo-la ti-be -/- l -le~-lee
'dii-e leh, 'uy 'ada! (nL )A yihndu temp.pp.ph. -HS| since the
activity or the event stated in the
U UL L yE, k! So
why should we be afraid of what the preceding vs. [Gram: vs+temp.pp.ph.]
gods do?! [Phon: The long vowel variant occurs
when the intonation is emphatic,
T(U) h ? 'khye(-gi)
'mihn ti leh? L ? What is which frequently is the case with this
your name? suffix.]
A, h ? M-kU ! k` j l J `
'ada, di ti le? 'lahkpa-'dzuu-'ga 'du le! ! 'dzambuli thaa-'le 'yihndu
ooh 'leehmu-'ra 'yihm-ba! t
C, L ? H, L A j!
Brother, what is this? Oh I see, it's a HS ! It's that way since the
finger! beginning of the world!
Lh L l U
-/- -le~-lee q.sf. LL| how j `! di 'kapta kehn-'le
much of a given quality or quantity. 'yihndu 'lha-gi 'nahwa 'tshawa
[Phon: The long vowel variant occurs mah-ta! U UHS U S
when the intonation is emphatic, HL j! Since (I) wear
which frequently is the case with this these clothes the gods haven't sent
suffix.] [Gram: adj.stem+q.sf.] any sicknesses!
M j ? 'baksa 'the-'le
'yeh-ba? L L w j? How big is L lekam n. k| shoe.
457
- E

L `| lekam yii. HL k k, males; used for entertainment]

one pair of shoes. L g`U | lemu 'kee 'tsaga
L t lekam 'ohwa n.ph. 'du. gL l j| The bamboo
kL tL| shoe buckle. flute has a high sound.
L M lekam thakpa n.ph. lemba adj. t| dumb (m.).
kL | shoe laces. '' | See also: 'lema (f.)'.
-/ M- len-/ len M-U lemba-la 'kye-g
kyahp- (E) v.i./ pred.ph.non-erg. pred.ph.non-erg. t k| be born
J| become damp (flour, etc.). deaf.
'-L' | See also: 'leh-k (W)'. J J H, J `
len-'se adj. MH H Lh | ohle
1) AL JHL| somewhat damp ooh tam meh-'ma-e-di, ooh-di 'ti-le
(flour, etc.). '-/-' | See lemba-la meh-'kye-e 'ma-e 'keta 'yihn.
also: '-se~-see'. ( ) g AL k
2) AL t| somewhat dumb. t H k L | And as to
'' | See also: 'lemba'. abstaining from talking, we do it so
that we will not be born deaf in our
- lep- v.i. ACV| arrive; reach next life.
(a place). len-'se '-/-' | See:
J`- lep oh- '' | '-se~-see'.
See: 'lee'.
leh '' | See: 'le'.
lepa n. U| brain.
-L leh-k (W) v.i. J|
t lepa n. gCt, gt tP| become damp (of salt, biscuits, etc.).
flattish piece of s.th. '-/ M-' | See also:
`/ tl| i/ toh lepa-i. 'len-/ len kyahp- (E)'.
Lw/ `U L gCt| a flat piece of
wood/ stone.
E / E
lehw
J t ` `, ` h!
ma-na/ lehw ma-si-ma-na
ooh lepa-di ah-la 'la, ah 'teh-te! cond.dep.pred.ph. |
conjunctions: in my estimation; as far
gCt D F , j!
Give me that flat thing there, I want as I know.
to sit on it! E , lUA` S
Sl
L, S hU` S
lema adj. t| dumb (f.). J` ! 'lehw 'ma-na, 'mehnda sum
'' | See also: 'lemba 'i-gi-'a khur khuu-e meeh-ba
(m.)'. 'leehmu 'yehken, 'kho tii-gi-'ra
{-} lemu {phu-} n. {v.t.} khur-ti oh 'du-ba! , g
{kE} musical instruments: {blow} k M M k , F HM
bamboo flute. [Note: played mostly by L AHj| According to my

458
LL

estimation three or four people would a message.

not be able to carry it all, but here, he U l- lehgu 'aa-
`
comes carrying it all himself! pred.ph.erg. S jy| leave a
message.
LL
` lehk-ki mehlo
n.ph. LgP, ALL I (k t
lehi n. g| work utensils:
gE I) cerem. terms: mirror which scaffolding (for building work).
records all our works. [Note: it is in
t
t lehe pee adv.ph.
the hand of 'ide-thee-gi
H, jt H| smearing.
kyahlbu', who uses it to judge the
| 'naaza lehe pee
k t t MU
dead] 'kyuu-gen. | ink smears.
`U lehga n. , | flail L t t TU | 'kalam lehe
(for threshing millet). pee ''khyuu-gen. L | the
ink flows plentifully in this pen.
`U t- lehga ahl-
pred.ph.erg. LL y L kU t t U| pehza-gi
lehe pee 'thel-di sah-gen.
D D
L| rituals: "kill" a little statue of jt U S Sj| the child smears
millet flour mash (to kill evil spirits). himself with his food.
jl U `U t
( ) leht leht
LH| 'tshiiu 'bela-la lama-'ya-gi (peh-ti) (E) adv.ph. ` `
, `
lehga 'ahl 'koh-en. jl gy ` (U) hanging around loosely;
D fluttering. '
' | See: 'lehp
j| At the 'tshiiu' festival the lehp (W)'.
lamas must ward off the evil spirits by Lh` yE |
performing the "lehga ahl-gen" 'kapta-'ra leht leht peh-ti o-w 'du.
ritual. Ly ` ` U k j| She is
walking around with her clothes
`U/ `U/ `U lehgu/
lehgo/ lihgi n. S, | fluttering around her.
message.
- lehn- v.t. | take; get.
`-/ g`- lehgu ta-/
`U `-
M- lehn kyahp-
'tsah- pred.ph.erg. S wE| send a pred.ph.erg. k | answer.
message.
L- lehgu 'kal-
`U L-
lehp n. u, L, L| side
pred.ph.erg. S wE| give a (of paper, path, clothing, etc.). ''
message; entrust a message. | See also: 'looh'.
`U T- lehgu 'khyer- h ` L | lehp tii
pred.ph.erg. S | take a message. oo-le 'thowa kahl 'du. HLu AL
`U -L lehgu e-k AV Hj| Oh, it is higher on one
pred.ph.erg. S , E| tell side.
M- lehp 'kyahp-

459


pred.ph.erg. L E (Uw , S L L gt j| At a

U, A C ) house parts: young age everybody has a flat nose.
put up side walls (on sheds).

/
/ lehma/ lahma n.
S, T` L gt, S| time (when counting).
ML| khamba, 'miima khyo-di h| lehma tii. HL gt| one
'kohre-la lehp 'kyahp-ken. time.
U H Uw L UCj|
Temporary sheds have side walls

/ l
/ l lehmen/
made of worm wood plants or emen/ emba det. AL| other.
mountain bamboo.
lehmen lehmen
adj.ph./ adv.ph. | different.

(
) lehp lehp
(peh-ti) (W) adv.ph. `
`


() lehmen(-ni) conj. |
conjunctions: otherwise.
(U), t (t) hanging around
loosely; cling suddenly. '
, h ` U,
' | See: 'leht leht (E), `U l L , M
lhep lhep (E)'. h | tam tii yii mihm-ba
L | 'aahma meh-then-ge, lehmen ah-gi 'luu-e
lehp lehp peh-ku 'du. jy E Ly 'yehken 'nah, 'moh-la rihkpa 'lop-te
` U j| Look, her back
` 'mee-de. HL Ct L AEj,
apron is flapping. (t) H, ED A D|
Lh l| 'kapta I can't say anything, except one or
lehp lehp 'dar-sin U t t| The two phrases, otherwise I would put
clothes suddenly clung to it. something (on the tape recorder) to
teach her proper behaviour.

lehpu adj. -, | S LL j m
slow (in doing work). [Gram: excl.:
l LH, ` `U!
'lehwa!'] 'saab 'mee-de 'kho-la kahkala thimbu
`U l | di 'lago 'mih 'zee-de 'aa 'koh-en, lehmen-ni
lehpu-i 'du. U j| This ox 'yih-la barta 'la-ge! w j
is slow.
H Tj ED, C D
leh-'se '-/-' | See: U Uj! We must call him Sir and
'-se~-see'. deal with him as with an important
`U | di 'lago leh-'se person, otherwise he scolds us
'du. U j| This ox is sharply.
somewhat slow.
lehmba n. L| insects and
lehpta adj. gt| flattened worms: tick.
shape.
` U A L |
k l` 'pahla-la lehmba-gi aa 'tap-ku 'du.
J`U| pehza 'bela-le thamdi-di-'ra tM j| Oh, the ticks
UDD L
'naasum lehpta oh-gen. hg A
460


are biting the cows. E| get rid of; be detached

jtL
from. [Gram: detached item takes
/ lehmbur/
lahmbur n. UE L| weaving <-le-gi>]
terms: small wooden poles stuck into `-
`- lee ta- pred.ph.erg.
the ground on which to fasten the , U| cancel (debt, fine);
loom. forgive; leave behind.
- lehm-lehm 'L-t -
-/ L-
L- lee phral-/ lee
-' | See: 'kahp-ih thoo-'. kal- (W) pred.ph.erg. U| trust
s.b. ' S-' | See: 'lee khal-
S-
S-/ L-
L- lee khal-/ lee
kal- (E) pred.ph.erg. T| trust (E)'. ' -, M h-'
s.b. (having experienced that he is | See also: 'sem lee phral-,
trustworthy). ' -' | See: 'lee kyap tol-'.
phral- (W)'. ' S-, M h-' / J`- lee/ lep oh-
| See also: 'sem lee khal-, pred.ph.non-erg. AC| arrive; come
kyap tol-'. (intensified).
`U S` SU` S`UA` gl L `, ` J`U!
` SU| ah-gi khu-la lee 'rhip-tse-i kuuh-do, ah lee oh-ge!
'khal-go-'ra khu-gi-'a ah-la lee HL j S, AC! Just wait a
'khal-gen. ED UL moment, I will come right away!
E D Uj| Because I U
/
/ U
{-/ l-
l-} leega/
trust them they also trust me. leege {ter-/ dor-} n. {v.dt./t.}
h-
h- lee tol- pred.ph.erg. l {/ E} wages {pay/
T, U| trust s.b. firmly. receive). '' | See also:
'M h-' | See also: 'kyap 'talab'.
tol-'. ` t, L, g U lL|
TU h LH, i 'uuh-na, sa 'ko-na, 'he 'tsuu-na
U T h LH, JU 'leega dor-ken. E Lt , t S
t` - J`U| 'khyowa-gi , A l Cj| For
piihmi-la lee 'tol 'koh-e, piihmi-gi gathering fire wood, digging up the
'khyowa-la lee 'tol 'koh-e, ohle-'ga fields, and planting potatoes you get
'ohba 'ih-'tembu oh-ge. V wages.
U U j, ` L`
`
VU MlU U ! 'yihma 'kah 'leeh
Uj, A U U gj| The peh-ti 'neeh 'maana yii
husband must trust his wife, and the peh-'kyo-i-'ga 'leega! L U
wife must trust her husband, and then k C U l C! Only two
the marriage will be strong. maanas of wheat for a day's wages!
t- lee ohl- pred.ph.erg. jy,
leenu (N) adj. (
461

k L U U L U| work.
Uj, g k - 'leeh phrii- pred.ph.erg.
L U U Uj|) baby. L U U| relieve of some
[Usage: mostly used for humans, only
occasionally for animals; usage in
Nepali is just the opposite]
leeh n. L, L| work.
L- 'leeh kul- pred.ph.erg. L
AE| give orders for work.
` 'leeh 'ehmba n.ph. t
L| evil work (e.g. sorcery).
j- 'leeh
gMU g` j-
tsokpa-gi 'tsaryi tshol- pred.ph.erg.
LLL k Sl ( Sl) be
always suspicious.
hU
hU
() 'leeh tii-gi mihm-ba
'leeh tii-gi peh-ti(-ni) adv.ph. HEt
L H AL L| for one reason
or another.
k- 'leeh dzol- pred.ph.erg.
k-
U| make a mistake.
m- 'leeh 'zo- pred.ph.erg. Q
m-
L U| accomplish s.th.
` h- 'leeh noh tuu-
pred.ph.erg. L U| spoil work; fail
in s.th.
`V kV 'leeh
noh-'gyo dzol-'gyo n.ph. U L,
t| error; mistake.
'leeh
M M
'nohr-'kyo 'iih-'kyo n.ph. L|
wrongdoing; crime.
L
L/ L L
-L 'leeh pahrak 'puhruk (E)/
barak 'buruk (W) peh-k pred.ph.erg.
L nu-u U| work with a lot of
gusto; work carelessly.
-L 'leeh peh-k pred.ph.erg.
work. [Gram: relieved party takes gen.
<-ki>]
M 'leeh mah-tahkpa
n.ph. LL, A| treason; crime.
` -L 'leeh
g
meh-'tsama peh-k pred.ph.erg.
AL L U| be immoral; have
impure behaviour (strong sexual
conn.).
k/
k j
`-} 'leeh
{k-L/ `-
'yahmdzemba/ 'leeh 'yahmdzen
'thewa {'dze-k/ ten na-} n.ph. {v.t.}
AgL L {U} (t.) {work/
do} a miracle.
L L -L 'leeh 'ak
uk peh-k pred.ph.erg. L
E| get along with the work
(i.e. not potter around).
'leeh-'kehwa n.
-L
(lamaistic) L| works of merit.
-m 'leeh-zemba n. L,
LUy, LU| helper. [Note:
voluntary or on exchange basis, helps
with work at festivals and on other
special occasions]
h-L/ j-L 'leehda
'te-k/ the-k pred.ph.erg./ non-erg.
E, E| finish all the work/
be finished with all the work.
` J` ``l ,
`` h lH| 'ti-le oh
'yuh-de mihndu, 'tihri-'ra 'leehda
'te-ti 'aa-en. j AE j, Ak
Cj| We will not be able to
come back later, so we will finish
everything today.
462


JA` w , j! verb stem expresses; certainly I would

ooh-di-'a habe 'yihm-ba, 'leehda perform the action of verb stem (if I
'the-pa! wL , L! had the means). [Gram: vs+<-te>
That's fine, everything is finished! +-ni + p.+ vs + p. (vs must be
/ gM) 'leeh-na
` ( identical)]
(yaahbu/ tsokpa) n. (adj.) g, l ! klU SH|
- (/ ) (good/ bad) sah-e-ni 'leeh sah 'nah! 'zo-e-'ga
working habits. miih-khu-en. S SCj ! LE
- -L 'leeh-rooh peh-k M| I would certainly eat it, but
pred.ph.erg. U| help out with I can't prepare it!
work. [Note: e.g. when s.b. is building mh m ! MlU
a house, help out for a few hours, not ! 'zap-te-ni 'leeh 'zap

necessarily the whole day] 'nahle! 'kyehnda-'ga meeh-ba
M M- 'leeh-la mihm-ba-ni! U Lj ! U
'lahkpa 'kyahp- pred.ph.erg. L H | Of course I would dress up,
E| undertake s.th. but I don't have the ornaments for it!
- 'leeh-'lahmu adv./ adj.
U
leehga (T) n. L, L| work.
k| with ease; freely.
ll` S -
g
leehtsi '
' | See:
H , ` L A` 'leehsi'.
J w` LH| -
l
{m`-} leehu {zu-} n. {v.t.}
LH| tahnda 'ma-e-la-i-'ra U, C U| {pursue}
'kha 'leeh-'lahmu peh-ti 'ma-en occupation.
mihm-ba, nahbar ter-ke-mu-'a ooh S l | 'kho-di
hi-'ra peh-ti ter 'koh-en. 'leeh-'lahmu 'leehu yaahbu 'du lo. EL
peh-ti ter 'koh-en. A S j | He has a good occupation
k C, they said.
U j| Don't just say that gM 'leehu tsokpa n.ph.
l
you will give freely; tomorrow, when S , | evil occupation.
you give, you must give freely. We


leehbu '' | See: 'liih'.
must give willingly.
jU h
- |

{L-} leehmi {kul-} n. {v.t.}
'thee-gi 'temba 'tahr-te-la l, S {UE} worker
'leeh-'lahmu meeh-ba. L U {employ}. [Note: giving them
k j| It is not easy to establish a payment, or on exchange basis]
religion victoriously. '`' | See also: 'naba'.

...
... / leeh... nah/

/
/

-L/ -
-/ j-
j- leehmi/
nahle p.... p./ p. LL H A leehmu se-k/ so-/ tsho-
U H| of course I would do what the pred.ph.erg. L U, AL U|
imitate. [Usage: mostly said of
463


children] ' -' | See

also: 'sem-lo'.
also: 'leehsi so-'. -L lo 'teh-k pred.ph.non-erg.

leehmu pp. -k| alike; such ML | be relieved.
as. ' ' | See also: 'di
lo 'sepu adv.ph.
U,
leehmu'. | unhurriedly; easy-going.
[Gram: excl.: 'lo sepa!']
ll | di 'praah-ni
'dii-e 'leehmu 'du. yV -L lo 'sepu peh-k
j| Oh, this is a dangerous U, U| take it
pred.ph.erg.
precipice! easy.
S`U TU g`U | -L "..." 'meedi
...
khu-gi 'khyi-gi 'lawa 'leehmu ter lo 'sepu peh-k pred.ph.erg. "..."
'tsah-ge lo. E LLL | rely on s.th. [Disc: Quote
states what is relied on.]
Mk CwE U | They
would sent something like dog's lungs y- lo-la o- pred.ph.dr. g
y-
with him. n , | like s.th. or s.b.
-L 'leehmu peh-k aux.ph.
2 lo n. U (`U L
-H k U| act as if. [Gram: gL U) work utensils: inner
vs+<-te> + aux.ph.] layer of bamboo. '`` , '
` LU `l L | | See also: 'yuma lo,
'tihri 'sarki-gi uh-e 'leehmu peh-ku padap lo'.
'du. Ak L k U j| Today
3 lo n. L | clan names:
Sarki acts as if he was crying. non-lama clan (='maba').

() leehyo(p) adj. t,
`U| warped; out of shape.
M h ! di nekyi-ni
'leehyop tii 'du! y `U j!
Oh, what a warped container!
S` M | khu 'kyihpa
lo 'yihm-ba. E L | They
are of the 'lo' clan.
4 lo p. , A| reported
information particle. [Disc: occurs

(h) leehwor (tii) n.ph. clause finally]
L (HL) U (gP) (one) TU ` `
twelve-year cycle. '-S h`' ` , J T jM yl
| See also: 'loh-khor tiyii'. , `C U y g`U

-
-/
g
g-L leehsi so-/ | khye-gi pohmo 'prabu 'mih
leehtsi tse-k pred.ph.erg. SL 'yimbu paahma peh ter-to lo, ohle
khye pohmo thukpu o-e 'yeh-ba lo,
U, kLE| imitate. '

/


-L' | See also: 'leehmi/ ah-y 'sodi-gi 'yehna 'mee 'tsah-gu
leehmu se-k'. 'du-ba. DL jD UU
U , A DL j j
|
1 lo n. , | feeling; heart V D wHL j| He
(emotional). '-' | See said that you should marry your
464
 -
-

daughter to a poor person, and then Temple, and collections are given.
she would become rich; my good
`-
`- lo- v.t. S, Sl| search
fortune told me to tell you this. through; turn over.
S-
S- lo kho- pred.ph.non-erg. ` L , j ` S|
SM, SL V| cough. di nah-la 'yehken 'nah, thaabe 'lo
khuu-na-ni. , Sl
E lowre 'E' | See:
'lawre'. k | It's in here, if we are able
to search in the lama books.
MM {-} lokkyal {then-} n.
{v.i.} SL {L} sputum {cough up}. ` loe n. k`U
| spirits:
forest spirit. '' | See also: 'lu'.
MM M- lokkyal 'kyur-
pred.ph.erg. SL | spit out ` j loma tshii n.ph.
sputum. UUw| ankle joint.
M lokpa n. Lt (yL (k) lone (nahza) n.(ph.)
j HL) clothing: Tibetan style SL| whooping cough.
coat. [Note: made from sheep skins S k | 'kho-la lone
with the wool left on] 'nahza 'yeh-ba. ED SL UL
M M- lokpa kyahp- j| He has whooping cough.
'M' | See: 'lohkpa'. -
- lop- v.i./ aux. M| learn.
[Gram: aux. = vs+<-ken> + aux./
` lo n. g| collection.
vs+<-te> + aux.]
` M-/ - 'lo 'kyahp-/
'tuh- pred.ph.erg. g EwE, g - ` t` h| tah-loh
ah ahmyen 'lop-te. t`
L U| take up a collection.
J L l`l UU ` kE M gj| This year I want
to learn to play the string instrument.
` M| ooh kohmba
'a-de-la goba-'ya-gi 'lo mahbu l `` M| thaa thaa-e
'kyahp-sin. U ED ah-'ra 'lop-'kyo. A LL|
I learnt to weave myself.
S g EwH| For the
building of that temple the leaders -
- lop- v.dt./ aux. LE| teach.
took up a big collection. [Gram: aux. = vs+<-ken> + aux./
` - 'lo 'luu- pred.ph.erg. g vs+<-te> + aux.]
, | give for a collection. `! pohmo-la
U
, ` J` g L thaa thaa-gen 'lop-to! jD
l L, J ` U| 'loh, 'tihri LF! Teach your daughter to
ohra 'tsiiri kohmba-la eero ter-ken, weave!
ohle 'lo 'luu-ge. , Ak g h ml `!
U YE LHL UL t S pohmo-la topta 'zo-e 'lop-to!
Cj, A g j| Well, today jD S E LE! Teach
fried bread is distributed at our Tsiiri your daughter to cook!
465


- 'lop ter- pred.ph.erg. t| a one thousand rupee note.

LC, | inform. g y-
y- lortsa o- pred.ph.erg./
M- lop-tam kyahp- semi-r. | be fond of.
pred.ph.erg. A | give teaching; U g y
give an exhortation. gM H| 'mih-gi 'mih-la
lortsa meh-n-o-si-'ma-na di rohwa
/ ( ) lop-se(e)
(peh-ti) adv.(ph.) U, | tam tsokpa 'ma-en. j HL-ALD
slowly; carefully. [Phon: The long L U yj
|
vowel variant occurs when the If people don't like somebody they say
intonation is emphatic, which such evil things.
frequently is the case with this lexical S` k ` g L|
item.] di 'khaba 'zopta ah-la lortsa
mah-kahl. YL jt D | I
loben n. (rare) certainly don't like the design of this
1) U| teacher. house.
2) L | names of deities:
guardian of the 'kohmba'. 1 loh n. , | year.
LU U E U l ` h M|
'bam 'dilla-la ah loh tii 'teh-'kyo.
M | di kohmba-gi 'loben-gi
'u-di 'yahr peeh-le-gi 'nom 'phep-'kyo k HL L H| I
'yihm-ba. UL UL L stayed one year in Bam Jilla.
g tt CHL | They say M- loh 'kyur- pred.ph.erg. U
that the head of the guardian deity of UE| rituals: an individual
this temple has been brought down performs a ritual on his own behalf to
from Tibet. prevent a bad horoscope from coming
true. [Note: performed by the 'lama']
loma n. `| household
' -, ` -, ' |
utensils: round bamboo tray.
See also: 'loh phoo-, phusum
lomba adj. g, kL| wet. phoo-, lihdo'.
`- lomba ta- pred.ph.erg.
`- M LH LH H
g E, kE| wet s.th. U LH| loh 'kyur
'koh-e ni meh-'koh-e 'ma-e-di lama-gi
lor n. L t| money: note.
'lihdo-la tee-di ha 'koh-en. U j
L hU | 'ika tii-gi lor. HL
L t| a one rupee note. L
L g
M- h| 'kyah-lor tii. L Ej| The lama learns from
looking up the horoscope calendar
t| a one hundred rupee note.
whether or not you have to perform
`MU h| 'ap-kya-gi lor
tii. g L t| a five hundred the ceremony.
rupee note. y- loh + num.
+ t`k + y-
+ o- pred.ph.non-erg. (T)
`- h| to-lor tii. kL
466
 M

L | be + number + years old. h' | See also: 'leehwor tii'.

[Gram: person whose age is stated
2 loh att.p. | attitude particles:
takes gen. <-ki>] friendly spurring on. [Disc: occurs
U S `-` l yH| frequently after requests in question
peema-gi loh 'khal yii-da 'i o-en. form and after orders]
g L | Peema is ` J` ` ` h` U
forty-four years old.
k yH ! 'tihri ohra yii
y- loh thimbu o-
j y- 'masir teea-gi 'dzaatar-la o-en
pred.ph.non-erg. L , loh! Ak `L k kK
V| advance in age. [Gram: person ! Today let's go together to the full
who advances in age takes gen. moon festival of (the month of)
<-ki>] Mangsir.
j yE A`
h yH | loh thimbu o-'wah 3 loh p. | interjections: look
'indo sem-'a 'tip-ti o-en 'nah. E here; come along; here we are
(somewhat provoking or aggressive).
j UHj j kj | As
you get older, you also become more [Disc: occurs clause initially]
mentally mature. , ` ` k`l ! loh
/ loh
j/ j o, ah yimu dzi-de 'yeh-na!
thimbu/ 'theemu 'yeh/ 'yihn ACk, U k ! Come on, if
pred.ph.cop. kw/ Lj | be older/ you want to quarrel with me!
younger. [Gram: cop.= specific , T , l `
attribution/ cop.= specific attribution, `U ` ! loh tee,
truth emph. But with either copula 'khya 'pheebe-'ya, tahi ah-la
the person whose age is stated does tuh-gen-di di 'mih-'ra 'yihm-ba!
not take attributive <-ti>.]
D, AY D Lt hj
S j / | 'kho loh ! Now look, you gentlemen, this
thimbu 'yeh/ 'yihm-ba. F w EL is the one who was beating me up!
j/ | He is older. E/ lohw/ loh p. j, |
` j | ah interjections: okay. [Disc: occurs clause
'mee-di 'moh loh thimbu yihm-ba. initially]
E kw | She is older than me. `C TL ?- / E,
- loh 'phoo- pred.ph.dr. T`| di ah-y 'khyer-ken 'loh? - 'loh/
U , V| have a bad 'lohw, 'khyer-to. j ?- , k|
horoscope; be under an evil star. Can I take this? - Okay, take it.
[Note: is the same as 'phu-sum
L L lohk lohk 'M U'
phoo-']
| See: 'kyu lohge'.
-S (h`) loh-khor
(tiyii) n.ph. L (HL) U M h`-
h`- lohkta ta- '
(gP) (one) twelve-year cycle. '

h`-' | See: 'sem ta-'.

467
M `

M/
/ M M
M - lohkpa/ L ` | di
lokpa kyahp- pred.ph.erg. tE 'paalo-di 'bree 'tahpka 'loh-sin 'du.
( tH tH T) turn g g V| This time
over (ground, furniture). the rice was the right quantity.
U lohge adv. tL| turned `- loh- v.dr. A, E |
over. 'S-g U, A U y-, M obtain back (money, means).
U, U U' | See also: `C Sg Lk M, Jk `
'khep-tsuu lohge, am lohge o-, ` Ll! ah-y 'khartsa 'kahze
kyu-lohge, lahga lohge'. also peh-'kyo, ohze ah-la 'loh 'koh-e!
intensifier for some colours. '`-U, Sg k UL j, D A
-U, -U' | See: j| I must at least obtain as much
'o-lohge, mar-lohge, naa-lohge'. as I spent!
l` , A` L U ` h- 'loh tuu- pred.ph.erg.
L ! 'i-e-'ra peh-sin 'du, A, E U| recover (money,
'mii-'a karpu lohge kahl-sin 'du! means).
Uj, AS tCLj| Oh he S`U Sg M S`U` `
is about to die, his eyes have turned h LH| khu-gi 'khartsa peh-'kyo-di
white! (Only the white part of his eye khu-gi-'ra 'loh tuu 'koh-en.
balls are showing.) E Sg UL g E A
`- loh- v.i. (L) Ew, wL U j| They must recover their
expenses themselves.
V| come out even (with money,
measuring food items, etc.); be even `y -L 'loh-i peh-k
(in quantity). [Gram: requiring an pred.ph.erg. UED U|
inanim. actor] conduct an investigation. 'U `y
-L' | See also: 'gruup
`C yH g
T
lohi peh-k'.
LV, Sgl `| ah-y
'yahmbu-la o-e 'bela-le 'paats 'say S` U `y | khu
'khyer-ti kahl-'gyo, 'khartsa-i-ni 'pheebe-'ya-gi 'loh-i peh-sin. E
'loh-sin. Lwy k g H UE U| The men
conducted an investigation.
UHL H, Sgg Ew| I took five
hundred with me when I went to ` {/ J`-} loh {yeh/
Kathmandu, and came back with five oh-} n.
{} {have} leisure;
hundred. In spite of having had travel {have} free time. 'S-` ' |
expenses, I came out even. See also: 'khum-luh'.
` T`V h LL ` ` J`
S! 'tihri khyo-'gyo 'tini karka ! nahm nahm 'loh oh-si-'ma-na
'loh maah-khu! Ak HL gL 'teh o le!
HL LL
kSC U ! The sugar I bought today U AF | Sometime when
weighed less than it was supposed to! you have time, come and stay with us.

468
-l -

` - 'loh ter- pred.ph.erg. C, LE| accompany s.b.

A , AL | give an back; return borrowed belongings
opportunity. (returning the very same item).
J ` jU 'M -' | See also:
J` S`` jl 'kyimba ter-'.
` L| ohle 'ti-le lehmen 'thoo-gi - loo ter- pred.ph.erg.
'mih oh-si-'ma-na khu-'la 'mahni LC| give back.
'tham-de-la 'loh ter-ken. A j () T- loo(-di) 'khyer-
AL UEL j AH D pred.ph.erg. LH | take s.th. back
g U A Cj| And if to s.b.
people from other villages come later, T`- loo(-di) khyo-
() T`-
they are also given an opportunity to pred.ph.erg. LH E| bring back.
dance prayer dances. - loo-di 'ma- pred.ph.erg.
-
-l loh-emba n. U E (L) repeat.
(j w U UE O) M- loori 'kyahp-
cerem. terms: lama leading the singing pred.ph.erg. tE| turn s.th. over.
of mantras at funeral ceremony. - loori 'kyahp-ti
M -
[Usage: often also called 'mahni 'ma- pred.ph.erg. E (L)
loh-emba'] ' t`-/ L-' repeat.
| See also: 'mahni ah-/ kul-'. looh n. jEu| side (of piece of
clothing, paper, house). ' '
lohma n. , E| leaf.
'' | See also: 'lahpti'. | See also: 'lehp'.
h ` `, `
{-} lohsar {sah-} n. M l`| looh tii oo-le 'lhee-do,
{v.t.} {E} ( kL lehmen looh oo-le 'kyur 'aa-do.
U gy) {celebrate}
HLu jE , AL u jEL
new year.
jyF| Continue knitting only on
` H| one side now and leave the other side
di 'paalo-ni lohsar 'yahmbu-la-'ra till later.
sah-en. gy
Lwy Ej| This year we - looh- v.i. L, EL| turn
will celebrate New Year in oneself around; peel off. 'U U'
Kathmandu. | See also: 'lahga lohge'.
M U| 'kyahp looh-gen. jy
- loo- v.t. tE, ELE| pry L| turn back.
(e.g. floor boards); peel off (e.g. j U| tshur looh-gen.
pictures from walls, bark from trees). L| turn towards this side.
'U U' | See also:
U| phar looh-gen. E
'lahga lohge'.
L| turn towards the other side.
M- loo 'kyal- pred.ph.erg.
M- J`- looh oh-

469
 y `-
`-

pred.ph.non-erg. L AE| return meeh! L AL w U

(come back). j! There is no other god greater
y- looh o- pred.ph.non-erg.
y- than I am!
L| return (go back). loohlo loohlo adj./

`-/ - loohri
-L/ `- adv.ph. | different.
peh-k/ ta-/ 'luu- (W) pred.ph.erg. `-` `-`U kL w
E | give a reciprocal L ,
gift. L | 'rah-'rah 'rah-'rah-gi
'dzaat-ki him peh-ko 'yeh-ba, paahma
y loohne (E) n. Ly
( E
peh-na loohlo loohlo peh-ke 'yihn.
y) cooking utensils: big iron pot
with low rims and a flat bottom. A-A kL k A U
[Note: mostly used for boiling milk] j, U A-A g A
Uj| Each ethnicity follows its own

loohlo det. AL| other. customs; there are different marriage

`U j
! customs.
ah-gi 'thoo-la 'lha loohlo thimbu

lha n. | god. M lhakpa n. OL |
j-L 'lha 'the-k pred.ph.erg. names: personal name.
U | appease a god (by making M lhakpu qt. l, | more;
appropriate offerings). too much. '' | See also:
-
- 'lha-'yuhl L, U| 'lhaama'.
heaven; paradise. [Note: a good place
` M L| ah-la
for the dead] '`V ( ), 'lhakpu kahl-sin. D | It is
`U' | See also: 'sagye too much for me.
(yuhl), ihgam'.
Mg 'lhak-tse '-g/-k' |
-
- lha- v.t. | knit; braid (hair See: '-tse~-dze~-ze'.
or with strings).
U` lhaga '-L`' |
-
-L`/ U`/ ` (L) See: 'lha-kah'.
lha-kah/ lhaga/ lhaa
`-
`- lha- v.i. Lw| be stiff and
(kohmba) n.(ph.) wEL | place aching with cold. ' -' | See
names: worshipping place lying a small
also: 'pehr-'.
distance to the north-east of the
S ` y L` `U|
saddle at the foot of Yangri Kahng. 'khawa nah-la o-si-'ma-na 'kaba
Mh` lhaktu n. OL | 'lha-gen. E U Su Lwj|
names: personal name, f. If you walk (barefoot) in snow your
feet get stiff and aching.

470
`

` ` - lha lha thee- names: personal name, f.

pred.ph.non-erg. At , L
- lham lham saa-
| hear s.th. faintly. pred.ph.erg. kE| burn off
` ` M- 'lha 'lha (intensified) (e.g. fur).
'suh 'kyahp- pred.ph.non-erg. gL|
hurt a little. [Usage: chest, stomach or lhamu n.
abdomen] [Gram: hurting part takes 1) E| goddes.
gen. <-ki>] 2) OL | names: personal name, f.
` 'lhamu yii n.ph. Ct
` lhae peh-ti '' | cerem. terms: the two goddesses
| See: 'sem'. accompanying the 'iga lama' in the
` {-} lhaba (W) {then-} 'tshiiu' ceremony. [Note: These are
n. {v.i.} {L} steam {comes actually two boys dressed up as young
out}. '`' | See: 'laba (E)'. girls.]
t lhaul n. OL | names: -Mk {-
{-} lhamu-kyahze
personal name. {ta-} n. {v.t.} l {}
divination: small calendar used to look
k lhandzum n. OL |
names: personal name, f. up fortune {look up}.

y/
y/ y lhani/ lheni n. lhamo pp. (poetic) j| after.
| evil spirit. S U , `` U| 'kho
sah-ge 'lhamo, ah-'ra sah-gen. E
y/ y - 'lhani/
'lheni 'uuh- n.+ v.i. V| be SHj Sj| I will eat after him.
possessed by an evil spirit. [Note: y L lhamo kara n.ph. F
symptoms: headache, vomiting, pain tL| clothing: woolen cummerbund.
and cramps in heart, stomach, or
{M-} lhamdar
abdomen] [Gram: undg. takes <-la>] {kyahp-} n. l gC
y y/ y y -
{U U} divination: utensil to
'lhani 'ini/ 'lheni 'ini 'uuh- look up destiny {use}.
n.+ v.i. V| be possessed by
evil spirits. [Note: symptoms: the same - lhari pruh- pred.ph.erg.
as above but more serious] [Gram: g`L {U} paint gods (on paper or
undg. takes <-la>] walls, etc.).
` `U LU y
{ l-/ t l-} LH L| ah-ni Serma-tha-gi
lhaba lhebe {ten aa-/ am kohmba-gi 'lhari-la o 'koh-en
aa-} adv.ph. {pred.ph.erg.} L kahl-sin. `L U L
A T/ j T| {leave} g ED k | As to me, I
scattered around. had to go to paint gods onto the walls
lhaburi n. OL | of the temple in Sermathang.

471

-M

'lhari 'kheeba n.ph.

S ohngding (which is below
gL (L ALL) painter of Syuhnggan-Che).
religious paintings.
l lhendam n. OL |
-
-M lhar-kyal n. OL names: personal name, f.
| names: personal name, m. y lheni 'y' | See:
-
-M `-
`- lhar-kyal ta- 'lhani'.
pred.ph.erg. U U, L gE|
l-
l- lhep dar- (E)
ceremonies: rituals performed for
pred.ph.non-erg. t t| adhere
wishing good luck and success. [Note: (intensified). '
' | See:
also part of erecting the 'tahri' at 'lehp lehp (W)'.
'lohsar'; at that time grains and flour
-L lhep lhep peh-k
are flipped into the air, accompanied (E) pred.ph.non-erg. E| flutter.
by shooting or firework]
h U L |
-
-` lha-luba n. L | 'tahrtu 'lhaaba-gi lhep lhep peh-ku
clan names: lama clan. 'du. k E j| The
prayer flag is fluttering in the wind.
- lhasin thep- pred.ph.e.
k gL| lightning flashes. lhepu adj. SL| loose (i.e. not
tight, of clothes, knitting). ''
- lhaa- v.i. E, h| be left
over. | See also: 'solbu'.
'lhaama qt. l, | j l | di thuba
more; too much. 'M' | See yahmbi-i lhepu 'du. MS A
also: 'lhakpu'. SL j| Oh, this Tibetan dress is a
little loose.
- -le 'lhaama qt. - |
more than. t lhepa n. LyL tP, jE|
/ 'lhaau/ 'lhaaul n. small piece of cloth; small patch.
L L| leftovers. U ` Lh tlA`
` lhaa '-L`' | See: L ! nam-gi pah-di 'kapta
'lha-kah'. lhepa-i-'a kambu mah-'lih!
k LyL HL jE L ! I
lhaaba n. , | wind; got soaked in the rain, not even a
air. small patch of my clothes is dry
`k/ `/ anymore!
`k {J`-} 'lhaaba 'ludzi (E)/
'lhaaba 'luba (E)/ 'lhaaba 'ludzu lhemba n. t, u| patch for
(W) {oh-} n.ph. {v.i.} A {AE} mending; dressing for a wound; rag
wind storm {arises}. for wiping.
t lhemba lhepa-'ya
lhaasisa n. wEL | place
n.ph. L t| all sorts of
names: very small settlement below
rags.
472
U `

U -
-/ -L lheega sal-/
e-k pred.ph.erg. M (nP)
cerem. terms: talk as an oracle. [Note: it
may be directed to gods or to people;
the shaman does it in a trance]
{M-} lheema {kyahp-}
n. {v.t.} gw {t} braid.
lho n. Q| south.
/ - 'lho-la 'yeh/
'paar-'tii pred.ph.cop. Q | be in
L lhok intens. ML (L), ML
(LE) intensifier for 'looh-, loo-'.
U Lh L U! 'lhaaba-gi
'kapta lhok loo-ge! Ly ML
LEj ! The wind turns over the
clothes completely.
- lhok lhok 'dar-
L L -
pred.ph.non-erg. L| tremble
(intensified).
lhoba n. L | clan names:

the south. [Gram: cop.= specific non-lama clan (='maba).

location]

-/
/- -wa~-wah clit. g L j| (L L UL
U U | attitude particles: j|) Now we are waiting for each
warning; mind!; perceptive attitude. other to act (and nobody is doing
[Phon: /-wa/ occurs after verb stems anything).
with high register, /-wah/ after low ` wa n. | cerem. terms: ritual
register ones.] [Gram: clit. occurs after food. [Note: dough of parched flour,
vs+<-ku>; <-ku> becomes /-ko~ sugar, and butter; given in very small
-go~ -w/] quantities by important lamas]
MU L! tohkpa-gi [Usage: colloquially this may also be
ter-ko-'wa! j A! Just wait, I called 'o']
am going to kick you! ` - wa 'uh- pred.ph.erg.
`UU `U! 'lago-gi | request ritual food.
tuh-go-'wah! g U, U ! - wa thop- pred.ph.dr.
` -
Watch out! The bull is going to gore E| receive ritual food.
you! U , t,
U E, k! 'tohm-gi J ` L L| lama-'ya-gi
sah-w-'wah, pehza-'ya! g 'mipa 'miirim peh-ti, uhp-ti, ohle
, hg! Mind children, the bear is 'mih-la wa 'keeh-di ter-ken.
going to eat you! D W kw Uj, A
J` SU L `U y j| The lamas do
L L L| taah ohra transcendental meditation, and then
'kho-gi peh-ko-'wah ah-gi the distribute the ritual food to the
peh-ko-'wah 'mee-di kuuh-di 'teh-ken. people.
A U, E U S

473
 M

sa n. k, C| ground; floor; - -L sa-'leeh peh-k
-
territory. pred.ph.erg. SL L U| do field
work.
L- sa 'ko- pred.ph.erg. t S|
L-
dig up the fields; do field work. - -sa sf. PD
LU| 'he sa 'ko-gen. A Uy| E A| place of an activity.
work in the potato fields. [Gram: is suffixed to vs to make them
sa 'dulma n.ph. adj. or n.]
t| good, fine earth. J g V V L
-

l l , l LL! ooh 'tsuu-sa 'gyaa 'gyaa-la
| di sa 'phol-e-la 'yihn prehka reeh-reeh 'tihp 'aa 'koh-ken!
'thoo-e meeh-ba, sa 'dulma 'yeh-ba. L L wE HL-HLt x
y V, t j| Uy Tj! Into each planting hole
It will not take long to break up the you must put a stick!
clods, this is good, fine earth. L | 'kair 'ma-sa-la.
- sa 'phol- pred.ph.erg. y
- L wE| in the place called
| break up the clods in a field. Kair.
[Usage: 'phol-' seems to have no other Aj l m! di pahr-la
collocations; 'break up' in other 'atsham 'uu-sa 'zee! g
contexts: 'rop-'] AjD wE F! Make room
S`U ` ` U | here in the middle for Atsham to sit
khu-gi 'tihri ih-la sa 'phol-gu 'du. down!
Ak y j| k` l
Today they are breaking up the earth ` l! 'dzamma-'ra 'luu-e
clods in the field. 'yihn-si-'ma-na-ni 'phi-la 'mii
-j sa-'tsham n. (lamaistic)
- 'tho-sa-la 'ma-e! L (t)
| border. T wE UH |
J M M If we are going to record everything,
M-` U -j hL then let's go outside where we can
| ooh lama 'mehto 'kyahp-ti see!
'phep-kya 'lahmu 'kyah-da peeh-gi
C sayn '' | See:
sa-'tsham tik-la lep 'du lo. 'sayin'.
Q EwE k tL Uj |
As this lama was going along E/
E/ U sawn/ sagun '
U'
collecting alms he arrived at at a | See: 'paahma-gi'.
certain place at the border between M

sakya meehba 'm'
India and Tibet. | See: 'zubu'.

474
U `V

U sagar n. L| house parts: `-M {-L} sa-serkyim

`-
whitewash. {peh-k} n. {v.t.} kAk {U}
U S` U ceremonies: {present} an offering of
ML| Yohlmu-la 'lahla-gi 'khaba-la flowers and grains.
sagar 'kyahp-ken. L L
`-
`- sa- v.i. | clear up.
Y L UEj| In Yohlmu some `| nam sa-sin.
people whitewash their houses.
| The weather cleared up.
` sa n. | incense. [Note: twigs `/ `- `-` sae/
`-`/ `-
of cedar or other aromatic evergreens] sa-sa/ sa-se adj. | clean;
W: hon. of 'ukpa'. 'U ' | well-rinsed.
See also: 'peegar'. ` sabu adj. , `| clear
JU ` h j U| (e.g. voice, glass).
ohle-gi sa tuu-di 'lha-la 'thepa `-
`-`/ `-`-` -L
phul-ge. A k A sa-sa/ sa-se peh-k pred.ph.erg.
gEj| And after that incense is C U| clean s.th. '` `'
offered to the gods. | See also: 'se se'. [Gram:
`- sa ta- pred.ph.erg.
` `- undg. optionally takes <-la>]
1) U| ceremonies: ceremony
` M
- sa kyeeh-
held three days after the birth of a pred.ph.non-erg. U k, V| go to
child for ritual cleansing. [Note: more heaven. [Note: in more sophisticated
accurately called 'pah-sa tagen'] terms: find final release]
k M ` U J` ` M H |
`-` `U, J J k 'ii-de-le ohra sa 'kyeeh-e 'nah.
U| pehza 'kyee-di 'yihma j U Vj | After dying
sum-la lama-gi pah-sa ta-ge, ohle we go to heaven of course.
ooh pehza-la mihn taa-ge. hg kL
Uj, A ` ` - sa si ten-
pred.ph.erg. t t L| take off/
L Uj| On the third day after
the birth of a child the lama ritually out (intensified).
cleans the house of the defilement of `U/ `U` {J`-}
birth and names the child. sagul/ saguli {oh-} n. {v.i.}
2) A L-L U k U| {k} {be/ have} an
Cg
festivals: festival performed to keep earthquake.
away hail storms. [Note: in early
`V sagye n. U OL
spring; usually involves the
| names of deities: title for gods.
community] names: personal name.
`/ sabur/ pepur n.
| cerem. utensils: small clay pot `V h sagye
used for burning incense. tomdende n.ph. U (UL
) names of deities: Buddha. [Usage:
475
`V

'tomdende' alone is also used] o-/ satar oh- pred.ph.non-erg.

`V (
) sagye (yuhl) n. | be borne out. [Disc: only
observed with inanimate actor, e.g.
UL| heaven; paradise. [Note: a
good place for the dead] '- , 'tam', 'leeh']
`U' | See also: `U HU L|
'lha-yuhl, ihgam'. ah-gi 'ma-en-gi tam 'satar kahl-sin.
L L | What I said
`-
`- sa-temba n. OL was borne out (proved to be true)
| names: personal name, m. later.
` saden n. wEL | place
sada side adj.ph. AA,
names: settlement before Pai
| poorly grown (of plants).
Bhanjyang.
sandi adj. , Ly, |
` sabe temp. AY, AY| next hard; tight; sturdy.
year.
sanden '' | See:
` sasi n. k`U C
C 'senden'.
kL | fruits: blueberry.
-
- sap- v.t. S
, Lh| press
l saa n. (elevated) Q, | down layers (e.g. clothes); make a
territory; earth. compact pile.
l l saa namda n.ph. Lh L L m!
(elevated) AL | heaven and 'kapta 'sap-ti 'luu-di 'tihk 'tihk 'zee!
earth. Ly Lg () S F! Put in
l l jUU j
the clothes pressing them down to
`
| de-la saa namda make (the load) compact!
thaa-ge-gi thaabe-ni ah-la meeh. ` ` y LH|
AL t HL tohbo-'ya nah-la 'sap-ti o 'koh-en.
U j| I do not have a book here, M k`U y StD
which talks about how the world j kj| You have to make
came into existence. yourself thin when you go through a
thicket.
sat (N) n. | truth.
LlU M j

sap sup peh-ti
` t `! kindo-gi 'sat adv.ph. ggU| secretly (e.g. enter
mah-'kyur-pa peh-ti di 'thee-di secretly).
mahbu 'aah-di so! DL sapu adj. | thin.
jy L L A U kF|
Don't forsake the truth of God and -
- sap-tehn n. w S
keep reading this book a lot! | carpet (room-sized).
Ug

y-
y-/ J`- satar (N) sapi n. (poetic) , |
earth; ground.

476
 -
-

sabu n. (poetic) wE (U ) | up to; until.

place; ground.
/
/ `-
`- samlo/ samlu
l` - l y` ta- pred.ph.erg. (poetic) g, h
yl| sabu 'barma 'u-la lehn-dzi (U ) think about.
o-'ra o-e. HL gt L
` tM, ` j!
D-Q - kj kj| To the plains samlo meh-ta ahkpa, ta-na semba
of India - once I want to go. 'tshera! h , h n
/ C - same/ samay (N) Cj! It's better not to think about it,
tuh- pred.ph.non-erg./ dr. g

| if I think about it, I get discouraged!
get inseminated; be in calf. [Usage: for
/
/ C {-/ V-} sayin/
larger animals like cow, buffalo, sain (N) {then-/ gyur-} n. {v.i.}
horse; appropriate in informal
t| {get} gangrene; {become}
contexts] '-, -' | See gangrenous.
also: 'nee- v.e., baali tuh-'.
`UU ` `U, J L- sarka-thali 'L-'
`() H| 'lago-gi | See: 'serka-thili'.
'pahla-la 'toh-ge, ohle 'pahla(-la) sarma n. L | clan
'same 'tuh-e. U UDD k Uj, names: lama clan.
A UDD g j| The bull
-
- sal- v.t. LE| clean
inseminates the cow, and the cow will
(vegetables, etc.); clear away
be in calf.
obstacles; speak out. 'U -'
samden n. OL | | See also: 'lheega sal-'.
names: personal name. J S y LL, J
sam-ne seq.dep.pred.ph. (poetic) S` U | ohle 'kho-la
g, n (U ) thinking. 'puhmba 'up ter 'koh-ke, ohle
S `U y, `y` lM, 'kho-'ra sal-ge 'nahle. A nP
` l`U A, jt lM| ED k U AL Uj, A
'khuma nah-gi 'ibu, ya-'a sam-ne A A j| And then he must be
'aa-'kyo, thaa- 'rih 'u-gi 'ada, pacified with a shaman ceremony,
'theo sam-ne 'aa-'kyo. L and then he speaks out himself (who
R n SL, tL D he is, etc.).
n SL| The money in the sal sal

bag, taking them as lucky coins, I put taah taah peh-ti adv.ph. tU
them into it; in the same way, the (t U) clearly (e.g. see clearly in
older brother from a distant place, I a moral sense).
take him as my heart-friend. salbu adj./ adv. t| clear;
clearly.
samba adj. | new. U| tam salbu 'ma-gen.
samma (N) temp.pp./ loc.pp. t Ehg U| pronounce clearly.

477
 ``

`U| 'mii salbu 'tho-gen. consult with each other.

AS t T| see clearly. SU ` h
S | 'mih 'kha salbu. , ` ` `l L|
A j| outgoing, friendly 'kho-gi ah-la lehma tii saldap
person. peh-pa 'yih-na ah 'ihta 'lah-de
meeh-ba 'yehken. E U HL gt
sa-la loc.pp. -L| at s.b.'s
place; to s.b.'s place. UL H E C| If he
had consulted with me once, I would
` S` J`y|
'mih-'ya 'yih sala 'khaden-la oh-o. not have become angry.
j L (Yg ) /
/ sasa/ thasa n. t|
AE| The villagers will probably soil; earth.
come to us for a house-warming U U| sasa-gi 'thel-gen. t
party. | plaster s.th. with mud.
yH U, h U h M

T
T MU m LH| yaa 'thasa go maah-tu-ba
``! LH| lama sala ta peh-ti nekyi-la 'luu 'koh-en. (EL)
o-en 'mih-gi, "'nepa ti 'yeh-ba y t U
y j|
'mee-di 'khya 'pheebe 'khyemba You must put the arum roots into the
tahkpu-'ya-gi 'zii na-do!" 'mee-di container neatly, without letting any
'ma-en. L k j, L soil stick to it.
HL j j| - sah- v.t. S| eat. [Gram:
When someone goes to the lama (for familiar imp. = 'soh!']
consultation), he will say, "Honoured
sah-e seeh n.ph.
l
wise men, please find out what spirit
SL| food; something edible.
of sickness it is!"
h/ h sahp-ta/
(U) sa-le(-gi) loc.pp. -Lt| sahp-te n. SL| food.
from s.b.'s place.
` sahptu n. SL (
sale 't ' | See: S) especially nutricious and well
'ehmba'. prepared food. [Note: given to mothers
after delivering a baby; offered to
-
-h sal-teh (T) n. sk|
consonant. 'imbu']
L, S, U, ` H U -h ` sah n. SyL
, SyL|
H| k, kh, g, 'ma-en 'yihgi-'ya-la household utensils: large, wide and
sal-theh 'ma-en. L, S, U, ` rather shallow copper pot used for
AQD sk j| k, kh, g, cooking.
- these letters are called consonants.
`` sahbu n. UU| household
-L saldap peh-k utensils: copper or brass urn for
pred.ph.erg. U, n U| carrying water. 'j-`' |

478
`
See also: 'thu-sah'.
`` `| sahbu 'toba.
S UU| empty water urn.
L` MU ``| 'kah
peh-'kyo-gi sahbu. L UU| full
water urn.
` sahma n. | copper.
`-
` sah-sih adj./ adv.
S, y| big commotion.
`-` | 'mih sah-'sih
'du. jL y j| There are a lot
of people, all moving around.
`-` `- sah-'sih
'lah- pred.ph.non-erg. HL gt
Ew| get up all at once.
sahbur n. | household
utensils: small silver-lined wooden
bowl (used for drinking). [Usage:
heard in Mahni-Kharka] 'L'
| See also: 'pharko'.
- sahm- v.i. ML| rot
(wood).
sahma sihme ''
| See: 'nam'.
sahmba n. tL | bridge.
/
/ sahyo/ saahyo (E)
adj. jyL| slanted; winding (path);
gently curved. 'M' | See:
'sahr-'kyo (W)'.
'sahyo-'se '-/-'
| See: '-se~-see'.
M sahr-'kyo (W) adj. jyL|
winding (path); gently curved;
' | See:
slanted. '/
'sahyo/ saahyo (E)'.
- () sahr-suhr(-la) loc.
jE-jE| nearby.
J `U -L
L | ohle 'yih-gi
'sahr-'suhr-ki lama-'ya 'phep 'iih-di
'kurim peh-sin. A L
D k U| And then we
called the lamas from nearby and had
them perform a ceremony.
- saa- v.t. kE, | burn s.th.
(twigs, corpse, etc.). '-, -,
-' | See also: 'tiih-,
bar-, lham lham saa-'.
M- 'saa 'kyahp- pred.ph.erg.
S| accuse; charge with.
`U SU M !
ah-gi tehnda-la 'kho-gi 'saa 'kyahp
'du-ba! E SHj!
I see, he has charged me with it!
S` hU h M gE |
khu tii-gi tii-la 'saa 'kyahp 'tse-w
'du. E HL ALL S
j| Oh, they keep accusing each
other.
h saati (N) n. Q, U|
witness.
h -L 'saati 'teh-k
pred.ph.non-erg. Q | serve as a
witness.
h l- 'saati 'aa- pred.ph.erg.
Q T| take s.b. along as a
witness.
saan (N) n. , | limit;
border.
M- 'saan 'kyahp-
pred.ph.erg. , UE| work
utensils: sharpen a tool by heating and
beating the blade.
h-L 'saan 'te-k pred.ph.erg.
UE| delimit an area.
479


{l-} saandi (N) {aa-} n. juj| Later this matter will become
{v.t.} S UE| {establish} the very clear.
border of a field. `- sie tho- pred.ph.erg.
` `-
saah n. (Ly) resistance tU T| see clearly. [Usage:
to tearing; strong quality (mainly used mostly fig.]
of cloth). TU M ,
LU Lh| 'saah 'yeh-ken-gi J LL ` ` `l
'kapta. Ly| good quality | khye-gi 'tihkpa peh-pa ni 'phayin
cloth. peh-pa, ooh-di-ni 'lehkki 'mehlo-la
sie 'tho-de 'yeh.
U Lh| 'saah meeh-ba-gi

'kapta. jt h Ly| poor quality UL LgP t Sj|
cloth. Whether you done sin or works of
merit will be seen clearly in the

saahyo '' | See: mirror which records all our deeds.

'sahyo'. ` sibu adj. `| clear (of
E {l-} siw {'aa-} n. {v.dt.} liquids).
Q HL k {} cerem. ` ` si si sohmba
terms: {put on} amulet made of
n.ph. Ly HL Yy V k|
rudraksha seeds. See: 'raaha' for clothing: special kind of Tibetan boots.
'rudraksh'. 'M-, -' | [Usage: occurs only in songs and
See also: 'kye-rip, i-rip'. stories, are not worn anymore]
E lU U k
L| 'siw 'aa-ge-mu pohmbo-gi `-
`-/ -
- si-/ sin- v.i. w U,
pehza-la 'raaha taa ter-ken. E A | spoil (because of
dampness, e.g. flour).
k nP hgD QL
Uy j| When giving a `/
`/ M- si/ sin 'kyahp-
siw-amulet the shaman fastens pred.ph.dr. kU | have intestinal
rudraksha seeds to the child. worms.
` ` (`) si si (si) `U | si-gi 'men. kUL K|
adj.ph. | clear (of liquids); worm medicine.
transparent (of liquids). `V sigyi n. OL | names:
` S - sie kha phee- personal name, m.
pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. ju/ juE|
`V L/ `V L/ `V
become clearly separated/ separate sigyi karpu/ sigyi karmu/
clearly. [Usage: frequently fig.] sigyi taa n.ph. | animals: lion.
` j-` J `V L `L/ `L/ `L|
` S U

! 'ti-le-ni di tam thu-da 'sigyi karpu 'uhr-ken/ 'ohr-ken/
'ohma 'leehmu sie 'kha 'phee-gen. j 'ahr-ken. Ukj| Lions roar.
L L L k
sitar n. OL | names:

480
 -
-

personal name, m. leaves off branches, bean plants off

poles).
{h-} situp {tuu-} n. {v.t.}
Kw| jewelry: ring (for the finger). U hg L | 'sulgar 'yahttsi
sir-ken. A | pull up
sin '`' | See: 'si'. the pant legs.
-
- sin- '`-' | See: 'si-'. sil n. | dew. [Usage: only in
L` sindir kah n.ph. restricted contexts] '' |
wEL | place names: small See also: 'sihlba'.
settlement near Kayn Kahng, below Lh L` U
Yalmu Neesa. `U| 'kapta kuhmu 'phi-la
'lih-si-'ma-na sil-gi pah-ge. U
`/
`/ ` sindri/ sindiri
n. A| cerem. term: red powder used lj| If the
clothes are left outside at night, the
in worship.
dew will make them wet.
U ` j L
` m ML|
` LH| pohmbo-gi rohba
'lha-'ya-la 'thepa ter-ken 'bele sindri 'phi-la 'yahl-si-'ma-na zubu-la sil
'koh-en. nP 'kyahp-ken. kE
L
j| If you sleep outside dew will fall
-D k U ED A
on you.
gj| The shaman needs red
powder when he worships the gods of -
- sil- v.t.
the Hindus. 1) Ltjt U| strip branches off a
tree.
(l)/
(l)/ (l) sipi(-i)
(E)/ sipa(-i) (W)/ qt. | a little; 2) (hon. of 'hu-') (U) (t.)
small quantity (of non-sticky things). wash (for clothes, etc.).
'jl, l' | See also: -
- sil- v.i. (hon. of 'hu-')
'theemu-i, phema-i'. (A L A`UD) wash (for
j l S `! paa-la one's own body parts).
'tsha 'sipi-i khen paah-do! L j lU
` M
AL ! Add a little bit of salt h U ` l
to the curry! `U| 'tsham-la 'uu-ge-mu
'ahldo sil-de 'kyur-na-ni tihlap
-
- sip-sip mehndo
yal-ge 'mee-de 'ahldo sil-de
n.ph. | plants: cosmos flowers.
meh-yoh-ge. U S
-
-t si-bui n. OL | j S | During

names: personal name, f.
lama retreats they are not to wash
simbu n. Q, | cannibal; their faces for fear that some blessing
giant. would get lost when they throw away
the water they used for washing.
-
- sir- v.t. LE| strip off (e.g.

481
 L

/
/ sil/ sel n. LL
n tEL| bare head (i.e. without a hat).
A| weeds and stalks left in a field ` sildo 'L' | See:
after harvesting. 'tarka'.
U L
U| sa 'phol-ge-mu sil ten-di kam-di silbu adj. | cool (of
'ruhp peh-ti 'saa-ge. y n weather); shady.
kD k U kCj| When the t J`U|
earth clods are broken up the weeds 'ihpsa-la 'teh-na silbu oh-gen. j
and stalks are pulled out, left to dry, L wE j| If you
and then gathered together and burnt. sit in the shade you feel cool.

g-U/ j-
j- silu tse-g/ -
- - sil-sil
tham- pred.ph.non-erg. taah-taah adv.ph. , t|
pt kH h| marriage: part of truthfully; clearly.
wedding ceremony in order to kill the J H -
'kehk' (an evil spirit). [Note: involves `! 'toohri ooh-la 'ma-en
-
performing a grotesque dance and 'bela sil-sil taah-taah 'mee-do!
waving black 'dzomo' tails in front of S ! When you
the groom's house as the bride is speak there later, tell things truthfully
entering,] 'tU ' | See and clearly!
also: 'uhgu silu'. T-
T-/ M-
M- sih khyol-
sile qt. L HL| entirely; (E)/ sih kyol- (W) pred.ph.erg. tM
consisting only of. M| stick to s.th; complete s.th. '
- l `U, h T-' | See also: 'phu

LH| 'bree-to sile sah-e khyol-'.

meh-yoh-ge, topta 'pee-di 'pee-di l T `,
sah 'koh-en. gL S
, TU U ?
D A gk Sj| yahmbi-i 'sih khyol-di 'leeh peh-to,
It's not good to eat only rice all the khye-gi 'brumsi nahm sihn-gen
time, you must bring a bit of variety 'yihm-ba? AL U ,
into your diet. Ug L ? You have to
stick a bit to your weaving, otherwise
V` silgya adj. `U| bare; when are you going to finish this
uncovered; without anything to go carpet?
with it; unsheathed.
L-t V`| 'kahp-'ih silgya. L L - sihk sihk
`U SL| unsheathed knife. pahp- pred.ph.non-erg. LL L|
divination: tremble violently (in
V`| 'he silgya. A |
potatoes only (without anything to go trance).
with it). `U L L hM
U V`| goo silgya. `U ` L mH! 'yih-gi 'sihk 'sihk

482
L -

pahp tuu-'kyo-'ya 'nahre-'ra 'kayam carried goods making a movement,

'zo-en! LL LLD e.g. boughs of cedar]
A L Tj| The ones `/
/ sihda/ sihnda n.
trembling violently (because of spirit 1) k, | (W) religious festival.
possession) we bring under control in ' `, j `' |
one moment. See also: 'mih sihda, thepa
L L (L) sihk sihk sihda'.
(sihk) adj.ph. YCg
, AC-C| 2) | (E) commotion. 'w
bustling; in swarms. `' | See also: 'huui
L L L ! 'mih 'sihk sihda'.
'sihk 'sihk 'du! jL y j! Oh,
- sihn- v.i. | be finished.
there is a bustling crowd of people!
` ` V|
t` J L L 'ti-le 'yihma sum-la 'rahmne
J`U | oohma-'ya 'om-le sihn-'gyo. j LP
'yahr 'sihk 'sihk peh-ti then oh-gu
| Later, after three days the
'du. L JC-C U t dedication (of the religious
L j| The ants are coming out monument) was finished.
of the hole in swarms.
- sihn- v.t. E| finish s.th.
-U sih-g '-' | See: [Disc: for t. usage 'sihn tuu-' is often
'siih-'. preferred]
U sihge adj. S HL, L TU U ?
M HL| densely lined. khye-gi di 'brumsi nahm sihn-gen
`` U | prala-la 'yihm-ba? Ug L
'yerma 'sihge 'du. gE Ej ? When are you going to
j| His forehead is densely lined finish this carpet?
with wrinkles. j `U Ut ` `
` ` sih sih adv.ph./ hU | di 'thowa 'yih-gi 'gana
adj.ph. YCg, y| bustling movement. yii nah-la sihn tuu-gen. kw
` ` | 'mih 'sih 'sih CYt Ej| We are
'du. jL YCg going to finish this worship ceremony
j| There is a
bustling crowd. within two hours.
` ` -L 'sih 'sih - sihn- v.dr. V (U) befall.
peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. YCg
U| move 'k -, t -, h
around restlessly or in a fluttering V' | See also: 'nahza
way. sihn-, ehmba sihn-, tahbu
` ` S 'sih 'sih sihn-'gyo'.
khur-ti adv.ph. () M|
- sihn- aux. L| finish an
swaying; fluttering; swishing. [Usage: action. [Gram: vs + aux.]

483


J t L L LL` -L sihm sihm

k` m | ohle 'thoo-la 'in peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. E|
'kap-ti 'koh karku-'ya 'dzamma-'ra simmer (of s.th. coming to a boil).
'zo sihn-sin. A k jC
sihma n. LE (wEL )
p L L| And place name: Kiul (a settlement on the
they put on the tin roof and finished eastern side of the Melamchi River
making all the doors and windows. valley).
sihnda '`' | See: g` sihma tsabu n.ph.
'sihda'. g S (L-L L
h-L sihnda te-k T SD j, L-L
pred.ph.erg. S , A E| LEL kL g SU ky
destroy; definitely finish s.th. HEt SD j|) place
names: Melamchi River (for some
U h` ` k`
people; others call one of the side
h| sera-gi tada tuh-di
'dzamma-'ra sihnda 'te-sin. A streams near Kiul by this name).
L S | The hail ` sihma tohbo
destroyed all the mountain barley. n.ph. UkL t| plants: hemp. '`'
| See also: 'baa'.
h-L sihnda te-k aux.ph.
A E| definitely finish an sihmbu '' | See: 'tee'.
action. [Gram: vs+<-te> + aux.ph.] - sihr- (W) v.i. SC| fray;
' h-L' | See also:
worn on the edges. ' -' | See:
'leehda te-k'. 'sehr- (E)'.
` gM gl hL | sihl n. , , , y|
'tihri 'tsikpa 'tsii-e sihnda 'te-ken lo. impression; apprehension.
Ak U A UCE | j ` `U |
They said they will definitely finish sihl thimbu peh-ti 'luhden na-gu
erecting the wall today. 'du. w Q
j|
sihp sihp sihp His is impressive when he teaches.
adj.ph./ adv.ph. M| densely (of M- sihl 'kyahp-
plants). pred.ph.dr./ non-erg. , yE|
` h` have a weird, sinister, foreboding
! 'yih-ti-ni tada 'sihp 'sihp feeling; be frightened.
'sihp 'yeh-ba! L M j! m ML| zubu sihl
Our barley stands very densely. 'kyahp-ken. n`U | shudder of
g M ! 'tsa-'ya fright.
'sihp 'sihp 'sihp 'kyee 'du! Y SU ` ML |
M U Ej ! Oh, the grass has 'kho-gi tam-la-'ra sihl 'kyahp-ku 'du.
sprouted very densely! EL L j| He is talking so

484
 -

intimidatingly. g UCj ! And taking the marriage

j- sihl 'tshor-
j- cortege we go and steal (the bride)!
pred.ph.non-erg. L E| apprehend J `l U ` L`
s.th. [Gram: the apprehended party j | ohle 'yah-i
takes gen. <-ki>] goo 'ri kam-sim-ma-'ra thu 'thoo-la
hU j yU | then 'teh-sin 'du lo. A HEt tELS
'baso-'ya 'ten-gi sihl 'tshor-si-'ma-na hj LL j
oo-gen. YL L Hj L j | And there was a fish
Vj| The cattle starts jumping if floating on top of the water, whose
they apprehend a tiger. head and tail had dried out.
j/ j/ jM sihl - sii- v.t. g U| store up things;
thimbu/ 'thewa/ thakpa adj.ph. save up (being miserly). '-'
| impressive (behaviour); | See also: 'soo-'.
imposing.
U M
(`) sihl (-'ra) | 'lahla 'mih-'ya-gi serna peh-ti
lU
meeh pred.ph.cop. , j| exhibit 'kyuh 'sii-di 'aa-gen. L-L Lg
unimpressive behaviour; have an ugly
U kUH Tj| Some people
appearance. [Gram: cop.= specific are stingy and store up things.
semi-attribution]
S ` | 'kho-la sihl-'ra -/ -U siih-/ sih-g v.i./t.
mihndu. EL j| Oh, he looks V, L , E| be worthy;
very unimpressive. count s.b. worthy; be suitable.
U L Sh` , `!
{j-} sihlba {thaa-} n. 'mehme-gi lekam khur-te-'la
{v.i.} , J {, k} dew {fall}. miih-'sih, ah! DL k M
- -sin vsf. L kE LL j, ! I am not even
PL A| neutral past. worthy to carry your shoes.
J j | Jk` LH T! ohze-'ra
ohle-ni 'thee yaahbu peh-ti 'lop-sin. 'siih 'koh-en, khye-la! wL D!
S | And then (I) That's what you deserve!
learned the religious books well. `/ ` 'siih-da/

-`/ -` 'sih-da n. V, C| worth.
-sim-ba-'ra/ -sim-ma-'ra vsf. -H| S
`U g LH|
sequential action participle 2. [Disc: 'kheebu tee-di 'sih-da-gi 'tsaa peh
The two versions given occur in free 'koh-e. S E U
j| You
variation.] must honour a person according to his
J k T` L cleverness.
M y ! ohle 'jandi-wa 'baal - siih-yim '`' |
'khyer-sim-ba-'ra 'kumen 'kyahp oon See: 'paha'.
'nahle! A kL U ()

485
 -

su q.w. L| who. meh-kyo-na 'mih-la 'ne 'kyal-ge. Y

A` 'su-'a pr.indef. L | hj L j D Ej|
[Gram: + aff. pred.ph.] anybody. H UEj| Near each
[Gram: + neg. pred.ph.] nobody. house there is a house god, and he
lA`/ l 'su-i-'a/ has to be satisfied. If we don't satisfy
'su-i-ni pr.indef. L / L | him, he will harm the people of the
[Gram: + aff. pred.ph.] somebody. house.
[Gram: + neg. pred.ph.] nobody.
-L suti (N) peh-k
S-S 'su 'laa 'kha-'kha
S- pred.ph.erg. U (
Lt Lt-Lt
n.ph. kL O L O| whoever
U L U U L
is able.
A-A U ) help with the
'su-ee elliptic_S L| butchering of an animal and take ones
interjections: who knows?!; I don't
share for helping.
know!.
H S`U M|
C suyro (N) (E) n. C| work 'amba 'u-e-mu khu-gi 'suti peh-'kyo.
utensils: knitting needle. 'Lt/ Ly' j U U E
| See: 'kaani/ kaane (W)'. A-A H| Skinning the
animal each one took his share for the
`- 1 su- v.t. (hon. of 'ma-')
help given.
(t.) say; speak.
`-L su-'kee n. (hon. of 'kee') C `A` M|
mahy 'se-sa-la ah-'a 'suti-la
(t.) voice.
'uuh-'kyo.
Lt wE
`- 2 su- v.t. `, L| watch s.th. Lt-Lt U L| When they
` -L su-di 'teh-k slaughtered the buffalo I helped with
pred.ph.non-erg. ` | keep watch. the work and received my share for
`/ `! su/ so! v.i. kF! go!. helping.
[Gram: imp. of 'o-']
sum num. numerals: | three.
` {-} sua {taa-} n. {v.t.} t, l sumdo n. OL |
k {} {put on} amulet. names: personal name, f.
`/
/ jM`/ jM` ` sum-ba num.ord. | ordinal
{M`-
{M`-} suma/ the-kyo/ numerals: third.
the-kyo suma {kyo-} n.ph.
{v.t.} L {E} {make sumbu '' | See:
offerings} to the house god. 'sombo'.
S` t`` (jM`) ` - sur- v.t. YE, Y| push s.th.
J`U, J ` M` LH| into a crack or hole.
M` MU| 'khaba k, L ` S `
'ahma-'ra ('thekyo) suma `U L! pehza-'ya 'kee
oh-ge, ohle suma kyo 'koh-e. mahbu ten-na 'kha nah-la 'mehgal
486
 -

'sur ter-ken! H hg, LJ, ah(-gi/ -di) 'kaba 'suh 'kyahp-ku 'du.
S AUt Yj! j. My foot is hurting.
Su SL
Hey kids, if you keep shouting like ` ` tU M|
that I am going to push a burning ah-la daa 'ihga 'suh 'kyahp-sin.
piece of wood into your mouths! A D Yt T| Some time ago I
had a sore throat.
`- sur oo- pred.ph.erg. YE,
g, w, A AUL `U kH `
/ `
{j-L} suh/
D L| rituals: placate the suhbu {the-k} n. {v.t.} L
spirit of a deceased person. [Note: a UHL {U } rituals: sacrificial
ritual performed at the 'kyehwa'] animal; dedicated animal {offer up}.
-/ M- sur ter-/ kyur- U h ` gU|
pred.ph.erg. | rituals: food pohmbo-gi 'tahmu 'suhbu 'tsuu-ge.
offering performed by the shaman nP LSD L U
when s.b. is sick. AUEj| The shaman dedicates the
M `U animal to be offered (by pouring some
J`U| 'rehre 'lha-di-la 'sur 'kyur-te water on it).
'phet ta-gen oh-ge. L L D
suhr n. jE| edge; corner (of
L j L cloth or table).
Cj| To some gods, if you give a M 'suhr 'kyahp-ti ''
food offering, they will speedily leave
| See: 'tam'.
the sick person alone, (and he gets
() suhr(-la) loc. jE() at
well). the side.
/ j sur/ suur (N) / 'suhr-ta
thimbu adj.ph. At| courageous; 'suhr/ 'suhr 'suhr-ta loc.ph. j-jE|
decisive. along the edge. '-/-' | See
/ - 'sur/ 'suur ten- also: '-ta~-da'.
pred.ph.erg. At U| be self-assured. S` jU j`
'sur/ 'suur peh-ti
/ L| khu tsho-gi 'suhr-ta 'suhr
adv.ph. At U| courageously. 'tho-di kahl-sin. E SL
U sulgar n. | clothing: j-jEt y UH| They ran along
Nepali style pants for men. the shore of the lake.
| phar 'suhr,
, j LL
M- suh kyahp- tshur 'suhr kor-ken. jES
pred.ph.non-erg./ dr. T| hurt; ache; jE Y| go through a whole
have pain. '` `' | See area.
also: 'lha lha'. [Gram: non-erg.:
hurting part takes gen. <-ki>, or - suuh- v.i. bark. M|
attributive <-ti>] - suuh- v.t. n, Yh| pierce.
`(-U/ -) L` ML | [Gram: the piercing object takes erg.

487
-

<-ki> (see neutral word order for ` S`U L A`U,

inanim. actors, appendix 5, section J L LH| tahbu
21.2). Without <-ki> the clause falls 'khaba-gi 'koh mamu oh-ge, ohle
into the dr. pattern.] kuhr-'se peh-ti 'uuh 'koh-en. EL
` j`(U) ! ah-la YL L g j, A A
'tsherma(-gi) 'suuh-di! D L j| The doors of the old houses
nj| Oh, I got pricked by a thorn! are low, so you must bend a little
down when entering.
- suuh- v.dr. V| be affected
badly. '`
,
, ' | See
h L` y|
also: 'ehn, 'meemu, pehlen'. 'nehpa thar-te-ni 'kaah-'se-'ra
'yihn-o. h U j| It is
-L se-k v.t. | kill. unlikely that this patient will survive.
- - J`- 'se-'se 'tup-'tup U ` ``l M!
oh- pred.ph.non-erg. Lt | there 'moh-gi ah-la 'yuh-'see-i ter-'kyo!
is bloodshed. E D HL! She gave me
- - g-U 'se-'se 'tup-'tup only a little bit!
'tse-g pred.ph.erg. Lt U| wound
and kill each other. `-` (`) se-se (se)
adv.ph./ adj.ph. | clean;
-/- -se ~-see sf. k well-rinsed; transparent (of glass).
L k| somewhat more or less of '` `' | See also: 'sa
the stated quality or quantity. [Phon: sa'.
The long vowel variant occurs when
` -L se peh-k pred.ph.erg.
the intonation is emphatic, which U| clean s.th. [Gram: undg.
frequently is the case with this suffix.] optionally takes <-la>]
[Gram: attached to adj. stems, and to
some verb stems] [Disc: Whether set set 'L`' | See:
more or less is meant depends on the 'kaba'.
lexical content of the preceding stem.] sen n. E, | seed; seedlings.
h U M - sen- v.i. h| survive (used
M` | 'leeh peh-te-la 'moh-gi only of plants).
'lahkpa yahmbi kyoh-'se 'du. L
g l `U H, `U
U EL A j| When it U| 'sen 'tsuu phando 'rehga
comes to working with her hands, she 'i-en, 'rehga 'sen-gen. j L
is somewhat clumsy.
j , L hj| When you plant
L`l` , T seedlings, some will die, and some
! 'he 'padi 'kah-di-'ra mihm-ba, will survive.
bap-'see 'khyer o! A wL
w E C, A n E! - sen- v.t. (hon. of 'yihn-') ,
Don't bring just a pathi of potatoes, (t.) hear; listen obey.
make it heaped full! M senam sakpu ''
488
`

| See: 'sonam'. L sem karpu adj.ph.

`/
`/ ` senamra/ semra | good and transparent in
j`U
n. | place names: village on the one's motives.
western side of the Melamchi River y- sem kalam
L y-
valley, on the slope north of Gohare 'malam o- pred.ph.non-erg.
Khola (above Ichok). jttE| be agitated; be disturbed
(mentally). [Gram: exp. takes gen.
y` -L sena peh-k <-ki>]
pred.ph.erg. L U U| L- sem 'kah- pred.ph.non-erg.
greetings: give a ceremonial welcome.
E| feel happy; feel joyous.
[Note: to a venerated person or M` ` L! puh
religious object; go to meet them 'kye-wa-'ra ah sem 'kah-sin! j
singing, often also using instruments] kj H! I was very happy that
y -j
y` I had a son!
| daanu 'upa L sem 'kahso adj.ph.
'rihmbur-'thee-la 'sena peh-ti 'phep
gO, C| pleasing.
'uh-sin. A y -j D Ll ` V- sem kindo
L U U| Some time oo-le 'gyur- pred.ph.erg.
ago the big lama called upa was u V| love God.
ceremonially welcomed. L
j`- sem
`U j`-
/ senden/ sanden (N) 'keehna-gi 'tho- pred.ph.non-erg.
n. | descendants; offspring; race (S MS ) rejoice
of men. greatly. [Gram: exp. takes gen. <-ki>]
-t sen-bui n. OL | M J`- sem kyipu oh-
names: personal name, f. pred.ph.cop./ dr. A | have
peace of mind; be content. [Gram:
sem n. , , A| mind; general attribution]
heart-mind; spirit (human); soul (used `- sem kyipu
M
for humans and animals). ', , meh-yoh- pred.ph.cop./ non-erg.
' | See also: 'la, nami, A | have a bad
imbu'. conscience. [Gram: cop.= general
U ` `U| sem-gi 'nomsa attribution]
ta-ge. g Uj| The mind M-U sem 'kye-g pred.ph.erg.
thinks, plans. w| believe; think. [Disc: "quote of
U| sem-di mih-'i-gen. belief" + 'ma-en tam' (=undg.) +
A | The spirit does not die pred.ph.t.]
(when a person dies). M-U sem 'kye-g pred.ph.dr.
h ` ! 'leeh peh-te AE| come to realize; come to
sem-'ra meeh-ba! L U j! I the age of reasoning.
don't feel like working at all! J J k ` M |
489


ohle ooh pehza yii-la sem 'kyee 'du [Gram: exp. takes gen. <-ki>]
lo. A Ck hg p | U ` S,
And then those two children came to TU| 'mih-gi 'din-la ah 'lu lehn
the age of reasoning. miih-khu, sem khyol-ge. jL
M-U sem 'kye-g aux.ph. U UE M, Aj | I can't
V| feel like; wish to. [Gram: sing in front of people, I get stage
vs+<-te> + aux.ph.] fright.
M- sem kyoo- pred.ph.erg. T- sem khyoo-
U| neglect a matter; put a pred.ph.non-erg. `U, A
matter aside. | marriage: be diverted; undecided.
S` J`- sem khamsae [Note: a girl about accepting a
oh- pred.ph.cop. A | be at marriage proposal] [Gram: exp. takes
ease. [Gram: cop.= general gen. <-ki>] 'L` T-' |
attribution] See also: 'kaba khyoo-'.
y- sem khamsae
S` y- T | 'moh sem
o- pred.ph. ML | feel relieved. khyoo-sin 'du. EL `UHj| She
[Gram: eventive form of attributive is undecided.
copular construction] V- sem 'gyur-
S` sem khamsae pred.ph.non-erg. | change
'yeh pred.ph.cop. ML, A | one's mind; have a change of heart.
have a good conscience. [Gram: cop.= [Gram: exp. takes gen. <-ki>]
specific attribution] SU Ll ` VL | 'kho-gi
S -L sem 'khale peh-k sem kindo oo-le 'gyur-ku 'du. EL
pred.ph.erg. A U| hope for. LHj| He is turning
S -L sem 'khale to God.
peh-ti 'lih-k pred.ph.non-erg. A ` - sem 'oh ee-
U| keep hoping. [Gram: exp. pred.ph.erg. g E| find out
takes gen. <-ki>] what s.b. is really like. [Gram: undg.
S
-L sem 'khale
takes gen. <-ki>]
peh-ti 'teh-k pred.ph.erg. n `/ ` sem yumbu/
() keep remembering s.b. yombu adj.ph. U, g U|
S -L sem 'khale 'lih-k unpartial.
pred.ph.non-erg. , A A ` | 'ama sem yumbu
C| miss s.b. greatly; be 'du. A g U
j| I realize
dissatisfied; be disappointed. [Gram: that mother is unpartial.
exp. takes gen. <-ki>, missed party A AU ` L| aba
takes <-ki thoo-la>] 'ama-gi sem yumbu peh-ti ter-ken.
T- sem khyol-
T- A j| The parents
pred.ph.non-erg. AE| be give unpartially.
distracted; be nervous about s.th. h`- sem ta- ' U
h`-

490


' ' | See: 'next main 'tshuu-gu 'du. D `U

entry, after 'sem-la suuh-gen peh-ti'. Vj| I like to stay in Maahngu.
h- sem 'tip-
h- j- sem 'tshop-
j-
pred.ph.non-erg. kL
, AE| pred.ph.non-erg. jtt , A
mature mentally. [Gram: exp. takes k| have an inner conflict; be pulled
gen. <-ki>] in two directions.
h J`- sem tii oh- ` ` l` j|
pred.ph.non-erg. HL L | agree. 'tihri ah dibu-'ra sem 'tshop-sin.
h - sem tii 'thoo- Ak jtt | Today I
pred.ph.non-erg. HEt gL | agree; am very restless.
be of one mind. j- sem thaa- pred.ph.erg.
k` h M `| Uy, UE| cling to this world.
'dzamma-'ra 'mih sem tii 'thoo-'kyo [Note: spirit of dead people to the
meh-yoh. k HEt g HL living people or to things] 'l'
| Everybody does not agree with | See also: 'semda'.
each other. j sem thimbu adj.ph.
h y- sem tii-la ii- 1) , At| courageous; brave.
pred.ph.non-erg. HEt g AE| LL j , L
unite in s.th. y` h` y SH| 'moh kaahkala
h h y-/ - sem tii sem thimbu 'du, kaah-la o-'na
lo tii-la ii-/ 'dii- pred.ph.non-erg. tii-'ra o khuu-en. E At j,
HL HL | be of one mind; k k HM k M| She is
unite in s.th. very courageous; wherever she goes,
sem tii lo
h h she dares to go alone.
tii peh-ti adv.ph. HL HL U| 2) | unkind; arrogant;
harmoniously. independent.
j j -L sem 'tshaba j sem 'theemu adj.ph.
'tshube peh-k pred.ph.erg. gg 1) L, L | tender-hearted;
| be nervous; restless. kind.
j- sem 'tshuu- pred.ph.non-erg. (U) j | 'moh(-gi) sem
(E+W) | feel at ease. 'theemu 'yeh. E L L j|
` jU, V | She is tender-hearted.
'toh-le sem miih-'tshu-ge, 'gyaa U j l ! 'moh-gi sem
samba-la.
, wE| 'theemu-i 'du! E L L L
First you don't feel at ease in a new j! How tender-hearted she is!
place. 2) | impressionable; humble.
j- sem 'tshuu- pred.ph.dr.(W) ) J`- sem
l(-
V| like s.th. 'doo(-'tehmu) oh- pred.ph.dr.
`U hg ` jU | , g p| feel at ease; feel
maahgu-la 'teh-te-la ah-la sem comfortable. 'l(- )' |
491


See also: 'doo(-tehmu)'. peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. | be

l -L sem 'doo 'teh-k self-disciplined.
pred.ph.non-erg./ dr. g p, ML S l` SE |
| be content; feel at ease; have 'kho dibu-'ra sem tahmbu peh
peace of mind. ' -U' | khuu-w 'yeh-ba. F AD
See also: 'sem teh-g'. U Mj| He is very self disciplined.
m` sem zabu adj.ph. `U` sem
g| kind; generous. 'tih-le-gi-'ra adv.ph. S|
m`- sem zu- pred.ph.erg. heart-felt.
At | cheer up. [Gram: exp. ` j`- sem
U j`-
takes gen. <-ki>] 'tuhal-gi 'tho- pred.ph.non-erg.
`U m` | ah-gi sem g U | be overwhelmed with
zu-di 'yeh-ba. j| I am sorrow. [Gram: exp. takes gen. <-ki>]
in good spirits. -U sem 'teh-g
t` (t`) -L sem pred.ph.non-erg. A | be
'ahbu ('ahsum) peh-k content.
pred.ph.erg. D | be honest; be J J w `
upright. UV! ohle ooh hi 'ma-si 'ma-na
sem 'ahbu
t` ah toba sem 'teh-gen-'gyile! ,
peh-ti adv.ph. D| with a clear L g pj ! If
conscience. you say it this way, I feel better about it!
t sem ihmbu adj.ph. J`- sem 'tehmu oh-

gL| intelligent; crafty. pred.ph.dr. | have peace
t ! 'moh-di sem of mind; be content.
ihmbu 'du! E gL j! She is ` ` -L sem tha
intelligent! (also: crafty). tha peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. jC|
t l- sem 'ih-la 'aa- keep regretting.
'`U' | See: 'rah-gi'. l ` ` ` h
w- sem 'hee- pred.ph.non-erg. `U| ter phando 'yehpa-'ra
tL| sulk (quietly). [Gram: (W): sem tha tha peh-te meh-yoh-gen.
exp. takes gen. <-ki>, (E): exp. is | If you
CLj jC
unmarked] have given something away, you must
- sem ta- pred.ph.erg.
- not keep regretting it.
j| find out s.b.'s motives. 'SM l- sem thi-la 'aa-
-' | See also: 'khokpa ta-'. pred.ph.erg. (lamaistic) gD HLU
`- sem ta- pred.ph.erg.
`- U| concentrate.
, V| set one's heart upon - sem 'thep- pred.ph.erg./ dr.
s.th. [Gram: goal takes <-la> or / E| like s.th.
<oo-le>] U h `
L!
-L sem tahmbu 'paba-gi tabu-la ti teeen sem
492


'thep-ken! YyD A ta-' in next main entry'.

Ej! Our daddy likes horses so -L sem 'ma
much! 'phambu peh-k pred.ph.non-erg.
` h `
L! , S| be discouraged.
'yih 'paba-la tabu ti teeen sem sem
`
'thep-ken! D Yy A j! mah-yah-ba peh-ti adv.ph.
Our daddy likes horses so much! UH, H| giving undivided
- sem 'nah- pred.ph.non-erg. attention.
g T| be hurt emotionally; feel M sem mih-kyipa
compassion. adj.ph. , A| depressed;
-L sem 'nahmu stressed.
peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. S U| be `- sem yah-
compassionate; be distressed. pred.ph.non-erg. tE| be
T- sem 'nah-raa undecided; waver.
'khyer- pred.ph.non-erg. A g T| y- sem
` ` y-
be distressed extremely. '- T-' 'yahla 'mahla o- pred.ph.non-erg.
| See also: '-raa khyer-'. S| be completely disturbed.
l! sem 'nah-wa-i! [Gram: exp. takes gen. <-ki>]
elliptic_S A S | have deep - sem lehn- pred.ph.erg.
regrets. j| find out motives. [Gram: undg.
l `! sem 'nah-wa-i takes gen. <-ki>]
ah-ni! A S j! I have such ` SU S`U |
deep regrets! 'toh-le 'kho-gi khu-gi sem lehn-sin.
-L sem peh-k pred.ph.erg. E EL j| First he
U| love s.b. (romantic tried to find out their motives.
love). S-
S-/ L-
L-/ -
-
SU L | 'kho-gi sem lee 'khal- (E)/ 'kal- (E+W)/
'moh-la sem peh-ku 'du. F EL sem lee 'phral- (W) pred.ph.erg.
j| He is in love with her. U, | trust s.b. ' S-'
S` ` L | khu yii sem | See also: 'lee khal-'. [Gram:
peh-ku 'du. E CkL g human undg. (=goal of trust) takes
j| Obviously those two are in love <-la> or <-ki thoo-la>]
with each other. U kL H (`U)
SU L L | SU| 'mihro-gi roohram 'dze-ken
'kho-gi 'moh-la sem peh-ken 'leehmu 'ma-en-di (ah-gi) sem lee 'khal-gen.
peh-ku 'du. E ED HL k E U j g Uj|
U j| He seems that he is in love (I) trust that he will help me.
with her. `C S SU `U`
h sem phirta ' ' S`U S lM| ah-y
h h`-' | See: 'sem phirta 'kho-la sem lee 'khal-ge sogora
493


'khaba-gi 'dimi 'kho-la ter 'aa-'kyo. adj.ph. {cop.} Lw {} {be}

D E HL YL g hard-hearted.
ED CS| Because I know that I -L sem sandi peh-k
can trust him, I gave the house key to pred.ph.non-erg. At | cheer up.
him to keep it for me. - sem sah- pred.ph.erg.
sem lee
S SHU S| be fond of. [Gram: undg.
'khal khuu-en-gi 'mih n.ph. optionally takes <-la>]
j| trustworthy person; dependable - sem 'saa- pred.ph.erg. g
person. SE| upset s.b; hurt s.b. deeply.
t sem lee 'ohl-di M- sem 'suh 'kyahp-
adv.ph. D| do s.th. with pred.ph.non-erg. g T| hurt
detachment; let go of s.th. (fig.). (emotionally). [Gram: exp. takes gen.
h - sem lo tii-la <-ki>]
'dii- pred.ph.non-erg. (lamaistic) t -U sem (kyah)
(M`) -
HL | be of one mind; unite in s.th. 'i-g pred.ph.non-erg. (
y- sem lo ii- ) be distressed (intensified); be
pred.ph.non-erg. t | be of one discouraged; be disappointed. [Gram:
mind; unite in s.th. exp. takes gen. <-ki>]
-L/
J`- SU M` | 'kho-gi sem
sem lo 'teh-k/ sem lo 'tehmu oh- kyah 'i-sin. F HL | He
pred.ph.non-erg./ dr. g p, ML was very disappointed.
| be relieved. ' -L' | / | sem/ semba
See also: 'lo teh-k'. maah-'i 'yeh. HL j| I am
S`U A | not discouraged.
'khaba-gi yahp 'ama-la sem lo J`- sem 'iih-di

'teh-sin. YL AL ML | oh- pred.ph.non-erg. twE| have
At home father and mother were pity; compassion. [Gram: exp. takes
relieved. gen. <-ki>]
h- sem lo 'teh tuu- - sem 'or- pred.ph.erg.
-
pred.ph.erg. g nE| comfort s.b. TL , t E|
M M-U sem lohkta fall in love; like s.th. at first sight.
'kye-g pred.ph.erg. L Ek| [Gram: anim. and inanim. goal take
have wrong suspicions. ' M <-la>]
h`-' | See also: 'sem LU J |
lohkta ta-'. karma-gi ooh piihmi-la sem 'or-sin
-L sem 'lhae
` 'du. L LtD Hj| Oh,
peh-ti 'teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. Karma fell in love with that girl.
n, ACT| be Lh `U | di
preoccupied with s.th. 'kapta-la ah-gi sem 'or-sin. Ly
{} sem sandi {'yeh} D | I just loved this dress
494


as I saw it. exp. takes gen. <-ki>, 'sem' is actor

`- sem 'har tshur
j `- (see neutral word order for inanim.
'ta- pred.ph.erg. | waver actors, appendix 5, section 21.2)]
in one's resolution. U T SHU
Lh |
U M sem-gi 'kyahl-di di sem-gi 'khyep miih-khu-en-gi 'keta
adv.ph. At , | with 'yihm-ba. gE M L |
courage. This is an inconceivable thought/
T U M LH| khye matter.
sem-gi 'kyahl-di 'teh 'koh-en. V`- sem-gi gyo-
U V`-
j| You have to be pred.ph.erg. (poetic) gE| grasp
courageous. (fig.); comprehend; conceive (fig.).
T` U M y LH| [Gram: exp. takes gen. <-ki>, 'sem' is
khye-'ra sem-gi 'kyahl-di o 'koh-en. actor (see neutral word order for
H kj| You have to inanim. actors, appendix 5, section
go with courage. 21.2)] [Usage: coll.: 'sem-gi khyep-']
`` U M M| j- sem-gi 'tshor-
U j
ah-'ra sem-gi 'kyahl-di 'teh-'kyo. pred.ph.erg. E (W)
A k L| I remained become conscious of. [Gram: exp.
courageous. takes gen. <-ki>, 'sem' is actor (see
U M / U neutral word order for inanim. actors,
sem-gi kyil-la 'yeh-/ sem-gi 'yih-la appendix 5, section 21.2)]
'yeh pred.ph.cop. L , ML , m- sem-gi 'zo- pred.ph.erg.
U m-
| anticipate; have a L U| imagine s.th. [Gram: exp.
presentiment. [Usage: occurs mostly takes gen. <-ki>, 'sem' is actor (see
with neg. cop.; for important matters neutral word order for inanim. actors,
usually 'sem-gi yih-la'] [Gram: cop.= appendix 5, section 21.2)]
specific location; exp. takes gen. U sem-gi 'yih-la 'U
<-ki>] M' | See: 'sem-gi kyil-la'.
U L `U U U - sem-gi sah- pred.ph.erg.
M L| 'moh-gi di rohwa (rare) U, k | agree;
peh-ke 'mee-di ah-gi sem-gi kyil-la believe.
meeh-ba 'yeh-ken. E Uj U -L sem-gi 'aaba
gHL C| I never thought peh-k pred.ph.erg. , U
she would do this. L| repent.
`U U | ah-gi sem-gi ` sem-'en ' h`-' |
'yih-la meeh. L ML HL j| See: 'sem ta-'.
I didn't have any apprehension of it. l l

J`-
U T- sem-gi 'khyep- sem-di liih-i 'tehmu oh-
pred.ph.erg. gE| grasp (fig.); pred.ph.cop. | have peace
comprehend; conceive (fig.). [Gram: of heart and mind. [Gram: cop.=
495


general attribution] from time to time that I owe you

y- sem-la katsa
Lg g y- some gold.
matsa o- pred.ph.non-erg. l- sem-la 'aa- pred.ph.erg.
S V| be disturbed; be T (h) retain (in one's
churned up in one's mind. [Gram: exp. thoughts).
takes gen. <-ki>] - sem-la
(h) -
M-U sem-la 'kye-g tam (tii) ar- pred.ph.non-erg. g
pred.ph.non-erg. AE, h| AE| have an idea. [Gram: exp. takes
think; have an idea; have an opinion. gen. <-ki>]
[Gram: exp. takes gen. <-ki>] l l- sem-la
`U MH tahmda 'aa- '`U' | See:
SU L MM | ah-gi 'rahgi'.
sem-la 'kye-en 'leehmu (h) M-U sem-la
'yihn-si-'ma-na-ni 'kho-gi 'kumen 'namdo (tii) 'kye-g pred.ph.dr.
'kyahp-'kyo 'yihm-ba. g E S , L | have a fearful
gL j| In my opinion he is the apprehension; a bad feeling.
thief. - sem-la nee-
S` mH LL` ` lU
pred.ph.non-erg. h, w| occur;
`U MM| 'khaba 'zo-e-mu have an idea. [Gram: exp. takes gen.
karku di oo-le 'aa-ge mee-di ah-gi <-ki>]
sem-la 'kye-'kyo. Y E p sem-la nee-gen-di
U
u Tj g UL | I n.ph. Chj UL g, wL g| wish.
planned to put the windows towards k ` sem-la

this side when building the house. nee-zeba-'ra adv.ph. wk| as
M / J`- sem-la kyii much as (you) wish.
'yeh/ oh- pred.ph.cop. ML | -L sem-la nee-ze
k
feel relieved; have a good conscience peh-k pred.ph.erg. U U| treat
(context usually states the reason). s.b. according to one's own whims
[Gram: cop.= specific/ general and wishes. [Gram: undg. takes <-ki
existence; exp. takes gen. <-ki>] thoo-la>]
S -L sem-la 'khale `U - "..."
...
'lih-k pred.ph.non-erg. n| mee-di ah-gi sem-la nee-
remember from time to time. [Gram: dep.pred.ph. k U| plan s.th. [Disc:
exp. takes gen. <-ki>] Quote states the plan.]
`U T Lh H - sem-la 'phoo-
`U S | ah-gi pred.ph.non-erg. gt V| be
khye-la ser ter 'koh-te 'yeh-ba emotionally hurt. [Gram: exp. takes
'ma-e-di ah-gi sem-la 'khale 'lih-ti gen. <-ki>]
'yeh. D j
L ` - sem-la 'lhae nee-
YY UL j| I remember pred.ph.non-erg. n| keep
496
 l

remembering. [Gram: exp. takes gen. slot.]

<-ki>] h`-/ -L sem
M h`-
U

- sem-la
- lohkta ta-/ peh-k pred.ph.erg.
'suuh-gen peh-ti tam 'ma- Ag w| suspect wrongly;
pred.ph.erg. U L U| withhold useful information. [Gram:
speak in a stirring manner. goal takes <-la> or <-ki thoo-la>]
h`-
h`- sem ta- pred.ph.erg. `U SU H, J
h, g| have intentions; think SU ` M h`U| ah-gi
something. 'kho-gi piihmi-la 'nuhmu 'ma-e, ohle
'kho-gi ah-la sem lohkta ta-ge.
h`- sem-'en ta-
` h`-
pred.ph.erg. L | intend to harm EL D j, A E
s.b; plan evil. 'y- h`-' | g D `L Uj| I address his wife
See also: 'e-sem ta-'. with 'younger sister', and so he
becomes suspicious (without any
`/ ` / ` / `
reason).
h`- sem 'ehmba/ 'yehmba/
h`-
'ehnda/ 'yehnda ta- pred.ph.erg. /
/ sema (E)/ rhema (W) n.
Lg | entertain evil/ immoral foods: peas. LE|
thoughts; suspect wrongly; plot evil.
{
-/ -} semu {praah-/
h`- sem yii ta-
` h`- tup-} n. {v.t.} ` {Lt} {cut} nail (of
pred.ph.erg. | be double finger or toe).
minded; undecided.
L`A` | 'semu 'kah-'a
h h`-
h`- (J `) sem meh-be-gen. HL A U| not lift
tii ta- (ooh-la-'ra) HLg | set a finger.
one's heart upon s.th.
h`- sem 'nahkpu
M h`- l -L sem-da peh-k
ta- pred.ph.erg. E | pred.ph.erg. Uy| cling to (people
intend evil. of) this world. ' j-' |
See also: 'sem thaa-'.
h`- sem phirta
h h`-
ta- pred.ph.erg. At U| be l -L sem-da 'teh-k
stubborn. pred.ph.non-erg. | cling to
(things of) this world. [Gram: exp.
h`- sem mahbu
` h`-
ta- pred.ph.erg. AL L takes attributive <-ti>]
h| indulge in one's thoughts. l -L sem-da 'lih-k
pred.ph.non-erg. | remain
h`- sem
/ gM h`-
yaahbu/ tsokpa ta- pred.ph.erg. attached. [Note: usally referring to
A/ t g U| entertain good/ spirits of deceased persons remaining
evil thoughts; have good/ evil attached to this world]
intentions. [Usage: Most adjectives for l semden n.
human qualities can go into this adj. 1) (coll.) k ( )

497
l -

animal. semba 'yeh-ba ni meeh-ba 'yih-gi

2) [Usage: lamaistic] HL k 'oh maah-e! EL A u j
(L ) animate beings L j D j! We don't know
(including humans). whether or not she loves her husband.
l semdoo ' l' | See: -U semba 'i-g
-
'sem doo'. pred.ph.non-erg. (elevated) ,
| be discouraged. [Gram: exp. takes
y semi ' ' | See: gen. <-ki>]
'semri'. U | 'mih-roh-gi
-L semdu peh-k semba maah-'i 'du. EL L j
pred.ph.non-erg. , g U| be j| Oh, he is not discouraged.
distressed; have self-pity. [Usage: used
` semra '`' | See:
by observers; exp. uses 'semnah-'] 'senamra'.
S U T L |
'kho piihmi 'mih-gi 'khyer-ti semdu / y M-U semri/ semi
peh-ku 'du. EL D AL kye-g pred.ph.non-erg./ dr. AE,
UL F g U j| He is W U| come to the age of
distressed because his wife ran off reasoning; come to realize.
with another fellow. - semri/ semi
/ y -
thop- pred.ph.dr. AE, W E|
semba n. (poetic) , A come to the age of reasoning; get to
(U ) mind; spirit (human); soul. understand.
j! semba 'tshera! excl.ph.
L ML V! L O UL! - sem-so (E) n.
exclamations: how boring!; I am so fed LkP HL g L|
cerem. terms: gift of money, whisky
up!; I feel so lonely!.
(and rice) to the family of a deceased
k-L semba 'dze-k pred.ph.erg.
(elevated) Chj U| wish to. person. [Note: delivered before
'kyehwa' takes place] '-'
` U l HU
kL | 'yehpa-'ra lama-'ya-gi ta-e | See: 'sem-sol (W)'.
'ma-e-gi semba 'dze-ku 'du-ba. - TL | sem-'so 'khyer-ken.
U j| Again, g k| deliver the gift.
the lamas wish to see it. - U| sem-'so 'tuh-gen.
semba 'yeh pred.ph.cop. g | accept/ get the gift.
(elevated) , U| like s.b. - sem-sol (W) n.
[Gram: cop.= specific di-attribution LkPL U HL g L|
(exp. takes attributive <-ti>, recipient cerem. terms: gift of money or grain to
takes <-la>)] feel like (doing s.th.). the family of a deceased person. [Note:
T delivered before the 'kyohwa' takes
`U ` ! 'moh-ti 'khyowa-la place] '-' | See: 'sem-so

498


(E)'. asyi-Thang.
- yU| sem-sol peh h serta amu n. HL
o-gen. g k| go and deliver
LL hE| foods: small,
the gift. bright yellow mushroom.
- U| sem-sol 'tuh-gen.
g | accept/ get the gift. -L serna peh-k
pred.ph.non-erg. Lg U| be stingy.
1 ser n. | gold. `U h `U|
`| ser tahma. A | 'rah-gi 'nohr-la serna peh-te
pure gold. meh-yoh-gen. A
| ser 'seema. t | not Lg U | We must not be stingy

pure gold. with our wealth.
h- ser tuu- pred.ph.erg.
E| adorn (oneself or s.b.) with serpu adj.
| colours: yellow;

gold jewelry. beige.

- serpu ser-'hure adj.ph.
2 ser n. L jP, | foods:
| colours: intensely yellow.

cottage cheese (made of buttermilk).
-M ser-'kya adj. L |
L serku n. || whey. colours: light yellow.
mH L U, J L -L/ -hL ser-uk/
L| ser 'zo-e-mu serku then-gen, ohle ser-tuk adj. U| colours:
serku 'baso-la ter-ken. j E brown; dark beige.
LL D SCj| When - ser-'hur adj. LC, L
you make cottage cheese there is
| colours: beige; pale yellow.

whey left, and you feed it to the
cattle. `/
`/ ` serma-tha/
sermu-tha n. ` (wEL )
M- sera kyahp- pred.ph.e. place names: Sermathang. [Note: This is
A | hail. a large village on top of the high
L/ serka/ ser n./ temp. E, ridge between the Melamchi and
ES| winter. [Gram: does not take Indrawati Rivers and one of the
<-la>] [Note: relatively cold and dry centres of Yohlmo.]
season of the year, about Nov.-
sel '' | See: 'sil'.
March]
`- ser tah- pred.ph.e. E -L seh-k v.t. | hold out to
receive.
V| winter arrives.
M ` `! 'lahkpa yii
L-/
/ L- serka-thili/ 'seh-to! C ! Hold out both
sarka-thali n. wEL | place hands!
names: village on the western slope of
U M, AlU
the Melamchi River valley, quite close
A` ! 'moh-gi 'seh-sin
to the river, about opposite of 'ma-'kyo-ni, 'ai-gi 'seh-'a mah-'seh
499


'du-ba! E Mt j L the other to his forehead, and the

D, D HL j| She senior then usually pronounces a
said you were recording, but in fact blessing]
you were not! U , J U

seht seht 'L`' | M `V| 'nuhmu-gi
See: 'kaba'. 'mehme-la 'see 'iih-di, ohle 'mehme-gi
'melam 'kyahp na-'gyo.

sehn n. y| foods: mash. [Note:

kD U, A k D
very thick corn, millet, or wheat A | The girl formally
mash] greeted grandfather, and he blessed

(
) sehn (sehn) her.
intens.(ph.) kML, SML| intensifier `
seeyi n. (UL

for 'khur-, kyaa-'. hgL U) abusive expressions:
- sehr- (E) v.i. SC| fray; worn failures. [Usage: said of children who
on the edges. '-' | See: 'sihr- did not turn out well]
(W)'. ` ! ! di

j ! 'thee-'ya 'seeyi-'ya! 'see-di phendop meehba!
'suhr-la sehr-ti! L jEt SC D! S C j! These
kj! The pages of the books are failures! Having brought them up they
worn on the edges! haven't turned out well at all!
- see- v.t. E| mix.
seenu (N) n. C| relative.
U g ` L L U M` U,

| 'moh-gi 'tsamba 'na yii 'yeh-ken L ML| 'mih-gi 'mihn
'phok 'see-sin 'du. E C L w arkya meh-then-gen, 'seenu tee-di
Cj| Oh, she quickly mixed up 'mih-la 'kee 'kyahp-ken. jL
the two kinds of flour! , C Uj| You
L
'seema adj. , t| don't address people by their names
mixed; blended. right away, you address them by the
` | 'eebi tsamba
g kinship term.
'seema. | mixed parched - 'seenu 'paar-'tii- (N)

flour. pred.ph.erg. C | be related.
| ser 'seema. t | not [Gram: person in focus takes erg.
pure gold. <-ki>, associated person takes
<-la>] [Disc: In this construction
- -see '-' | See: '-se'.
'seenu' is incorporated into the
- see uh- pred.ph.erg. predicate and any kinship term can be
U| greetings: formal greeting of substituted for it.] '` y-'
juniors to seniors. [Note: the junior | See also: 'yehwa o-'.
lifts the hands of the senior one after `U H| 'yih-gi

500


'moh-la 'seenu 'paar-'tii-en. EL meeh-ba seeh-ni ti ti ti-'a meeh-ba

j| We are related to her. 'nah! L HL gk L
TU h H? khye-gi j| There is nothing whatsoever
pemba-la ti 'paar-'tii-en? U which is not dealt with in the lama
L j? How are you related to books!
Pemba?

2 seeh p. SE |
`U A H | indicating irrealis (would). [Gram: W:
Pemba-la ah-gi 'ada 'paar-'tii-en used in contrast with the aux.
'nahle. k j| Pemba is 'yehken'; E: seems to be
my older paternal cousin. interchangeable with 'yehken'] '-M
` (`) 'seenu 'yihmu ' | See also:
, -h
(-'ra) n.ph. kLL C| close '<-'kyo> seeh, <-te> seeh''.
relative.
M L , J Al
`U `` H| `U|
'moh-la 'yih-gi 'seenu 'yihmu-'ra
J`l | 'mahkpa 'mahr-ki 'mih
'paar-'tii-en. EL kLL lo, ohle 'ai 'yahr looh meh-yoh-ge.
j| We are closely related to her. lehmen-ni 'yahr looh oh-de seeh.
V` 'seenu gyabu n.ph. k ()L j ,
tL C| distant relative. () L|
seebu n. (hon. of 'puh') L AE| I heard that my
(t.) son. brother-in-law is from down there,
and so my sister does not come back
seemu n. (hon. of 'pohmo')
up here; otherwise she would come
(t.) daughter. ' J'
| See also: 'lama omu'. back.
J Ay S`UA` l
- {-} see-rihn {ter-} n. | ohle 'ahna peh-te khu-gi-'a
{v.t.} l (hg ) ta-e seeh lo. A
{give} payment to s.b. for raising gj | And they said, that
one's child or animal. in that case they would also like to
seeri adj. (hon. of 'tsiibu') kw see it.
(SL) (t.) defiled.
-
J`- seehn-seehn oh-
yU, U | di pred.ph.dr. , | pant.
sah-na ii-ge, di 'mehme-gi 'seeri kU m` l -

'yihm-ba. SH j, kL kw | J`U| 'puuhne 'nahza-gi zu
It's alright to eat this, it's leftovers phando 'seehn-'seehn oh-ge.
from grandfather.
Uj j| When you have
1 seeh n. gk, , | thing. asthma, you get short of breath.
U j

h h so n. | tooth.
hA` ! lama-gi 'thee-la

501
-
-

-
- so- v.t. , | raise; bring
up.
L/
L/ h-L sok/ soo te-k
pred.ph.erg. Lt, | slaughter; take
life.
L-h -L 'sok-'te peh-k
L-
pred.ph.erg. Lt U| slaughter; take
life.
Mh` soktu n. S SH j| Because the cattle shed
gyL U L| festivals: needs to be watched grandfather
the second day of 'yune'. [Note:
people go through the rituals in
preparation for the fasting day]
Mh` -L 'soktu 'teh-k
pred.ph.non-erg. HL jL SH | fast
partially (eat only one main meal a
day).
-
-M /
/ -
-M `-
`-
so-kyehwa (E)/ so-kyohwa (W)
ta- pred.ph.erg. U|
ceremonies: perform the rituals of
'kyehwa' at one's own expense when
still alive.
U soga '' | See: 'sowa'. l soi n. |
` - so (N) ten-
pred.ph.non-erg. ` U, | show
off.
`tA` h ` U , ` sodi n. V, L| luck; good
! eup-'a ti so ten-ge leh,
'mehlo tee-de! `t L ` j 'sodi thimbu adj.ph.
I L! Ngetup is also making a
show, looking at himself in the
mirror!
`/
`/ `! so/ su! v.i. kF! go!.
[Gram: imp. of 'o-']
`U`/
`U`/ ` sogo-'ra/
sobe logical_pp. L, -HL |
because; for this reason. [Gram: reason
proposition ending in <-ken/ -'kyo>
+ logical_pp. + outcome proposition]
'J `U`/ `' | See
also: 'ooh songo-'ra/ sobe'.
L ` LH `U`
J` `U| 'kohre su
'koh-en sogo-'ra 'mehme ooh-la-'ra
'yahl-gen. Uw ` HL k
sleeps there.
l M `U` g`
U U | 'yar 'uuh-e peh-'kyo
sogo-'ra 'tsa-'yaa paga pige bu-sin
'du. UL Y ALE
j| Because the rainy season is
about to come the grass has freshly
sprouted.
`/
`/ ` `-
`-/ M-
soyim/ soyem la-/ kyahp-
pred.ph.erg. Q V| ask for alms.
'm `' | See also: 'zubu
soyim'.
foods: rice grains
which are still in the spelts after
pounding. See: 'yadzi' for other
grains'.
fortune. [Note: can be personified]
V| be fortunate; have good
luck.
'sodi meeh-ba adj.ph.
AU| be unlucky; unfortunate.
sonam n. OL | names:
personal name.
M/ M sonam
502


sakpu (E)/ senam sakpu (W) width of a hand.

adj.ph. (Dt AL HL) be
h`
/ L/ ` sohrtu/
blessed; be favored (by gods). [Gram: kuuda/ hasur (E) n. (
no excl. form (see appendix 5,
SL) work utensils: sickle with
section1.2)] crescent-shaped thin blade. ''
S M , U ` | See: 'sohra (W)'. [Note: (E):
``U SU `| 'kho Some people use 'kuuda' also for the
'sonam 'sakpu 'du, 'mih-gi 'tho sickle with the longish thick blade.]
mih-'yuh-gen seeh 'kho-gi 'tho-sin.
F j, A T E gk E sol n. (hon. of 'to') S
T| He is blessed, he got to see (t.) cooked grains; main meal.
something which people usually don't sola '' | See: 'solna'.
get to see.
l solda n. (hon. of 'tah')
sop intens. ML, ( g (t.) tea.
Lt U ) intensifier for 'thuu-, l` solda n. (hon. of
phimu o-. 'tha') U S U M|
{M-} soma {kyahp-} n. foods: strained beer or whisky drunk
{v.i.} S {} {have} louse eggs. with a meal.
` U M ! ah goo-la CU l` L
'soma 'kyahp 'du! tEL S `! 'maidi-'ya-gi solda mah-lep-a
j! I have louse eggs! 'mee-di kuu 'la-di! C U
l (-) 'soma 'ur (ter-) S U M ACU
L U!
pred.ph.erg. S L, They started an argument saying the
t(L) remove louse eggs. strained beer and whisky from the
bride's place had not arrived.
sombo adj. kE, k|
alive. [Gram: no excl. form (see l/
l/ l soldo/ soldu n.
appendix 5, section1.2)] gk S t| household
J`- 'sombo
utensils: bench-like table or beam to
looh-di oh- pred.ph.non-erg. Ew place food on. [Note: 10-30 cm. high]
(L O k H Ew) rise from
soldar n. (hon. of 'tahra')
the dead; come back to life.
(t.) buttermilk.
-
- sor- 'F' | See: 'uu'. /
/ solna/ sola n. LC,
sorma n. A (K ) A`U| charcoal.
measures and weights: width of a finger.
solba n. (hon. of 'paa') ,
L`/ / | 'sorma 'kah/
L (t.) foods: curry with a
toh/ sum. HL/ C/ A| one/
thin sauce. [Note: of vegetables, eggs,
two/ three finger width(s).
meat, etc.]
l| 'sorma 'i. g A|

503


solbu adj. SL| loose (i.e.

y-
y- sohm sohm
not compact). '' | See peh-ti o- pred.ph.non-erg. SC SC
also: 'lhepu'. | go along not taking any notice.
y
` S L | di i V` - sohmgya ten-
khurpu-ni solbu kahl 'du. EL pred.ph.non-erg. C U| show off; be
SL Hj| Oh, this load of arrogant (mostly used for fellows).
wood has become loose.
h V` l ! ti
/ -
-/ l- 'sohmgya diba 'yihm-ba! M C
solbu/ sol-sol/ sole peh-ti 'aa-
E j j! What an arrogant
pred.ph.erg. SL U T| put in fellow!
loosely.
sohmba n. Yy
V k|
` -
- solwa tap- clothing: boots of cloth and leather
pred.ph.erg. U| pray. (Tibetan boots). '` ` '
/
/ U sowa/ soga n. | | See also: 'si si sohmba'.
unhusked rice.
M- sohr kyahp-
! soh! v.t. SF! eat!. [Gram: pred.ph.erg. U ED U L
familiar imp. of 'sah-'] (nP) rituals: throw dry, rotten
wood substance or millet flour into
U sohga '' | See:
'sohwa'. the fire to make the flames leap up.
[Note: ritual to cure sick people, i.e. to
` {`-
{`-/ g`-} sohma ward off evil spirits]
{ta-/ tsah-} n. {v.t.} {wE} U y `U
request s.b. (=requestee) to buy s.th. ML| pohmbo-gi 'ini tuh-gen
[Note: money should be given in 'bele 'sohr 'kyahp-ken. nP
advance] [Gram: requestee takes D E Ej| When

<-la>] the shaman wards off evil spirits he
sohndor n. kn throws rotten wood substance into the
(L ) foods: broth made with fire to make the flames leap up.
some fried spices, water, and salt. `- 'sohr pha- pred.ph.erg.
`-
sohm n. (w S, U | rituals: ritual performed by
shamans or lamas to pacify evil
gUw gE )
household utensils: churn (big size). spirits.
[Note: wooden container used for U `U MU
churning butter; up to 1.5 m. in gU mMU M h h
diameter and 1 m. high] [Usage: `U| pohmbo-'ya-gi 'sohr
mainly used by people who are not pha-ge-mu 'kyahgar 'tsamba
cattle breeders] ' , t' 'zo-'kyo-gi torma 'nahkpu ti ti peh-ti
pha-ge. nP U LL
| See also: 'tuhmbu, oolum'.
w HL L D
504


U j| When the shamans | See: 'sok te-k'.

perform the 'sohr' ritual, they throw
{`-
{`-} sooma {a-} n. {v.t.}
out black dummies made of millet
{Lt} straw {cut}. [Note: cut the
flour, having done all sorts of ritual stalks of grain after the ears have
actions with them beforehand. been harvested, often used for thatch]
sohra n. S, | work EMU T/ LMU
utensils: (E): sickle with longish thick S` 'sooma 'up-'kyo-gi 'khyim
blade; (W): sickle with (W)/ 'sooma 'kap-'kyo-gi 'khaba
crescent-shaped thin blade. 'h` , (E) n.ph. S j jHL Y|
`, L' | See: 'sohrtu, thatched house.
hasur, kuuda (E)'. [Note: Westerners
1 sooh n. , h |
do not use the sickle with the longish merchandise; goods.
thick blade.]
h T`VU L
sohlma n. g| work ML| 'tehp tii-la khyo-'gyo-gi
utensils: tightly woven carrying basket. 'sooh-'ya 'kohpa 'kyahp-ken. HL
'L, g' | See also: HL yj | They devide
'komba, tselba'. up the goods they brought together in
m ` L` j one go.
SL ! zubu 'phema 'yeh-'na sohlma 2 sooh n. , | restraint.
'kah thaa khur-ku 'du! kE [Disc: only observed with neg. cop.]
H g M j! Even 'sooh meeh pred.ph.cop.

though he is of small stature, he is
`U , L T| be
carrying a basket full of manure! unrestrained; have no manners.
/
/ U sohwa/ sohga n. [Gram: cop.= specific existence]
| plants: nettle. [Note: the nettles [Disc: occurs after a dep. cl. stating an
growing near the houses] action; dep.cl ends in vs+-te-la and
followed by pred.ph.cop.; only neg.
- soo- v.t. gE, L k U|
save up. '-' | See also: 'sii-'. usage has been observed]
`U M U| ah-gi 'kyuh 'soo-ge. S h ` ! 'kho
'leeh peh-te-la 'sooh-'ra meeh-ba! F
gEj| I am saving up wealth.
L UD Aj j! He is a work
-
- soo thar- pred.ph.non-erg. alcoholic!
t h| escape death. 'HU L Mh `
S' | See also: 'i-en-gi | di piihmi-ni 'keehmu
kha-la'. 'kyahp-te-la 'sooh-'ra mihn-du.
HU L| 'i-en-gi 'soo-la Lt L S j| Oh,
lep-ken. | be at death's this girl is giggling all the time!
door. h U ! ti 'sooh
h-L 'soo 'te-k 'L h-L' meeh-ba-gi 'mih 'yihm-ba! L `U
505

HL j ! What an unrestrained
a n. | meat; flesh.
- 'a 'thii- pred.ph.non-erg.
kE T| have sore muscles. [Gram:
sore part may take gen. <-ki> or
attributive <-ti>]
` L` | ah 'kaba 'a
'thii-sin. Su T| My leg muscles
are sore.
'a dumbi (W) n.ph.
gMt | small piece of meat.
M 'a 'nakpa n.ph. |
meat only (without fat and bones).
- 'a 'uhr-
pred.ph.non-erg. kE Yt, E| lose
weight. [Gram: exp. takes gen. <-ki>]
E
aw peena 'MU
| See: 'kyahgar peena'.
E/
E/ AC-
AC- aw (N), (E)/
ay-phal (Eng), (W) n. E| fruits:
apple.
L L -L ak uk peh-k
' | See: 'leeh'.
' beside each other.
L aka '' | See: 'aa'. / abru/ apru n. w
M akya thuba n.ph.
UL | names of deities: a god.
` a n.
1) (hon. of 'naasum/ narko') L
(t.) nose.
2) (W) D UE Yt| bell for
animals. '`U' | See: 'aga
(E)'.
`-
`- a- v.t. | churn (salt tea,
curds for butter).
U
fellow!
` 'a-di adv. hgH| swing
forcefully (e.g. one's arm).
SU ` M| 'kho-gi
toh 'a-di 'kyahp-sin. E `U
hgH | He swung his arm
forcefully when throwing the stone.
`U aga (E) n. D UE
Yt| bell for animals. '`' |
See: 'a (W)'.
y-
y- atar otor o-
pred.ph.non-erg. LL A
(LL Uy UL ) dry
out (e.g. seeds, fruit, plants, etc.);
wither.
abu '' | See:
' 'aabu'.
/ {-L} abe/ ahbe
{teh-k} adv. {v.i.} Ck U {}
{sit} beside each other.
` -L 'ahbe 'lah
'teh-k pred.ph.non-erg. U E| stand
, | place names: Syabru
(Tamang village above the lower
course of the Langang River; West of
Yohlmu).
ama n. | afterbirth
(used mostly for animals). ' ,
' | See also: 'piihru
k
rooh, pehza rooh'.
amu n. hE| mushroom.
U amgar n. wEL | place
506
 -
-
names: small settlement below arma n. , | young
Sermathang and Chhimi. girl.
amdo adj. U U| colours: arap n. OL | names:
pink. personal name, m.
-/ -L amba u-/ are adj. , n| straight
peh-k pred.ph.erg. j L, E| (i.e. not crooked).
skin a slaughtered animal. J | ooh-le phar
` ` C 'lahm are 'yeh. t t n j|
LV| 'tihri ah mahy 'amba From over there (onwards) the path is
'u-sa-la kahl-'gyo. Ak
L j straight.
L wE UHL| Today I went to the
M` arkya adv. | directly;
place where the buffalo was skinned. straight away.
C-` ` H| S M` L | 'kho
mahy-da 'pahla-la 'amba 'u-en. UD arkya simbu sa-la kahl 'du. F
L j Ej| (Slaughtered) QL UHj| He went straight to
buffalos and cows are skinned. the giant.
T k `C H! khye
pehza-'ya-la ah-y 'amba 'u-en! -
- h `- ar-tep tii
L j Ej! I am going to
thu- pred.ph.erg. HL YtL
E,
pull off your skins! (Scolding | have a drink.
children!) - h ` h `l? `,
`! ar-'tep tii thu-di ti da-de?
ar n. | east. thu, thu! HL YtL HL L V?
/ - ar-la 'yeh/ An F! Come on, don't have just
'paar-'tii- pred.ph.cop.
| be in one drink! Please drink some more!
the east. [Gram: cop.= specific
SU - hl` `|
location] 'kho-gi ar-'tep tii-i-'ra thu-sin.
-
- ar- v.i. EE, | shine; E HL YtL HL| He had only
bloom. one drink.
ar ar adv.ph. SS| / arpa (m.)/
without delay. arpa-mu (f.) n. / (
y- ar ar o-
y- HL k) Sherpa man/ woman.
| keep
pred.ph.non-erg. SS y [Note: the definition of Sherpa varies
going swiftly. from place to place]
-L ar ar peh-k -
- al- v.t. S| rinse (out);
pred.ph.erg. SS U| do s.th. without rinse away s.th.
delay.
` M- 'al-da 'kyahp-
ara n. , | young pred.ph.non-erg. AE, | have
fellow. dysentery.
507


S ` ML | 'kho 'al-da MU - ahpkya-gi ter-

'kyahp-ku 'du. ED AE j| Oh, he pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. AE
has dysentery. h| dance at an unsuitable
time.
/ ala ule/
ale ule qt.ph. A A| a little; S A ` L`
odd pieces here and there. MU L | 'kho aba 'ii-di
mahbu mah-kahl-ba-la-'ra
j L| 'tshawa 'ale
'ule 'yeh-ken. A A l | (I) 'ahpkya-gi ter-ku 'du. SL L
had a little bit of a temperature. F h j| Even though it
his father died just a short time ago
awa n. k| animals: large
he is dancing in spite of it.
kind of deer (f.). ' ' | See
U S(U) MU L | 'kho(-gi)
also: 'reehgo'. 'ahpkya-gi ter-ku 'du. F h
M/ ahkpu/ aah n. j| He is dancing (in spite of s.th.).
( U U U U ) day (used -g ahp-tsen n. (hon. of
when counting days). 'lekam') k (t.) shoe.
` ah n. gyC| width. h ahpti n. g, |
` j? 'ah 'the-'le? LL disciple.
gyC? How wide is it? '-/-'
| See also: '-le~-lee'.
- ahpto uh-
pred.ph.erg. (elevated) U| serve;
` ahba n. L | clan
help with work.
names: non-lama clan (='maba').
/ {j-
{j-} ahpru/
`/
/ ` ahbo/ ahbru {tham-} n. {v.i.} g
ahbu n. | brother-in-law {h} {perform} a folk dance.
(wife's brother). / M- 'ahpru/
` ahyal n. | lead 'ahbru 'kyahp- pred.ph.non-erg. Su
(heavy metal). k h| dance; perform the steps
SU l `U h of a dance.
l J | 'kho-gi ahbe '' | See:
'namdo-la 'ahyal-gi 'mundir tuu 'abe'.
'aa-di 'om tohl-sin 'du. E L
L UCS LL w - ahm- v.i. E| land (of
birds or planes).
w UHj| Because he kept wearing
this heavy metal ear ring his ear got a () ahm(-la) loc. hj,
hole. | at the bottom (referring to

geographical location).
ahp n. (hon. of 'kaba') Su
(t.) foot; leg. A `U L |
'ama yari-gi 'ahm-la 'naahkote

508
 `

'yeh-ba. A-` yyL ahr-'kyo 'du-ba! AS tL

j!
L UE j| At the very bottom You must be blind! (An abusive
of Yangri Kahng there lies the village expression).
of Naahkote. ahrna adj. A| blind.
[Usage: this is disrespectful; respectful:
ahmu n. t| clothing: cap;
hat. 'mii meh-tho-']
LU| 'ahmu kehn-gen. t
m-
m- ahra bara zo-
UE| put on hat. pred.ph.erg. jt U| scatter.
L| 'ahmu pi-ken. t y- ahra bara o-
y-
L| take off hat. pred.ph.non-erg. A-A k (jt
y ahmen n. A, ) disperse; dissipate (e.g. a crowd
of people).
Clk| insult; indecency.
y L- 'ahmen ken- ahl n. (hon. of 'kha' and
pred.ph.erg. A U, | insult s.b. 'tam') S, L (t.) mouth; talk.
`j jMU ` y `- 'ahl su- pred.ph.erg.
LU| mah-'thewa thukpu-gi (hon. of 'tam ma-') L U (t.)
'prabu-la 'ahmen ken-ge. talk.
UD Uj| It's usually the rich l- 'ahl 'den-
who insult the poor ones. pred.ph.erg. (lamaistic)
y - ahmen ten- (U) L U| gods
pred.ph.erg. Clk SE| make sport communicate (with people).
of s.b; be saucy; expose oneself to t- 'ahl 'ee- 'j t-'
shame. | See: 'thal ee-'.
J U y U | ooh - ahl- v.i. V, H S|
piihmi-'ya-gi 'ahmen ten-gu 'du. flow.
ACD Clk SE j|
Those women are exposing themselves /
-L
to shame. ahla ohle/ ahla uhle peh-k
y 'ahmen-mu n. pred.ph.erg. U| treat s.b.
carelessly.
g | indecent woman.
SU ` L |
ahr n. C, M| row (of 'kho-gi ah-la 'ahla 'ohle peh-ku 'du.
knitting, weaving, etc.); sentence.
E U j| He treats me
- ahr- v.i. AS t
| eyes as if he didn't care about me a bit.
get bad.
` ` -L ahla
SU `L` ! 'kho-gi ohlo peh-k pred.ph.erg.
'mii yi-ka-'ra ahr-sin! EL
U| do s.th. carelessly.
AS t! Both his eyes got bad. J j H `
TU M ! khye-gi 'mii ` hU| 'ohma phar

509
U

tshur 'po-e bele 'ahla 'ohlo peh-ti a bride, if the father accepts the
'pho tuu-ge. E E SE ceremonial gift of whisky by
U SEj| When she pours sprinkling some of it to the gods, then
the milk into another container, she is you know that he has accepted the
careless and spills milk all over. proposal (for his daughter).
U {g-/ T`-
T`-/ l-} y l- ahlu uu-
ahlgar {tsuu-/ khyo-/ aa-} n. pred.ph.non-erg. (hon. of 'kha-zum
{v.t./dt./t.} U {E, T} cerem. teh-k') g V (t.) keep quiet.
terms: honor s.b. by giving a
` ahldo n. (hon. of
ceremonial gift (e.g. juniper twigs, 'tohba') A (t.) face.
whisky, etc.).
U j -L 'ahlgar aa n. Q, QL y| monk's
'thepa peh-k pred.ph.erg. U L or nun's quarters.
(, , M CL) cerem. terms: - aa- v.t. g, | split s.th.
sprinkle whisky to the gods. [Note:
/ L M- aa/ aka
done as a sign of acceptance of the kyahp- pred.ph.erg. kLE, kL,
ceremonial gift given by s.b.]
wu U| joke (keep joking back and
, U g forth); bluff with each other. [Gram:
S`U U j L, J goal takes <-la> or <yambu/
J`U LH| lama, yimbu>]
pohmbo-'ya-la 'ahlgar 'tsuu-si-'ma-na
`U ML| ah-gi
khu-gi 'ahlgar 'thepa peh-ken, ohle 'nooh-la 'aa 'kyahp-ken. CU
oh-ge 'mee-di ha 'koh-en. ,
kLj| I am bluffing with my
nPD U C E brother.
U D AD nEj, A `- 'aa oo- 'L(L) `-'
L Cj| When | See: 'kiti(k) oo-'.
you present a ceremonial gift of
whisky to the lama or shaman, they t
- aaba uhp-
sprinkle some whisky to the gods, and pred.ph.erg. k U| make
then you know that the gift is restitution; reconciliation takes place.
accepted. SU S` t| 'kho-gi
` JU U khu-la 'aaba 'uhp-sin. E EL
AU U j , U| He made restitution to

LV| 'nama 'la oh-gen 'bele
L them.
'nama samba-gi aba-gi 'ahlgar 'thepa `- 'aaba na- pred.ph.erg.
`-
peh-si-'ma-na, pohmo ter-ken Q | grant forgiveness. 'U
kahl-'gyo. V k L -L' | See also:
U H E jD H 'sem-gi aaba peh-k'.
Cj| When you go and ask for l- 'aaba 'aa- pred.ph.erg.
Q | give a gift for restitution
510


(to people). miih-khu-e, 'lahm-la 'aah 'teh 'koh-e.

- 'aaba phul- HL V L
, t
pred.ph.erg. Q U (t.) offer a j| We cannot reach there in one
gift for restitution (to gods). day, we will have to stay overnight
somewhere on our way.
/
aabu/ abu n. L|
insects and worms: spider.
aahba n. | garland;
U k M`U| aabu-gi 'dzaal necklace (small things threaded onto a
(N) kyah-ge. L k Ej| string); arc.
Spiders make webs. h ` M ! tuhru
'aahba yii taa-'kyo 'du-ba! UL
aah 'M' | See:
'ahkpu'. Ct UHL j! She is wearing
two rows of precious stones!
- aah- v.i. mU M`V |
1) g, , h (A A) nam-la za-gi 'aahba kyah-'gyo 'du.
split (by itself).
AL C L UL SHj| The
g` M ` | arc of a rainbow can be seen in the
'tsehra 'kyahp-ti tohbo 'aah-sin 'du. sky.
gt` S gHj| The tree was
struck by lightning and split.
{t-} aahma {ii-} n. {v.t.}
2) | stay overnight. ' k jy UE Ly
-L' | See also: 'aah {} clothing: {put on/ wear} an
teh-k'. apron (woolen or cotton cloth worn
on the backside by women).
S` ` M | khu
'tihri dela 'aah-'kyo 'duba. Ak

y-
y- aahma iihme
E L j| Oh I see, o- pred.ph.non-erg. `U |
they stayed overnight here. dissolve (relationships); disintegrate
(matters); disappear (matters).
j- aah thaa- pred.ph.e.
g k| be greasy (pots and
m- 'aahma
-L/ m-
dishes). [Gram: greasy thing takes loc. 'iihme peh-k/ 'zo- pred.ph.erg.
<-la>] `U U| dissolve s.th; destroy
(especially used for relationships,
j M j | thu
'kyur-sa-la 'aah thaa 'du. households).
wE g kj| Oh, the zinc is -L i-k v.dt. jE, E|
greasy. divination: drive out (a spirit of
sickness); exorcise.
-L aah teh-k
pred.ph.non-erg. | stay U L/ ML |
overnight. pohmbogi 'nepa 'i-ken/ 'i-ti
'kyur-ken. nP
jEj/
` h SH,
Ll| 'yihma tii-la lep jH j| The shaman drives out

511
 `

the spirit of sickness. | in all

cond.dep.pred.ph. g
circumstances.
-L i-k v.t. , | rub
against. [Gram: undg. takes ` 'i-'naa 'i
<yambu/ yimbu>] pred.ph.non-erg. | at all costs.
U ` L| 'baso-gi S 'i-wa 'kha n.ph. L
tohbo-'ya-la 'i-ken. S S| danger of death.
A j| The cattle rub ` SU h ``!
against the trees. ah-la di 'iwa 'kha-le-gi 'thar tuu
na-do! D L SS
` LA` `
`! 'mih-'ya 'yambu 'i-ti gE! Please save me from this
kahl-de-'a ah-la mah-'tho! danger of death!
jU H UH D S ! L ika n. ML| money: rupee.
Even though I rubbed against the L hU yL| 'ika tii-gi 'ek. HL
people when I left, they did not see L L| a one rupee coin.
me!
L iken n. k | louse.
-U i-g v.i. | die. L M- 'iken 'kyahp-
!/ `!/ !/ pred.ph.non-erg./ dr. k {} {have}
L | 'i o!/ 'i so!/ 'i 'teh!/ lice. [Gram: non-erg.: exp. takes gen.
'i 'teh-ku 'du. pred.ph. ACk!/ <-ki>] [Disc: direceptive usage is
k!/ !/ L j|| abusive rare; usually one states the location of
expressions: [Disc: Many verb stems can the pests]
be preceded by 'i' (die) in abusive or `(C) U L M ! ah(-y)
cursing talk.] goo-la 'iken 'kyahp 'du! tEL
HU S -/ HU k j! Oh, I have head lice!
-/ HU j - 'i-en-gi L t (-) 'iken 'uuh
'kha-la lep-/ 'i-en-gi 'soo-la lep-/ (ter-) pred.ph.erg. k t| pick out
'i-en-gi 'tha-la 'thuu- lice; remove lice.
pred.ph.non-erg. L S V,
U g-
g- / g-U igar (N) tsa-
A V| be at death's door. (W)/ tse-g (E) pred.ph.erg. L
`/ 'i-da/ 'i-lu n.
`/ S| hunt. [Gram: object of hunting
| way of death. takes gen. <-ki>]
`/ gM U|
'i-da/ 'i-lu tsokpa pehti 'i-gen. ` i n. E| wood; firewood.
| die an awful death L- i 'ko- pred.ph.erg. Lw
` L-
(horrible/ painful). (u) S| carve wood.
`/ U| ` U` i gondo n.ph.
'i-da/ 'i-lu yaahbu peh-ti 'i-gen. (S t LtL ) section of a cut
tree trunk.
| have an easy death.
` ` 'i-'naa 'so-'naa `- {g-} i-'tar {'tsii-} n.
`-

512
`U y

{v.t.} E L {E} stack of wood ` {-/ -} ilo {bii-/

{stack up}. bu-} n. {v.i.} SL {E,
`- i-par '`' |
`- tE} spring foliage {sprout}.
See: 'par-i'.
` S
iso kheeba n.ph.
`U igi n. L| foods: sour, L| carpenter.
dried vegetables.
` L` iyal
`U igen '' | See: koyal peh-ti adv.ph. t|
'phaaba'. (labouring) extremely hard.
`V ` (`) igyi `U ` L`
i (tohbo) n.ph. y(L S) L ! 'yih-gi 'iyal 'koyal peh-ti
trees: cedar-like tree with very thin 'leeh peh-ken nah! t L
bark. Uj| We are labouring extremely
hard.
`V `U ml
T`U | igyi i-gi lohma-'ya `-
`-
iyala-yuhl (W)
'men 'zo-e-la khyo-ge lo. yL n. UL| hell (bad place for the
K ED Cj ! dead).
They say that the greenery of the
` L` y-y- iyo koyo
'daabar' tree is used for making o- pred.ph.non-erg. U M| be
medicine. completely exhausted; be half-dead.
`k L idza pako n.ph. l` M, m `
g, k| spices: cinnamon L`` yH! dibu-'ra 'leeh
sticks. 'tuhkpu, zubu-ni 'iyo 'koyo-'ra
o-en! SL L, U Lj!
`l ida n. YL Lw-|
house parts: wooden parts of house. This is very hard work, you get
completely exhausted!
`l U | ida pela
'luu-gen. Lw | put in wooden, it p. vocatives:
D
built-in furniture. U | vocatives:: vocative
for evil spirits (when placating them).
`l jL/ `l jU
'j' | See also: ''thet''.
M ide theki/ thee-gi
kyahlbu 'y' | See: 'ini'. (L) iti (N)
(kambu)-la adv.ph. ,
|
` iben n.
1) nP| male spirit living in trees. in vain; without any reason.
[Note: He is the husband of 'yalmu'. If ` j- ido thaa-
he is offended by people, he sends the '`' | See: 'tohba'.
spirits of sickness.]
y ini n.
| ghost; spirit
2) nPL HEt | divination: of a deceased person.
ancestory line for shamans.
y y `-L 'i-ni 'so-ni
513
y

'e-k pred.ph.erg.
| drive -wah'.
out evil spirits. L
yH|
y y - 'i-ni 'so-ni 'leeh peh-ko-'wah 'indo ee-di ee-di
'uuh- pred.ph.dr.
V| be o-en. L U Uj A j| As
possessed by evil spirits. [Note: you keep doing this work, you will
symptoms for this kind of possession: know it better and better.
pain in the heart region] E U |
y - 'ini 'uuh- 'sehn sah-w-'wah 'indo ihmbu
| be possessed by
pred.ph.dr. nee-ge. y k S U E w
the spirit of a deceased person. kj| The more you keep eating corn
y J U mash the better you like it.
yU H| 'mih-la 'ini k j yE h
'uuh-si-'ma-na ooh 'mih-gi 'ini-gi J`U| pehza thimbu o-w-'wah
tam 'ma-en. 'indo sem 'tip-ti oh-ge. hg w
j| When a
UHj AEj| As a child
person is possessed by the spirit of a gets older it becomes more and more
deceased, the spirit talks through him. mature.
y jU M/ y jL ibir adj. gE L (,
M/ `l jU M/ L) small and shrivelled.
`l jL M ini ,
thee-gi kyahlbu/ ini theki L | tamra yaahbu mihn-du, budi
kyahlbu/ ide thee-gi 'ibir 'ibir kahl 'du. j,
kyahlbu/ ide theki kyahlbu gE LL j| Oh, the beans are
n.ph. k| lamaisms: judge of the not nice, they are all shrivelled up.
souls of the dead. [Note: He weighs
imbu n. | dead person.
and keeps account of people's sins and [Note: not primarily the corpse, but
merit.] the different manifestations a dead
J` -` `` person is thought to take] ', ,
`l jL MU M L| ' | See also: 'nami, sem,
ohra 'i-'luh meeh-ba toh-o-'ra la'.
'ide 'theki 'kyahlbu-gi 'lahkpa-la
` h` U
lep-ken. L kL
`U/ L| neebar 'yihmu

j| As soon as we die we get into 'tyahbar-la 'imbu-gi 'mihn priih-di
the hands of the judge of the dead. nee ta-ge/ par-ken. P U
indo logical_pp. , A LL T LUk S
kE | as (you) keep "verbing"; kCj| On the day of the 'neebar'
as (you) advance in a state. [Gram: ceremony the name of the deceased
vs+<-ko-'wa> + 'indo'] '- person is written on a peace of paper
~ -' | See also: '-wa ~ which then is burnt.

514
L `

L irak (N) n. L| quilt. m LH| 'lahm 'poh-la 'khaba

'zo-si-'ma-na 'ih-'tembu peh-ti 'zo
-
- (`-) i-rip
(pah-rip) n.(ph.) L L| cerem. 'koh-en. tL jE Y E
terms: defilement caused by death. Ej| If you build near the road,
't' | See also: 'ihp'. you must put up a strong
construction.
E L - ` l
`U| 'siw 'yeh-ken 'mih 'i-'rip L ihk n. g| a little
nah-la 'uuh-e meh-yoh-ge. Q movement.
HL k L L L L (h) ! 'ihk (tii) peh!
L Y | A person who A ! Move a little bit! (the
wears rudraksha seeds as an amulet whole body)
must not enter a place defiled by L L L ! 'ihk 'ihk
death. See: 'raaha' for 'rudraksh'. peh-ku 'du! A-A j! It
keeps moving a little!
ia (H) (W) n. LC| comb.
'-' | See: 'thaa-leehmu Mg(-l) 'ihk-tse(-i) adv.
(E)'. AL| somewhat. [Gram: modifying
adj., loc., verb]
ih n. Mgl j/ | di-ni
1) kL, Uk| livelihood; substance. 'ihk-tse-i 'thewa/ 'phema 'du. g
2) , t, | subject; A w/ k j| Oh, this one
matter; issue. is somewhat bigger/ smaller.
SU w g Mgl `! di seeh
j J`l` ! 'kho-gi 'ihk-tse-i phar 'ur-to! D
di hi tsoo mah-tem-ba 'yeh-na-ni di AL E ! Please move this
rohwa 'ih thimbu oh-de-'ra thing a little over!
meeh-ba! E nLL H MglA` !
w H| If he had 'ihk-tse-i-'a meh-be 'du! AL
not brought up this evidence it would U j! (She) doesn't even lift a
not have become such a big issue! finger!
g- 'ih 'tsuu- pred.ph.erg.
kL | start a livelihood. ` ih n. | field. '-`,
-`' | See also:
j- 'ih 'tshuu- pred.ph.erg.
'bu-ih, maa-ih'.
L U| start an undertaking.
-M/ -M ` M- ih tiyo-la
'ih-tahkpu/ 'ihp-tahkpu adj.ph. 'kyahp- pred.ph.erg. Sy
, | well-done (of work); LE| cultivate s.b.'s field on a
carefully done. third-share basis. [Note: rent paid is a
third of the harvest]
- 'ih-'tembu adj. ,
| strong; stable. ` Mh() -
ih tiyo-la 'kyahp-te(-la) ter-
S` m -
515
`U `

pred.ph.erg. Sy LE | lease t L ES UHL

out a field on a third-share basis. L | lamaisms: group of gods
` M- ih in the book called 'iho'.
'phetap-la 'kyahp- pred.ph.erg. ` ihta n. , P| anger.
A LE| cultivate s.b.'s field ` `M -L 'ihta
on a half-share basis. [Note: rent paid 'ahrkyal peh-k pred.ph.non-erg.
is one half of the harvest]
, ghE| be in a fury.
` Mh() - ` `M gM 'ihta
ih 'phetap-la 'kyahp-te(-la) ter- 'ahrkyal tsokpu adj.ph. |
pred.ph.erg. A | lease out furious.
fields on a half-share basis basis.
` j 'ihta 'tshandi
`- {-L} ih-'leeh n.ph. L (gL ) hot temper.
{peh-k} n. {v.t.} L L {U} {do}
` jl 'ihta
field work. 'tshawa-i adj.ph. A| hot
`U ihgam n. U| heaven. tempered.
'
-/ -hU `U, `V ` j - 'ihta 'thep
( ), - ' | See also: 'naa- pred.ph.erg. | suppress
'tehwa-/ dewa-ten-gi ihgam, anger.
sagye (yuhl), lha-yuhl'. ` -L 'ihta peh-k
pred.ph.non-erg./ erg. U| be angry.
`U-h ihgun-te
U-h' | See:
'` ` gM L| 'ihta tsokpa
'uhgan-te'. peh-ken. E| be very angry.
` `- 'ihta 'lah-
t/
/ -w/

t iho/ pred.ph.non-erg. Ew| be angry.
ih-ho/ eho n. cerem. utensils:
J ` ` `! ohle
L HEt LL | name ah 'ihta 'lah-sin! A D
of a religious book. [Note: with
Ew! Then I got angry!
pictures of many gods, used as
Lk Lk ` `, `!
examples for thangka paintings] 'kahze 'kahze 'ita 'lah-sin, ah-ni!
` hg L L Ew Ew, D ! I got so
-w `U l angry!
LV| ah tihtsin milarepa - 'ihta
` ` -
kohmba-la 'ih-ho thagu 'pruh-e-la 'lah-raa 'thal- pred.ph.non-erg.
'yahmbu-le 'mahr kahl-'gyo. gg
g | fly into a rage. '- '
L U -w `L | See also: '-raa thal-di'.
TD LwyS UHL H| I went - 'ihta-gi 'phor-
`U -
down from Kathmandu to paint pred.ph.non-erg. | be angry
ih-ho thangkas in the Tihtsin inside; be eaten up by anger.
Milarepa temple. `U ` `-
`-
t k 'iho 'lhazo n.ph.
516
-

'ihta-gi 'mii-'ra meh-'tho- 'ibu-di lama-gi yaahbu peh-ti osum

pred.ph.non-erg. AS T| be peh-ti kohmba-gi 'ihsul peh-ken.
furious. L g gH UL
S- 'ihtagi
`U S- Uj| The lama spends that
lepa 'khol- pred.ph.non-erg. U money carefully for the renovation of
S| be furious. the temple.
- ihn- '
-' | See: L LhlL
'ehn-'. hU | di kohmba-la
'kapta-i-la 'ihsol peh-te-gi semba
ihp n. (hon. of 'bai') gE 'yeh-ba. UL j H
(t.) foods: rice flakes. U | We would like to
-g 'ihp-'tsam n. (hon. of renovate at least the roof of this
'tsamba') w, (t.) foods: temple.
flour made from parched grains.
- -L -i peh-k aux.ph. g
-M ihp-tahkpu ( ) do s.th. for good
'-M' | See: 'ih-tahkpu'. (used for actions we can control).
ihmbu adj. w, w| [Gram: vs+aux.ph.]
tasty; good (of food). `C - h`
ihwa adj. | gentle; | taah-ni ah-y 'el-'mii 'tor
tuu-i-'ra peh-sin. A g
humble.
HL g C | Now I lost my
LML | di
'mih-ni kahkkala 'ihwa 'du. glasses for good.
A j| This is a very gentle - + P ` -i + vs
person. reduplication aux.ph. g
L` jL-j| ( ) s.th. happens for good
'kehlo sum 'ihwa thak-'tshul-la. (used for events we cannot control).
t Q | three monks [Gram: vs+aux.ph.]
in humble outfits. J y ! ooh 'ibu-ni
'ihwa peh-ti adv.ph.
'tor-i 'tor-sin! HL HL
U| gently; humbly. ! This money is lost for good!
M | di - ii- '-' | See: 'u-'.
tam 'ihwa peh-ti 'ma-'kyo 'yihm-ba.
L U L | I said this humbly/ /
/ iimbi/ iimbe n.
gently. SL| animals: grey squirrel.

/
/ -L ihsol/ iih n. AL, | contour;
ihsul peh-k pred.ph.erg. (elevated) shape; course.
U| renovate. jU`U | 'tshamga-gi 'iih.
J y U y U Y jL AL| shape of the
hut.
LU L| ooh
517
- U

(U)| 'lahm(-gi) 'iih. `U

jCj, A Cj|
tL | course of the path. The stones are spread onto the road,
and then distributed very evenly.
- iih- '-' | See:
'uh-'. Mt - uka phoo- pred.ph.dr.
-/ - u-/ ii- v.t. L, L gk hLH ky V| be hit by
s.th. swinging back.
E| undo (s.th. which has been tied
or sewn); take off (clothes, peels and ` ` Mt ,
pods). L! ah 'mii-la 'tihri uka
'phoo-di, 'mahrmu kahl-di! Ak LL
L U | 'he pako 'u-gen.
AL P j| peel potatoes. U ky hLH AS U
L U | 'sema pako 'u-gen. ! Today a branch swinging back
hit my eye; the eye has become red!
LEL P j| take the peas out
of the pods. ` ` yH `
l` Mt ! tohbo-'ya
L uk n. ky, | strength; force. nah-la o-e-mu ah-la dibu-'ra
L M-U uk 'kye-g pred.ph.dr. uka 'phoo-di! k`U k U
AE| regain strength. ky gH D U! When I
L j J`- uk thimbu went through the bushes the branches
oh- pred.ph.dr. | be strong. swinging back hit me terribly!
L j J`- uk 'the-o
oh- pred.ph.dr. | be M (`) ukpa (tohbo)
the strongest. n.ph. (-L t) trees: kind of
juniper.
- uk 'tor- pred.ph.non-erg.
L -
| lose strength. [Gram: exp.
M h- ukpa tuu- pred.ph.erg.
takes gen. <-ki> + 'zubu'] | cerem. terms: burn 'ukpa'
twigs as incense. [Note: burnt in a
`- uk meh-yoh-
L
small clay pot or in the fire]
| be weak.
pred.ph.dr.
L
y- uk meeh-ba o-
y- M - ukpa 'tuuh-
pred.ph. Lk, | become pred.ph.erg. E (L Y

)
cerem. terms: inhale fumes of burning
weak. [Gram: eventive form of
attributive copular construction] 'ukpa'. [Note: a cleansing ritual
performed after various defilements]
L - uk ten- pred.ph.erg. u
nM| draw s.th. suddenly (e.g. a U/ ugu/ uu n. LUk|
weapon). paper.
-L 'u-'koohra n. LUk
L L L uk uk uk E wE| work utensils: paper making
adj.ph. , | evenly. enclosure.
`U, J L L ` V V ` U
L mH, | toh 'lahm-la 'ti-ge, U | rih
mM -L h
ohle uk uk uk 'zo-en, 'lahm. t nah-la 'gyaa 'gyaa-la tahbu 'ugu
518
 `
U-
U-h

'zo-'kyo 'u-'koohra 'teeh sihn-gu 'du. o-en. E YL V kj| The

k`U L-L EL LUk E snow melts when the sun shines.
wE t j| In the forest you -/ - uh-/ iih- v.i. L,
sometimes come upon enclosures
L| get loose (s.th. which was tied
which were formerly used for paper or sewn); get untied.
making.
L
L
`- uhk uhk uh-
up n. | sheath (for knife). pred.ph.non-erg. (Ak
't-' | See: 'uh-up (W)'.
nL) weep bitterly.
SU L-t E | 'kho-gi
'kahp-'ih 'up-la 'luu-w 'du. E SL M
t uhka n./ adv. ntL
T j| He is putting his ntL| rumbling; blustering.
knife into the sheath. L| uhka
Mt lU
dibu-gi 'leeh peh-ken. ntL/
-
-/ - up tam Uy`Uy` U L U| do s.th. with
ma-/ lahp- pred.ph.erg. LS U| a lot of rumbling.
whisper.
t l - uhka dibu
M
up peh-ti adv.ph. U ten- pred.ph.erg. w ntL L|
| secretly. bluster; swagger.
- um- v.i. (hon. of 'uh-') `
M uh kyahp-ti
(t.) cry. adv.ph. H| move forcefully.
- ur- v.t. Ygt
, L| push wU ` M J` h
off/ over/ along. J M T! hawu-gi 'uh
'kyahp-ti oh-di 'tahmu piihru 'om
L Mgl `! di
kahm 'ihk-tse-i phar 'ur-to! 'kyaa 'khyer-ti! k H AD LSL
L AL E ! Push this chest g U! The hawk swooped
over just a little bit. down, grabbed a chick and took off
with it!
- ur uhr-
pred.ph.non-erg. g| slip `
`
(` ) uh uh
(intensified); glide (intensified). (uh) '` ` (`)'
| See: 'oh oh (oh)'.
- 1 uh- v.dt.
1) (hon. of 'ter-/ aa-') tPE `
U-
U-h/ `U-h
uhgan-te/ ihgun-te n.
(t.) give; serve.
2) (hon. of 'e-k') A U (t.) UEL | place names: village
tell; request. between Kolama and Chhimi, on the
eastern slope of the Melamchi River
- 2 uh- v.i. V| melt. 'l-' valley.
| See also: 'u- 1)'. `U-h 'uhgan-'te-pa
S A `U yH| `U g person from
'khawa-ni 'ama 'yihma-gi 'iih-de Syuhnggan-Che.
519
 -

- uhr- v.i. g, Y| slide; A J`!

slip. ' -, -' | ah-gi ohra tahnda 'tiihzi-gi
See also: 'ur uhr-, a uhr-'. 'mih-'ya-gi 'poh-la e-na-ni 'pat-'aa
Mgl `! 'ihk-tse-i miih-'ti oh! AkLL
phar 'uhr-to! AL ! D E
Please move over a little bit! ! If I tell this to our people
U
y- 'uhr-te o-
y- nowadays they will probably not
pred.ph.non-erg. slide along. YH believe it!
y
| M- epa 'kyahp-
pred.ph.erg. - U| discuss s.th.

uhlbu adj. L, | weak

(in taste or colour). (competitively).
h ` | 'tah 'ra 'uhlbu. - epa 'tuhr- pred.ph.erg./
non-erg. - U| have a debate.
gL U L| weakly coloured tea.
[Note: in a competitive way; mainly
h j | 'tah 'tsha 'uhlbu.
practised among shamans] [Gram: If
g L| weakly salted tea.
parties are stated: actor + actor +
uu 'U' | See: 'ugu'. 'nahla' + pred.ph.non-erg.]
- uuh- v.i. | enter. - en- v.t. w H t
LU L | 'moh (Uk) pick off individual leaves;
'koh-le-gi 'phok 'uuh-sin. F Lt pull out individual plants. ' '
j| She entered swiftly | See also: 'yuhrma'.
through the door.
j LH| tsheema
-L uuh peh-k pred.ph.erg. 'suhr 'suhr-la 'en 'koh-en. U jE
L U| greetings: junior bowing to jEt t kj| You must pick off
senior. [Note: The senior touches the only the outside leaves of the spinach.
head of the junior to bless him.] j LH| 'thabi 'en
'h -' | See also: 'koh-en. j M Ej|
''tihlap uh-''. You must pull out some of the little
j U j LH| onion plants.
'theemu-gi thimbu-la 'uuh peh
el n. Lg, | glass;
'koh-en. wD L Uj| porcelain.
The younger ones have to bow to the -/ 'el-toh/ 'eldo n.
elder ones. tL| crystal stone.
-L e-k v.dt. E, | tell; -E 'el-'diw n. t

give a message. [Gram: goal takes (LgL) g| jewelry: glass bangles.
<-la> or <poh-la>] ` 'elbu n. | bottle.
L | petam e-ken. ES, - {M-/ L-} 'el-'mii
L | tell a story. {'kyahp-/ kahr-} n. {v.t.} g {E}
`U J` kU U {put on} spectacles; glasses.

520
 -

U eli yugar (W) n. ah-la 'leeh peh-te-la ehmba

nPL HEt | divination: oh-sin. D L U kU V| I
ancestory line for shamans. feel like doing some work.
eldo '' | See: - ehmba looh-
'el-toh'. pred.ph.dr. MLE| get fed up.
[Usage: with a person or an activity;
t - eha ten- not used for food]
pred.ph.non-erg. g h| dance ehmba mih-n-du
with gusto. pred.ph.cop. Chj j| be listless;
l` t depressed. [Gram: cop.= specific
j| di 'paalo-ni dibu-'ra eha semi-attribution; evid.: mir.]
ten-de 'tham-sin.
-U ehmba 'i-g
-
g g| This time they really pred.ph.non-erg. | become
danced with gusto. listless; depressed. [Gram: exp. takes
t eho 't' | See: attributive <-ti>]
'iho'. S ! 'kho-ti
ehmba 'i-sin 'du! EL kU j!
() ()! eh(t) eh(t)!
excl. j j! (g LHL His zeal is gone!
L Ak) exclamation to signal
/
/

{-
{-} ehsa/
the end of a dance. eehsa tam {ma-} n.ph. {v.dt.}
J ` jV, J tg {, U} {use}
`U M| ohle 'yih honorific speech.
'baal 'ahpru 'tham-'gyo, ohle ah-gi -L ehsa peh-k

eht eht 'ma-'kyo. gL, A pred.ph.erg. tg gE| use
j j L| And we danced honorific speech.
together, and then I said "eht, eht".
- ee- v.t. k| know;
-/ - ehn-/ ihn- v.i. -'
understand. '` -,
g| ride. | See also: 'oh ee-, yaahbu
S U| tabu 'khala ee-'.
'ehn-gen. Yy g| ride (on) a horse. ! ee-di 'yeh-ba!

L U| 'kaar-la 'ihn-gen. pred.ph.erg. S, kL j! get even.
L g k| ride in a car. `U S ! ah-gi 'kho-la
ee-di 'yeh-ba! S, ED kL
ehmba n. kU, EL|
zeal; feeling. j! I will get even with him!
T , J `C
` h ! ah-la
'leeh peh-te ehmba meeh-ba! D ! khye yahmbi-la o 'nah, ohle
ah-y ee-di 'yeh-ba! S , D
L U kU j! I don't feel like
working. kL j! You just wait, I will get you
later!
` h J`|
521
- -
- ee- aux. k| know how to.
[Gram: vs + aux.]
SU Lh g | 'kho-gi ! Y ! May you become
'kapta 'tsem meeh-e 'du. ED Ly
E AE j| Oh, he doesn't
know how to sew clothes.
-L ee peh-k
pred.ph.non-erg. L, LE|
straighten out limbs (from a pulled-up
position).
M/
M/ M
M - eekyi/ eekya
(N) ten- pred.ph.erg. S n,
SE| be aggressive; intimidate.
` eena rihbu adj.ph.
, | slow (for how one does
things).
S l ` | 'kho 'nuhmu 'tu-o 'yihm-ba.
sah-e-la eena 'rihbu 'yeh. E S
Sj| He is a slow eater.
/
eebu (m.)/ eemu (f.)
adj./ n. AL | young
animal. [Usage: cow, donkey, etc.
before having young ones]
y/
y -L
eehnel/ eehnil peh-k
pred.ph.erg. U U, A | make
fun of s.b; ridicule s.b; be rude.
S`U ` y M |
khu-gi ah-la eehnil peh-'kyo
'yihm-ba. D U UL When he entered from the doorway
| They are ridiculing me/ making
fun of me.
eehsa '
' | See:
'ehsa'.
! o v.i. AF! come!. [Gram: imp.
U` !' |
of 'oh-'] '``
See also: 'yuh-go-'ra o!'.
T M ! j ` ! khye-la
kyipu o! tshe 'rihbu o! D S
prosperous! May you have long life!
h L t !
L| 'nehpa-la 'teedap
peh-ke-mu 'aah o!' 'mee-di 'meehba
peh-ken. L U g L
C L Uj| When a sick
person undergoes cures (we) trust that
he may get well.
- o 'ma- pred.ph.erg. E|
-
invite.
- -o sf. hg U SE |
superlative suffix. [Gram: suffixed to
v./adj., loc., and temp. stems]
`C h` | di ah-y
Lj
| This is my youngest sister.
S! yaah-o-di
'khyer-o! g F! Bring
the most beautiful one/ the best one!
T! 'thoo-o-di
'khyer-o! L F! Bring
the most upper one!
S L-V J`U
`` A ` | 'kho-ni
'koh-'gyaa-le 'yahr 'uuh oh-ge 'bele
'toh-o-'ra 'ama 'tho 'du lo. Lt
E AD Sj |
he saw first his mother.
J ` T M
yUU ` ` | ooh
'yihmu-di khye-ti di 'yuhl 'kyur-ti
o-gen-gi 'ti-o 'yihmu 'yihn.
g UE A ,
UED jy j| That
day is the very last day on which you
522
M -
-

may stay in this place, that day you j| These peas are just empty shells,
have to leave. there are no peas inside.
M okpa n. St| wing (of oma n. C
tH EHL
birds). w g ALL HL |
plants: big leafy plant. [Note: grows in
U oga '' | See:
'owa'. fertilized patches]

`-
`- o- v.i. At| fit into. -
-SL om-kharka n. wEL
'`l `-' | See also: ( Ly) place names: village
'nidi o-'. in the western area of Yohlmu, before
Maahngu when coming from
`C `U J
Golbhanjyang.
L, J| 'yih-y 'phumba o-ge
'samma 'om 'priih 'teh-ke, ooh-la. -
- or- v.i.
Z At St Sj, 1) SL, L| get loose.
| We dig a hole there, big enough 2) k| die (euphemistic).
for a beer storing pot to fit into it.
ohrto-la temp. AE

- op- v.t. | husk k (U L) in passing by.

unsuccessfully threshed grains.
`U | ahgi 'neeh
op-sin. UL
| I husked
the unsuccessfully threshed grains (by
pounding and winnowing them
again).
M- op kyahp-
| lie (i.e. tell a lie).
pred.ph.erg. t
L/ L op-kere (m.)/
op-ker-mu (f.) n. t (j) liar.
-
-`/
`/ `/
op-to/ opto/ opto n./ adj.
St, P, SP| shell (of eggs);
empty shells; hollow. 'L`-'
| See also: 'koh-op'.
h L`U ` | di -
'tahmu 'koha-gi opto 'yihm-ba.
LSL L P | These are
shells of hen's eggs.
-` , `
di 'sema op-'to 'du, nah-la budi
meeh-ba. LE SP j,
J ` AU ` AE
EL U L | ohle
daa ani-gi ih-la aw 'urken-gi
'ohrto-la sa 'kee ter-sin 'du. A
L LL EL H k
U Uy kHj| And some time ago
Uncle Urken cultivated the earth in
your (potato/ maize) field when
passing by there.
ol n. L| dry leaves.
[Usage: heard in Mahni Kharka]
'' | See also: 'liih'.
yH| 'ol 'tuh o-en. L
kj| I am going to gather dry
leaves.
- ol- v.t. U| cancel;
dissolve (e.g. meeting). ' -'
| See also: 'tohra ol-'.
S`U | di
| 'paalo khu-gi 'naahra 'ol-sin.
D E L gy
U| This time they cancelled the
523


'naahra' festival. crashing through the bushes.

{J`-} olo {oh-} n. jt `y ` J`U !
{v.i.} , {AE} {be} a flood. nam 'thaa oha 'la-di oh-gu 'du!
kyU AE j! The
/
/ U owa/ oga n. St| rain is crashing down!
sore. ` L` J `y
/ U - owa/ oga `A` ` `! 'pahya 'kah
then- pred.ph.dr. St {L} a sore 'ohma-ni oha 'la-de-'a 'phu
appears. 'pu-di! UL S!
/ U -/ t- owa/
U - Oh, the milk pail was too full, and the
oga 'tor-/ 'aah- pred.ph.non-erg. milk spilled over!
St E/ L | a sore heals.
[Gram: exp. takes gen. <-ki>] - ohm- (W) v.i. |
produce sparsely (plants).
{`-/ j-} oh {lah-/ | 'neeh 'ohm-sin. U

thaa-} n. {v.i.} {k} curds {set}. | The wheat produced
` ` `- oh oh only sparsely.
pu- pred.ph.erg. SE| spill oo n. YuL , j E
s.th. badly.
g, j tL| work utensils:
- oh oh 'pho-
` ` - funnel shaped basket. [Note: used for
pred.ph.non-erg. S| spill feeding the grains to the water mill,
over badly. for straining cottage cheese, or
` ` (`)/ `
catching fish]
`
(` ) oh oh `U oogo 'h' | See:
(oh)/ uh uh (uh) adj.ph. 'tahmu'.
L| spread out (of landscape,
flat or slightly trough-shaped).
` {-} oohma {then-}
n. {v.i.} gCt {L} sliver of wood
ohe peh-ti adv.ph.
`
{come off}.
L U, Lt L| sloping
gently.
oohle (W) temp. |
morning. '`t' | See: 'au (E)'.
`y `-
`- oha la-
pred.ph.erg. w Ak AE| make a ` `, `
roaring/ rustling noise; slosh. ` L| lama
nahbar 'oohle 'yeh-'na, 'na 'oohle
SU `y `U | 'kho-gi
oha 'la-gu 'du. E hgE 'yeh-'na de-la lep-ken. L
j| He makes a roaring/ rustling ACVj| The lama will
noise. arrive here either tomorrow morning,
or the day after tomorrow in the
`y ` j`U | 'tohm
oha 'la-di 'tho-gu 'du. ky morning.
y j| The bear is taking off
524
 L

L- ha koh- pred.ph.erg. g, V| astonishing. [Gram: excl.: 'ha
leehba/ ha leehwa!']
p| understand; know.
L h- ha 'koh tuu- ! di 'ku-ni ha
L
pred.ph.erg. gE, nE| explain. 'leehbu 'du-ba! Ag V j!
This is beautifully crafted idol!
j ha tshal-di adv.ph. H l ha 'leehbu-i

, AH | hurriedly (mostly '-l/-l/-k/-h' | See:
used of speaking); excitedly (mostly '-di~-i~-dzi~-ti'.
used of speaking).
E () haw(-la) (E) loc. | over
-
- ha thal- (W) there. '()' | See: 'phuu(-la)
pred.ph.non-erg. AH | be (W)'.
nervous when speaking; have stage E- E-` 'haw-ee/
E-`/ E-
fright. 'haw-oo loc. | on the other
`U , U ! side. [Gram: loc. takes <-la>, dir.
ah-gi tam 'ma meeh-e, ha 'thal-ge <-le>]
'nahle! L U k, AH ! I
don't know how to talk, I am too E hawa n. y| bluffer; joker.
nervous about it. H, J E , ! e,
ooh 'mih-ni 'hawa 'yeh-ba, 'laah! H,
- ha leeh- pred.ph.non-erg. y j, k! Oh, he is just
jML , Ag V, gL | be a bluffer!
astonished. [Gram: object of
E M- 'hawa 'kyahp-
astonishment takes <-la>; but it is pred.ph.erg. L L U| lie
often stated in a preceding dep. cl.] jokingly.
MU -
` E - 'hawa ten- pred.ph.erg.
U ` | di y E| bluff.
'lahkpa-gi yohlmu reeh-reeh 'soyim
phul-gen-di-la lama ha-'ra 'leeh-sin L j- hak (N) thee-
'du lo. HL-HL Ak Q HL pred.ph.erg. AL U| impose on s.b;
assume authority. [Gram: undg. takes
D Ag Uj | The lama was
very astonished about this custom of <-ki thoo-la>]
giving only a handful of alms in every L -L 'hak (N) peh-k
place. pred.ph.erg. L | assume
responsibility.
S ` ` ! 'kho-la
'tho-di ah ha 'leeh-sin! ED S L L haka haki (N) adv.ph.
jML ! He astonished me! LL| openly; without fear.
ha 'leehbu adj.ph. Ag - 'haka 'haki tuh-
L L `

525
`

pred.ph.erg. LL t| beat s.b. up U L U| Yesterday he did

in front of everybody. a very careless job.
L L L
ML
L
` hada n. | realization;
'haka 'haki 'kumen 'kyahp-ken 'mih occur. [Usage: observed only with neg.
n.ph. yL| robber. pred.ph.]
` ` ` ` -L ha ha J J S `A
hu hu peh-k pred.ph.erg. L `! ooh-la 'om 'yeh-ba 'mee-di
(L nL w LE) shout 'kho-la hada-'aa mah-yoh!
at s.b. Sy j ED H! He didn't
realize that there was a hole there!
`V - hagya ten-
pred.ph.erg. y E, U| make a A k` M,
lot of noise for nothing; be showy. l `A ` !
'ada-'ya-la-ni 'dzamma-'ra-la o
A`
`V U
'ma-'kyo, 'nuhmu-la-ni o 'ma-e
| ee-'a maah-e-ba 'leeh-'ya-la
'hagya ten-gu 'du. HL hada-'aa mah-yoh 'du! kD
L k k U j| D H, D E g
He makes a lot of noise about things H! I invited all my brothers, but it
he doesn't really know too well. didn't occur to me to invite my
younger sister!
` hasur 'h`
' | See: `
hada meeh-ba

'sohrtu'. peh-ti adv.ph. U, AgL|
k/ k {-
{-} haze/ hazo {ta-} suddenly; inadvertedly.
n. {v.t.} gt, {U} {make} a trial. S` ` L J` !
` k | di 'toh-o khu hada meeh-ba peh-ti 'phok
haze 'yihm-ba. | This then oh 'du! E AgL
is the first trial. LAHj! They suddenly appeared,
J`U `U, k H| oh-ge just like that!
ni meh-yoh-ge, haze ta-en. j L -L/ M- hanawar
, Uj| Let me try if it's alright
(N) peh-k/ kyahp- pred.ph.erg.
or not.
U| outbid s.b.
-L hatar patar (N) SU ` L | 'kho-gi
peh-k pred.ph.non-erg. U| ah-la 'hanawar peh-ku 'du. E U
hurry. U j| I see, he is
outbidding me!
-L hatar hutur
peh-k pred.ph.erg. U| do s.th. / L L `- hap hop
carelessly. (E) / hak hok (W) lah-
` SU l` pred.ph.non-erg. nu Ew| get up
| da 'kho-gi dibu-'ra 'leeh without delay.
'hatar 'hutur peh-sin. k E HL
526
t !

t t/ ` ` hapa valley; on the opposite slope of the

hopa (E)/ hapta hopto valley; opposite valley slope.
(W+E) n.ph. Sy Sy| ground full - -` 'har-ee/ 'har-oo
-`/ -
of crevices/ holes. loc. | on the other side. [Gram:
` ` | loc. takes <-la>, dir. <-le>]
'lahm-'ya-la 'hapta 'hopto 'du.
haram (N) n. | greed.
t Sy Sy j|| Oh, the U MU|
roads are full of pot-holes! 'mih-gi pela-la 'haram peh-ti 'kyahl-ge.
/
/ M-U habla/ hapla ALL D L U j|
(W) kye-g pred.ph.non-erg. L , He claims other people's things as his
U E| sprout doubly; branch out possession.
(e.g. a root, twigs). [Gram: location of
hal (N) n. | pair. [Usage: only
sprouting is actor] 'S' | See: in restricted contexts] 'j, '
'khabla (E)'.
| See also: 'tha, tabyar'.
` t M | ah-di a 'habla ` | 'la 'hal sum.
'kyee 'du. L U Lj| Oh,
U| three pairs of oxen yoked for
my hair ends have split. ploughing.
-
- ham- v.i. | become S` ` yE | khu yii
mouldy. 'hal yaahbu ii-w 'du. E CkL
V t ham-'gyo 'ihma ky j| They are a good
n.ph. U| mouldy smell. pair (for work or business).
-L hamba peh-k -
- hal- 'F -' | See: 'uu
pred.ph.erg. ALL k/ L hal-'.
U| be greedy for s.b.'s property/ hala hole 't ' | See:
belongings. 'eeh'.
-L hamba hupsu
peh-k (W) pred.ph.erg. S L U| -L/ - hali peh-k/ ten-
impinge on s.b.'s property/ pred.ph.non-erg. ML /
belongings. () flirt around.

` haya n. L Mg| V S j-
j-L halgyi kha-la
cooking utensils: aluminium cooking thi-k pred.ph.non-erg. | be
pot; aluminium. overtaken by fate.

() har(-la) (E) loc. E| over -L halla (N) peh-k

there. [Gram: is often used without pred.ph.erg. U| make a
<-la>] '()' | See: commotion; spread alarming news.
'phar(-la) (W)'. ! haha! excl. kY Lt U |
L () 'harken ('dep)-la exclamations: expressing triumph.
loc.ph. u| on the other side of the

527


haa (W) adj. | peppery hot. ALL kL ()

[Usage: (E): in children's talk only] h | And when (we) started the
'L' | See also: 'kahrpa'. first time with the dancing circle -
well, there were as many as the stars
-L hurta peh-k pred.ph.erg.
in the sky! (dancers).
U| hurry up.
U | pemba-gi 'hurta he n. A| potato.
peh-sin. U| Pemba
- hel- v.t. kE| spread out.
hurried up.
` Lh lU|
U yl | 'yihma-la 'kapta 'hel-di 'aa-ge.
pemba-gi 'yahmbu-la o-e 'hurta
LyD Y kH Tj| I spread
peh-sin. Lwy k out the clothes in the sun.
U| Pemba was in a hurry to go to lM| 'he
l
Kathmandu. mah-ruhl-u 'mee-di 'hel-di 'aa-'kyo.
hurpu adj. gy, jt| fast (in A L kH SL| I
doing work). spread out the potatoes so that they
S` `U ` `U ! would not rot.
khu 'lago 'mee-di 'yih 'lago 'hurpu
L` hele kah n.ph. wEL
'yeh-ba! EL U U jt
| place names: pasture above
j! Our ox works faster than theirs! Kahng-Yuhl on the high ridge between
g j
j | Sermathang and Lha-Kahng Ghyang.
tsoo-me thuda 'mee-di 'thoo-me
thuda 'hurpu 'du. Yu /
/ L `- hop (E)/ hok (W)
Yu jt j| I found out lah- pred.ph.non-erg. kML Ew|
that the upper mill is faster than the stand up (intensified).
lower one. t hopa (E) n. Sy| crevice;
g -L 'hur-tse peh-k hole in ground. 'J' | See:
pred.ph.erg. A jt U| do s.th. quite 'ohp (W)'.
quickly. t M | 'baso 'hopa-la
'ti 'du. UD/
Sy j| Oh, the
` hulda (N) n. gt, t, tL|
occasion. animal fell into a crevice!
J J jU ` h ` hopto n. Sy, tyL|
h ! U Lk ` ! ohle ooh hollow (in ground or tree).
tohra 'tshuu-ge 'hulda tipu-di-ni ti
l- hor (N) aa- pred.ph.erg.
taah! namga karma-ze-'ra 'du!
k , yk U| bet.
sg h L L !

528

- zero_vsf. AgkL L LE Lj! When the husband and
wife are both still young, they can
kE PL A|
dramatic past and present. [Gram: the work well and aquire some wealth!
vs without any suffix] - zero_vsf. but vowel shifts in certain
h ` g g L , ` stems L AWgL| familiar
` , j` ` ! imperative. [Phon: with interrogative
'tihbi yii 'tsem 'tsee 'teh-ku 'du lo, intonation: 'shall I do it?'] [Gram: For
phar-ee tuhbu-la 'ahm, tshur-ee the details of the vowel shifts see
tuhbu-la 'ahm! Ct g SL appendix 7, sections 10-11.]
H , Ey S j, J Sy T! ooh
S j! The two birds were toh-di 'khali-la 'luud-di 'khyer!
playing; they hopped from one tree to S k! Put this stone
`U
the other. into your pocket and take it with you.
J L lU M ` m`, J -g ` M
m TM` M ` L M! ooh
t! ohle 'mihrku 'i-gi 'lahkpa 'thur-'tsuu peh-ti 'yahl 'teh-'kyo
yii-la zu, zubu-'laa 'nem-di 'mih-di-la prehka lehma sum 'kyohp!
khyokto thi-'kyo-di 'yehpa-'ra 'ih-ti! Et U L
jD w
A g k Ct , kE gt L! Hit this person lying
g `U kyHL (zD)g there upside down three times with
! And four people held fast to the stick!
my hands and also pressed down my Sy l! di toh-di
body, and the crookedly joined (bone) 'khali-la 'luu-di 'oo! `U g
was pulled in place again! S S! Put this stone into
J T , A , your pocket and keep it!
J m, M LC! Sy l? di toh-di
ohle khyo'waa ara, piihmi-'aa arma, 'khali-la 'luu-di 'oo? `U g
ohle 'leeh yaahbu 'zo, 'kyuh yaahbu S S? Shall I put this
'kamay-'tii! V k, stone into my pocket and keep it?
k, A L U Lj,

529
c+u|]hL Xof]Ndf]uL sf/
sf/5f

English - Yohlmo Index

Some notes on the format of the index
The following index lists all the glosses and definitions of the main body of the
dictionary and gives the corresponding Yohlmo equivalents in Devanagari and
Roman transcription. The Roman transcription is enclosed by square brackets.
Yohlmo synonyms are separated by a semicolon. Only the headwords of the main
entries and subentries of the main body of the dictionary are reproduced in the
index. All other information about a given headword can be looked up in the main
body.

Sense numbers
In some Yohlmo equivalents there appears a number in parentheses between the
Devanagari and Roman version:
allow to h- (1) [tuu-]
This number indicates that the verb [tuu-] has more than one sense. The other
sense or senses may be looked up in the main body of the dictionary.

Additional specifications
The reversal of English definitions starts with the main word of the definition, and
where necessary some additional specifications are added in parentheses:
bee (domesticated) [tip] basket (funnel-shaped) [oo]

bee (wild) `k` [prahdza] basket (round) L ` [kurma]

Collocational verbs
Many of the headwords in the main body of the dictionary are noun-verb
collocations. In the index the translation of the collocational verb is often just
given in parenthesis after the noun:
beam of light (reach) m {M-} [zer {kyahp-}]

bridesmaid (be) / -L [paahrol-ma/-mu teh-k]

As these two examples show, in the dictionary entry the collocational verb may
either be enclosed by curley brackets, or it may be part of the headword phrase.

Semantic domains
The semantic domains which have been established for the purpose of organizing
and glossing the vocabulary of this dictionary are reproduced in alphabetical order
at the end of this index. Each semantic domain is followed by the list of all the
items which have been included in the given semantic domain. (For a complete list
of the semantic domains and some explanatory remarks see appendix 4, section 6).
532
abdomen adequate

A - a
abdomen t [ehpa] according to Tibetan lamaism U

ability, according to his t`, j-w y [peeh-gi
SU - - [ihm-da, 'kho-gi 'thee-him-la ta o-si-'ma-na]
-la tee-di] accumulate h l- ['thar-ti
ability (show) `k {-} [tihdzi 'aa-]
{ten-}] accurate (in divination) M
able (be) S-/ S- [khuu-/ khu-]; [tikpu]
- [thup-] accurately wL-wL `-`
abolish - (2) [yal-] [hik-hik yaah-yaah peh-ti]
abolish a law w - [him yal-] accuse L-/ -L [dos (N)
about -g/-k [-tse~-dze~-ze] ken-/ peh-k]; M- ['saa
about at , - [phar, -le ] 'kyahp-]
about to (be) -L1 [peh-k] accuse falsely g- [phatur (N)
about to, be just S L- tsuu-]; L-
['laa 'kha kahl-] ['yih-'naa mihm-ba tam ken-]
above () [thoo(-la)]; () accuse of - - [-la 'yihndo
[yuuh(-la)] ten-]
above all h A` [ti accuse of theft L g- ['kumen
'ol-de-'a] 'tsuu-]
above, from S ['kha-le ache ``- [yu-]; M- [suh
'mahr] kyahp-]
above, straight L / L acknowledge - ['yihm-ba
['theka 'thoo-la/ 'theka-le 'yahr] 'ma-]
above, the one / ['thooma/ acquainted (be) ` y- [ohi
'thoo-me] o-]
abrupt movements (make) acquire wealth, possessions M m-
TL-TL TL-TL -L (2) ['kyuh 'zo-]
[khyak-khyak khyok-khyok act as if -L [rohwa peh-k];
peh-k]; -L [pahr puhr -L ['leehmu peh-k]

peh-k (W)] actor's role (take) j- (1) [thee-]
absorbed (get) ` - [yeeh-] Adam's apple S ['kha phodol]
abundantly M [kyeehba]
add - [paah-]
accompany s.b. back M- [loo added (be)/ add S - [khen
'kyal-] paah-]
accomplish m- ['leeh 'zo-] addicting things
according to - [-la peebe] [tohwa thama seeh]
according to his ability t`, address for gods and spirits h
SU - - [ihm-da, 'kho-gi [tooh]
-la tee-di] adequate (be) S- [khuu-]
533
adhere
adhere firmly y y y -L [ep
ep ep teh-k]
adhere (intensified) l- [lhep
dar- (E)]
adhere to `- [yaa-]; l-
[dar-]
adherents h [tihnda]
adhesive (be) `/ m`-/ -/
- [yaah/ raah zu-/ dii-/
then-]
adjectivizer -L/-U/-H/-L/-U
[-ken~-gen~-en~vvn/-ke~-ge]
administer (well) yl (
[o-u (yaahbu) ta-]
admit (crime) S - (1) ['kha
tohl-]
adorn M - [kyehn-]
adorn with gold jewelry h- [ser
tuu-]
adulterer - M j afterwards JU
yH [piihmi 'kyahp-la piihmi
tshol o-en 'mih]
adulteress T M T j yH
['khyubu 'kyahp-la 'khyubu
tshol o-en piihmi]
advance (give/ take) {-/
-} [beena (N) {ter-/ lehn-}]
advance in a state [indo]
advanced tM [ahkpu]
advantage, take of s.b.
j- ['mih 'thoo-la 'tham-]
adze / [tebu/ tibu];
[laahdi]
affect badly -L [ne-k]
affected badly (be) - [suuh-]
affected by a curse (be)
['meemu 'suuh-]
affectionate (be) h -L
['tahmbu peh-k]; h -L ['teebu
peh-k]; `-h -L [ni-'tehmu
peh-k]
aggressive
afraid (be) l- [dii-]; l `-
['dii-ba 'lah-]; T- ['thu 'khyer-]
after l [phando];
[lhamo]
after that JU [ohle-gi]; J
L` [ooh 'kahla]; J
/
J `/ J `
[ooh-le peh-ti/ ooh-le
peh-temba-'ra/ ooh-le
peh-simba-'ra]
afterbirth k [pehza rooh]
afterbirth (of animals)
) `- [piihru rooh]
afterbirth (used mostly for animals)
[ama]
afternoon, in the `
['yihma-la]
afternoon (late) L` / L`
[kuh-se/ kuh-see]
[ohle-gi]; J
/ J
`/ J
` [ooh-le peh-ti/ ooh-le
peh-temba-'ra/ ooh-le
peh-simba-'ra]; j [thir-la];
`/ ` [ti-la/ ti-le]
again (-`) [yehpa (-'ra)]
again and again `
[tahnda tahnda-'ra]; `
['nahre 'nahre-'ra]
age L [kalba]
age, advance in j y- [loh
2 thimbu o-]
age of reasoning (come to) /
y M-U [semri/ semi kye-g];
/ y - [semri/ semi thop-]
- aggravate s.b. `/ ` j- [yi/
ye tshol-]; g- (2) (W) [tsoo-]
aggregation, dense of objects `
(1) [li]
aggressive (be) M / M -
[eekyi/ eekya (N) ten-]
534
aggressive
aggressive (become) `` M-U
[rahdo kye-g]
agile TM [khyukpu]
agitate - [yap-]
agitated (be) L y-
[sem kalam 'malam o-]
agony, be in j` t`/
j` t` {`` -} [tshayal
ahyal/ tsheyal ahyal
{yuh-}]
agree h J`- [sem tii oh-];
h - [sem tii 'thoo-]; U
- [sem-gi sah-]
agree on a deal h-L [tam
thaa 'te-k]
agreement l [tahmda]
agreement (have) J`-
[tohdam oh-]
ahead (go) - [thal-]
ahead of ` `/ ` ` all sides, on
['toh-da 'toh/ 'toh 'toh-da]
aim, take g- [tee 'tsuu-]
aimlessly (wander around) T-
[khyam-]
air [lhaaba]
ajar (be) `- [tah-]
alarmed (easily) L [kaandar
(N)]
alarming news (spread) -L
[halla (N) peh-k]
alcoholic beverage j` [tha];
[phii]
alert (be) t - ['ehmba
sihn-]; l t` t` t` t`
- ['namdo 'a 'a 'o 'o peh-ti
ta-]
alien (people from other places)
[mihser]
alike y [awa]; y [asa];
[rohwa]; [leehmu]
alike (exactly) (be) S- [khuu-]
alone
alike (look, be) y- [a-]
alive [sombo]
all L` (`)/ L` (`)
['kahye (-'ra)/ 'kahyi (-'ra)];
k [dzamma (N)]; l (`)
[tham-di (-'ra)]; (`) [rebe
(-'ra)]
all around -L/ -S/ -S
[ti-kohre/ ti-khore/ ti-khire]
all around, from L-M
[kor-kyihle]
all at once jM (`)
[thapkya (-'ra)]; (`) [rube
(-'ra)]
all kinds l` ['na
tham-di-'ra]
all kinds of k [naze]; k/
k [name naze/ name nazo]
all over L`V ['kahgya]
L-M
[kor-kyihle]
all sorts of k` [yihn-dze-'ra]
all sorts of things k k
[yihn-dze mihn-dze]
all together [thee-di]
allow to h- (1) [tuu-]
allude to M - [tam
'suhr 'kyahp-ti 'ma-]
all-wise God M j``
L U Ll [rihki 'tshabu-'ra
'yeh-ken-gi kindo]
almost l(U)
[yahmbi-i(-gi) mihm-ba]
alms (ask for) `/ ` `-/
M- [soyim/ soyem la-/
kyahp-]
alms (collect) / {M-}
[mehto/ mehdo {kyahp-}]
alone h` [ti-'ra (W)]; h`
[tii-'ra (E)]
alone, all h h [timi tii]
535
along
along a location -/- [-ta~-da]
along on top of S S/ S S
['kha 'kha-da/ 'kha-da 'kha]
along the edge / U [eli yugar (W)]
['suhr-ta 'suhr/ 'suhr 'suhr-ta]
along the top of S ['kha-le
phar]
alongside of each other j
['tha-babap]
alright J`U() [oh-ge(n)];
[lahso]
alright (be) y- [ii-]
also -A`/-A/-A [-a/-aa/-aa]
altar (in house) jt/ j-w
[thei/ the-hi]
altar (in temple) jL` [theka]
altogether j [theme];
[yulu muhlu]
aluminium ` [haya]
aluminium pot ` [haya]
always h` [daar tii-'ra];
` [nahm peh-'na];
-/ [nahm-'ma-na]
amazing k j [yahmdzen
thewa]
ambush UE [gaanwra (N)]
among -`/-`2 (2) [-ta~-da];
``/ ` [nah-do/
nah-la]
among a married couple t
`k` [ooh nahdza]
amulet made of rudraksh seeds
(put on) E {l-} [siw {'aa-}]
amulet (put on) ` {-} [sua
{taa-}]
amulet (special kind) j`/ j-`/
j-` (1) [tshensu/ tshe-su/
tshee-su]
amulet string l [daandi]
ancestors AT ['akhye
'mehme-'ya]
anxious
ancestory line for shamans
[tayur (W)]; ` V [pehgyap
(W)]; ` (2) [iben];
ancestory, line of M [kyiih]
ancient `(U) [en-le(-gi) (T)]
and -A`...-A`... [-a...-a...];
-`/-`2 (1) [-ta~-da]; `U/
` [raga/ ra]
and then J [ohle]
anger ` [ihta]
anger, be beside oneself with
(T) `- ['martum
(khyiriri) 'lah-]
angry (be) / l l`-
[thu-yal/ thu-al a-]; `
-L ['ihta peh-k]; ` `-
['ihta 'lah-]
angry inside (be) `U -
['ihta-gi 'phor-]
animal l (1) [semden]
animal (lamaistic) y (1)
[tihnu]
animal life U ['baso-gi
'mihli]
animal (wild) [rihda]
animate beings l (2) [semden]
ankle joint ` j [loma tshii]
answer (j/ ) - [tam
(tshur/ phar) loo-]; M-
[lehn kyahp-]
ant t ` [oohma]
ant (white) Mg [muktsa]
anticipation [nawa yih]
anticipation (have) U M /
U [sem-gi kyil-la 'yeh-/
sem-gi 'yih-la 'yeh]
anus L (2) (E) [kup]
anxiety ` / ` [tuhal/
tihal]
anxious (feel) l -L ['dii-su
536
any
peh-k]
any hA` [ti-'a]
anybody A` ['su-'a]
ape s.b. h/ h -L
[tooyap/ tooyaa peh-k]
apologize L` - [kohba
uh-]
apparition, ghostly g [tsiihda]
apparition (see) {`-} [tee
{tho-}]
appear [ta-ndo-la]; J`-/
y- [then oh-/ o-]; - [then
'phep-]; `- [tho-]
appear to s.b. lU `- [dal-ga
na-]; - [ten 'phep-]
appear transformed g J`-
[tsiih-di oh-]
appearance `/ ` [yahm/
ahm]; ` [tai]; [doo]; /
` [pii/ pii-na]
appearance, give the of j
[tshee du]; ['paar 'du]
appearance (have) j {-}
[tshenda {thoo-}]
appearance, outside U L
['phi-gi pako]
appearance (stately and imposing)
`/ ` jM/ jM [yahm/ aroused from sleep (be) `t y-
'ahm thakpu/ 'tshakpu]
appease gods j -L3 [the-k]
appease spirits which have seized
persons t
-/ y -
['puhmba 'uhp ter- (E)/ 'puhmba
'up ter- (W)]
apple E/ AC- [aw (N), (E)/
ay-phal (Eng), (W)]
apply s.th. L-1 [ku-]; t - [uhl-]
apprehend s.th. j- [sihl
'tshor-]
apprehension [sihl]
apprehension, have a fearful
arrogant
(h) M-U [sem-la 'namdo
(tii) 'kye-g]
apprehensive (become) m
M- [zubu sil 'kyahp-]
appropriate place (sit in one's) t
t -L ['ahl iih-di 'teh-k]
approximately -g/-k
[-tse~-dze~-ze]
aquainted (get) h- [tahm-]
arable (make) - [pal praah-]
arc [aahba]
argue sharply wL wL wL wL -L
[hak hak huk huk peh-k]
argue with each other k
M-M g-U ['dzop
'kyahp-'kyahp 'tse-g]; j k
M- [phar tshur 'dzop 'kyahp-]
argument, have an L {y-/
-L} [kalam {o-/ peh-k}]
argument, pick an with s.b. k
g- [dzoori (N) tsuu-]
argument, start an L `- [kuu
'la-]
arm (lower part) M [lahkpa]
arm (upper part) M `
['lahkpa 'puba]
arms (folded) ` [phaba]
[yiu o-]
arrange neatly j (j) -L
[thap (thap) peh-k]
arrange s.th. h- (1) [tee-];
l- [tam tahda 'aa-]
arrangements (make) -L
['parmen peh-k]
arrest s.b. L() T-/ T`-
[kuu(-di) 'khyer-/ khyo-]
arrive - [lep-]
arrive (intensified) / J`-
[lee/ lep oh-]
arrogant j (2) [sem thimbu]
537
arrogant
arrogant (be) j m- [thimbu
'zo-]; j j - ['theendo
thimbu ten-]; V` -
[sohmgya ten-]
arrow [da]
artificial g [tsiihma]
artistic j ['yih 'theebu]
arum roots [yaa]
as much as -g/-k [-tse~-dze~-ze]
as soon as -` / [-'luh
mihm-ba/ meeh-ba]
ascend k-1 [dzaa-]
ascertain M/ M -L
[tahkar/ tahkyar peh-k]
ascetic t - [uhp-topa]
ashes [thala]
aside (look) t` t` - [o o
ta-]
ask t-/ t-U [iih-/ ih-g]
ask for ` - ['la 'ma-]
asleep, be fast ` - ['yi
rhile looh-]
asleep, fall before the meal
L-` - [koh-yi looh-]
aspect, every l` ['na
tham-di-'ra]
assemble j- [tshoo-]
assemble in a circle (dancers)
j- [tohra 'tshuu-]
assemble s.th. h- [tahr-]
assist jl - [thaa-i phul-]
associate with h- [tam-]; j
-L ['tha peh-k]
asthma (k) [puuhne
(nahza)]
astonished (be) k(l) -
['yahmdzemba(-di) nee-];
[ha leeh-]
astonishing k j [yahmdzen
thewa]; k [yahmdzemba];
[ha 'leehbu]
attentively
astonishing amount l/ l
[bapu-i/ bapa-i]
astringent taste in mouth S J-
['kha ol-]
at s.b.'s place [sa-la]
at that time Jk L` [ohze
'kah-la]; Jk [ohze 'bela-le]
at the end lM/ lM ()
[dukol/ dukul(-la)]
attach significance to dreams
l-/ ['milam-la
taa-i 'aa- / 'yeh]
attached (remain) l -L
[sem-da 'lih-k]
attached to s.th. emotionally (be)
`-1 [pha-]
attack h- [tom-]
attempt s.th. ` -L
[yahmlen peh-k]
attend to guests y -L [en
peh-k (W)]
attend (to people) M`- [kyo-]
attending (not attending to s.th.)
UU l- ['goge 'aa-]
attention (give/ pay) ` {`-}
[nada {ta-}]
attention, giving undivided
` [sem mah-yah-ba
peh-ti]
attention, go without paying
` y- [phyal ta-di o-]
attention, matter needing S
[khamda]
attention (pay) S g-U [khamda
'tse-g]
attention, pay to -L ['paar
- peh-k]
attentive (be) ``U -L/ l-
[yihgu peh-k/ aa-]; t`
-L [oe peh-ti teh-k]
attentively ` (j)
538
attic backwards

[niru (thimbu) peh-ti] authority (assume) L j- [hak

[taah/ pehto]
attic h`/ (N) thee-]
attracted (be) h- [tahm-]; ` autumn y [mahno]
hl J`- [ni 'tehwa-i avoid k- [dzem-]
oh-] avoid looking U M - [goo
attributive possession -/- kyoo-di ta-]
[-ti~-di] avoid s.b. M y- [kyoo-di o-]
aunt (father's brother's wife) A avoid s.b./ s.th. T y- [khyoo-di
[asa] o-]
aunt (father's sister, or mother's avoid s.th. M- [kyol-]
brother's wife) A (1) [ani] awake false hopes in others by
aunt (mother's sister) hh displaying s.th. ` l- ['ohm
[tehte] 'aa- (W)]; `l -/ `k
auspicious m` [zabu] h-L ['ohm-dar ten- (E)/
auspicious day and hour j` 'ohm-dzar 'te-k (W)]
` () [tshesa tihsa(-la)] aware (become) j- [tshor-]
auspicious days (observe) L - awareness M [kyiih];
[karma ta-] [nawa]
auspicious rites (perform) awesome, how ! k l!
-L ['temrel peh-k] ['yahmdzen diba!]
auspicious sign on the calendar awfully [pata (N)

M (1) [tihkyi] meeh-ba]
auspicious time k m` ['tiihzi awkward (be) l ['doo

zabu] meeh-ba]
auspicious time (look up) jk awkward (feel) (`) `-/ `-
- [thuzi yaahbu ta-]; [yah() aa-/ a-]
- ['temrel ta-] axe [tari]
authority J` [o]; S (1) [kham]

B - b
babble along h(L) [kohkor/
LL/ LL
h(L) - [tam 'tala(k) 'tolo(k) kohrkor aahma]
'ma-] back apron (put on/ wear)
baby [leenu (N)] {t-} [aahma {ii-}]
baby animal [piihru] back apron (woolen)

baby sitter g [puhrtsi] [nuhbri aahma]
bachelor (be a) t`l - back edge of a tool M [takpa]
[ohdu or-] back (lower) M` ['kyahpu]
back apron (of fine quality) `U back part M ['kyahpa]
[pagap aahma] backwards (go) M y-
back apron of firm cotton material ['kyahp-lu o-]
539
bad
bad gM/ gM/ gM [tsokpa/
tsokpo/ tsokpu]
bad feeling (have) (h)
M-U [sem-la 'namdo (tii) 'kye-g]
bad (go) j- (3) [thol-]
bad memory (have) t L/ L basket for catching fish `
{} ['ehmba 'kombu/ 'kumbu
{'yeh}]
bag L [kahlda]
bag (small) S [khuma]
ball of thread tL / tL`
[ehkum (W)/ ihko (E)]
ball (small, of rubber) -/
- [dop-dop/ dop-top]
ball-shaped, big and UU [goge]
bamboo (1) [padap]
bamboo (mountain) ``/
[yuma/ miima]
bamboo strips (fine) [neehmi]
bamboo tray (round) [loma]
bangles, glass -E ['el-'diw]
bangles (put on) E {h-} [diw
{tuu-}]
banner-like cloth ` [yendar]
banner-like cloth hung up
horizontally in the 'kohmba' `
[dibu]
bar door with a wooden bar M
{M-} [kyili {kyahp-}]
bare V` [silgya]
bare (trees) `/ ` [roe/ rohe]
bargain (hg) h- ['rihn
('mahttsi) taa-]
bargaining, stern when U wM
[goo hakpu]
bark - [suuh-]
bark of tree L [pako]
bark (of trees) L (1) [phiko (W)]
bark (thick) L` [kolda]
barley kE [dzaw (N)]
barley, mountain - h` [tada]
be
barren [thaara (N)]
barren animal ['thaara-mu]
barren (of people) A [abdali
(N)]
barren woman ['thaara-mu]
m`UU ['yah zu-gen-gi 'oo]
basket for storing grain (big, of
bamboo) m [zep]
basket (funnel shaped) [oo]
basket, loosely woven carrying
g/ g [tselba/ tselbu]
basket (round) L(`) [kurma()]
basket, tightly woven big carrying
L [komba]
basket, tightly woven carrying
[sohlma]
basket with lid (smallish, of
bamboo) m-h` ['zep-'tu]
basket with short legs y [aalo
(N)]
bath, give s.b. a w M - ['hii
'kyahp ter-]
bath, take a L - ['ku sil-]; w
M- [hii kyahp-]
bathroom, go to the j`
- ['thapsa-la 'phep-]
batik technique (use) M- [thi
kyahp-]
batter s.th. h- (2) [top-]
battered (become) h- [tohp-]
battery (2) [men]
be (attested evid.) ()
[yeh(-ba)]
be (for general quality or existence)
J`- [oh-]
be (mirative/ inferential evid.)
() [du(-ba)]
be (poetic) h` - [tuh-]
be (truth emphasized) / /
U() [yihn/ yihm-ba/
540
beam
yihn-ge(n)]
beam, ceiling [darni]
beam of a window or door frame
[yahdem]
beam of light (reach) m {M-}
[zer {kyahp-}]
beams of light (fall/ shine)
{M-} [yehser {kyahp-}]
beans [tamra]
bear L- [kuhr-]; w`- [hu-];
[tohm]; - [naa-]
bear fruit - [yaah-]
bear fruit (trees) - [roo- (W)]
beard (have) M M-U [kyah
kye-g]
beat `- [tuh-]; - [rohl-]
beater (beat with) ` {M-}
[yir-i {'kyahp-}]
beating (get) tM`/ tM` - l` [solda]
[ohki (E)/ ohku (W) sah-]
beating (give) tM`/ tM`
-/ - [ohki (E)/ ohku (W)
ter-/ 'tar-]
beating (give/ get) tL -/ -
[ohk ter-/ sah-]; `
-/ -
[tuh-da ter-/ sah-]; l -/ -
['bai ter-/ sah-g]
beautiful [yaahbu]; j before one's eyes ``
['yih 'theebu]
beautiful (look) S` `-
[khamsabu 'tho-]
because h(/) [ti(-be/-le)
'ma-na]; `U`/ `
[sogo-'ra/ sobe]
become j-2 (1) [thaa-]; y- [o-]
bedbug y/ y/ y` beg instently J - [oe uh-]
[aani/ aansi (E)/ ai (W)]
bedding (arrange) ` h-
['yahlsa 'tee-]
bedspread UM` [garkya]
bedstead y [mahni (W)];
begin
y [mahli (E)]
bee (domesticated) [tip]
bee (wild) `k` [prahdza]
beed [budi]
beehive of domesticated bees
-j` [tip-'tsha]
beehive of wild bees `k` j`
['prahdza 'tsha]
beer made of millet MU
['kyahgar 'balu]
beer made of rice l ` ['breea]
beer made of wheat l
`
['neeha]
beer of which a small portion has
been offered to the house god
h` [phita]
beer (strained) `U [nigu]
beer (strained, drunk with a meal)
beer (unstrained) (mix with water)
{-} [balu {nur-}]
beestings / U [prii/ priga]
befall - [bap-]; - [sihn-]
before L () [kumden(-la)];
`/ [toh-la/ -le]; `/
` ['tohma/ 'tohme]; ()
[din(-la)]; ` () [nah(-la)]
['tho-da-la]; -` ['mii-'en-la]
- [reeh-]; `- [la-]
beg
beg for gifts by shouting slogans in
groups `- ['yaahyo 'la-
(E)]
beg insistently J L-T - ['oe
'ku-khye 'ma-]
begging (keep) ` -L
[yamser peh-k]
begin j- [tshuu-]
begin (of time span) j- (2) [tshee-]
begin to j- [tshuu-]
541
beginning
beginning S [kha]; U [goo]
behaviour h [tepa]; jM
[thapkyi (W)]; j [thapi];
` [peh-ta]
behaviour (usual) -y/ h
yl [teh-lu o-lu/ teh-tu o-u]
behind M() ['kyahp(-la)]
behind people's backs U M
M ['mih-gi 'kyahp 'kyahp-la]
beige [serpu]; - [ser-'hur]
belching out U [boge]
believable talk H U
(/
[pe siih-en-gi (tam/ leeh)]
believe -/ - [pati(N)-tii-/
pat(N)-tii-]; -L [meehba
peh-k]; j- [yih thee-];
M-U [sem 'kye-g]; U -
[sem-gi sah-]
believe that... ...H / H
j- [...'ma-en tam-la/
'ma-en-di-la 'yih 'thee-]
belittle s.b. or s.th. - (2) [pap-];
m-/ -L [mabap zo-/
peh-k]
bell for animals ` (2) (W) [a];
`U [aga (E)]
bell (small, of brass) t [ihlbu]
below g () [tsoo(-la)]; `
[tih]; () [muuh(-la)]
below, the one g/ g [tsooma/
tsoo-me]
belt (put on) t {h`-}/ {M-}
[peei (N) {ti-} (E)/ {kyii} (W)]
belt-like silver and gold ornament
M k {M-} [kyehndzen
{kyahp-}]
bench-like table or beam to place
food on gMg/ hMg/ hMg
[tsoktsi/ toktsi/ toktse]; l/
l [soldo/ soldu]
bend a body part S` -L [khu
big
peh-k]
bend over/ down L -L [kuhr
peh-k]
bend sideways TL -L [khyok
peh-k]
bend s.th. down L- (1) [kuu-]
bend s.th. outwards A`- [a-]
beneath g () [tsoo(-la)]
benefactive action - [ter-]
benefactive postposition U
[laagi-la (N)]
) benefit from one's food h J`-
['tii oh-]
bent LM`/ LM ` [kukti/
kuhkti]
bent (be) L- [kuuh-]
bent over (be) U- [guu-]
beside each other (sit) /
{-L} [abe/ ahbe {teh-k}]
best man (be) / /
-L [paahrol/ paahrol-ma/-mu
teh-k]
bet l- [hor (N) aa-]
Bhutan yL (2) [uk]
Bhutanese yM [uk-pa]
bier t [ohm]
big L [kahpu (W)]; j/ j/
j [thimbu/ thumbu/
thombo]
big and ball-shaped UU [goge]
big and roundish (quite) UL-LL
[gok-kok]; UL-UL [gok-gok]
big and showy U` ['go
'leehmu]
big for roundish or cubit-like things
U` ['goro]
big, quite l/ l [den/ din];
L L (h) [dok dok (tii)]
big, this -j/ -j/ -h
[de-thowa/ de-thaa/
de-tuhba]
542
bigger
bigger j/ j [thewa/
thowa]
bind M- (1) [kyii-]; - [tahm-];
l l- [tehndam-la aa-] blacksmith L [kaami (N)]
bind evil spiritual powers/ forces of
nature S-/ S- k-L
[kha-nem/ kha-nen dze-k]
bind (spirits) l L- [tahmda
'kal-]
bind spiritual powers -/
l- [tahm-la taa-/ 'aa-]
bind up firmly M M- [kyii-da
'kyahp-]
bird h2 [tah]; h [tihbi]
bird beak j [thodo]
birds (all kinds of) h-h()
['tah-'tihwa(-'ya)]
birth (give) M -U [kye-g]; w`-
[hu-]
birth, give to a child m
y-/ y- [zubu yahdi o-/
yaahbu o-]
birth place M- ['kye-'yuhl];
M () ['kye-sa ('phayu)];
w`- ['hu-yuhl]
birth (used of animals) [bed
(N)]
birthday MU (k ) ['kye-gar
('tiihzi)]
bit (for horse) L [kah]
bite (if not preceded by snapping)
A - [aa tap-]
bite (preceded by snapping) L-
[kahp-]
bitter SM [khakti]
bitter (somewhat) SL ['khatik]
blab away `t`t`t` -
[phara-a-a-a ma-]
blab out S - ['kha 'thal-]
blab out things - [tam
phededede 'ma-]
blessing
black M [nahkpu]
black and foreboding -` gM
[naah-luh tsokpa]
blacksmith's workshop A [aren
(N)]
blame s.b. J` h- [tam oh
tuu-]
blame s.b. else for one's faults U
U L- ['mih-gi goo-la ken-]
blanch (vegetables) k M-
[rahmdzi kyahp-]
blanket (loosely woven) m [zen]
blanket (woolen) / UM`
['nambu/ 'nembu garkya]
blaspheme L/ L -/ - (2)
[kurpa/ kurwa tap-/ uh-]
blazing fire m` m` -/ k`
k` - ['meh 'za 'za 'tiih-/ 'meh
` 'dza 'dza 'tiih-]
bleak T ['thala 'khyere]
bleed w - ['haa then-]
blended ['seema]
bless hl/ h`U -
[tihndi/ tihgi lap-]
blessed (be) h j-/ -
[tihlap thaa-/ 'thep-]; ` j-
[ya thaa-]; M/ M
[sonam sakpu (E)/ senam sakpu
(W)]
blessed place hl MU V
[tihndi 'lap-'kyo-gi 'gyaa]
blessing (abstract) h (2)
[tihlap]
blessing, gift of ` [eerup];
` -`
` {`-/ -}
[eei-eelu {na-/ thop-}]
blessing (give) {M-}
[melam {kyahp-}]
blessing, token for a h (1)
[tihlap]
543
blind book

blind ` j- ['mii-ra 'thip-]; 'phok then-]

[ahrna]
blood w [haa]
blood and bones w-`
['haa-da 'riihba]
blood sacrifices (make) `-
[mar ta-]
blood vessel g [tsa]
blood-relation, be of - boards under the roof protrusion
[pin 'paar-'tii-]
blood-relatives - [pin-pinda]
bloodshed, there is - -
J`- ['se-'se 'tup-'tup oh-]
bloody mess w / w
{m-/ y-} [haal maal/
haaal maaal {zo-/ o-}]
bloom - [ar-]
blooming (be) g- ['mehndo
'tsa- (W)]
blossom of a grass-like plant
[rahlba]
blouse (Nepali style) g [tsolo
(N)]
blouse (Tibetan style) Jl
[ohndu]
blow up s.th. M`- ['puuh
kyah-]
blow (with mouth) - [phu-]
blowing pipe (for fire) /
` [meho (E)/ meho (W)]
blown up (be) y`- [a-]
blue `/ ` [ombo/ umbu]
blue bump (get) w {h-}
[haambur {tee-}]
blueberry ` [sasi]
bluff E - ['hawa ten-]
bluff with each other / L
M- [aa/ aka kyahp-]
bluffer E [hawa]
blunt point U [guldum]
blurt out SU L - ['kha-le-gi
bluster M t l - [uhka
dibu ten-]
blustering M t [uhka]
board (big size) j1 [tham (E)]
board (floor) [phyam (W)]
board (small) `/ `
[palep/ palip]
L [paaka dalin]
boast t / t - [aahnde/
aahndi ten-]
body L [ku]; m [zubu]; / /
/ [liih/ liihbu/ leehbu/
lihbu]
boil L- [kol-]; S- [khol-]
boil, have a t` M-/ -
['a-bur 'kyahp-/ then-]
boil in water - [bloo- (W)]; -
(1) (E) [yo-]
boil over / J`-/ -
[thaplo/ thablo oh-/ pho-]
boil, small boil near the eye (have)
l {-} [buur {then-}]
bond friend t [oohbu
/ t
(m.)/ oohmu (f.)]
bond friendship t [ooh]
bond friendship (make) t / t
M- [oohbu/ oohmu 'kyahp-]
bondage [tahm]
bondage (come out of) U -
[tahm-le-gi then-]
bone L (1) [rehko]
bone of lower leg used as musical
instrument L`` {-} [kali
{phu-}]
bones (2) (E) [riihba]
book (religious) j [thaabe];
j1 (1) [thee]; l/ j-l
[pea/ thee-pea]
book with Buddha's teachings

544
boots braid

-j/ g-j [ahm(-la)]

[tohr-thepa/ tohrte thepa] bouncy, big and U`-U`/ U```
boots of cloth and leather [go-go/ gooo]
[sohmba] bow down to honour gods or
boots, special kind of Tibetan ` venerated persons j/ j j-
` [si si sohmba] [thaa (E)/ tshaa (W) tshal-]
border j (2) [tsham]; -j bow (for shooting) l/ lL [u/
[sa-'tsham]; [saan (N)] urku]
border of a field (establish) bow of a loop (make) U {m-/
{l-} [saandi (N) {aa-}] M-} [gumi {zo-/ kyahp-}]
bored (be) j- [tsher-] bowl (of china) / `
boredom j ['tshera] [daabil/ dabli]
born (be) M -U [kye-g]; w`- bowl, small china L/ L/
[hu-]; `- ['mii 'tho-] L [karyol/ kayul/ kalyor]
borne out (be) y-/ bowl, small enamel L/ L/
J`- [satar (N) o-/ satar oh-] L l [karyol/ kayul/
borrow (belongings, returning the kalyor mehnda]
very same item) -/ T-/ bowl, small metal l (1)
T`- [yar-/ yar khyer-/ yar [mehnda]
khyo-] bowl, small silver-lined wooden
borrow (keep borrowing without [sahbur]
returning) - [reeh-] bowl (small, wooden, lined with
borrow money -L [pehlen
silver) ` ['ulbur]
'seh-k] bowl used for drinking (small, of
borrow (to return the same in kind) silver-lined costly red wood) k/
M - [kyimba lehn-]; M- (2) g L ['dzabya/ 'tsahbya
[kyii-] pharko]
borrowing, practise and lending bowl used for drinking (small, of
M -L [kyibe yarpe silver-lined wood) L [pharko]
peh-k] box L [kahm]
both -A`...-A`... [-a...-a...]; box (metal) M [baksa (Eng)]
`L` [yika-'ra] boy -k [puh pehza]
both together `U M [yii-gi bracelet (silver) `-E ['ul-'diw]
pahrkyi-la] bracelet with beads Mg
bother s.b. `- [yer-] [lahktsi]
bottle ` ['elbu] brag t / t - [aahnde/
bottle (wooden) [tahmbe] aahndi ten-]
bottleneck, come to a h h bragging, keep everywhere t
h y- ['tep 'tep 'tep do-] - ['aahndi 'thul 'thul ten-]
bottom ` [tih] braid - [lha-]; {M-}
bottom, at the () [lheema {kyahp-}]

545
brain
brain [lepa]
branch U [yahlga]
branch out S/ S M-U
[khabla/ khapla (E) kye-g]; /
M-U [habla/ hapla (W)
kye-g]
brave j (1) [sem thimbu]
bread (flat, unleavened) S
[khura]
break h- [taa-]; h -L (1)
[te-k]; j (2) [tsham]; j-1
[thaa-]; j -L1 [the-k]
break in - [tul-]
break off - [yel-]; - [yehl-]
break off flowers t-
['mehndo 'uuh-]
break up clods - [phol-]
break up earth clods - [sa
'phol-]
break up the circle of dancers
- [tohra 'ol-]
break up/ mix up food h h
-L ['top 'top peh-k]
breast (female) J [ohma]
breast pocket of 'thuba' or 'laptar'
y [namo]
breath F [uu]
breath (be able to control) F V`
S- ['uu gyo khuu-]
breath (be short of) F - ['uu
'sor-]
breath, in one F- h ['uu-'dep
tii-la]
breathe F `-/ F `- ['uu ta-/
'uu 'a-]; `-/ - ['puuh ta-/
ten- (W)]
bribe U [gus (N)]
bribed person U ['gua (N)]
bride ['nama samba]
bridegroom M ['mahkpa
samba]
brown
bridesmaid (be) / /
-L [paahrol/ paahrol-ma/-mu
teh-k]
bridge [sahmba]
brief [diiba]
briefly, say s.th. S `
- ['kha mah-yah-ba peh-ti 'ma-];
`g k - [tam yi-tse
sum-dze 'ma-]
bright light M-` ['kya-sae]
brighten up s.b. ` h- [yah
tuu-]
brimful S-h [khap-te]
bring T`- [khyo-]
bring back () T`- [loo(-di)
khyo-]
bring (here) - ['nom 'phep-]
bring s.th. to a good end M-
[tharsa kyol-]
bring up - [so-]
bring up s.th. again and again
- [yih thaa-]
bring! T-! ['khyer-o!]
broach a subject () -/ `-
[tam ('phree) ten-/ 'la-]
brood-hen h ` ['tahmu
noma]
broom j [thaama (E)]
broom (sweep the floor) -
['phyaama 'phyaa- (W)]
broth (watery) [sohndor]
brother (elder) A [ada]; hl
[toho]
brother (elder) (short form) A [a]
brother, little [nohno]
brother (younger) [nooh]
brother-in-law M [mahkpa]
brother-in-law (wife's brother)
`/ ` [ahbo/ ahbu]
brown -L/ -hL [ser-uk/
ser-tuk]
546
browned bustling

browned (get) y- [aa-] burn down completely /

brushwood j ['theero] j- [rap rup/ rahp-ruhp
bubbles on water () {-} tshii-]
[pohwa(l) {then-}] burn (down) to ashes j- ` y-
buckle (of shoes) L t [lekam ['tshii-'na 'phue o-]
'ohwa] burn (intensified) -
buckwheat M/ M [kyahpre/ [lahma lehme saa-]
kyahbre (W)]; E [prahw (E)] burn (of butter lamps) j l-
bud, flower (1) (W) ['theemi ee-]; l- [ee-]
[boombo]; ['mehndo burn off (intensified) -
biimbi (E)]; U()/ [lham lham saa-]
['mehndo bugul(i) (E)/ 'boombo (W)] burn s.th. - [saa-]
Buddha h [tomdende]; `V burn to ashes ` j- ['thala
h [sagye tomdende] 'phue 'tshii-]; ` -/ `-
Buddhist scriptures l/ j-l ['thala 'phue 'saa-/ ta-]
[pea/ thee-pea]; j [lama burning sensation - [pehr-]
'thee] burn/ burnt (get) j- [tshii-]
buds (leafy) h [tuli] burp UE - [gaw ma-]
buffalo U/ C [mahgi/ mahy] burst `- [pho-]
buffalo (which gives milk) l bury s.th. (not doing a very good
[oma] job of it) - (2) (W) [pah-]; -
buffalo which has recently given (2) (E) [pihp-]
birth to a calf M [kyeema] bury s.th. (properly) - (1) (E)
build m- [zo-]; l`- [a-] [pah-]; - (1) (W) [pihp-]
build a wall gM g- ['tsikpa 'tsii-] bush g [tsehrep]
bulging / [yohre/ business (do) j` M- [tsho
yahre yohre] kyahp-]
bull (male counterpart of 'dzomo') business partner (have) j` M-
k [dzobo] [tsho kyahp-]
bump, blue (get) w {h-} business partnership (go into)
[haambur {tee-}] -L / g- [piima peh-k/
bunch `k [lidza (W)] piima-la tsuu-]
bundle (arrange) {h-} business with alcoholic beverages
[yuhldum {tee-}] (run) j`k` {-L} [thadzo
bungling T [khyosor] {peh-k-}]
burglars (have) L - ['kumen businessman j` ['tsho-ba];
'or-] j` ['tshoben]
burn - [tiih-]; - (1) [bar-] bustling L L (L) [sihk
burn a corpse `/ h`-/ sihk (sihk)]
- [phubu (E)/ phumbu (W) bustling movement ` ` [sih
tah-/ tooh-] sih]

547
but
but `/ [yih-'na/
yih-'naa]
butter (boiled) l- ['u-'mahr];
[mahr]
butter (fresh, unboiled) M-
[kya-mahr]
butter lamps (place) j {-}
[theemi {phul-}]
buttermilk [tahra];
cackle (hens) M M
[kwaahn kwaahn aah-]
calculate g`/ g` M-
['tsii-du/ 'tsi-du 'kyahp-]
calendar to look up the horoscope
[lihdo]
calendar used to look up fortune
-Mk {-} [lhamu-kyahze
{ta-}]
calf E [pihw]
calf, be in ()- ['baal(i)
'thuu-]; / C - [same/
samay (N) tuh-]
calf (of cow or buffalo) /
[pooh/ poohwo]
calf of leg L` `/
['kaba pihba/ pihmba]
calf (young, female 'dzomo') k
[dzubru]
call L M- ['kee 'kyahp-]
call for a visit L -L [ke-k]
call s.b. - ['phep 'uh-]
call the dead soul U/ U
M- [gopu/ gopi kyahp-]
called (be) M ['mihn
'thoo-'kyo]
called, the one ...H
[...'ma-en-di]
can S-/ S- [khuu-/ khu-]; -
[thup-]
careful
[soldar]
buttocks L (1) (W) [kup]; U
[goondo (E)]
button t [ohwa]
buy `- [yoh-]
buy on credit T`-/ T-
['phidi khyo-/ 'khyer-]
buy with cash T`- ['laahdi
khyo-]
C - c
t- cancel - [ol-]
cancel (debt, fine) `- [lee
ta-]
cancel interest gL/ gU `-
[tsok/ tsogi lee ta-]
cane [bet (N)]
canine tooth T- ['khyi-'so]
cannibal [simbu]
cap E- ['u-'ah]; [ahmu]
caper cailye t [aah]
capital (money) / g [mah/
mahrtsa]
capital of Kathmandu V
['yahmbu 'gya-sa]
carcass (come upon) S {-}
[kharal {thuu-}]
care S [khamda]
care for gU -L [tsagar (W)
peh-k]; h- (2) [tee-]
care for s.b. lovingly h -L
['tahmbu peh-k]; h -L ['teebu
peh-k]
care, take good -L
[tahmbu peh-k]
care, take good of things h
M -L [ta tahkpu peh-k]
care, without M ['nawa
kyipu]
careful (be) -L [tahmbu
peh-k]
548
carefully cavity

carefully k - ['dzembu peh-ti]; carry s.th. through M-

[tembu peh-ti]; [tharsa kyol-]; -L ['thir
[thi peh-te (W)]; / peh-k]; T-/ M- [phu
() [lop-se(e) (peh-ti)] khyol- (E)/ phu kyol- (W)]
carefully done -M/ carve L- [ko-]; - [pruh-]; -
-M ['ih-tahkpu/ [phru-]
'ihp-tahkpu] carve wood ` L- [i 'ko-]
careless (be) () ['nawa carved board under the roof j
meeh(-ba)] [thuptal]
careless with things (be) gL gL carved wooden trim on furniture or
gL gL -L [tsak tsak tsuk tsuk above windows and doors g (2)
peh-k] [mitsa]
carelessly L L ( ) [rasak cash 1 [laahdi]
resek (peh-ti)] cast lots Ll(U) L -
carelessly (do s.th.) ` [kindo(-gi) 'taarik 'uh- (E)]; U
` -L [ahla ohlo M- [goola kyahp- (W)];
peh-k]; -L [hatar - M- ['moh-'yih 'kyahp-]
hutur peh-k] cast on/ off stitches t` -/ -L
carelessly (take off/ pull out) ['ohba 'luu-/ 'se-k]
{-L} [phada phidi {pi-k}] cat U [guri]
carelessly (treat s.b.) / catch m`- [zu-]
-L [ahla ohle/ catch fire - [tiih-]
ahla uhle peh-k] catch up barely with s.b. h `-
carelessly (work) j j/ j j ['teeh yap-]
-L ['tshaba 'tshube/ 'tshap 'tshup caterpillar (hairy) -gM/ -jM
peh-k]; L L/ L L [bu-'tsihkpa/ bu-'tshikpa]
-L ['leeh pahrak 'puhruk (E)/ cattle [baso (N)]
barak 'buruk (W) peh-k] cattle shed L [kohre]
carpenter ` S [iso caught, get in s.th. U- [gen-];
kheeba] t- [em-]
carpet of sheep's wool cause L [kuu]; g [tso (W)]; g
(hand-woven) [raari (N)] [tsoo]; (U) L [tam(-gi) kuu];
carpet (room-sized) - (3) [tehn]; / k

[sap-tehn] [tehnda/ tehndza]
carrier S [khur-pa] cause to h- (2) [tuu-]
carry in the hands or arms - cave M/ [phukpa (E)/ phuu
[thoo-] (W)]
carry on back, head, or shoulders cavities in stony ground g`/
S- [khur-] g` [tsahro/ tsahru]
carry out y h- [tehnda 'up cavity in ground g` [tsahli
tuu-] (E)]

549
cedar
cedar (Himalayan) M `
[kyel tohbo]
ceiling below attic h` /
[taah/ pehto]
ceiling of main room h`
j [taah-la iih-'kyo 'tham]
center [yi]
certain person/ place
[phalana (N)]
certainly I would perform the
action of vs ... / [leeh...
nah/ nahle]
chaff (1) (W) [pola]; [busu
(N) (E)]
chain h [talda]
chain jewelry (put on) `M
{-} [yahkta {taa-}]
chance h3 [tah]
change V- [gyur-]; - (1) [po-]
change clothes Lh - ['kapta
'po-]
change into g-/ g- [tsiih-/
tsuh-]
change into another form of
existence t- [ul-]
change (money) t`U M` ['aga
kyaba]; y M` ['ibu kyaba]
change of clothes Lh
['poyap 'kapta];
h Lh
[pee-len peh-te-la kapta (W)]
change of heart (have) V-
[sem 'gyur-]
change one's mind V- [sem
'gyur-]
change subject of conversation
V- [tam 'praa 'gyur-]
chaotic ` ` [phara phuru]
charcoal / [solna/ sola]
charge at mill - [phee-la]
charge with M- ['saa 'kyahp-]
charisma (have) L {-}
chisel
[ka-bap {thop-}]
chase away ` M-/ `U
- ['eal 'kyahp- / 'eal-gi ter-
(E)]; ` - ['yeel ter- (W)]
tM
chat M-/ M -L
['lahpi 'kyur-/ 'lahpi 'kyur 'teh-k]
cheap T [khyemu]
cheat y - ['ibu sah-]
check up on s.b. ` h-L
[yahm 'te-k]; h/ h h-L
[tiwa/ tewa te-k]
cheek y [amba]
cheer up `U m`- ['rah-gi
sem zu-]; m`- [sem zu-];
-L [sem sandi peh-k]
cherish s.th. `-/ `-2 [ohm-/
ahm-]; `l -/ `k
h-L ['ohm-dar ten- (E)/
'ohm-dzar 'te-k (W)]
chest L [kahm]
chest (big, wooden) ` [paha]
chest (body part) `U(L)/ `
[prahgo(k)/ prah]
chest (small) Ll` [kahm-du]
chew - [muhr-]
chick h ['tahmu piihru]
chicken pen hk` (1) [tahza]
child k / k [pehza/ pihza]
child-birth (be in) k MU U/
MlU k M- [pehza
'kye-gen-gi/ 'kye-e-gi 'nahza 'kyahp-]
childless A [abdali (N)]
chili g [martsa]
chilly climate t [rih 'ihp-lo]
chin L [kooma]; L [kooma]
China M ['kyahmi 'yuhl]
Chinese M [kyahmi]
Chinese coin L [kohrmu]
chip off l- [ar-]
chisel M [kyuundi]; k`/ k`/
m` [dzu/ dzo (E)/ zo (W)]
550
chives
chives [rahmba]
choke j- [tshal-]
choke to death F j -U ['uu
'tshup-ti 'i-g]
choking (be) F j- ['uu 'tshup-]
choose - [dam-]
choose carefully `- [dam-bi
ta-]
chunky and big U U [daga
doge]
churn `- [a-]
churn (for salt tea) `/ `/ `
[dumu/ domo/ domu]
churn (wooden, big size)
[tuhmbu]; [sohm]
churn (wooden, medium size) t
[oolum]
churned up in one's mind (be)
Lg g y- [sem-la katsa matsa
o-]
cinnamon sticks `k L [idza
pako]
circle of dancers [tohra]
circular (but not ball-shaped) L
[kohrmu]
circumstance of life (painful) M
[kyidu]
circumstances jM [thapkyi
(W)]; j [thapi]
circumstances, in all `
` ['i-'naa 'so-'naa]
citrus fruits (sour ones) M/ M
[kyurpu/ kyirpu]
civilized t/ y jM [ah/ a
thakpu]
clan M/ M (1) (E) [kyihpa/
kyuhpa]; (1) (W) [riihba]
clasp t [ohwa]
clattering `y/ ` {-} [dia/
dira {ten-}]
claws [tehrsen]
climate
clay pot used for parching g
[tsahma]
clean L -g` [keeh-tsama];
`/ `-`/ `-` [sae/
sa-sa/ sa-se]; `-` (`)
[se-se (se)]
clean (be) - [taah-]
clean (ritually) g` [tsama]
clean s.th. `-`/ `-` -L
[sa-sa/ sa-se peh-k]; ` -L
[se peh-k]
clean (vegetables, etc.) - [sal-]
clear tM [akpu]; [salbu]; `
` (`) [si si (si)]
clear away obstacles - [sal-]
clear (of liquids) ` [sibu]
clear (of weather) M-`
['kya-sae]
clear up `- [sa-]
clear up in the evening after a
rainy day L` -` - [kuh-sa
ten-]
clear up (of weather) `- [nam
sa-]
clear (voice, glass) ` [sabu]
clear woodland - [pal
praah-]
clearly [sal sal
taah taah peh-ti]; [salbu];
- - [sil-sil
taah-taah]
clearly (see) ` `- [sie tho-]
clever S [kheebu]; h`/ g`
[tabu (E)/ tsabu (W)]; t
[ihmbu]
clever talk (use) l l -
[tam 'dambu 'dambu 'ma-]
cleverness M/ M [rihkpa/
rihki]
- ['praah-'dep]
cliff
climate (2) [rih]
551
climb
climb down - (1) (W) [pahp-];
- [phap- (E)]
climb up k-1 [dzaa-]
cling suddenly ( )
[lehp lehp (peh-ti) (W)]
cling to w- [hil-]
cling to s.th. j-2 (2) [thaa-]
cling to this world j- [sem
thaa-]; l -L [sem-da
peh-k]; l -L [sem-da 'teh-k]
close (a roundish opening) g
(g) -L [tsum (tsum) peh-k]
close door L M- ['koh 'kyahp-]
close (e.g. a pot) S M- ['kha
'kyahp-]
close (in distance)
-` / -`/ -`
[thaa-yehmu/-yihmu/-eehmu]
close mouth S g- ['kha tsum-]
close (relation) `
/ `
[yeehmu/ yehmu/ yihmu]
close relative ` `/ `
`
['yehwa 'yihmu/
'yeehmu]
close s.th. by pulling together S
g- ['kha tsum-]
close to each other tL tL tL
[ihk ihk ihk]
cloth Lh (1) [kapta];
{-} [nahmsa {nom-}];
[reeh]
cloth (costly and colourful) L
[keehen]
cloth with which a corpse is lead
out of the house [lahmna]
clothes Lh (1) [kapta]; L
[keeh]
clothes (put on) {-}
[nahmsa {nom-}]
cloud M [mukpa]
cloves [lihi]
collection
club (1) [thowa]
clumsy (hand) M`/ M`/
M` [kyohbu/ kyohbo/
kyuhbu]
clumsy handed M M`
['lahkpa kyohbu]
cluster `k [lidza (W)]
cluster of leaves ` [buma]
coarse (things) M`/ M`/
M` [kyohbu/ kyohbo/
kyuhbu]
coat g`U [tsuga (W)]
coat (lady's, black) l L/ l
L [din sirki (W)/ din surku
(E)]
coat made of raw silk L/
L [bure surku (E)/ buri sirki (W)]
coat (Tibetan style) M [lokpa]
coax J- [ohm-]
/ ` cob of corn U [magi 'philo]
cock (crow) h {-L} ['tahbu
/ {peh-k}]
'yehmu/ coil t- [ihl-]
coin yL [ek (N)]
cold t` ['ahmu]
cold (be) L J`- ['ku silbu
oh-]
cold (become) T J`- ['khyaa-ri
oh-]; t`-2 [ah-]; t` {-/
(2) J`-} ['ahdi {lep-/ oh-}]
cold (be)/ cold (feel) T- [khyaa-]
l
cold, catch a U-j M-
[gur-'tham 'kyahp-]; j M-
[thamba (E) kyahp-]; j -
[themba sihn- (W)]
cold (of weather) T ['khyaabu]
collapse - [rohm-]
collect from - [tuh-]
collect (things) -L ['ruhp
peh-k]
collection ` [lo]
552
collide
collide k M- [dzoo kyahp-]
colostrum / U [prii/ priga]
colour runs j -/ y- [tshee looh-/
o-]
comb t -L [a e-k]; -
[thaa-leehmu (E)]; [ia (H)
(W)]
comb hair U -L [goo e-k]
comb wool M- [peeho
kyahp-]
come J`- [oh-]; - (2) [phep-]
come by S- [khor-]
come (intensified) / J`-
[lee/ lep oh-]
come into existence j-2 (1)
[thaa-]
come off in layers (big pieces) U
U - [lahga lohge looh-]
come out - [then-]
come! ! [o]
comfort J- [ohm-]; M
[kyipu]
comfort s.b. h- [sem lo
'teh tuu-]
comfortable l(- ) 'nah-]
[doo(-tehmu)]; [tehmu]
comfortable (feel) l(-
J`- [sem 'doo(-'tehmu) oh-]
comfortable life (live) M -L
[kyipu peh-k]
comfortably M-h
[kyip-'te 'leehmu peh-ti]
commandment L [ka]
commandments L ` ['ka
nahdar]
common fund L` [ku]
commotion `/ (2)
[sihda/ sihnda]
commotion (big) `-`
[sah-sih]
commotion (make) hEy
complete
['tahwa 'la-]; -L [halla
(N) peh-k]
commotion, make a k -
['dzaatar (N) ten-]
commotion (make/ be) w `
{-L/ J`-} [huui sihda
{peh-k/ oh-}]
communicate, gods l-
['ahl 'den-]
community k [diizo]
compact hL [tarka]; L L
(L) [tihk tihk ( tihk)]
compact and heavy h L L
(L) [ta 'tihk 'tihk ('tihk)]
compact pile (make) - [sap-]
companion [rooh]
companion to the shaman (be)
y/ {-L} [pohmol/
pohmrol {peh-k}]
company (keep) h- [tam-];
-L/ - [rooh peh-k/ rooh
'ruhp-]
compare - [tuhr-]
compassion (feel) - [sem
compassion (have) ` h-U/ h-
) [ni 'teh-g/ 'toh-]; ` h l
J`- [ni 'tehwa-i oh-];
J`- [sem 'iih-di oh-]
compassionate (be) -L
[sem 'nahmu peh-k]
compete in running j` j` g-U
['tho 'tho 'tse-g]
compete with w(L) y` -L
[hado(k) 'eea peh-k]
compete with each other y` -
['eea 'tuhr-]
competitive songs (sing) g-
{M-} [tsom-lu {kyahp-}]
complain L y- ['kee ten o-]
`- complete j` ['tshabu]
553
complete consult

complete (be) j`- [tsha-] -M/-V () [-kya~-gya

complete s.th. M- [tharsa (lahmu)]
kyol-]; T-/ M- [sih conditional - [-na]
khyol- (E)/ sih kyol- (W)] confide in s.b. ` h-
completion (bring to) T-/ [nidam tol-]
M- [phu khyol- (E)/ phu kyol- conflict k M- [dzoo kyahp-];
(W)] w- [huu-]
comprehend U T- [sem-gi conflict, have an inner j-
'khyep-]; U V`- [sem-gi gyo-] [sem 'tshop-]
comprise s.th. j- (2) [thoo-] confuse s.b. U L- [goo kor-]; U
conceited (be) wL - [hasak L- [goo kor-]; m -
(N) ten-]; L - [phosok [thama thome 'zee ter-]
ten-] confused (be) U S- [goo khor-];
conceive a child k -L [pehza y-/ -L [thama thome
'teh-k] o-/ lih-k]; - [thom-];
conceive (fig.) U V`- [sem-gi -L [thome 'lih-k]
gyo-] conical k` k` [dzo dzo]
conceive (of cattle, not of humans) conical hat k` [dzoo]
- [nee-] conscience SM [khokpa]
concentrate l- [sem thi-la conscience, have a bad M
'aa-] `- [sem kyipu meh-yoh-]
concentrate upon s.th. L-g - conscience, have a good
['thik-'tsi nee-] S` [sem khamsae 'yeh];
concentration, have power of / M / J`- [sem-la kyii
['mipa/ 'miirim 'yeh] 'yeh/ oh-]
concerning [tehnda-la] conscience, with a clear t`
concerted action ` j [bi [sem 'ahbu peh-ti]

'thee-di] conscious of (become) U j-
conch shell used as a horn (blow) [sem-gi 'tshor-]
` {-} [tuh {phu-}] consequences, suffer the of an
concluding drink of whisky action M- ['lahyo 'kyahp-]
tl` `- [ohl-da thu-] consider s.th. to be g- (2) [tsii-]
conclusion lMU consolation, place of (/
[dukol-gi tam] V) [ma-sa (lahm/ gyaa)]
conclusion (bring to) h-L [thaa consonant -h [sal-teh (T)]
te-k] constantly ` g/ g
conclusion (come to) t- [ahl-] ['yihma ar-tseba/ ar-tsiba]
concomitant action participle 1 consternation, be full of
-L/-U/-H -L [thome 'lih-k]
[-ke-mu~-ge-mu/-e-mu] consult each other S g-U
concomitant action participle 2 [khamda 'tse-g]

554
consult
consult with each other
-L [saldap peh-k]
consume addicting things
`- [tohwa thama thu-]
contain V`- [gyo-]
container M [nekyi]
content (be) M J`- [sem
kyipu oh-]; l -L [sem
'doo 'teh-k]; -U [sem 'teh-g];
J`- [sem 'tehmu oh-]
continually `-
[yihn-nuhp peh-ti]
continuous aspect (imperfect)
-L`/-U`/-H`
[-ke-'ra~-ge-'ra/-e-'ra]
continuous aspect (perfect)
-`/-` [-te-'ra~-de-'ra]
continuously L M`() `
['kee kyah(-da) 'rihbu peh-ti];
[phyar-te phyar-te]
contour jL-j/ jk (1)
[thak-tshul/ thazul]; [iih]
contrary to expectation focus
-L/-U [-ka~-ga]
contrastive focus -L/-U
[-ka~-ga]
contribution of grain towards the
expenses of a religious festival or
building (collect/ give)
-} [brelba {tuh-/ ter-}]
control t [ih]; l l- 'thul-di]
[tehndam-la aa-]
control (bring under) L m-/
L l- [kayam (N) zo-/
kayam (N) peh-ti aa-]; -
[tim-]
convinced (be) j- [yih
thee-]
convincing jl ['yih
'tshim-de rohwa]
cook - (1) (E) [yo-]; - (2) (W)
costly
[yo-]
cooked (be) j- (1) [tshee-]
cooked grains [sol]
cooked well j [tsheebu]
cooking place (1) [thap]
cooking shed for festivals k`
[toza]
cooking shed for 'kohmba' ` U`
[mehga]
cool down (let) t` l- ['ah-di
'aa-]
cool (of weather) [silbu]
copper ` [sahma]
copper bowl (cone-shaped, part of
the 'artsa') t [baa]
copper pot (big) `/ `
[phui/ phoi]
copper pot (for 'sehn') ` [laa]
copper pot (large, for cooking)
` [sah]
coral h [tuhru]
corn U/ C/ [magi/ may/
maa]
corn cob U [magi 'philo]
corner U [gu]; - [na-suhr]
corner (of cloth or table)
[suhr]
corner which is the result of
{-
/ bending s.th. L [kuuma]
corporately (do) [rooh
corpse L/ L` [kubur/ kudu];
[roh]
correct tM [akpu]
cortege j/ j [tshoo-ba/ tshoba]
cosmos flowers -
[sip-sip mehndo]
cost price (sell s.th. at) -`
- ['mah-da 'mah-la ter-]
costly, colourful dresses L l
U
Lh ['keehen-gi 'kapta]
555
costs
costs, at all ` ['i-'naa
'i]
costs, at all - l l ( ) thimbu]
[yihn-di mihn-di (peh-ti)]
costume jL-j/ jk (2)
[thak-tshul/ thazul]
costume (put on) j {M-}
[thalu {kyahp-}]; jU
[theega {kyahp-}]
cottage cheese 2 [ser]
cotton (1) [reeh]
cotton wool (raw) L [kabe]
cough S- [lo kho-]
cough, whooping (k)
[lone (nahza)]
counsel t M- [eeh kyahp-]
counsel (hold) Lt -L [kahi
peh-k]; t l ` -L ['eeh-a
peh-k]
count t`-1 [ah-]; t`/ t`/
t`k M- ['ahma/ 'ahmu/
'ahdzi 'kyahp-]
countenance [doo]
countenance (attentive and
friendly) ` w -L
['tohba hasale peh-k]
counterfeit g - [tsiih-di ten-];
g [tsiihma]
counting by twenties S h, S
`, A [khal tii, khal yii,
etc.]
country ` (1) [luhba]
couple (husband and wife) k`/
k`(`) [dzapra/ dzabra
(yii)]
couple, married t [ooh]
courage (have) A M-U [aar (N)
kye-g]
courage (with) U M [sem-gi
'kyahl-di]
courageous A j ['aar (N)
cramps
thimbu]; / j [sur/ suur
(N) thimbu]; j (1) [sem
courageously / ['sur/ 'suur
peh-ti]
course [iih]
course (get off) T- [khyoo-]
M- course of path -
['lahm-'iih]
court case (settle) j-
['muta 'thin-'tii- (N)]
court complaint (make) Ek -L
[uzur (N) peh-k]
court (legal) w HU/ `UU/ HU
V [him ta-en-gi/ ta-gen-gi/
'thuu-en-gi 'gyaa]
court, take s.b. to g-U [muta
(N) tse-g]
courteous S l ['kha 'dambu]
courtyard [yildo]
cover L- [kap-]
cover up E- [up-]; - [puhp-]
cover up evenly - [yul-]
covers (for bed) Lh (1) [kapta]
covet -L [raahr (N) peh-k]
cow ` [pahla]
cow, kind of k/ k [dzomo/
dzumu]
cow (which gives milk) l
[oma]
cow which has recently given birth
to a calf M [kyeema]
coward l ['diisu]
crack h- (2) [tar-]
crack (appear) L
{-}
['keehlam {then-}]
crack up L - [keeh-]
cradle basket j`/ j` ['tshao
(W+E)/ 'tsheo (E)]
crafty t [sem ihmbu]
cramps (have) - [bol-]
556
crawl
crawl U- (2) (E) [goo-]; - [boo-
(W)]
crawl along - [puhr- (W)]
crawl on all fours UM U y-
[gokpa goo-di o- (E)]
cream of milk J- ['ohma-'tar]
cream (on milk) U [priga]
crease s.th. thoroughly j M-
[thaa kyahp-]
creator God Ll [kindo]
credit [phidi]
cremate L/ L` h`- ['kubur/
'kudu tah-]; `/ h`-/
- [phubu (E)/ phumbu (W)
tah-/ tooh-]
cremation place [tuhrsa]
crevice J [ohp (W)]; t
[hopa (E)]
crevices, ground full of t t/
` ` [hapa hopa (E)/
hapta hopto (W+E)]
crime M M ['leeh pictures M-`
'nohr-'kyo 'iih-'kyo]; M [kyahwa-riha]
['leeh mah-tahkpa]
criminal M [mah-tahkpa]
crippled SM` [khokso (W)];
St [khoo (N)]
crippled (offensive) Lh [kuta
(N)]
crisp layer of corn mash LL
[kohko]
croak L -L ['kee 'reh-k]
crooked TM` [khyokto]
crooked statement TM` [tam
khyokto]
crops L [kame (N)]; [baali
(N)]
cross h -L (2) [te-k]
cross beam of roof M`
[kyildo]
cross one's legs M h-
crush
[kyildum tee-]
cross-legged (sit) M h()
-L [kyildum 'tee(-di) 'teh-k]
crouch l- [dap-]
crouch down l- [dul-]
crow h/ h [tahro/ tahru];
-L2 [peh-k]
crowd of people `k/ `k
['mih 'budzi (E)/ 'mih 'pudzi (W)]
crowd of people going somewhere
` ` y- ['mih 'bu 'bu o-]
crowd of people (moving)
` ['mih 'sihda]
crowd of people sitting `
-L/ `l -L ['mih 'bue
'teh-k/ 'mih 'buma-i 'teh-k]
crowding together (people)
``` J`- ['mih 'buuu oh-]
crowds of people gathering
Mg h- ['mih 'puktsil 'tee- (W)]
crown of cardboard with coloured
crown of the head hg/ hg
[titsup/ tirtsup (E)]; g/
gg [tihtsup/ tsihtsup (W)]
crumb [pruhpsil]
crumble s.th./ crumbled (become)
g ` m-/ y- ['tsamba 'phue
'zo-/ o-]
crumbs U [pruhgul/
/
pruhwul]
crumpled up ` ` [yahra
yohre]
crush and mess up l l h-
[daba dobe top-]
crush s.th. m l-/ ` l-
['raba 'robe 'zee 'aa-/ ta 'aa-]; -
[rop-]
crush s.th./ crushed (become) g
m-/ y- ['tsamba thule 'zo-/ o-]
557
cry cut

cry `- [uh-]; l -/ - cure h- (2) [tee-]

['miu 'or-/ then-]; - [um-] curry dish made of potatoes (fry)
cry out for help - [mee par-] lM {-} [okpa {lam-}]
crystal stone -/ curry made from leafy green
['el-toh/ 'eldo] vegetable `k [oze]
cubit with making fist instead of curry (vegetables or meat) (fry/
outstretched hand hMt [taku] cook) `/ ` {-} [those/
cuckoo LL [kuku] thosi {lam-}]
cucumber L/ L [kahwun curry with a thin sauce [paa];
(E)/ kahyen (W)] [solba]
cultivate fields L M- ['kame curse L/ L -/ - (1)
'kyahp-] [kurpa/ kurwa tap-/ uh-]
cultivate soil - [yuhr-] curse (gods putting a curse on
cultivate s.th. the first time M` people) h M- [tepa
L-/ - [kyaba sa ko- (E)/ kyahp-]
ter- (W)] curse s.b. M- [meemu
cultivate the second time ` kyahp-]
L-/ - [yihpa sa 'ko- (E)/ ter- cursed place h`U U
(W)] [tihgi mah-'lap-a-gi sapi]
culture / [minam/ cursing talk !/ `!/
miinam (E)]; `/ ` [miina/ | ['i o!/ 'i so!/ 'i
!/ L
piina (W)] 'teh!/ 'i 'teh-ku 'du.]; !/
culture (be aware of/ follow) `!/ !/ L | ['i o!/ 'i
{`-/ -} ['minam {'tho-/ ta-}] so!/ 'i 'teh!/ 'i 'teh-ku 'du.]
cummerbund (put on) L {h`-} cursing talk, intensifier used in
[kara {ti-}] T [khyere]
cummerbund (woolen) / curve a bow l L`- ['u 'ku-]
L [nambu/ nembu kara]; y curved (gently) / [sahyo/
L [lhamo kara] saahyo (E)]; M [sahr-'kyo
cummin-like spice [mena] (W)]
cumulus clouds k` k` [dzaa cushion E-` ['u-'yee]; ` /
dzue] ` ['yeebul (W)/ 'yeembul
cumulus clouds (have) M t (E)]
-L ['mukpa imba 'teh-k] custom w [him]; w [him-da];
cupboard M [baki] -w [pe-him]
cupboard and shelves beside the customary present
left side of the fireplace M`k` -L/-U/-H/-L/-U
[kyadza] [-ken~-gen~-en~vvn/-ke~-ge]
curds Lh [kartu] cut `-/ `- [a-/ o-]; ` [oh];
curds (set) {`-/ j-} [oh - [tup-]; - [praah-]
{lah-/ thaa-}] cut cloth t- [ah-]

558
cut dawn

cut deeply ` - ['tih 'tup-] cut with friction - ['re-ti 'tup-]

cut into longish pieces g- [tsel-] cute `-h [ni-'tehmu]
cut s.th. in two halves `- cute thing `-h [ni-'tohwa]
[phea ta-] cutting edge of a tool S [kha]
cut up - [praah-] cymbal (play) h/ h
cut well S ( ) - ['kha -} [puhptal (E)/ pruhptal
{`
(yaahbu) sah-] (W) {tuh-}]

D - d
dab of butter on one's head dancer (expert) l / l [eeba
(present oneself to receive) tU (m.)/ eema (f.)]
- ['iga 'uh-] dancing ground [tohra]
dabs of butter on food or drink dandruff (have) M M-
(apply) LM M- [karkyen [kyah mehndo kyahp-]
kyahp-] danger lM [dikpa]; l
daddy [paba (E)] ['diisu]
dagger g/ g [tsupi/ tsubi (N)] danger of death S ['i-wa
dagger (Nepali knife) L-t 'kha]
[kahp-ih (E)] dangerous ll ['dii-e

Dalai Lama [dale lama]; 'leehmu]
[yihi nuhrpu] dark -k [naa-dzube]
damaged (be) - [pahp dark, become in the evening
or-] -/ - [nahm 'see- (E)/ 'so- (W)]
damp (become) -/ M- dark tan, give a `- [or-]
[len-/ len kyahp- (E)]; -L darkness (atmospheric) 2
[leh-k (W)] [nahm]
damp (somewhat) (1) [len-'se] daughter [pohmo];
dance j- [tham-]; j2 [seemu]
[tham]; / M- daughter (after given away in
['ahpru/ 'ahbru 'kyahp-] marriage) ` [puhsimu]
dance at an unsuitable time daughter, designation for a lama's
MU - [ahpkya-gi ter-] J/ J [lama 'omu/
dance for a departed soul lama 'omo]
j j- ['mahni 'thepa 'tham-] daughter-in-law [nama]
dance (perform) Ll {`-} dawn, at M / M
[kindam {na-}] [kya rhaba rhibe/ kya rhaba
dance (perform) (folk dance) / rhebe]
{j-} [ahpru/ ahbru dawn, before L [nahm
{tham-}] koo-la]
dance with gusto t - [eha dawn, early `() [nahm
ten-] thoro(-la)]
559
day decision

day ` (2) [yihma]; ` dead person [imbu]

[yihmu]; M/ [ahkpu/ deaf l` [yehnda]
aah] deaf, be born M-U
day after tomorrow ` [na] [lemba-la 'kye-g]
day before yesterday S / S- dear friend `l `UU
[kharnup/ khar-nuhp] [nidi o-gen-gi rooh]
day by day ` ` k/ ` death, arrive at the moment of
`k/ ` `k (
) l` - [dua tuh-]
['yihma 'yehndzen/ 'yihma death cloth L ['reeh karpu (E)];
'yihndzen/ 'yihma 'yihndzi [reeha (W)]
l
(meeh-ba)] death's door (be at) HU S -/
day of lunar calendar j ` HU -/ HU j -
[tsheera] ['i-en-gi 'kha-la lep-/ 'i-en-gi 'soo-la
day of week L (4) [karma] lep-/ 'i-en-gi 'tha-la 'thuu-]
day, which ` [nahm debate (have) - [epa 'tuhr-]
'yihmu] debates (religious) (have) j /
daydream y V V -L ['am j g- ['theedam/ 'theendam
'gyur 'gyur-te 'teh-k (W)] 'tsuu-]
days, five ago h/ h- debt [pehlen]
(`) [tinup/ tih-nuhp decay - [yehl-]; - [yeeh-]
(yihmu)] deceased person `, `
days, five ahead h (`)2 ['toba (m.), 'toma-mu (f.)]
[tii (yihmu)] deceitful (talk) S l ['kha
days, four ago L/ L- / 'dambu]
M/ M-
(`) deceptive statements (make)
[kihnup/ kih-nuhp/ kyihnup/ (TM`) TM` ( ) -
kyih-nuhp (yihmu)] [tam ('khyakta) khyokto (peh-ti)
days, four ahead L/ M 'ma-]
(`) [kiih/ kyiih (yihmu)] decide -L [ten ten peh-k];
days, some ago ` [da-a] L `- [thak ta-]
days, these `-` [da-'tihri] decide a matter t l- ['eeh 'aa-]
days, three ago l/ l- decide firmly -L [ten
(`) [inup/ i-nuhp ten 'tii 'tii peh-k]
(yihmu)] decided (be) j-L [thaa 'the-k]
days, three ahead l (`) decided future -L/-U/-H
[ee (yihmu)] [-kemba~-gemba/-emba]
daze, sit in a kL kL kL -L decidedly, do s.th. `- [ta-]
[dzok dzok dzok teh-k] decision (come to) U/ - `
dazzle ` j- ['mii-ra 'thip-] -L [tam-gi/ -la 'yido (N) peh-k]
dead, nearly -j` decision, come to a quickly A
['la-tshe-'ra mihn-du] h-L [apta te-k]

560
decisive
decisive / j [sur/ suur
(N) thimbu]
declare - [pra sal-]
decrease in volume l- [dom-]
dedicated animal (offer up) `
` {j-L} [suh/ suhbu
{the-k}]
dedication of religious monuments
(celebrate) {`-/ L-}
[rahmne {ta-/ kyahp-}]
deeds (kind) U [gin (N)]
deep ` ` ['tih 'rihbu]
deep-fried bread of whole wheat
flour l [eero]
deer S [khea]
deer (large kind, f.) [awa]
deer (large kind, m.) U [reehgo]
defame s.b. or oneself A -
[abru (H) ten-]
defecate MM `- ['kyakpa ta-]
defective St [khoo (N)]
defence (make) - [pra sal-]
defile ritually clean things with
unclean ones j j -L
[thap thop peh-k]
defiled g [tsiibu]; [seeri]
defiled (become) g ` {y-}
[meh-tsama {o-}]
defiled place (by birth or death)
` [pah]
defilement caused by birth M-
(`-) [kye-rip (pah-rip)]
defilement caused by death -
(`-) [i-rip (pah-rip)]
defilement of the hearth -
['thap 'or-]
deformed U [gotor]
degrade s.b. ` g - ['mih-'ra
miih-'tsi-]
delay U- [gor-]; -L ['phimu
peh-k]
depressed
delay (without) [ar ar]
delayed (be) U- [gor-]; -
['yihn 'thoo-]
delimit an area j h-L/ l-
/ ['tsham 'te-k/ 'aa-]; h-L
['saan 'te-k]
delirious (be) j -
[tholdam lahp-]; T- ['la
'khyer-]
deliver from a certain spell
-/ t- ['namba ten-/ 'ol-]
deliver from misfortune h -
[pahrte sil-]
deliver levies in kind - [tahp-]
deliver (out of hell) y- [en-]
deliver s.th. M- [kyal-]
deliverance, receive final
- ['thar-pa thop-]
demon (be possessed by) /
{-} [tiih (m.)/ tiihmu (f.)
{uuh-}]
dense M [thukpu]
densely [sihp sihp
sihp]
densely lined U [sihge]
dent (in) s.th. h- (2) [top-]
dented (become) h- [tohp-]
deny s.th. L - [tam phruk
pruu-]; / - [mihn/
mihm-ba 'ma-]
depend on SM h- [khokpa
'tol-]
dependable person S SHU
[sem lee 'khal khuu-en-gi 'mih]
deposit [dido (N)]
depraved j [tshaara (N)]
depraved (be) -/ - ['nawa
'bup-/ 'phup-]
depressed M [sem
mih-kyipa]
depressed (be) [ehmba
561
depressed difficult

mih-n-du] device for husking grains (tread on)

depressed (look) ` -L L` {` -} [kindi {tuh-}]
['tohba 'na 'ii 'teh-k] devotedly ['lahmbu
descend - (1) (W) [pahp-]; - peh-ti]
[phap- (E)] devotion (offer with) `U
U
descendant g [tsawa] {-} ['rah-gi 'meehba-gi {phul-}]
descendants j j [tshoo tshabi]; devour greedily - [pren-]
/ [senden/ sanden (N)] dew [sil]
descendants increase g - dew (fall) {j-} [sihlba
['tsawa phel-] {thaa-}]
desiderative -h/-l diagnose a sickness and perform
[-te~-de~-e] the healing rituals h -L
design m/ m/ m` ['zo/ 'zop-ta/ ['tee-dap peh-k]
'zo-da]; [rehmu] diarrhea (have) SM - [khokpa
desire -L [raahr (N) peh-k] 'uu-]; t -/ - ['ehpa 'al-/
desolate jh ['tsher-te
'uu-]; - ['phowa 'uu-]
'leehmu]; ` M` [mihra dice with little holes (throw) j
kyara]; -` [yih-toe] {M-} [tholo {kyahp-}]
desolate place UE [gaanwra (N)] die F -/ j-L/ y- ['uu then-/
despise - [phya- (W+E)] 'the-k/ o-]; t`- [oh-]; -U
despise s.b. M - ['kyen taa- (E)]; [i-g]
`l -L [enden peh-k] die (euphemistic) ` -L
destiny S (2) [kham] ['yi loohi peh-k]; t- [ahl-];
destroy - [dul-]; `- - (2) [or-]
[meeh-ba ta-]; h-L [sihnda die (intensified) M` -U [kyah
te-k] 'i-g]
destroy (relationships, households) die out `- [to-]
-L/ m- ['aahma
die (poetic) `- (2) [yahm-]
'iihme peh-k/ 'zo-] die suddenly wt -L/ -U
destroy s.b.'s resolution/ vow [haao (N) se-k/ i-g]
k j h- [tahmdzi thuu tuu-] diet (restrict) S k- ['kha 'dzem-]
destroy s.b.'s vow k ` h- difference, there is no T
[tahmdzi yahm tuu-] [khyee meeh]
detached from (be) t- [lee difference (there isn't/ is) T()
ohl-] {
/ } [khyepa(r) {meeh-ba/
detachment, do s.th. with yeh-ba}]
t [sem lee 'ohl-di] different ` ` ['rahsa
deteriorate (resolution/ vow) k 'rahsa]; [lehmen
j- [tahmdzi thuu-] lehmen]; [loohlo
deviate from the original course loohlo]
M- [kyoo-] difficult L [kaahbu]; tM

562
difficult disintegrate

[ahkpu] [sem 'khale 'lih-k]; (M`)

difficult (very) L L [kale -U [sem (kyah) 'i-g]
kaahbu (W)]; S L [khenda disbelieve j - [yih
kaahbu (E)] meeh-the-]
dig L- [ko-] disciple h [ahpti]
dig one's teeth into food A discipline t [ih]; l- [taa-la
M- [ambur 'kyahp-] 'aa-]
dig up the fields L- [sa 'ko-] discipline oneself through
dilemma (be in a) A` ` y- meditation t - [yihdam
[ame thame o-] uhp-]
diligent J [olba] discipline s.b. h- [tur-]
diligently L ` [kuhr ta-di]; disciplined t jM/ t j ['ih
SL ` [khuk ta-di]; ` thakpu/ 'ih 'thepu]
(j) [niru (thimbu) discouraged (be) ` ` j-
peh-ti]; -` ['tohba 'ido thaa-]; - [ma
[rahp-ta rihm-ba peh-ti (W)] pham-]; -L ['ma 'phambu
dip up a liquid h- [tu-] peh-k]; -L [sem 'ma
dip up/into - [paa-] 'phambu peh-k]; (M`) -U
dipper (for water) h/ h/ h [sem (kyah) 'i-g]; -U
[tiini/ tiine/ tuni] [semba 'i-g]
direction j [thoo] discuss a matter t M- [eeh
directly L- ['theka-sire]; kyahp-]
M` [arkya] discuss s.th. (competitively)
dirt `` [yaahyo]; `M` M- [epa 'kyahp-]
[yohkto] - ['mii meh-ta-]
disdain
dirty `L `L disgrace, be a to s.b. L h-L
[yahsak yohsak peh-ti]; `M ['narko 'te-k]
[yokpa]; `U [yohge] disgrace oneself A - ['abru
disabled, be in a condition j 'or-]
y- ['tshaa 'tuhmu o-] disgrace s.b. or oneself A -
disabled (become) j - [tshaa [abru (H) ten-]
tuh-] disgusted (be) `- [namdo
disagree w -L [huui peh-k]; lah-]
j- [yih meeh-the-] disgusting ML tl ['kyuk

disagreement, have a L {y-/ 'oh-e 'leehmu]; ` `
-L} [kalam {o-/ peh-k}] [yahra yohre]
disappear y- [aahma
disgusting, find s.b./ s.th. ML
iihme o-] t- [kyuk oh-]
disappointed -j [naa-thile] dish M [nekyi]
disappointed (be) jl J`- disintegrate y-
['tshera-i oh-]; S -L [aahma iihme o-]

563
dismiss
dismiss s.b. L` `- (1)
[kohba na-]
disobedient S `/ `
['khal 'yihm-bu/ mih-'yihm-ba];
t jM/ t j ['ih
mah-thakpa/ 'ih meh-'thepa]
disorderly (take off/ pull out)
{-L} [phada phidi {pi-k}]
disparage s.b. -` -L [mii-en
se-k]
disperse y- [ahra bara
o-]
display (possessions) ` l-
['ohm 'aa- (W)]
disposition h [tepa]
disposition, have a bad/ good
` gM/ - [peh-ta
tsokpa/ yaahbu 'thoo-]
dispute arises/ have a dispute wL
wL y-/ -L [hak huk o-/
peh-k]
dispute sharply wL wL wL wL
-L [hak hak huk huk
peh-k]
dispute s.th. L - [tam phruk
pruu-]
dissatisfied (be) S -L [sem
'khale 'lih-k]
dissipate y- [ahra bara
o-]
dissolve j- [thuu-];
y- [aahma iihme o-]
dissolve (e.g. meeting) - [ol-]
dissolve s.th. h`- [tah-];
-L/ m- ['aahma
'iihme peh-k/ 'zo-]
distaff S (2) [khorlo]
distance, at some V` [gyabu]
distance, from some M`U
[kyah-le-gi]; V`U
[gyabu-le-gi]
disturbed
distant V` [gyabu]
distant relative ` V`
['yehwa gyabu]
distill alcoholic beverages j` -
[tha ten-]
distilling whisky (equipment for)
Ag` [artsa]
distort a message h (h)
- [tam phirta (phirta) 'ma-]
distort facts - [tam 'yir-]
distorted statements (make)
(TM`) TM` ( ) -
[tam ('khyakta) khyokto (peh-ti)
'ma-]
distracted (be) T- [sem
khyol-]
distress (be in) M M {}
[kyewa kyemu {yeh}]
distressed (be) -L [sem
'nahmu peh-k]; (M`) -U
[sem (kyah) 'i-g]; -L
[semdu peh-k]
distressed, be born into
circumstances M M M-U
['kyewa kyemu 'kye-g]
distressed, be extremely
T- [sem 'nah-raa 'khyer-]
distribute L () - ['keeh(-di)
ter-]; M- [kyee-]
district -S [de-kham]
disturbed (be) Lg g y-
[sem-la katsa matsa o-]
disturbed, be completely
` ` y- [sem 'yahla
'mahla o-]
disturbed (become) j j/ j j
J`- [tshaba tshube/ tshap
tshup oh-]
disturbed by noise (be) l j-
['namdo 'tsha-]; j- [naa tsha-]
disturbed (emotionally) (become)
564
disturbed
J`- [thom-i oh-]
disturbed mentally (be) L
y- [sem kalam 'malam o-]
disturbed sleep (have) `t y-
[yiu o-]
disturbing news (hear) `
- [tam meh-yemba 'thee-]
divide into shares M- ['bo
'kyahp-]
divide s.th. L- [koh-]; M `-
[paka ta-]
divide up L M- [kohpa
kyahp-]
divination ritual g L- [tsi kor-];
M- [moh kyahp-]
divorce M h-L [thakpa 'te-k]
dizziness, have spells of and bad
headaches m (k) - [za
('nahza) sihn-]
dizzy (become) y- ['yahra
'yihre o-]
dizzy (feel) U - [goo 'yihr-];
`- [martum lah-]; U doubts, have some
U J`- [lahga lohge oh-]
dizzy, feel very ` `- ['lu
'lah-]
do k -L [dze-k]; -L1 [peh-k]
do s.th. for good - -L [-i
peh-k]
do well - [yaah-]
doctor (for herbal medicine) Al
[amdi]
dog M [kyibu (E)]; T (1) (W)
[khyi]
dog's meal T/ T [khyildo/
khyilto]
donation for religious purposes
(give) j {-} [tshoo-yen
{phul-}]
donation (give/ make) / U
{-/ -/ -L} [bulwa/ bulga
dragon
{phul-/ ter-/ peh-k}]
donkey ` U [puhgu]
door L [koh]
doorpost L ` ['koh 'puba]
doorstep [mahdem]
doorway L-V ['koh-'gyaa]
double ` [yihpa]
double minded (be) ` h`-
[sem yii ta-]
doubt H M-U
['yihm-ba ni mih-m-ba 'ma-en sem
'kye-g]
doubt s.b. j -L ['yih
maah-'the-ba peh-k]
doubtful U U ['yih
j
meeh-'the-gen-gi]
doubting (be) -j/ j/
j J`- [yihma-the /
yihme thime/ yihme thame
oh-]
doubts (have) j -L
['yih maah-'the-ba peh-k]
j
l
J`- ['yih meeh-'the-wa-i oh-]
dough (firm) (knead) M gU
` {-}/ M gU y
{-} [pahkpe 'tsamba-gi 'pholdo
{'nal-} (W)/ pahkpe 'tsamba-gi 'allo
{'nal-} (E)]
dough of parched flour, butter and
sugar [phemar (W)]
dough (runny) ['dur]
down () [mahr(-la)];
() [muuh(-la)]
down (a little way) hg
[mahttsi]
downwards, from a certain point
/ ['mahr-'tep/-'tap]
dowry / [muha/
mohnur]
dragon yL (1) [uk]
565
dragon-patterned
dragon-patterned (be) yP (
{-} [uk-ri ('rehmu) {'thoo-}]
drain off l- [ur-]
dramatic past and present - []
draw s.th. suddenly L - [uk
ten-]
dream `- [milam tho-]
dream, have a j m- [tshelam
zii-]
dress s.b. else L-/ L - [ken-/
ken ter-]
dress up m- [zap-]
dress up in a costume for a
performance j- (1) [thee-]
dress yourself L - [kehn-]
dressing for a wound
[lhemba]
dried vegetables (sour) `U
[igi]
drink j -L2 [the-k]; `-1 [thu-]
drink, have a - h `-
[ar-tep tii thu-]
drip k-2 [dzaa-]; - [thii-];
k-/ g- /- ['thiiba 'dzaa-/
'tsahr- /'tahp-]
drip (intensified) L L - [thik
thik thii-]
drive away ` `-/ ` g`- ['e
ta-/ 'e 'tsah-]
drive cattle - [tah-]
drive out evil spirits y y
`-L ['i-ni 'so-ni 'e-k]
drive out (spirit of sickness) -L
[i-k]
drive upwards - ['yahr tah-]
drop / M ['thii-ba/ 'thik-pa]
droppings (of chicken) hU /
j ['tahmu-gi liih/ thaa]
drought (be) L` {J`-}
[kahrna {oh-}]
drown j -U [thu-la 'kyahp-]
dust
) 'nuhp-ti 'i-g]
drowsiness (act in) ` -L
[yisen peh-k]
drum (beat) ` ` - [aa tuh-]
drum (small) (rattle) /
{-} [damur/ dambur {pruu-}]
drunk (be completely) t`/
-w` m-U [laul-'ra/
la-hul-'ra zi-g]
drunk (get) h ` -L/ h
`
- ['tee-la peh-ti 'teh-k/ 'teela
ten-]; j`U m-U [tha-gi 'zi- g];
(U) L- [phii(-gi) ken-]
drunkard j` [thasiwa]
drunkenness, in (his) j`U
L [tha-gi uk-la]
dry L [kambu]
dry out y- [atar
otor o-]
dry (v.i) L- [kam-]
dry (v.t.) L-/ L l- [kam-/ kam
'aa-]
duck l- [dap-]
dull (of tools) M [bokto]
dumb [lema]; [lemba]
dumb (somewhat) (2) [len-'se]
dumplings made with wheat flour
M {m-} [pahkpe {zo-}]
dumplings, steamed meat
(prepare) {m-} [moohmo
{zo-}]
durable (be) - [thup-]
durable (very) (-`) j
['thup (-i) thimbu]
dust [thalbi]
dust bath (take) M-
[buldur kyahp-]
dust (thick) (accumulate)
M- ['thala 'kyahp-]
dust (throw) M- ['thala
566
dusty edge

dusty (become) j- ['thalbi / (2) [neesa/ nesa]

thaa-] dye g- [tso-]; j2 [tshee]
dwell (used for spirits and gods) - dysentery (have) ` M-
[nee-] ['al-da 'kyahp-]
dwelling place (of gods and spirits)

E - e
each t` [ahma] saguli {oh-}]
each other hU h [tii-gi tii-la] earthworm ` ` [dala bulu
each time when performing action (W)]; [dalu (E)]
of vs -/ - t` earthworm-like worm living in
[-rihm/ -rim ahma]; water [dalburi]
-`/ -` ease M [kyipu]
[-rihmba-'ra/ -rimba-'ra] ease, at M [kyipu]
eagerness (show) {-L} (1) ease, be at S` J`- [sem
[depa {peh-k}] khamsae oh-]
eagle? hL [tahrko] ease, feel at j- [sem 'tshuu-];
ear ` (1) [yen]; l l(- ) J`- [sem
[namdo] 'doo(-'tehmu) oh-]; l -L
ear (of grains) `/ `/ ` (2) [sem 'doo 'teh-k]
[ama/ yema/ ema] ease, with - ['leeh-'lahmu]
early ` [andi]; `` [asa] east [ar]
earrings (pendant) (put on) -t easy l(- ) [doo(-tehmu)];
{h-} [bu- il {tuu-}] [tehmu]

earrings (put on) {h-} easy to get along with
[mundir (N) {tuu-}] [thimbu]
earrings (set with stones) (put on) easy-going [lo 'sepu]
t/ t {h-} [op/ opas (N) eat j -L2 [the-k]; - [sah-]
{tuu-}] eat s.th. more substantial after a
earth l [saa]; [sapi]; eating a snack S- -
/ [sasa/ thasa] [kha-nem sah-]
earth (good, fine) [sa eat up everything L `- [dak
'dulma] ta-]
earthen pot (big) [phumba] eat! ! [soh!]
earthen pot used for distilling echo l j- [paaha thaa-]
whisky (big) k/ [miiza/ economize -L ['tuhsum
miira] peh-k]
earthen pot (used for making edge [suhr]
curds) y/ y [belu/ belo] edge of a fold M [takpa]
earthquake (be/ have) `U/ edge, on the (of) S ()
`U` {J`-} [sagul/ [khaso(-la)]
567
edible
edible, something l
[sah-e seeh]
effect, with a lasting l l
[phindu nee-e peh-ti]
effigy representing the dead person
L [kuhr]
egg L` [koha]
egg shell L`- [koh-op]
eight M [kyeeh]
eighteen hM [tapkye]
eighth M [kyehpa]
either... or... A... A...
[ahna... ahna...]; M()...
M()... [kyi(-ni)... kyi(-ni)...];
h... h... [ti-ni... ti-ni...];
.../ ... [nah...nah/ (2) [tsah]
naah...naah]
elbow k`U [dzoogo]; M
k`U ['lahkpa dzoogo]
elder U-j [go-'thewa]
elect g -L/ h- [tsunap (N)
peh-k/ tun-tii- (N)]
elephant `-j [labur-thee]
eleven hl [tuui]
elope - (1) [preeh-]
emanation of authority /
[raap/ rap (N)]
embarrassed (be) ` (l ) end up j -L [thi-k]
-L [yaha (paaha) peh-k];
` -L [yaha-mu peh-k]
embarrassed, be so (`)
`l J`- [yah() a(a)-wa-i
oh-]
embarrassed (feel) (`) `-/ `-
[yah() aa-/ a-]
embers (give a glow) / endure L - [kuhr-]; - [naa-]
M-A` {J`-} [mehlo/ meha
kya-ahe {oh-}]
embrace `l () -
[prahda (rhil) tap-]
emerge from a seclusion or festival
engine
t- (2) [ohl-]
emphatic -`/-t`/-y`/ -
[-ra~-a~-a/ -ra]
emphatic statements -/-/-A
[-pa~-ba~-a]
emptiness -` [yih-to]
empty ` ['toba]
empty shells -`/ `/
[op-to/ opto/ opto]
empty stomach, get along on an
-L ['tooba 'lih-k]
empty words (utter) S S -/
S - ['kha 'khapi ten-/ 'khapi
ten-]
enclosure for small animals g`
enclosure made of stones (small)
` [luwa]
encourage A M h- ['aar (N) 'kye
tuu-]
encouraged (be) A M-U [aar (N)
kye-g]
end t- [ahl-]
end, come to one's j-M -
[thar-kyal thuu-]
end of life (arrive) j k {-}
[tshe 'tiihzi {lep-}]
end up with - [paar-tii- (N)]
endearing `l `l w/
[nidi o-de hi/ 'leehmu]
endearment (feel) `l `-
[nidi o-]
endurance (show) ` -L
['naai peh-k]
endure hardship L h-L [kawa
te-k]
enemy t [ah]
engage in s.th. g - [tso ten- (W)]
engine L A ['kal 'ama]
568
engrave even

engrave - [pruh-] noh-'gyo dzol-'gyo]

engrossed in/ with (be) U ` escape - [thar-]
-L [goo yah-di 'teh-k] escape death - [soo thar-]
engulf - [yul tum-] escape, way of [pehtap]
enhance one's chances of living esophagus (body part) JU`/
longer `() - ['lu(da) 'so-] JU` [olga/ olgo]
enjoy life ` -L [yahm essence of lamaism Ll
peh-k] [kindo sum]
enjoyable (be) S` -/ J`- establish a new festival MM

[khamsabu nee-/ oh-] t- ['kyuhrkyen am-]
enlightenment to a departed soul establish oneself m`- ['temba
(give) -t l- [the-ol dal-] zu-]
enough food (have) t (/ ) establish s.th. g- (2) [tsuu-];
L`- ['ehpa ('dile/ 'dole) 'kah-] j-/ g- ['temba 'tshuu-/ 'tsuu-]
enough (have) `- [da-] estimate g`/ g` M-
enough of a given taste (be) - (2) ['tsii-du/ 'tsi-du 'kyahp-]
[preeh-] estimate (amount) -L
entangled (get) w- [hil-] ['parmen peh-k]
enter - [uuh-] estimate s.b. k -L
enter into a different form of life [taahndzen peh-k]
M - [kyewa lehn-] estimation [parmen]
enthusiastically ` (j) estimation, in my E / E
[niru (thimbu) peh-ti] [lehw ma-na/ lehw
entice J- [ohm-] ma-si-ma-na]
entirely [sile] etcetera -/- [-ree (E)/ -raa (W)]
entrance S [kha] even `/ `/ ` [yombu/
entrust h- [tol-] yumbu/ yome]
envelop - [yul tum-] even (become) j- (2) [thol-]
epidemic (breaks out) {M-} even, come out `- [loh-]
[yahm {kyahp-}] even in height (be) `- [yom-]
epilepsy, show symptoms of m even in quantity (be) `- [loh-]
`-/ - [za lah- (E)/ suuh- even (make) - [til-]
(W)] even, make s.th. l `-
equal - [bara-bara (N)] [damu ta-]
equal to (be) ` T [
even more k [dzen (N)]
-da khyee meeh-ba 'mih] even number j {} [thap
erect s.th. `- [la-] {du}]
erected stiffly T` [khyae even though A`
peh-ti] ['yihn-de-'a]; `
ergative -L/-U/-C1 [-ki~-gi/-y] ['yihm-ba-'la]
error `V kV ['leeh even (though) -A`/-A/-A

569
even
[-a/-aa/-aa]
even while L`lA`
['kahye-i-'a]
evening L` [kuh-se/
/ L`
kuh-see]
evening (late) L` / `
[kuhmu/ nuhmu]
evenly L L L [uk uk
uk]
eventive copula for attribution and
identification y- [o-]
ever A` [nahm-'a]
every t` [ahma]
every day ` ` k/ `
`k/ ` `k (
['yihma 'yehndzen/ 'yihma
'yihndzen/ 'yihma 'yihndzi
(meeh-ba)]
everybody present L`
L () ['kah 'yeh-ba/ 'kah
'yeh-ken(-di)]
everything L` (`)/ L`
(`) ['kahye (-'ra)/ 'kahyi
(-'ra)]
everything at hand L`
L () ['kah 'yeh-ba/ 'kah
'yeh-ken(-di)]
everything available g `/
k ` ['yeh-tse-'ra/ 'yeh-ze-'ra]
everything in sight `k`
['tho-dze-'ra]
everywhere L / L
[kahna thete/ kahne thete]
evidence (bring) g - [tsoo ten-]
evidence (find) l-/ h
- [tam yohwa dor-/ 'teeh
sihn-]
evidence (find/ look for) U/ -
M m`- [tam-gi/ -la 'nakpa zu-];
U/ - m`- [tam-gi/ -la
yohwa zu-]
except
evidence (get) - [tam 'tahp-]
evil M M ['kyuhma 'nahkpu
(W)]; SM M [khokpa 'nahkpu];
` / ` / ` / `
[ehmba/ yehmba/ ehnda/
yehnda]; gM/ gM/ gM
[tsokpa/ tsokpo/ tsokpu]
evil (do) M -L
[mah-tahkpa 'leeh peh-k]
evil (intend) M h`- [sem
'nahkpu ta-]
evil intentions (nurture) y-
h`- ['e-sem ta-]
evil (plan) ` h`- [sem-'en
) ta-]
evil spirit y/ y [lhani/
lheni]
evil spirits (be possessed by) y
/ L` y/ y y - ['lhani
'ini/ 'lheni 'ini 'uuh-]
evil spirits (drive out) y y
`-L ['i-ni 'so-ni 'e-k]
evil star (be under) `- -
[phu-sum phoo-]; - [loh
/ L` 'phoo-]
evil star (be under a very) -
[rohnde phoo-]
exacting (be very) `L j
['yehrka 'tshandi]
exactly wL-wL `-`
[hik-hik yaah-yaah peh-ti]
exaggerate E l -
[uhru diba tam ma-]
examine - [tee ter-]
examine s.th. ` h-L [yahm
'te-k]; h/ h h-L [tiwa/
tewa te-k]
example [pe]
example, for [pe
'ma-si-'mana]
except [mihm-ba]
570
excessively
excessively (perform an activity)
- [raah-]
exchange h -/ h - [teeh-/
tehp-]
excitedly (run) ` ` j`
[baa bue tho-di]
excitedly (speak) j [ha
tshal-di]
exclamation to signal the end of a
dance () ()! [eh(t)
eh(t)!]
excluding [maah-the-ba]
exclusively SM` [kharkya]
excommunicate kU -
['diizo-le-gi ten-]; CL - [baik
(N) ten-]
excrements MM [kyakpa]
excrements of chickens or birds
MM [kyihrkya (W)]; hM/
M [tihrkya/ pihrkya (E)]
excrements of dogs M MM/
TM ['kyibu 'kyihrkya/ 'khyirkya
(E)]
excrements of goats l/
['rah-a/ 'rah-li]
excrements of goats, sheep and
forest animals ` [reehma]
excrements of sheep l /
[luuh-a/ luuhli]
exhausted (be) T` T` y-
[khyalda khyoldo o-]; `-
[ahl-]; ` L` y- [iyo
koyo o-]
exhortation (give) M-
[lop-tam kyahp-]
exist (attested evid.) ()
[yeh(-ba)]
exist (mirative/ inferential evid.)
() [du(-ba)]
existence, coming into w`(U)
w` ['hu-be(-gi) 'hu-rap]
extremely
existence, the coming into
j(U) j [thaa-be(-gi)
thaa-rap]
exorcise -L [i-k]
expect {-L} (2) [depa
{peh-k}]
expenditure y [o-sum]
expense Sg [khartsa (N)]
expense, with little [diiba]
expense (with much) M
[kyeehba]
expenses y [o-sum]
expenses (without much)
['raba 'rebe peh-ti]
expensive L/ M/ L / M
[kihpu/ kyihpu/ kehpu/ kyehpu]
experience `/ ` [yahm/
ahm]
experience s.th. ` J`-
[yahmlen oh-]
experienced [rahpu]
experienced (be) ` [yahm
'yeh]
explain - [tah pral-]; L
h- [ha 'koh tuu-]
explain how Ly
['kahnu-m 'ma-si-'ma-na]
explanation, there is an
h / y [tam 'ma-lu tii 'yeh/
yii 'yeh]
explode `- [pho-]
exploit - [tiih sah-]
expose to warmth - [tuuh-]
expose to warmth and massage `
M- ['yee 'tuuh 'kyahp-]
expressive-emphatic past
-/-/ -/- [-ti/-te ~ -di/-de]
extremely LL/ LML
[kahkala/ kahkkala (W)]; LL
[kaahkala (E)]
extremely hard ` L`
571
eye
[iyal koyal peh-ti]
eye h2 [ten]; [mii]
eye of needle SL / SL `
['khap-ki 'mii/ 'khap-ki 'miyo]
eye secretion (have/ wipe) M
fable S [tam kharpe]
face ` [tohba]; ` fallow k [baandzo (N)]
[ahldo]
facts ` L [yihu kohu] falsify a matter - [tam yo-
fade j E- [tshee 'uhr-]
fade away y- [thin-di o-]
fail in s.th. ` h- ['leeh noh
tuu-]
failures ` [seeyi]
faint ` () y- [lu(-la) o-]
faint light M-A` ['kya-'ahe]
faintly, hear s.th. ` ` -
[lha lha thee-]
fall apart `- [yohr-]
fall down g- [tsahr-]; -
[tahp-];
- [pruhp-]
fall down forcefully h- M-
[tar-tap kyahp-]
fall flat on one's back L` `
- [kahyal dae rihl-]
fall flat on one's stomach S-gU
- ['khep-'tsuu lohge rihl-]
fall (intensified) ` - [dae
rihl-]
fall into s.th. accidentally M-
[kyahp-]
fall off -L [pih-k]
fall on one's head -g - fasting retreat held in the 'kohmba'
[pi-'tsuu peh-ti rihl-]
fall out -L [pih-k]
fall over L- - [kur-tap
or-]; l- [dol-]; - [rihl-]
fall over (cause to) - [ril-]
fall to U - [goo-la bap-]; -
fat
{-/ -} [mikya {then-/ phii-}]
eyebrows g (1) [mitsa]
eyelashes [mipu]
eyes get bad - [ahr-]
F - f
[thop-]
false [paapi (N)]
(W)]
fame (1) [temba]
familiar imperative - [, but
vowel shifts in certain stems]
family () (1) [meehme(-'ya)]
family tree M [kyiih]
family (wife and children) k
[pehza 'meehme-'ya]
famous (become) - ['mihn
thop-]
famous, make oneself l-
['mihn 'aa-]
far (in distance) -`
[thaa-rihbu]
fast LM -L [kukpa teh-k]; V
( ) [gyooba (peh-ti)]; ``
-L ['yune 'teh-k]
fast asleep (be) [rhile]
fast (in doing work) [hurpu]
fast partially Mh` -L ['soktu
'teh-k]
fasten s.th. to s.th. - [taa-]
fastener t [ohwa]
`` [yune]
fat MM [kyahkpa]
fat (become) M- [kyaah-]
fat, nice and j/ j (1)
[tshombo/ tshombu]
fat on meat j/ j [tshilu/
572
fate
tshilo]
fate h (gM) ['tahwa
(tsokpa)]
fate (be overtaken by) V S
j-L [halgyi kha-la thi-k]
fate caused by the deeds of one's
former life j-`(U)
[tshe-en(-gi) leeh]
father A [aba]; [paba (E)];
[pha]; [yahp]; h [semba 'yeh]
[yahpten]
father and son - (`)
[yahp-see (yii)]
father of the house T A
['khyim aba]
father-in-law M [kyuuhbu]
father-in-law (form of address)
A` (2) [aa]
favored (be) M/ M fellow M-T [kyep-khyowa]
[sonam sakpu (E)/ senam sakpu
(W)]
favoritism (show) ` - ['mih
'oh ta-]
fear lM [dikpa]
fear (lose) lM - ['dikpa 'tor-]
fear, without L L [haka haki
(N)]
feather t/ t [oh (E)/ ooh (W)]
feathers, downy [pu]
feathers, pull out - [pu 'ur-]
feces MM [kyakpa]
fed up (get) M-U J`-/ y-
['kyu-lohge oh-/ o-]; S j-L
[khoda the-k]; - [pahptsa 'lah-]; `- [lum
[ehmba looh-]
fed up with a person (be) y
(Sy) - [nani (khini)
or-]
feed (a child) -L [li-k (W)]
feed s.b. - [lin-]
feel bad (make s.b.) - -
fermenting
['mih-sem 'saa-]
feel good j-/ j J`-
(1) [yih tshim-/ yih tshimbu
oh-]
feel good about s.th. S` J`-/
y- [khamsae oh-/ o-]
feel like M-U [sem 'kye-g]
feel like doing s.th. - [lahm-]
feel like (doing s.th.)
feel love `l M-U [nidi 'kye-g]
feel sorry (about missing a chance)
` -L [phabu peh-k]
feel very much like doing s.th. -`
-L [-'yi 'teh-k]
feeling 1 [lo]; [ehmba]
feign - [yihndo ten-]
fell - [tup-]
fellow (young) [ara]
fellowship with s.b. h- [tam-]
female animal k [mohze]
female group
() (2)
[meehme(-'ya)]
female offspring of 'dzomo' and
'lago' [pahmu]
female spirit which lives in the
woods [memu]
fence (build) J {M-} [ohrta
(W+E) {kyahp-}]; L {M-}
[kahrta (E) {kyahp-}]; h
{M-} [taari {'kyahp-}]
ferment g- [tsor-]; g` `-
lah-]
ferment (cause to) g- [tsor-]
fermented grain mash (mix with
water) {-} [balu {nur-}]
fermenting agent (add)
{M-} [phap {kyahp-}]
fermenting gases F [uu];
573
fern
[puuh]
fern [tah]
fertilized egg h VU L`
['tahbu sihn-'gyo-gi 'koha]
fertilizer j2 [thaa (E)]
festival organized by shamans k
[dzaatar (N)]
festival (religious) `/ (1)
[sihda/ sihnda]
festival (religious) (celebrate) j
(`) `- [thepa (sihda)
ta-]
fetch L- (2) [kuu-]
fever j [tshawa]
fibrous material in fruit and
vegetables g` [tsipro]
fidgeting - [yam-therpu]
field ` [ih]
field (terraced) U [gara (N)]
field work (do) L- [sa 'ko-];
- -L [sa-'leeh peh-k];
`- {-L} [ih-'leeh
{peh-k}]
fife - - [pii-pii ma-]
fifteen h` / h-` [teea/
tee-a]
fifth `/ ` ['a-ba/ 'a-wa]
fig (wild) L` [kooi]
fight (break out) k`U -
[dziga or-]
fill L`- [ka-]
fill in y- [up-]
fill up L`- [kah-]
fill up (with liquid) T- [khyil-]
filthy talk (use) `l
- ['namdo 'lah-de 'leehmu
tam 'ma-]
finally lM/ lM ()
[dukol/ dukul(-la)]
find ` -L [ye-k (W)]; l-
[dor-]
fir
find fault with s.b. SM M-/
SMU - [kharkyal kyahp-/
kharkyal-gi ter-]; M-/
-L [nahpsa kyahp-/ peh-k]
find out M `- [kyiih 'loh-];
t / t -L ['iih-dap/
'ih-dap peh-k]; M/ M
-L [tahkar/ tahkyar peh-k]
find out what s.b. is really like
` - [sem 'oh ee-]
find s.th. h - ['teeh sihn-]
fine l [dambu]; [phramu]
fine s.b. yy M- [ena (N)
kyahp-]
fine s.b. for damage done by cattle
in fields A M- [almal (N)
kyahp-]
fine wool l`-/ l`
[u-pahl/ ubal]
finger kU/ k/ k/ kU [dzugu/
dzuu/ dzubi/ dzugi]; M k/
kU/ kU/ k ['lahkpa 'dzuu/ 'dzugu/
'dzugi/ 'dzubi]
finger, not lift a M L`A`
- ['lahkpa 'kah-'a 'leeh
meh-be-]
finish all the work/ be finished
with all the work
h-L/
j-L ['leehda 'te-k/ the-k]
finish an action j- [tshar-]; -
[sihn-]
finish an action definitely
h-L [sihnda te-k]
finish s.th. - [sihn-]
finish s.th. definitely h-L
[sihnda te-k]
finished (be) g- [tsooh-]; j- (1)
[tshar-]; - [sihn-]
fir, silver L ` [kalda
tuhbu]
fir tree (small) (`)
574
fir
[pama (tohbo)]
fir tree with long needles `-`
` [tha-i tohbo]
fire [meh]
firepit LU/ L [kohga/ kohwa]
firewood ` [i]
firm hL [tarka]
firm, remain kya-ha {peh-k}]
['tehpa maah-loh-ba peh-ti]
firmly, packed L L (L)
[tihk tihk ( tihk)]
firmly, stand w` `-
[ha thupa peh-ti lah-]
firmness / [thir (E)/ thii (W)
(N)]
first h [tipa]; ` [tahbu]
first, at `/ [toh-la/ -le];
`/ ` ['tohma/ 'tohme]
first fruits (offer) - [phii
phul-]
first part of the night (in)
L` ['nuhp-ki kuh-la]
first, the `/ ` ['tohma/
'tohme]
fish ` [yah]
fish hook h [tayu]
fish (small) `l` ['yahu]
fit y- [ii-]
fit in timewise S- [khum-]
fit into `- [o-]
fit to do jM/ jL-jL
[thokpa/ thok-thok]
fits (have) m `-/ - [za lah-
(E)/ suuh- (W)]
five ` [a]
five days ago h/ h-
(`) [tinup/ tih-nuhp
(yihmu)]
five days ahead h (`)2 [tii
(yihmu)]
fix s.th. by inserting s.th. L-
flour
[kahr-]
flail ` U [lehga]
flame of fire - ['meh-lohma]
flapping ` ` S [lih lih
khur-ti]
flash of light (appears) M-`/
M-` {-L} [kya-sa/
flashes of lightning g M-
['tsilim 'kyuuh-]
flashlight (light with) t/ g
{-} [oos (Eng)/ tsoor baati (N)
{thep-}]
flat (of sitting) [dere]
flat piece of ground w [hom]
flattened shape [lehpta]
flattish bits and pieces t t
[lapa lepa]
flattish piece of s.th. t [lepa]
flea L [kii (W)]; LM/
L MM [kiikpa/ kyiikpa (E)]
flee - (1) [preeh-]
flesh [a]
flip into air - [tor-]
flip past - - -L
[yaht-yaht yiht-yiht peh-k]
flirt around -L/ - [hali
peh-k/ ten-]
flit back and forth L L L L
-L [yak yak yuk yuk peh-k]
float on water j y- [thu
'thoo-da 'thoo o-]
flood (be) {J`-} [olo
{oh-}]
floor w [hom]; [sa]
floor board j1 [tham (E)]
floor boards (fix) {M-}
['phyamri (W) {'kyahp-}]
floor boards of attic h` tM
j [taah-la iih-'kyo 'tham]
flour, dark, unparched wheat
575
flour
M g [pahkpe 'tsamba]
flour made from parched grains `
(g) [eebi (tsamba)]; g `/ ` ` y- ['ti 'ti/ 'ti-da
[tsamba]; -g ['ihp-'tsam]
flour (of rice) /
(g)
['bree-be/ 'bree-bi ('tsamba)]
flow - [ahl-]
flow properly M- (2) (W) [kyuuh-]
flower (bloom) {-}
[mehndo {ar-}]
fluency in speaking U y [tam-gi
ee]
fluently (speak) yU -/ y
- [tam ee-gi 'ma-/ tam ee
peh-ti 'ma-]
fluffy, big and U`-U`/ U```
[go-go/ gooo]
flute, bamboo (blow) {-}
[lemu {phu-}]
flutter -L [lhep lhep
peh-k (E)]
fluttering () [leht
leht (peh-ti) (E)]; ` ` S
['sih 'sih khur-ti]
fly E- [uhr-]; ` [prahma];
- [phur-]
foam (bubbles up) () {-}
[pohwa(l) {then-}]
fog, ground (there is/ has lifted)
`-S {-L/ -} [ba-khaso
(E) {teh-k/ tor-}]; ` {(E)
-L/ -} [babu (W) {(up)
teh-k/ tor-}]
fold - [lap-]
folds j (2) [tshul]
foliage, spring (sprout) `
{-/ -} [ilo {bii-/ bu-}]
folk dance (perform) /
{j-} [ahpru/ ahbru
{tham-}]
follow s.b. M- [tahda
for
kyahp- (W)]; ` `-/ ` `-
[ti yaa- (E)/ ti ya- (W)]; `
'ti o-]
follow s.b. obstinately `-/ `-
[brya- (E)/ bra- (W)]
following day ` `/
[nahbar 'yihmu/ 'leehmu]
fond of (be) L- [kah-]; g y-
[lortsa o-]; - [sem sah-]
fontanel j (M ) [tshooma
(kyil) (E)]; g/ gg M
['tihtsup/ 'tsihtsup kyil (W)]
food jh ['thete]; l
[sah-e seeh]; h/ h
[sahp-ta/ sahp-te]
food (child's language)
[mahma]
food eaten before dying M
[tuhrkya]
food (prepare) h/ h {m-}
[topta/ topte {zo-}]
food (special) ` [sahptu]
food supplies for festivals (prepare)
M h {m-} [kyuhpte {zo-}]
foolish E [uldumba]
foot L` [kaba]; [ahp]
foot of tree or mountain / `
[rin/ ri]
foot, put one's feet down L` -
['kaba paa-]
foot (top part) L` ['kaba
lohma]
footprint (leave) h / g /
h
/ h
{j-} [tehlap/
tsehlap/ teehlap/ (E)/ teehla
(W) {thaa-}]
footstep (take) {-} [domba
{paa-}]
for h(/) [ti(-be/-le)
'ma-na]; U [laagi-la (N)]
576
for
for good (do s.th.) l- [aa-]; -
-L [-i peh-k]
for good (s.th. happens) - + P
` [-i + vs reduplication]
for nothing Ay`/ y`
[ahna-'ra/ yehna-'ra]
for one thing h [tii-ni]
force w [hoo]; L [uk]
force s.b. to take on a
responsibility w h- ['hal
bap tuu-]
forceful tM [akpu]
forcefully (move) ` M ter-]; `- [lee ta-]
[uh kyahp-ti]
forcefully, swing ` ['a-di]
forceful/ lively movements (make)
L L -L [pharak phuruk
peh-k]
foreboding feeling (have)
M- [sihl 'kyahp-]
forecast (used in connection with
dreams) U Mh ['milam-gi
takta]
forehead [prala]
foreign place - ['mih-'yuhl]
foreigner j-MU
[thi-kyahl-gi mih]; ` U (T)]
['mih 'luhba-gi 'mih]
foreknowledge (have) ` -/
` T- [eei ee-/ eei 'zop-ta/ 'zo-da meeh-ba-gi]
khyen-]
forelegs or thigh of animals M
- ['lahkpa 'laah-lehp]
foreordained, take a course
/ l m`- [nahmsi (E)/ fortunate (be) j ['sodi
nahmdi (W) zu-]
forest (1) [rih]
forest (deep) -E [rih-'u]; `
[rihdo]
forest fire (be) y- [meehra
o-]
foundation
forest spirit ` [loe]
forest spirit (female) `
[yalmu (W)]; [yalmu (E)]
- ['eei
foretell `
ee-di tam 'ma-]
forget t h-L ['ehmba 'teh-k];
- - ['thu-'ral 'nal- (E)];
- ['thu 'nal- (W)]
forgetful (be) t L/ L {}
['ehmba 'kombu/ 'kumbu {'yeh}]
forgive L` `- (2) [kohba
na-]; - [maap (N) peh
forgive me [tholo a]
forgive sin M h- ['tihkpa
taah tuu-]
forgiveness (grant) `-
['aaba na-]
fork in a road k ['lahm
sumdza]
form ` [oh]; m/ m/ m`
['zo/ 'zop-ta/ 'zo-da]
form s.th. L`- [koh-]; m -
['zo ten-]
formed (be) h- [tee-]
former ` [ar (T)]; ` [ema
formerly ` [tahbu]
formless m/ m/ m` U ['zo/
forsake a vow k M- [tahmdzi
'kyur-]
forsake s.b - [tehpa looh-]
fortunate `U` [yaga]
thimbu]
fortune (good) ` (1) [ya];
[sodi]
foundation (build) {M-/
`-/ -} [bram {kyahp-/ ti-/
luu-}]; {`-} ['brami
577
foundation front

{'ti-}] friend [rooh]

foundation (poetic) g [tsawa] friend, dear `l `UU
founder of 'tsiiri kohmba' `` [nidi o-gen-gi rooh]
M` m`/ `l` M m` friend (poetic) ` (2) [yen]
[aa ekya zabu/ aa friendly S ['kha salbu]; S
akya zabu] ` [khasal ohsal]
fountain pen -y/ -y` friends `k/ `k [yendzen/
[phul-in/ phul-i (Eng)] yindzen]
four l [i] friends and relatives `k ` /
four days ago L/ L- / `k ` / `k `
M/ M- (`) ['yendzen 'yehwa/ 'yindzen
[kihnup/ kih-nuhp/ kyihnup/ 'yehwa (E)/ 'yendzen 'yohwa
kyih-nuhp (yihmu)] (W)]
four days ahead L/ M (`) fright, get a g J`- ['tsen oh-
[kiih/ kyiih (yihmu)] (W)]; T y- ['la 'khyere o-]
four years ago h`/ h` fright, give a g h- [tsembu
[tini/ tihni] peh tuu- (W)]
four years ahead h [tibe] frighten s.b. l-` `-/ `-
four-paisa coin A [ana (N)] ['dii-'or 'la-/ oo-]
fourteen h [tupi] frightened (be) M- [sihl
fourth l [i-ba] 'kyahp-]
fowl h2 [tah] frightened (be)/ frighten s.b. l-`
fox h`U [tagu] J`-/ `- ['dii-'a oh-/ oo-]
fray - [sihr- (W)]; - [sehr- frightened (extremely) (be) lM
(E)] ``/ lMt ``y {J`-/ y-}
free Ay`/ y` [ahna-'ra/ ['dikpa 'aba/ 'dzika 'aa
yehna-'ra] {oh-/ o-}]
free labour (give) U -L frog (black in colour)
[gowaar (N) peh-k] [pahlba]
free of s.th. (be) t- (2) [ohl-] from l(U) [yihndu(-gi)]; -
free time (have) ` {/ J`-} (U) [-le(-gi)]
[loh {yeh/ oh-}] from s.b.'s place (U) [sa-le(-gi)]
free to do jM/ jL-jL from there J [ooh-le-gi]
U
[thokpa/ thok-thok] from time to time M M
free to do what pleases ` ` () [pahrkyi pahrkyi(-la)]
- ['rah 'rah 'so-'so] front apron (put on/ wear) `
freely - ['leeh-'lahmu] {t-} [paden {ii-}]
frescos (on walls) (paint) front, at the () [din(-la)]
{M-/ -} [dibri {kyahp-/ front, in of L ()
pruh-}] [kumden(-la)]; ``
friction (apply) -L [re-k] ['tho-da-la]; () [din(-la)]

578
front
front part (of clothes) ['dina]
frost (have) M- [pahmu
kyahp-]
fruit [phal-phul (N)]
fruit just forming [brelbu (E)]
fry - [lam-]
fry certain foods in oil
{M-} [baabar {kyahp-}]
frying pan (small bowl-shaped)
h [taabur]
fulfill obligations to pay levies and
taxes w S- ['hal khur-]
fulfill s.th. y h- [tehnda 'up
tuu-]
fulfilled (be) / /
[tehnda/ tehn/ tehn-la 'up-]
full L` ['kah]
full, all L`V ['kahgya]
full amount L` / L`
L() ['kah 'yeh-ba/ 'kah
'yeh-ken(-di)]
full (be) L`- [kah-]; y`- [a-]
full (in volume) [bolbu]
full to overflowing (`)/ M
(`) [mere (-'ra)/ merkya
(-'ra)]
fumble around S S -L
[khasar khusur peh-k]
fun (be) S` -/ J`-
[khamsabu nee-/ oh-]
fund (common) L` [ku]
funeral rites (perform) L`k
gadget carried by the god
'dambe-ya' y [rahli]
gain merit V (j) J`-
['gyur (thimbu) oh-]
gall w [hiiba]
gall bladder w [hiiba]
gallop h` M j`-
gangly
{`-} [kohdzo {ta-}]; M/
M / L
/ M {`-}
[kyahwa/ kyehwa/ kehwa (E)/
kyohwa (W) {ta-}]
funeral rites when still alive
(perform) M h `-
['kyehwa tihmba ta-]
fungus on trees [bop]
fur [pu]
furious ` `M gM
['ihta 'ahrkyal tsokpu]
furious (be) `U ` `-
['ihta-gi 'mii-'ra meh-'tho-];
`U S- ['ihtagi lepa
y- 'khol-]
furrow y` [e (N)]
further J ` [ohle
'yehpa-'ra]
fury, be in a ` `M -L
['ihta 'ahrkyal peh-k]
fuss, make a L {y-/ -L}
[kalam {o-/ peh-k}]; S `-/
-L [khoonro 'la-/ peh-k]; ...H
h -L [-di peh-k]
future `(U) ['ti(-gi) 'lahm];
` J`UU Lh ['ti-le
oh-gen-gi 'keta]
future (decided) -L/-U/-H
[-kemba~-gemba/-emba]
future (probable) -t/-y/-
[-o~-o~-ro]
G - g
[phirtu kyahpti tho- (E+W)]
gamble jL L- [tshaka ken- (W)];
jL g-/ jL g-U ['tshaka 'tsa-
(W)/ 'tshaka 'tse-g (E)]
gambling game (play) g-U
[paah tse-g]
gangly `U`/ `U`
579
gangrene
[rogolo/ rohgolo]
gangrene (get) / C {-/
V-} [sayin/ sain (N) {then-/
gyur-}]
garden bed y` [e (N)]
garden near the house L
[kohndum]
garden, vegetable -L
[lahp-koohra]
garland [aahba]
garlic LM [kohkpa]
gate L [koh]
gate which is closed with sliding
bars L` [kohlda]
gather k- [dzom-]
gather in/ up - [ruu-]
gather in/ up (help) - -L
['ruu-rooh peh-k]
gather together -L ['ruhp
peh-k]
gather up/ in s.th. t- [uuh-]
gathering j (2) [tshul]
genealogy M [kyiih]
generation [pusta (N)]
generous M m` ['lahkpa
zabu]; M ` ['lahkpa
yahdi]; m` [sem zabu]
genitive -L/-U/-C2 [-ki~-gi/-y]
gentle [ihwa]
genuine ` [tahma]
gesticulate -L [lahdap
peh-k]
gesticulate lively L -L
['lahdap koodap peh-k]
gesticulating with your head U-
- [goo-yuu 'so-yuu peh-ti]
gestures, talk with L gifts of money to bride and groom
- ['laahdap koodap pehti
tam 'ma-]
get l- [dor-]; - [lehn-]
get along well - [thin-]
ginger
get along well with each other
k [thimbu 'dzamu]
get along well (with s.b.) -
[rooh 'thee-]
get along with the work L
L -L ['leeh 'ak uk peh-k]
get even ! [ee-di 'yeh-ba!]
get fed up (mostly used for food)
A -/ A U y- [am looh-/
am lohge o-]
get one's throat (chili vapor) gU
j- ['martsa-gi 'tshal-]
get (poetic) h` - [tuh-]
get rid of t- [lee ohl-]
get to `` - [yuh-]
get up l`- [a-]; `- [lah-]
get up all at once `-` `-
[sah-'sih 'lah-]
get up (cause to) `- [la-]
get up (intensified) M `-
[kyer lah-]
ghost y [ini]
ghost (appear) ` {`-}
['rohla {'lah-}]
ghosts appear g y/ g -
[tsuhmul/ tsuhmrul ten-]
giant [simbu]
gift (bring) MU T`- [kyeega
khyo-]
gift of jewelry (make) - [taa
ter-]
gift (receive) L {-} [ka-bap
{thop-}]
gift (supernatural) ` [eerup];
` -`
` {`-/ -}
[eei-eelu {na-/ thop-}]
(give) U {-} [godar {luu-}]
ginger L / M [kehper/
kyahpar]; M/ M
[kyahper/ kyehper]
580
gird
gird knife tU m- ['uhgu zer-]
[pohmo pehza]
girl k
girl (young) [arma]
give - [ter-]; `- [na-]; - (1)
[phul-]; -1 (1) [uh-]
give back - [loo ter-]
give me/ us! `! [la!]
give up `- [pa-]
glass [el]
glasses (put on) - {M-/
L-} ['el-'mii {'kyahp-/ kahr-}]
glide (intensified) - [ur
uhr-]
glitter kL kL -L [dzalak
dzilik peh-k]
glittering j j [thama
thome]
glorious j j [thama
thome]
glow (e.g. coal) J` J`
-L ['meh oh oh peh-ti 'teh-k]
glow (of butter lamps) j l-
['theemi ee-]
glowing piece of wood (shine with)
`U {-} [mehgal {thep-}]
glowing red (become) J`
J` y- ['meh oh oh o-]
glue l [pindu]
gnat h [taabe]
go y- [o-]; - (1) [phep-]
go on foot L`U y- ['kaba-gi
o-]
go out - [then-]; -2 [nal-]
go out (of butter lamps) j
['theemi 'nal-]
go (perfect aspect base) L-
[kahl-]
go up to y- ['yahr o-]
go without looking left or right
y- [phyal phyal o-]
goad s. o. g- (2) (W) [tsoo-]
gossiper
goal marker - [-la]
goat (f. and generic) [rah]
goat (male) ['rahbu (m.)]
go-between (act as) -
(2) [lahmba peh ter-]
god [lha]
God, creator Ll [kindo]
goddes (1) [lhamu]
goddesses and female spirits (term
of address) h/ h (2)
[tohmo/ tohmu]
going downward y [mahno]
goiter (grow) {M-U} [pohwa
{kye-g}]
gold 1 [ser]
goldsmith (Newari) L [kahba]
good ` [yeebu]; m` [zabu];
[yaahbu]
good luck (have) j ['sodi
thimbu]
good news (receive) l `
J`- ['namdo yembu oh-]
good (of food) [ihmbu]
good time (have) S` -L
[khamsabu peh-k]
good-natured m` [zada]
goods 1 [sooh]
good-sounding ` [yembu]
gore ` - [tuh-]
Gosainkuna jU j- [tshogar
tsho-na]
gossip M- [tam 'kyal-];
h-L/ h-L [tam 'teh-k/ 'te-k]
- gossip excessively - [tam yoo-
(E)]
gossip (negative conn.)
h-L/ h-L [mihdam teh-k/
te-k]
gossiper V/ V
[tam-'gyal-ba (m.)/ tam-'gyalmu (f.)];
- [tam-bemba]
581
gossiping
gossiping V [tam-'gyal]
go! `/ `! [su/ so!]; `/ `!
[so/ su!]
grab m`- [zu-]
gracious (be) L-t k-L ['ka-ihn
'dze-k]; l m- [thui zii-]
graciousness L-t/ Lt/ L-t /
Lt [ka-ihn/ kain/ ka-ehn/
kaen]
gradual increase in the stated
quality or quantity
-/-y/-t... -/-y/-t y-/ J`-
[-ro~-o~-o... -ro~-o~-o o-/
oh-]
gradual increase of the
circumstance given in the seq.act.
participle ` t` M peh-k]
['yihma 'ahma 'kyahp-ti]
grain [budi]
grain, gift of y [iina]
grain harvest [tendo]
grain (harvested) y [u]
grain mash cooked with butter /
E [daw(u)]
grain offering j y [theenu]
grain spread out for drying `
[thama]
grain which has not been threshed
successfully `k/ L`k
[yadzi/ kahdzi]
grains, cooked [to]
granddaughter j [tshamu]
grandfather [mehme]
grandmother [yibi]
grandson j/ jE [tshoo/ tshaw]
grasp (fig.) U T- [sem-gi
'khyep-]; U V`- [sem-gi gyo-]
grass (cut) g {`-/ `-} [tsa {a-
(E)/ o- (W)}]
grass in fallow ground `k
[padza]
group
grasshopper jM [thakpali]
grate l- [ar-]
grease on liquids or pots TM
j- [khyakpa thaa-]
greasy (be) j- [aah thaa-]
great-grandfather AT [akhye
mehme]
great-grandmother AT
['akhye 'yibi]
greed [haram (N)]
greed (primarily for food)
[mahrap]
greedy (be) -L ['mahrap
peh-k]
greedy for s.b.'s property/
belongings (be) -L [hamba
green `/ ` [ombo/ umbu]
greenery ` [umbu seeh]
greeting t [ai dele (T)]
greeting used to welcome a bride to
her new home !
['phep-so 'ihba 'yeh!]
grief (come to) - [pahp
or-]
grieve `` -L [yahen
peh-k]; `` k-L ['thu 'yubu
'dze-k]
grind - (1) [thaa-]
grope for s.th. -/ - [nohm-/
nuhm-]
ground [sa]; [sapi];
[sabu]
ground (fallow) `/ `U [pa/
paga]
ground (hard) ` [ba]
ground (level) `U [thaga]
ground-floor room JL`/ J`
[ohka/ ohwa]
group U [gruup (Eng)]; jM
[tshokpa]; / U [baal/ bagal
582
group hair

(N)] guard the religious traditions

group, numeral -L()/-U() j-w `- ['thee-him ta-]
[-ka(r)~-ga(r)] guardian deity of the 'kohmba'
group of animals
() (1) (2) [loben]
[meehme(-'ya)] guess j` -L [tshe-ta peh-k]
groups Mt Mt [phoka phoka] guest y/ y/ y [ombo/
groups, in small -
ombu/ umbu]
`-`
-
`-` ['mih guest, go to s.b. as a y y-
reeh-reeh yii-yii reeh-reeh ['en-la o-]
yii-yii peh-ti] guest (honoured) w [homba]
groups (sit in) - ( ) -L guidance J`-` [o-luh]
[pho-pho (peh-ti) teh-k] guidance (get) J`-` -
grow j- (2) [tshar-] [o-'luh 'uh-]
grow (growth possible) J`- guide V [lahm-gyi]
[oh-] guilt ` [yeehba]

grow quickly k j- [dzorroro guilty [paapi (N)]; M
(W) tshar-] [mah-tahkpa]
grow together y- [up-] guilty (become) ` - ['yeehba
grow up j- (2) [tshar-] 'phoo-]
grown, poorly [sada guitar-like stringed instrument
side] (play) `/ ` {` -} [piyo/
grubs and worms (be befallen by) piwo {tuh-}]
h`` {M-} [tolo gullet JU`/ JU` [olga/
{kyahp-}] olgo]
grumble about s.b. SM M-/ gun (shoot with) /
(L)
SMU - [kharkyal kyahp-/ {M-} [meehba/ mehba(k)
kharkyal-gi ter-]; M-/ {kyahp-}]
-L [nahpsa kyahp-/ peh-k] gushing l l [dar dar]
grumble at ` - (2) [yehr-] gusto, work with a lot of
grumble out loud - (2) [bar-] L L/ L L -L ['leeh
grumble to oneself - pahrak 'puhruk (E)/ barak 'buruk
[muhr muhr ma-] (W) peh-k]
guard, be on one's k- [dzem-]

H - h
habit h [tepa] had (attested evid.) L ()
habit (acquire) y- [baani (N) [yehke(n)]
o-] hail M- [sera kyahp-]
habits, (good/ bad) working hair, body [pu]
/ gM) ['leeh-na
` ( hair (lock of) t- [a-lohma]
(yaahbu/ tsokpa)] hair of grain ears L [kahma]
583
hair hardship

hair (of head) E-t ['u-a]; t [a] handy L j ['koh 'thepu]

hair (one single) t M` / M` handy, come in L j-L [koh
[a kyuhba/ kyohba] the-k]
hair parting (make) j/ j hang around ` -L [yah-di
{-} [tsholom/ tsholam (W) 'teh-k]
{ten-}]; j/ j- {-} hang around idly U S- [goo
[tshoolam/ tshoo-lahm (E) {ten-}] khor-]
hair (tousled) t [a hang down L- [kuuh-]
'rihn 'rihn 'rihn] hang up s.th. `- [pya-]
half [phee] hang up s.th./hanging (be) h`-
half, one and a ` ` [pheda [ta-]
yii] hanging around loosely

half-dead (be) ` L` y- ( ) [lehp lehp (peh-ti) (W)]
[iyo koyo o-] happen, nothing will hA`
half-rupee coin t`U (1) [aga] [ti-'a meh-'koh-ro]
L
half-share basis (cultivate s.b.'s happen to -L1 [peh-k]
field on) ` M- [ih happens for good - + P `
'phetap-la 'kyahp-] [-i + vs reduplication]
halves (cut into) M `- [paka happy S` [khamsabu]
ta-] happy (be) L
`/ L
` `-
hammer with sharp point E ['keehda/ 'keehna 'lah-]
[thiw] happy (feel) L- [sem 'kah-]
hand j1 [thaa]; M [lahkpa] hard wM [hakpu]; [sandi]
hand on s.th. - (1) hard of hearing l M/ L
[lahmba peh ter-] ['namdo 'thukpu/ 'thuk-'se]
hand over g M- [tsi kyahp-]; hard soil hL [tarka]
h- [tol-] hard-headed l U ['namdo
hand over responsibility w M 'thuga]
M-/ M h- ['hal tahkpu hard-hearted M M ['kyuhma
'kyahp-/ 'kyahp tuu-] 'nahkpu (W)]; SM M [khokpa
hand signals (give) -L 'nahkpu]
[laahdap peh-k] hard-hearted (be) {}
handful Al` L` [amda [sem sandi {'yeh}]
'kah]; / / [yohl/ hard-hearted person U
yohla/ yohlmu] MU [toh-gi sem 'thoo-'kyo-gi
handful of cereal mash S / 'mih]
[kham sehn/ to] hardship M [tuhkpu]; j
handle (of tool) [yohwa] [nahwa tshawa]
hand-span [tho] hardship (endure) J-M y-
hand-span with the index finger ['ohp-'kyal o-]
bent T (2) (E) [khyi] hardship (extreme) (get) M M

584
harm
{} [kyewa kyemu {yeh}]
harm w -L [hul peh-k]; M-
[ne kyal-]
harm (come to) M y- [kyen
o-]; j() m- [tshe(-la) zem-];
`- [phu-]
harm (inflict) M `- ['kyen ta-]
harm, intend to s.b. ` h`-
[sem-'en ta-]
harm s.b. g `- [tsuhp ta-];
S- ['dee khuu-]; -L [ne-k]
harmful food (be affected by)
{-} [neese {or-}]
harmoniously h h head of household t` A/ A
[sem tii lo tii peh-ti]
harness oxen `U - ['lago
'naar(N)-'tii-]
harsh (be) SM M -L
[khokpa 'nahkpu peh-k]
harshly (talk) w - [hoo
ten-di tam 'ma-]
harvest L - ['kame 'tuh-]
hashish ` [baa (N)]
hat E- ['u-'ah]; [ahmu]
hatch eggs j` L` -L
['tsha-la 'koh-di 'teh-k]; `
-L/ LL(L) -L [noma
teh-k/ kuku(k) teh-k]
hate s.b. `l -L [enden
peh-k]
haunt w -L [hul peh-k]
haunting manifestations (appear)
w - [hul ten-]
have (attested evid.) ()
[yeh(-ba)]
have (mirative/ inferential evid.)
() [du(-ba)]
have-nots [meeh-ba-'ya]
haves and have-nots L (),
L() ['yeh-ke(n)-'ya,
meh-ke(n)-'ya]
heart
hawk w/ w [hawa/ hawu]
hawk (small species) wl`()/
wl`() [hau(ma)/
heu(ma)]
he S [kho]
he (often derogatory conn.) /
- [mihro/ mih-rooh]
head E [u]; U [goo]
head (abusive) [thepa]
head down -g ( ) [pi-tsuu
(peh-ti)]
head lama g/ g [tsayi/
tsaye lama]
['ohba aba/ 'ama]
headache, have a mild U ` `
M- [goo thi thi 'suh
'kyahp-]
headache, have a splitting U TL
TL TL TL M- [goo
'khyak 'khyak 'khyuk 'khyuk 'suh
'kyahp-]
head-down U / /
[goo 'thu-la/ 'thur-la ten-di/ then-di]
headscarf [rumal (N)]
heal t-1 [aah-]; t h- ['aah
tuu-]
healthy MM [kyahkpa]; `
[thabu]
heaped full [bop bop]
heaped full measuring container
h ['padi tuhru]
hear - [sen-]
hear by hearsay l -
['namdo-la 'thee-]
hear s.th. directly - [thee-]
hear s.th. indirectly - [thee-]
heart SM [khokpa]
heart attack (have) w-` `-
['haa-'lu 'lah-]; `-` `-
[ni-'lu 'lah-]
585
heart
heart, by S [kheelo]
heart (emotional) 1 [lo]
heart (physical) ` [ni]
heart, speak from your `-
[lupi ta-]
heart-felt ` `U`/ `
MU` [ni 'tih-le-gi-'ra/ ni
thakpa-le-gi-'ra]; `U`
[sem 'tih-le-gi-'ra]
heart-friend jt [theo]
hearth stones M-/ M/ M hen h ['tahmu]
( ) [kyeh-toh/ kyihtu/
kyihpu (pin sum)]
heartless person U MU
[toh-gi sem 'thoo-'kyo-gi 'mih]
heart-mind 1 [thu]; [sem]
heat waves / [raap/ rap (N)]
heaven - ['lha-'yuhl]; `V
( ) [sagye (yuhl)]; `U
[ihgam]
heaven and earth l l [saa
namda]
heaven (go to) ` M - [sa
kyeeh-]
heaven (highest) -/ -hU
`U [tehwa-/ dewa-ten-gi
ihgam]
heavy h [tandi]
heavy and compact h L L
(L) [ta 'tihk 'tihk ('tihk)]
heavy (feel) h-U [ta-'dige]
heel L` ` ['kaba 'tiba]
heightened [thowa]
Helambu / [yohlmo
(E)/ yohlmu(W)]
hell `/ ` [yalwa/ yala];
`- [iyala-yuhl (W)]
help jl - [thaa-i phul-];
-L/ - [rooh peh-k/ rooh
'ruhp-]
help (beg for) - [rooh 'reeh-]
hint
help (give) -L [rooh-ram
peh-k]
help out with work - -L
['leeh-rooh peh-k]
help with the activity -/-
-L [-rooh~-ruuh peh-k]
help with work -
[ahpto uh-]
helper -m ['leeh-zemba]
hemp ` [sihma tohbo]
hen (young) h ['tahmu
'yoma]
herd / U [baal/ bagal (N)]
herd cattle j- [tsho-]
herder L [kohrowa]
here / / [de-la/ da-la/
di-la]
hereditary strain (good/ bad) g
( / gM) ['tsawa (yaahbu/
tsokpa)]
hesitate k k -
['yihn-dze mihn-dze tam 'ma-]
hiccups, have the L/ L J`-/
M- [yiku/ yiko oh-/ kyahp-]
hidden away Ut [gapu (N)]
hide - [peeh-]; - [yip-]; -
[yihp-]
hide (of animals) L [kooba]
hide s.th. (abstract) SM
` l- [tam khokpa nahla
'aa-]
high / / [thombu/
thumbu/ thombo]
high hills [lah]
high voice L g`U ['kee 'tsaga]
high-class people hgU
['yahttsi-gi 'mih]
hill L` [kah]; L` ['kahdo]
hint at L - [tam kor-ti 'ma-];
M - [tam 'suhr
586
hip hope

'kyahp-ti 'ma-] hollow (in ground or tree) `

hip joint L` M ['kaba kyili] [hopto]
historical J`` J`VU holy t` t` ['ahbu
[oh-'ra oh-'gyo-gi tam] 'ah-sum]
hit M- [kyahp-] holy man t - [uhp-topa]
hit a goal - [thep-] holy objects ` j [na
hit a mark - [phoo-] thimbu pela]
hit against M- [kyahp-] homage (pay) l- (1) [dal-]
hit by s.th. swinging back (be) home, former of a married
Mt - [uka phoo-] woman / [phamin/
hit with the fist J M- phamen]
[oodum kyahp-] homeland M () ['kye-sa
hobble SM` y- [khokso ('phayu)]; [phayu]
peh-ti o- (W+E)] homesick (be) S` t - ['khaba
hoe (big, with short handle) L 'ehn-]
[kuri] honest t` [ahbu]
hoe (small, with longish handle) honest (be) t` (t`)
k [toozi] -L [sem 'ahbu ('ahsum)
hoist (flags) j- (1) [thar-]; peh-k]
- (2) [phyar-] honestly j ` [thisal
hold m`- [zu-] nahsal]
hold (fig.) V`- [gyo-] honey -` [tip-'prah]
hold in one's arms ` M- honorific form of v. or pred.ph.
[phaba-la 'kyaa-] `- [na-]
hold in one's lap ` -/ l- honorific speech (use) /


[phaba-la 'thoo-/ 'aa-] {-} [ehsa/ eehsa tam
hold out to receive -L [seh-k] {ma-}]
hold up head U (TL) M- [goo honour s.b. g -L [tsaa peh-k];
('khyak) 'kyaa-] g` -L ['tsii-na peh-k]
hold up to give light - [thep-] honoured g j ['tsaa thimbu]
hole J [om] hoof U [nuhgul (E)/
/ k
hole in ground J [ohp (W)]; nuhzul (W)]
g` [tsahli (E)]; t [hopa hope L` -L [kohba peh-k];
(E)] {-L} (2) [depa {peh-k}]
holes, ground full of t t/ hope for A/ A -L [aas/ aase
` ` [hapa hopa (E)/ (N) peh-k]; S -L [sem
hapta hopto (W+E)] 'khale peh-k]
holes, with [tohlbu] hope that... ...HU A h
hollow l` [u]; -`/ [quote + 'ma-en-gi 'aas tii 'yeh];
`/ [op-to/ opto/ ...H (`U) A -L [quote +
opto] 'ma-en-di (ah-gi) 'aas peh-k]

587
hoping
hoping, keep A -L ['aase
peh 'teh-k]; S -L L/ L -L [kurimba/
[sem 'khale peh-ti 'lih-k]
horizontal ` [phreta]
horizontally ` [tae]
horn [rohwa]
horoscope S (2) [kham]; `()
[lu(da)]
horoscope calendar [lihdo]
horoscope, have a bad `- -
[phu-sum phoo-]; - [loh
'phoo-]
horoscope, have a very bad
- [rohnde phoo-]
horoscopes, have matching `
y- ['luda ii-]
horse (ride on) {S -}
[tabu {kha-la ehn-}]
hospitality (offer) ` k/
k {-L} [taahna
tahmdzi (E)/ taahnam tahmdzi
(W) {peh-k}]
hostile (be) t- -L [ah-sem
peh-k]
hostility (show) t -L [ah
peh-k]
hot j [tshandi]
hot (be) j j- [tshepa tsha-]
hot (be/ feel) j j- [tshepa tsha-]
hot temper ` j ['ihta
'tshandi]
hot tempered ` jl
['ihta 'tshawa-i]
hour Uy [gana (N)]; jk/ jk
[thuzi/ thuze (T)]
house S` [khaba (E)]; T
[khyim (W)]; mU` ['zimga]
house god (make offerings to) `/
jM`/ jM` ` {M`-} hum a tune `` ``
[suma/ the-kyo/ the-kyo
suma {kyo-}]
human
house parties (take turns in giving)
koremba peh-k]
household t` (1) [ohba]
household goods [pela]
house-warming party (give) S`
{-} [khaden {ter-}]
how L-w [kah-hi]
how big? L-j/ L-j
[kah-thewa/ kah-thowa]
how many Lk [kahze]
how much Lk [kahze]
how much and how well Lk
['kahze-ba]
how much of a given quality or
quantity? -/- [-le~-lee]
however `/ [yih-'na/
yih-'naa]
how...! Lk ['kahze]
how...? Ly/ Ly/ Ly
[kahnu/ kahnu-m(u)]
how...! Ly/ Ly/ Ly
[kahnu/ kahnu-m(u)]
how...? Ly [kahnu-bar (W)]
how...! Ly [kahnu-bar (W)]
huddle up jL jL -L [tshak
tshok teh-k]; jL (jL) -L
[tshok (tshok) teh-k (W)]; jU/ gU
( ) -L [tshoge/ tsoge
(peh-ti) teh-k (E)]
huddled up L L [katar
kotor peh-ti]; L L
[kandar kundur peh-ti]
huddled-up position (take) L`-
(1) [koh-]
hug `l () - [prahda
(rhil) tap-]
huge l/ l [dibu/ dubu]
- ['lu
'a-'a 'u-'u lehn-]
human existence -
588
human idle

['mih-'mihli] hurt ``- [yu-]; M- [suh

human life [mihli]
humans ` -/ ` -
[ehn-lo/ yehn-lo]
humble `l`/ `l`
[yemdu/ yomdu]; j
(2) [sem 'theemu]; [ihwa]
hunch back ML ['kyahp-ki
'pohwa]
hundred (one) M (h) [kyah
(tii)]
hungry [tooba]
hungry (be) j/ t- [thal/
'ahl 'ee-]; t
- ['ehpa 'too-]
hungry children, forever M -L [ni (-'ra) tser tser peh-k]
[kyalba]
hunt U g- / g-U [igar (N) tsa-
(W)/ tse-g (E)]
hurl at E` M- [uhri
kyahp-]
hurricane -` ['tiih-'lu]
hurriedly (run) ` ` j`
[baa bue tho-di]
hurriedly (speak) j [ha
tshal-di]
hurry -L [hatar patar
(N) peh-k]
hurry, be in a j -L [tshara
peh-k]
hurry up j -L [tshara peh-k];
-L [hurta peh-k]
kyahp-]
hurt a little ` ` M-
['lha 'lha 'suh 'kyahp-]
hurt (emotionally) M-
[sem 'suh 'kyahp-]
hurt emotionally (be) - [sem
'nah-]; - [sem-la 'phoo-]
hurt (feel) ` -j -L/ m-
['tohba 'naa-thile peh-k/ 'zo-]
hurt (get) M -/ M- ['kyen
'or-/ 'kyahp-]
hurt s.b. deeply - [sem 'saa-]
hurt very much ` (`) g g
hurtful talk (get hurt by) -
[tam 'phoo-]
husband T/ T [khyobo/
khyubu]; T [khyowa]; `-S
['yih-'kho]
husband of father's sister M
[mahkpa]
husk unsuccessfully threshed grains
- [op-]
husks of grain (2) (E) [pola]
hut for retreat or seclusion jU`
[tshamga]
hymn j- ['thee-'lu]
hypocrite, play the
- ['yih-'naa mihmba-la
'yihndo ten-]

I - i
I ` [ah] [sem-la nee-]
ice (become) ` {j-} [tahrta identification (copula) / /
{thaa-}] U() [yihn/ yihm-ba/
Ichok -h [yuuh-te] yihn-ge(n)]
idea (get the) L l- [kuu dor-] idle (about) T` T` -L
idea, have an M-U [sem-la ['khyalda khyoldo peh-k]
'kye-g]; (h) - idle (be) T` j- [khyoldo
[sem-la tam (tii) ar-]; - thaa-]
589
idly impressive

idly, sit around UU -L ['goge vowel shifts in certain stems]

'teh-k]
idol made in the name of a
deceased person ` [thop-ta]
idol (make) L/ Ly {l`-} [ku/
kuna {a-}]; kU/ k-L {l`-}
[dzogu/ dzo-ku {a-}]
ignore s.b. totally hUA`
- ['mii 'suhr tii-gi-'a meh-ta-]
ill, be chronically - [nar-]
ill, be seriously ` j-L
['yahlsa-la 'thi-k]; S
['laa meh-'kha-]
ill (become) - [nah-]
illegitimate child ` k
[neehen pehza]
illegitimate child (father)
L- ['neehen 'kal-]
ill-repute (bring into) U `-
['gaal ta-]
imagine s.th. U m- [sem-gi 'zo-]
imitate /
-L/ -/ j-
[leehmi/ leehmu se-k/ so-/
tsho-]; -/ g g-L [leehsi
so-/ leehtsi tse-k]
immobile hU [toge]
immobile and unmoved (be) UU
-L ['goge 'teh-k]
immobile (be) kU () -L
[dzoge (peh-ti) 'teh-k]
immoral ` / ` / ` /
` [ehmba/ yehmba/
ehnda/ yehnda]
immoral (be) g ` -L
['leeh meh-'tsama peh-k]
immoral thoughts (entertain)
` / ` / ` / ` h`- impression [sihl]
[sem 'ehmba/ 'yehmba/ 'ehnda/
'yehnda ta-]
impatient ` [nado theemu]
imperative (familiar) - [, but
imperative (polite) -`/-`
[-to~-do]
imperfect aspect
-L/-U/-E/-/-L/-U
[-ku~-gu~-w~-wa~-ko~-go]
imperfect continuous aspect
-L`/-U`/-H`
[-ke-'ra~-ge-'ra/-e-'ra]
impetuously (act) M -L
[tokla peh-k]
- (2) impinge on s.b.'s property/
belongings -L [hamba
hupsu peh-k (W)]
impolite speech (use) L- {-}
[bok-tam {ma-}]
`
important g j ['tsaa thimbu];
j/ j/ j [thimbu/
thumbu/ thombo]
important person j ['mih
thimbu]
impose on s.b. U`U - [gego
ter-]; L j- [hak (N) thee-]
imposed on (be) U`U J`-/ y-
[gego oh-/ o-]
imposing j/ j/ jM
[sihl thimbu/ 'thewa/ thakpa]
imposing appearance `/ `
jM/ jM [yahm/ 'ahm
thakpu/ 'tshakpu]
impossible (be) Lh J``
H ['keta oh-'ra miih-khu-en];
S
- (1) ['laa meh-'kha-]
S
impoverish s.b. M l-
['thala 'kyahp 'aa-]; y l-
['prana-la 'aa-]
impressionable j (2) [sem
'theemu]
impressive j/ j/ jM
[sihl thimbu/ 'thewa/ thakpa]

590
impure
impure behaviour (have)
g` -L ['leeh meh-'tsama
peh-k]
in ` () [nah(-la)]
in any case Ly ['kahnu-m
'ma-na]
in case L() [kahi(-le)];
LA` [kaah-le-'a]
in some way h/ h h(U)
[ta/ tah tii-le(-gi)]
in that case A [ahna]; Ay/
y ['ahna/ 'yehna 'ma-na];
Ay/ y ['ahna/
'yehna 'ma-si-'ma-na]
in the event that L()
[kahi(-le)]
inadequate price S / `
['rihn maah-khu/ maah--gu]
inadvertedly `
meeh-ba peh-ti]
inattentive (be) ` -L ['mii
yah-di 'teh-k]
inauspicious sign on the calendar
L (1) [kal (N)]
incense ` [sa]
incense (burn) M h- [ukpa
tuu-]
incense of sap U [peegar]
incense pot `/ [sabur/
pepur]
incite s.b. M `- ['kyaa-di ta-];
l - ['namdo-la phu-]
incite (through bad talk) T
M- [khyer kyahp-]
including L` (`)/ L`
(`) ['kahye (-'ra)/ 'kahyi
(-'ra)]; [thee-di]; lU`
['yihndu-gi-'ra]
income J`U/ J`U [ohgu/
ohgo]
incomplete M M [phakya
indiscriminately
phekyo]; LL (`) [phepe
koko (-'ra)]
incomplete (intensified) S (`)
[khadi (phue)]
inconceivable (be) U T-
[sem-gi 'khyep-]
inconceivable things `U
T` S HU
Lh/ `
`A` ` S HU
Lh
['nomsa-gi 'khyep-'ra
miih-khu-en-gi 'keta/ 'nomsa
ta-de-'a ta miih-khu-en-gi 'keta]
inconvenient for s.b. (be)
J-M y- ['ohp-'kyal o-]
increase `- [mah-]
increase (in volume) - [phor-]
U increase (natural increase) -
[phel-]
[hada increasing with age or size
j-U/ -U
[the-rihmba-gi/ -rimba-gi]
indebted (be) - [pehlen
'phoo-];
- [pehlen 'suuh-]
indecency y [ahmen]
indecent talk (make) S - ['kha
'thal-]
indecent woman y
['ahmen-mu]
indecently (behave) A - [abru
(H) ten-]
indeed ` ['tehmba-'ra]
independent j (2) [sem
thimbu]
independent (become) U - [go
then-]; ` U - ['rah go then-]
India [barma]
indiscriminately k k
[yihn-dze mihn-dze]
indiscriminately (talk) S k
(`) - ['kha-la then-de (-'ra)
'ma-]; h(L) h(L) -
591
indulge
[tam 'tala(k) 'tolo(k) 'ma-]
indulge in one's thoughts `
h`- [sem mahbu ta-]
industrious J [olba]; TM
[khyukpu]
industriously (work) - -
-L [pre-pre i-i
peh-ti leeh peh-k]
inexpertly T T ( ) [phirta kehn-]
[khyasar khyosur (peh-ti)]
infamous (become) A - ['abru
'or-]
inferential evid. () [du(-ba)]
inferior [thama]
inferior (be) y- ['ma
'pham-di o-]
inferior quality -h [thep-taa]
inferior (very) [thama
'thapul]
infinitive -h/-l [-te~-de~-e]
inform - ['lop ter-]
information ` L [yihu insincerely (talk) S M-/
kohu]
inhale - [tuuh-]
inhale fumes of burning 'ukpa'
M - [ukpa 'tuuh-]
inhale medicated steam -
['men 'tuuh-]
inheritance [phai]
injury [nahndi]
ink k [naaza]
ink flows properly k T-/ M-
['naaza 'khyuu- (E)/ 'kyuuh- (W)]
inner self SM [khokpa]
innocent M [tahkpa];
[darmi (N)]
insane (become) `- [yo-]
insanity, show symptoms of m
`-/ - [za lah- (E)/ suuh-
(W)]
insect 1 [bu]
instruction
inseminate `- [toh-]
inseminated (get) ()- ['baal(i)
'thuu-]; / C - [same/
samay (N) tuh-]
inside ` () [nah(-la)]
inside out -L/ -M/ -
[phi-lok/ phi-lokpa/ phi-loo]
inside out (wear) h L -
inside part `U [nahgo]
insider ` [nahba]
insides (intestines, etc.) `l
[nahda]
insignificant j` j`/ j` j`
[thaa thue/ tshaa tshue]
insignificant amount (-l)/
(-l) [raba rebe(-i) (E)/
raba ribi(-i) (W)]
insignificant matters Lh j`
j` ['keta 'thaa 'thue];
j` j` [tehnda 'thaa 'thue]
-L ['kha 'lahpi 'kyur-/ peh-k]
insinuate L - [tam kor-ti
'ma-]
insist on - ['yihm-ba 'ma-]
insolent (be) w S- [hoo khur-]
inspect s.th. ` -L
[yahmser peh-k]
install h- [tahr-]
instead of j [tshap-la]
instruction J`-` [o-luh]
instruction (get) J`-` -
[o-'luh 'uh-]
instruction (give) L `- ['ka na-];
` {`-} [luh/
/ `
luhden {na-}]
instruction (religious) (give/ get)
j-` {`-/ -} ['thee-'luh
{na-/ 'uh-}]
instruction (request/ get) j -
592
instructions intensifier

['thee 'uh-] intensifier for 'yahl, yi looh-'

instructions, give last Sl l- [rhile]
[khaem aa-] intensifier for 'preeh-" [dup]
instructions (leave) l- [mee intensifier for 'tahp-' L/ L
aa-] [blyak/ blek]
instrumental -L/-U/-C intensifier for 'tahp-, tsahr-' /
[-ki~-gi/-y peh-ti]; -L/-U/-C1 [phyal/ phel]
[-ki~-gi/-y] intensifier for 'tohp-, top- j/
insult y [ahmen] l [thop/ dop]
insult s.b. y L- ['ahmen intensifier for 'tiih-, tuh-, kyaa-'
ken-] E () [uhp (rohwa)]
intelligence M/ M [rihkpa/ intensifier for 'tiih-, tshar-, sihn-'
rihki] E/ E [uhr/ uhruru (E)]
intelligent h`/ g` [tabu (E)/ intensifier for 'tuh-, khyer-, kyaa
tsabu (W)]; t [ihmbu]; khyer-, tooh-' A-E
t [sem ihmbu] [ahp-uhp]
intend - [ma-] intensifier for 'aa-, 'teh-k' `
intensified burn - [lahe]
[lahma lehme saa-] intensifier for 'o-' `-`
intensified fall ` - [dae [ta-lah]
rihl-] intensifier for 'lehn-, kyaa-, aa-
intensified get up M `- [kyer khur-, khyer-, kyur-, o-, sah-,
lah-] dee-' L [tok]
intensified spill ` `- [phu intensifier for 'looh-, loo-' L
pu-] [lhok]
intensified stand up / L `- intensifier for 'sah-' U U [gop
[hop (E)/ hok (W) lah-] gop]
intensifier for colours U [lohge] intensifier for 'zu-' t (t t)
intensifier for 'uuh-, luu-, poo-, [ep (ep ep)]
kahp-, ral-, rahl-, ta-' L/ L intensifier for 'kaa-, teh-k' y
[bok/ blok] [ep]
intensifier for 'kyaah-, ter-, lehn-, intensifier for 'kyur aa-, or-
tahm-, dzaa- (leak and climb) [phi]
uuh-, am-, ehmba teh-k, intensifier for 'te-k, the-k, tup-'
dzol-, see-, meh se-k, meh/ [peh/ peht]
/
mih i-g, thal-, then-, kyur intensifier for 'tshii-' L [dak]; L
aa-, ruhl-, tshii-, gam-' L [phuk]; ` [phue]
[phok] intensifier for 'tup-, praah-, te-k,
intensifier for 'ahl-, tuhkpu the-k, muhr-' / [rep/
yuh-, teh-k, sah-' rehp]
[phet thule] intensifier for 'khur-, kyaa-'

593
intensifier investment

( ) [sehn (sehn)] diba!]

intensifier for 'pi-k, pih-k' interesting story j [tam
[phit] tshombu]
intensifier for 'pruu-' L [phruk] interpret what people say in a
intensifier for 'rop-, rohp' straightforward way L -
[rhop] [tam 'theka 'thee-]
intensifier for 'ta-, tor-, am-, interrogate fiercly U h-
kyur-, kyur aa-, kyur ta-, [tam-gi 'tir-]
thal-, or-' () [phe(t)] interrogate s.b. SM L- [khokpa
intensifier for 'taa-, thaa-' L kor-]; SM - [khokpa 'pruh-]
L [rahk rohk] interrupt s.b. talking h-L [tam
intensifier for 'thuu-, phimu o- 'te-k]
[sop] interrupt s.th. l- [phior
intensifier for 'thu-' E E [uhr aa-]
uhr] intestines M [kyuhma]
intensifier phrase for undoing s.th. intestines, etc. `l `l
` ` -/ - [phaa phue [nahda phada]
u-/ ii-] intimidate l `-/ `- ['dii-su
intensify a quality - T [-raa oo-/ 'la-]; yU - [aango
khyer-ti] ten-]; M
/ M - [eekyi/
intention, what is your h / eekya (N) ten-]
h [ti 'mee-di/ ti 'mee] intimidate s.b. l-` `-/ `-
intentional present ['dii-'or 'la-/ oo-]
-L/-U/-H/-L/-U intoxicated (get) m -U [zi- g]
[-ken~-gen~-en~vvn/-ke~-ge] intoxicating substances mU
intentions (good/ evil) (have) ['zi-gen seeh]
/ gM h`- [sem yaahbu/ introduce s.b. ` hg- ['oh ee
tsokpa ta-] tuu-]
intentions (have) h`- [sem investigate g/ gl -L [tse/
ta-] tse-u peh-k]; t / t -L
intently, do s.th. UL `/ ['iih-dap/ 'ih-dap peh-k]
UL-UL [gok ta-di/ investigate cause of sickness k
gok-gok peh-ti] - ['nahza ta-]; - ['nepa ta-]
interest gL/ gU [tsok/ tsogi] investigate s.th. ` -L
interest in form of grains ykL [yahmlen peh-k]
[uzok] investigation (conduct) `y
interest in form of grains (collect) -L ['loh-i peh-k]
- ['tuhe 'tuh- (W)]
l investigation, make a public U
interesting j/ j (3) `y -L ['gruup 'loh-i peh-k]
[tshombo/ tshombu] investment, make an / g -
interesting, how ! l! [raahr ['mah/ 'mahrtsa 'luu-]

594
invisible
invisible (keep) m - [zubu
tahm-]
invisible (make oneself) w-
[hul-]
invite - [o 'ma-]
invite (ask to come) - ['phep
'uh-]
invite (formally) ` M-
[tahdo kyahp- (W)]; `l
M- [pahden kyahp- (E+W)]
invite s.b. for a meal y M-
['en 'kyahp-]; y L-L [ombo
'ke-k]
involuntarily (do) - [thal-]
involved (get) U j- [goo 'tshuu-]
involved, get with s.b. - (2)
[thul-]
iron h [taa]
iron skillet (big, bowl-shaped)
h` [taala]
irrealis (imperfective) -h/-l
jab with elbow k`/ kM`/
kM M- [dzooi/ dzoki/
dzoku kyahp-]
jackal / [lihndi/ luhndi]
jacket (woolen) ` U [teega (W)];
` [phoo (E)]
jagary L [kuhram]
jealous (be) w(L) {-L}
[hado(k) {peh-k}]
jealous of (other people's
possessions) (be) j- ['mii 'tsha-]
jelly (become) L L j-
[lihk lihk thaa-]
jerk ``- [a-]
jerk (intensified) L ``-/ L
`- [phrik a- (E)/ phrik
lah- (W)]
join together -L [thi-k]
joyous
[-te~-de~-e seeh (W)]
irrealis, indicating 2 [seeh]
irrealis (perfective) -M/-V
[-'kyo~-'gyo seeh]
irrigated field -` [bu-ih]
irrigation canals (redirect/
establish) j L {M -/ M
T-} [thu 'kula {'kyuhr-/ 'kyuhr-ti
'khyer-}]
irritate s.b. S/ S -L
[khoona/ khona peh-k]; S `
h- [khoonro 'lah tuu-]
irritate s.th. `- (1) (E+W) [oo-]
irritated (be) S `- [khoonro
lah-]
is not [mihn];
[mihm-ba]; () [meeh(-ba)]
issue (2) [ih]
itch - [ya-]
item [na]
J - j
join up (people) - [dum-]
joint (knotty) j`U ['tshiigor]
joint of bamboo -j
[padap-'tshii]
joint (slim) j1 [tshii]
joint, take out of t- (1) [ol-]
joke L [kura]; MM/ M/
MM/ M/ M {-/ -L}
[kyaakya/ kyaaya/ kyakya/
kyaya/ kyaye {ma-/ peh-k}]; /
L M- [aa/ aka kyahp-]
joke with expressions h
(h) - [tam phirta (phirta)
'ma-]
joker E [hawa]
jostle h- [tep-]
joyful S` [khamsabu]
joyous (be) L
`/ L
` `-
595
joyous kinds

['keehda/ 'keehna 'lah-] jump down j`- [phir 'tho-]

joyous (feel) L- [sem 'kah-] jump over U- [gom-]
judge (n.) w HU/ `UU jump up and down - [phir-]
[him ta-en-gi/ ta-gen-gi 'mih] jump up (intensified) L ``-/ L
judge of the souls of the dead y `- [phrik a- (E)/ phrik
jU M/ y jL M/ lah- (W)]
`l jU M/ `l jL juniper, kind of M (`)
M [ini thee-gi kyahlbu/ [ukpa (tohbo)]
ini theki kyahlbu/ ide just a little bit (by) lU
thee-gi kyahlbu/ ide theki [yahmbi-i-gi peh-ti]
kyahlbu] just enough (have) S S
judge (v.) w -/ `- [him ta-/ -L ['khasar 'khosor peh-k]
ta-] just get along -hl
juice S/ SC [khii/ khuy (W)]; S/ ['thep-taa-i peh-ti]
SC [khowa/ khuy (E)] just now (only) / [therere/
jump around like young calfs h` terere]
M j`- [phirtu kyahpti just then Jk (`) [ohze-la
tho- (E+W)] (-'ra)]

K - k
Kakani LC L`/ LC L` [kayn kidney / [phiyo/ phiwa
kah/ kayni kah] (N?)]
Kathmandu [yahmbu] kill -L [se-k]
keep l- [aa-] kill for sacrifices M- [maar
keep a vow k `- [tahmdzi (N) kyahp-]
su-] kill (intensified) M` -L [kyah
keep doing action of the main verb se-k]; T` -L [khyae 'se-k]
-L [teh-k] kill suddenly wt -L/ -U
keep it! l! [oo!] [haao (N) se-k/ i-g]
keep up with (be able to) -L/-U kin (nearest) t` / t` ['uhba/
j-L [-ku~-gu the-k] 'ohba]
keep "verbing" [indo] kind w / w [hi/ he]; [paar
Kesare -J` [ta-oh-sa] (N)]; j (1) [sem 'theemu];
kettle My [kyili] m` [sem zabu]
key [dimi] kind deeds U [gin (N)]
kick (of animals) M- [phraa kind (same/ different kind) [na]
kyahp-] kind, this w/ w [di hi/ de
kick one's feet M M- he]
[tohkpa kyahp-] kind (this kind) S [khal (N)]; S
kick s.b. MU -/ -/ - [khen]
[tohkpa-gi ter-/ then- / 'tar-] kinds, all l` ['na
596
kinds lamp

tham-di-'ra]
kinds, all of [rahba
rehbe]
king M (1) [kyahlbu]
kingdom M-S [kyahl-khap]
kiss S - ['kha lehn-]; hL -L
[tuk peh-k]
Kiul [sihma]
knead L`- [koh-]
knead (dough) -1 [nal-]
knee L`-j ['kaba-'tshii];
[piimu]
kneel down L`-j g-
['kaba-'tshii 'tsuu-]; g- [piimu
'tsuu-]
knife (big, curved) L-t
[kahp-ih (E)]; tU [uhgu (W)]
knife for cutting meat E2 [daw
(N)]
knife (small) L [karta (N)];
tl` (1) [ihu]
knit - [lha-]
knitting needle Lt/ Ly [kaani/
kaane (N) (W)]; C [suyro (N)
(E)]
knot (in a rope) `U (2) (W)
[miigor]
knot in cloth (make) U {M-}
[gurtum {kyahp-} (W)]; {h-/
M-} [butur {tee-/ kyahp-}
(E)]
knot (make) U {h-/ M-}
[gorto {tee-/ kyahp-}]
know T- [khyen-]; ` - ['oh
ee-]; - [ee-]; L- [ha
koh-]
know, get to M l-/ `-L
[kyiih dor-/ ye-k]; j- [tshor-];
`-L ['thu ye-k]
know how to - [ee-]
know-how, have the l- [den-]
knowledge M [kyiih];
[thu-yii]
knowledgeable person T/ T
[khyemba/ khyembo]; T
/ T M ['khyemba
M
'kyaahbu (E)/ 'khyemba tahkpu (W)]

L - l
labour (exchange) -L lake j [tsho]
[laahri peh-k] lama [lama]
labour (pay back) h- lama, head tU ['iga lama]
['laahri tal-] lama, honoured g/ g
laces t [ohwa] [tsayi/ tsaye lama]
laces (of shoes) L M [lekam lamaism, Tibetan U
j-w
thakpa] [peeh-gi 'thee-him]
ladle (big) k [nahldzi] lama's assistant L` [kohbi]
ladle (bowl-shaped, of metal) k lama's daughter (designation for)
[dzaru] J/ J/ J [omu/ omo
ladle (flat, of metal) ` [payo lama omu]
(N)] lama's house or settlement `/
ladle (flat, of wood) M [kyawa] ` [labra/ lapra]
ladle s.th. j- (2) [thar-]; - lame SM` [khokso (W)]
(1) [phyar-] lamp (ordinary) / [baati/
597
lamp learn

bati (N)] late, quite ` [phisa]

lamp stand for butter lamp L`/ later `/ ` [ti-la/ ti-le];
jL` [kuu/ theku] ` [phisa]
land - [ahm-] later the same day /
land on one's stomach S (L) [toohri/ tahlda]
M- [kheebu (lohk) kyahp-] lath ML [kyuhk]
landlord S` M ['khaba laugh L M- [keehmu kyahp-]

tahkpu]; T M ['khyim tahkpu] laugh (invlountarily) L
-
landscape (2) [rih] ['keehmu 'or-]
landslide, be a M- [rih law w [him]
'kyahp-] law (local) -w [yuhl-him]
landslide, mass of a - law (religious) j-w ['thee-him]
[rih-ol] law (secular) M-w
landslide site - [rih-al] [kyahl-him]
Langang `y` [laa] lay down s.b./ s.th. `- [yal-]
language [tam] layered, be -2 [lahp-]
languish away - [rii-] lazy -F [ble-uu]
lap ` [phaba] lazy (be) A {-L} [ali (N)
lapsi L`- / L`- {peh-k}]
[kala-seeh/ kala-siih] lazy (feel) j `- ['tsher-i
laryngitis (have) L -L ['kee 'lah-]
'reh-k] lead w -L [hi-k]
last - [thup-] lead (heavy metal) `
last for good l - [phindu [ahyal]
'thup-]; l - [phendu 'thoo- lead s.b. w T-/ T`- ['hi-ti
(W)] 'khyer-/ khyong-]
last night l L` [tahi leader U [goba]; [pombo]
kuhmu] leader, honoured Uy [gene
last (of quantities) `- [da-] pombo]
last (of things) M- [kyal-] leader (religious) jt/ j-w
last year ` [nahni] [theimba/ the-himba]
lasting work l l
/ l leaf [lahpti]; [lohma]
U

U
[phindu nee-e 'leehmu/ leafy green vegetables ` `k
phindu nee-gen-gi 'leeh] [umbu 'oze]
latch (of door) (fasten) l {L-/ leak k-2 [dzaa-]
M-} [nalda {ken-/ kyahp-}] leak, have a slow k- [dzir-]
late [phimu] lean against `- [yee-]; t -L
late (be) -U [phi-g] [eh-k]
late, be too -U [phi-g] lean on one's hands UM g -L
late, become too L
- [gokpa 'tsuu-di 'teh-k]
[kuuh-da 'thal-] learn - [lop-]

598
learn levies

learn by heart S m`- ['kheelo ['khum-'luh oh-]; ` {/

zu-] J`-} [loh {yeh/ oh-}]
learn by heart habitually S lend (be willing to) M -
h` -L ['kheelo tahdar [kyibe 'yarpe-la ta-]
peh-k] lend (expecting the very same thing
lease out a field on a half-share back) - ['yar ter-]
basis ` Mh() lend money t`U gL/ gU `-
- [ih 'phetap-la 'kyahp-te(-la) ['aga tsok/ tsogi-la ta-]
ter-] lend (to receive back the same in
lease out a field on a third-share kind) M - (1) [kyimba ter-];
basis ` Mh() - M - [kyii ter-]
[ih tiyo-la 'kyahp-te(-la) ter-] lending, practise and borrowing
leather L [kooba] M -L [kyibe yarpe
leave behind M l- ['kyur 'aa-]; peh-k]
`- [lee ta-] length ``/ `` ['rihdo/
leave behind (fig.) / M- 'rihdu]
[thoba (E)/ thopa (W) kyahp-] leopard h1 [ten]; [taa]
leave, give L` `- (1) leprosy (have) k - [dze then-];
[kohba na-] k - ['dzene 'lune then-]
leave s.th. undone l- less ` [yeehmu]

[phior aa-] less (become) `` - [yuh-]
leave, take one's L` - less (in quantity) `` A/ `` H/
[kohba uh-] `` ['yuh-'a(a)/ 'yuh-'e(e)/
leaves, cluster of ` [buma] 'yuh-'se(e)]
leaves (dry) [liih]; [ol] let go of s.th. (fig.) t
leech [pepe] [sem lee 'ohl-di]
leech, kind of [lii] let it be l ['yihn-du]
left (be) -L [lih-k] let's see L [kere]; h /
left behind (be) L`- - [ti 'yih-na/ 'yihn-na]
[koh-yar or-] letter j- [thaa-'yih]; U
left (hand) [yoma] [yihgi]
left out (be) L`- - level ` [phreta]
[koh-yar or-] level all the way ` ` [phreta
left over (be) - [lhaa-] tae]
leftovers / ['lhaau/ level (carpenter's) -` {M-}
'lhaaul] [thi-i {'kyahp-}]
leg L` [kaba]; [ahp] level s.th. `- [yom-]
legend S [tam kharpe] level the top of the walls when
leisure, be at L` -L (2) building gL- - [tsik-tor
['kohbi 'teh-k] tuh-]
leisure (have) S-` J`- levies and taxes (oblige to pay) w

599
liar
L-/ L- ['hal 'kal-/ ken-]
liar g`U/ g`U/ g`U
['tsih-gere/ 'tsih-gerba (m.)/
'tsih-germu (f.)]; g/ g ['lutsa
(m.)/ 'lutsa-mu (f.)]; L/ L
[op-kere (m.)/ op-ker-mu (f.)]
lice (have) L M- ['iken
'kyahp-]
lichen [bop]
lick - [daa-]
lid (put on) Sh/ Sl {M-}
[khap-tu/ kha-u {kyahp-}]
lid used to cover the pot for
making curds U [gormu]
lie down `- [yahl-]; m-
[zim-]
lie (i.e. tell a lie) g M- [tsihn
kyahp-]; t M- /-L [phaa
(N) kyahp-/ peh-k]; g M-
[lutsa (N) kyahp-]; M-
[op kyahp-]
lie jokingly E M- ['hawa
'kyahp-]
lie on a hard spot L- [kar-]
lie on one's back L` ( ) lift up (intensified) J M- [om
`- [kahyal (peh-ti) yahl-]
lie on one's side L`- ( ) ligature g [tsa]
`- [kah-suhr (peh-ti)
yahl-]
lie on one's stomach S-g(
M) `- [khep-tsuu
(peh-ti/ kyahp-ti) yahl-]
life j [tshe]; jU (`U)
[tshe-di-gi 'mihli (ah-gi)]; m
[zubu]; [mihli]; / / light, just after it becomes
/ [liih/ liihbu/ leehbu/
lihbu]
life after death -` j [phar-ee
tshe]
life (animal) U ['baso-gi
'mihli]
lightning
life, come back to
J`- ['sombo looh-di oh-]
life, enter into a different form of
M - [kyewa lehn-]
life (former) j ` [tshe 'ema]
life (future) j j [tshe 'thima]
life (present) j [tshe-dila]
life span j [tshe]
life (span) k/ k/ -j
[mihze/ mihzi/ mih-tshe]
life spirit/ life substance of a
person 1 [la]
life style y [o-den]; -y/
yl [teh-lu o-lu/ teh-tu
h
o-u]; / [minam/
miinam (E)]; `/ ` [miina/
piina (W)]
lifelessly (lie there) L L L
( ) ` -L [plek plek
plek (peh-ti) yahl teh-k]
lift not a finger TL TL
(hA`) - [khyak khyok
(tii-'a) meh-be-]
lift up M- (1) [kyaa-]
kyaa-]
light, become in the morning
`- [nahm 'lah-]
/ light (bright) M-` ['kya-sae]
light (emit) ` M- [daa
kyahp-]
light (faint) M-A` ['kya-'ahe]
light (in weight) ` [yahdi]
-/ - [nahm-'simu/
nahm-'semu]
light (lamp, torch, or wood) -
[par-]
lightly (touch) L - [tok dee-]
lightning (be) g/ g/ g /
600
lightning loan

j/ j/ j M- [tsilam/ yehn-]; - [sen-]

tsilim/ tselem/ tshilam/ tshilim/ listless ` ` [yala yile]
tshelem kyahp-]; j`/ j`/ listless (be) ` ` j-
g` M- [tshera/ tshara/ ['tohba 'ido thaa-];
tsehra kyahp-] [ehmba mih-n-du]
lightning flashes - [lhasin listless (completely) (be) -j`
thep-] ['la-tshe-'ra mihn-du]
like, behave ` T [
listlessly (sit around) U -L
-da khyee meeh-ba 'mih] [plege 'teh-k (E)]
like (be/do) `` [nahi] litter `` [yaahyo];
like s.b. [semba 'yeh] `M` [yohkto]
like s.th. -/ - ['thusem little ` [yeehmu];

'thep-/ 'thu 'thep-]; `- ['thu [piihru]
'yee-]; j- [sem 'tshuu-]; - little, a (-l)/
[sem 'thep-] (-l) [raba rebe(-i) (E)/
like s.th. at first sight - [sem raba ribi(-i) (W)]; (l)/
'or-] (l) [sipi(-i) (E)/ sipa(-i)
like s.th. or s.b. L- [kah-]; (W)/]; / [ala
y- [lo-la o-] ule/ ale ule]
like that J [ooh rohwa]; J little, be/ receive too `` -
[ooh 'leehmu] [yuh-]
like this / [di/ de little (of a sticky mass) l
rohwa]; [di leehmu]
['phema-i]
like, whatever (you) h - [ti little patches here and there
nee-nee] [yala yule]
limit [saan (N)] little (quite) `` A/ `` H/
limitless j` (j)
U/ j-` j `` ['yuh-'a(a)/ 'yuh-'e(e)/
U [tshee-'ra (tshee) 'yuh-'se(e)]
meeh-ba-gi/ tshee-da tshee live l- [uu-]; -L [teh-k]
meeh-ba-gi] live longer j - [tshe 'so-]
limp ` ` [yala yile] livelihood (1) [ih]
line dies out g `- ['tsawa 'to-] livelihood (start) g- ['ih 'tsuu-]
line (in genealogy) g [tsawa] liver j [thimba]
line up neatly t- [iih-] living people ['mihli
lion `V L/ `V L/ `V 'mih-'ya]
[sigyi karpu/ sigyi karmu/ lizard g` [tsaba (W)]; [tiya
sigyi taa] (E)]
lip j [thodo] load L- [kal-]; S/ S [khuru/
liquor collected for festivals khurpu]
l` [tiiha] loan [pehlen]
listen `-/ ` - [yihn-/ loan verb auxiliary - [tii-]

601
located louse

located (be) - [paar-tii- (N)] pulling t {M-} [ohldi

locative marker - [-la] {kyahp-}]
lock Ll [kohlda] loose (get) -/ - [uh-/
lock up M- ['dimi 'kyahp-] iih-]; - (1) [or-]
1 [peebe]
locust loose (i.e. not compact)
` [neeza]
lodge k [solbu]
lonely j ['tsherpu]; -` loose (i.e. not tight) [lhepu]
[yih-toe] loosely, hanging around

lonely (be) j- [tsher-] ( ) [leht leht (peh-ti) (E)];
lonely (place) ` M` ( ) [lehp lehp
[mihra kyara]; ` (V) (peh-ti) (W)]
[yibu (gyaa)] loosely (put in) / -/
long ` ['rihbu] l- [solbu/ sol-sol/ sole peh-ti
long, be too `-1 [rih-] 'aa-]
long for s.b. t - [ehn-] lose (game, struggle) - [pham-]
long lasting l/ l/ l lose ground - ['temba
[phindu/ phundu/ phundo] 'nuhp-]
long talk / `U lose intrinsic value `- (1)
[tih rihbu-gi tam] [yahm-]
long time, for a / lose its merit (vow) k `-
`l [yihn/ yihnda riha-i] [tahmdzi yahm-]
longsuffering ` j [naai lose merit `- (1) [yahm-]
thimbu] lose one's senses t - ['ehmba
look m- [zii-]; - [ta-] 'tor-]
look after g -L [tsara peh-k]; lose strength (salt, blessing) -
- [ta-] [yahl-]
look alike y- [a-] lose s.th. h- ['tor tuu-]
look down upon M - ['kyen taa- lose weight - ['a 'uhr-]
(E)]; - [phya- (W+E)] loss, have a L M- [kiih
look good `- [yaahbu 'tho-] kyahp-]
look like `- [tho-] lost (feel) A T- [ala khyam-]
look like being able to j / lost (get) - [tor-]
[tshenda 'yeh/ 'du] lot, a MMg (`) [kyahktse
look sideways TL -L [khyok (-'ra)]
peh-k] lots (cast) M M- [kyehn
look straight into j -/ j - kyahp-]
['thare ta- (E)/ 'thar ta- (W)] loud and hallow (noise) ` `/ `
loop (make) U {m-/ M-} ` [do do/ du du]
[gumi {zo-/ kyahp-}]; ` {-} louse L [iken]
[miyo {ten-} (W)] louse eggs (have) {M-}
loop which can be undone by [soma {kyahp-}]

602
lovable malefactive

lovable `-h [ni-'tehmu] ['eeh 'hala 'hole/ 'eeh 'bala 'bole]

love, fall in - [sem 'or-] lull (babies) to sleep ` m- ['yi
love God Ll ` V- [sem 'zo-]
kindo oo-le 'gyur-] lullaby `U ['yaahyo
love s.b. `l {-L} [nidi 'la-ge petam (W)]
{peh-k}] lump ` [pholdo]
love s.b. (romantic love) -L lump (handful-sized) Al`
[sem peh-k] [amda]
low 2 [pohmbo]; [mamu] lump of dough (firm) from 'tsamba'
low-class people hgU (make) {L`-} [polda
['mahttsi-gi 'mih] {koh-}]
lower, the g/ g [tsooma/ lunar eclipse (be) AE
tsoo-me] J-M J`- [aw 'dayum-la
lowland/ of the lowlands MU/ 'ohp-'kyal oh-]
M [kyahgar/ kyaahr] lunch time [tosa]
loyally / m` ['thir peh-ti/ lungs [lawa]
zu-di] lush green plants ` `k [umbu
luck [sodi] 'oze]
luck, spirit of ` (1) [ya] luxuriously (eat, live) ` (j/
lucky coins `-y` [ya-'a] j) / / ` {-/
luggage [pela] -L} [yahm ('thewa/ thimbu)
lukewarm t / t peh-ti/ ten-di/ ta-di {sah-/ teh-k}]

machine L (2) [kal (N)]
made up m [zeema]
made up song (newly) m
['zeema 'lu]
magic power (have) /
['mipa/ 'miirim 'yeh]
magic rituals (perform) - -
-L [phaa-phaa phu-phu
peh-k]
main point past -M/-V
[-kyo~-gyo]
maize U/ C/ [magi/ may/
maa]
maize field -` [maa-ih]
maize (tender) C- [may-'sii]
maize variety U l` [magi
'pau]; U [mah magi]
M - m
Majesty the King (His) `
M [pal aden kyahlbu]
make m- [zo-]
make forget ` h- [yah tuu-]
make fun of s.b. y/
y
-L [eehnel/ eehnil peh-k]
make money t`U m- ['aga 'zo-]
make up one's mind L `- [thak
ta-]; L `- [thak ta-]
make up s.th. m- [tam 'zo-];
- [tam yo- (W)]; - [tam yoo-
(E)]
male animal k [phoze]
male group () [pheebe(-'ya)]
male offspring of 'dzomo' and
'lago' tU [ohlgo]
malefactive action (perform) l-
603
malicious mat

[aa-] marriage contract (make) LV

malicious pleasure (exhibit) k/ {-} [kahmgya {pruh-}]
k - [nemdzen/ nimdzen married (get) -L [paahma
tap-] peh-k]
malicious pleasure (feel) j-/ married life (start) lM g-
j J`- (2) [yih tshim-/ ['dikten 'tsuu-]
yih tshimbu oh-] married, miss the chance to get
malleable ` [yilbu] t`l - [ohdu or-]
man M-T [kyep-khyowa]; married person lM
T [khyowa]; [mih] ['diktem-ba]
Manchurian pear MU married state lM h
['kyahgar peena] [dikten tahwa]
manipulate s.b. through meditation marrow L` (1) [ka]
- [yihdam uhp-]
t marten? L [kowar]
manner w / w [hi/ he]; y`U mash [sehn]
[aga (N)]; [parmen] mash (coarse) ['dur]
manner of talking L- ['kee-'lu] mashed (become) - [dur-]
manner, this w/ w [di hi/ mashed (coarsely) ['durma]
de he] mask, cloth on g [tsedar]
manners / [minam/ mask (put on) M/ {L -}
miinam (E)]; `/ ` [miina/ [bakpa/ baa {kehn-}]
piina (W)] masked dance (perform) j-
manners, have no ['sooh ['baa 'tham-]; l {M-/
meeh] `-} [baandam {kyahp-/ na-}];
mantra (ritual prayer) (2) j {`-} [lama 'tham
[mahni] {na-}]
mantras (say) ` M-/ t`- [aa masked dancer in the 'tshiiu'
kyahp-/ ah-] ceremony `-/ ` [aa-baa/
manure h/ h/ h aaba]
[tohwa/ tahwa/ tehwa] mason gM S [tsikso kheeba]
many ` [mahbu] mass ` (1) [li]
many, as as -g/-k mass of a landslide -
[-tse-ba~-dze-ba~-ze-ba] [rih-ol]
many, as as you like Lk / massage - [mur-]
Lk ['kahze 'ma-na/ 'kahze massage, give an oil ` M-
'ma-'ma] ['yee 'kyahp-]
margin (make) T` {-/ massive l [demba]
J`-} [khyepsa {sah-/ oh-}] master of ceremonies at a wedding
mark s.th. as one's property / M/ [mihktemba/
M- [thoba (E)/ thopa (W) mihpten]
kyahp-] mat `U/ `U [tigu/ tego]

604
match
match y- [ii-]
matchbox gMt [tsaka]
matched well yM [ikpu]
matches gMt [tsaka]
matching j [tha]
matching manner/ quality
[peebe(-i)]
mate k` (`) -L [dzapra
(yii) peh-k]
mate (for dogs, vulgar) U- [gaa-]
materialize S- [khuu-]
matter [tam]; (2) [ih]
matter (be) Lh {/ -} [keta
{yeh/ yihn}]
matter (talk about) Lh {-L/
-/ -} [keta {e-k/ lahp-/
ma-}]
matter, what's the -L1 [peh-k]
mattress `U/ `U [tigu/ tego];
(1) [tehn]
mature mentally h- [sem
'tip-]
mature (of field products) h-
[tip-]
mature (of people ) [rahpu]
mature physically m h- [zubu
'tip-]
may the event expressed by vs
happen `` U` !
['yuh-go-'ra o!]
meadow `U [thaga]
meager (growth) jL jL
[tshatrak tshitrik]
meal at a feast or ceremony
[batar (N)]
meal, main [to]; [sol]
meal (prepare) - [to yo-];
M- [yopta kyahp-]
meaning (3) [tehn]; / k
[tehnda/ tehndza]
meaning, deep ` `U
meet
['tih 'rihbu-gi tam]
means k [dzetap]; (2) [thap]
measles (get) U - [phage
then-]
measure - [tahp-]; L
(l)2 ['tahp-ka]
measure cloth (by cubits) w -
['hu 'tahp-]
measure s.th./ s.b. j -L [tshe-k]
measure, with j -L [tshee
peh-k]
measuring pot L [kurwa (N)]
meat [a]
meat only M ['a 'nakpa]
meddle in other people's talk and
affairs h j/ l -
['toldo thimbu/ dibu ten-]
meddling in other people's talk and
affairs h [pra tolbu]
mediation, through the of
-L/-U/-C [-ki~-gi/-y peh-ti]
medical treatment l ['men
'mendu]; l [mendu]
medicine (1) [men]
meditate L- [kohm-]; M`-/
`- [thin kya-/ ta-]
meditation (discipline oneself/
manipulate s.b. through)
t - [yihdam uhp-]
meditation (engage in) m`-
[thin zu-]
meditation, have power of
[yihnden yeh]; ` ['luh
'yeh]
meditation is spoiled / j-
['mipa/ 'miirim thuu-]
meet l- (2) [dal-]; - [thuu-]
meet by chance k M- [dzoo
kyahp-]
meet (come to/ go to) S J`-/
y- [khadu-la oh-/ o-]
605
meet
meet, two ends up with each
other - [dii-]
meet up with s.b. h - ['teeh
sihn-]
Melamchi Pul [domen pul]
Melamchi River g` [sihma
tsabu]
melody ` (1) [tah]; `-`
[tah-ya]; ` (2) [ya]
melt -2 [uh-]
melt s.th. l-1 [u-]
member (defective) J` `-
[obu yahm-]
member (of human body) J`
[obu]
members (have complete/
incomplete) J` {j`-/ j`}
[obu {'tsha-/ mah-'tsha-ba}]
memory, be fresh in one's t
['ehmba sale 'yeh]
memory, (have) a good t
{} ['ehmba salbu {yeh}]
menfolk T k ['khyowa pehza]
menstruation (have) M J`-
['kyepa oh-]; m J`- [zubu
liih oh-]
mentally deranged (become)
-L/ y- [thap thop peh-k/
o-]
merchandise 1 [sooh]
merciful (be) `-h -L
[ni-'tehmu peh-k]
merciless (be) `l [nidi
meeh-ba]
merging of paths k V
['lahm dzom-sa 'gyaa]
merit (gain) V (j) J`-
['gyur (thimbu) oh-]; - [phen-]
merit (religious) L [kehwa];
/ [darma/ daram (N)];
/ [phayin/ phayen]
millet
meritless (become) j J`-/
y- [thiiser oh-/ o-]
mess, make a ` ` -L/
`- [phara 'phuru peh-k/ ta-]
mess up s.th. `- [yor-]
message ` U/ ` U/ `U
[lehgu/ lehgo/ lihgi]
message (give) l- [mee aa-];
-L [e-k]
message (send) `-/ g`-
[mee ta-/ mee tsah-]
messily L L ( ) [rasak
resek (peh-ti)]
messy `U `U [yahga
yohge]; `L `L
[yahsak yohsak peh-ti]; `U
[yohge]
mess/ messy `M [yohki]
method, by this j
['thapi peh-ti]
middle M/ M [kyil/ pahrkyi]
middle one, the / M
[pahrpa/ pahrkyi-wa]
middle-aged (become) L `/
L -` j-/ y- [kehn-di/
kehn-'tih thaa-/ o-]
midnight ['nuhp 'phee]
milk J [ohma]; Lh [kartu]
milk (as a product) l [oma]
milk product instead of blood
(offer) L `- [kar ta-]
milk (v.) l- [o-]
milking pail (large) Mt/ k
[lahku/ laahzum]
milking pail (smallish) `
[pahya]
mill owner j-M [thu-dakpa]
millet MU/ M [kyahgar/
kyaahr]
millet beer (strong) (slurp) `
{l-} [toba {dip-}]
606
millet month

millet field M -` misty and damp (be) M M-

[kyaahr-ih] [muksil kyahp-]
millet flour (parched) (g) mix - [see-]
[poohli (tsamba)] mix liquids of different qualities
millstone U [laahgor/
/ h- [tol-]
laahwor] mix up languages w -
mind [sem]; [semba] [tam 'heemba 'or-]
mind, be of one h - mixed ['seema]
[sem lo tii-la 'dii-]; y- [sem mixed (of race, language) w
lo ii-] [heemba (N)]
minute L (2) [karma] mixed up U ` U [goo
miracle (work/ do) k/ 'rin-'ra meeh-ba-gi]
k j {k-L/ `-} ['leeh moderate focus - [-ni]
'yahmdzemba/ 'leeh 'yahmdzen moderate quantity [toba]
'thewa {'dze-k/ ten na-}] moderately A [ado]; [toba]
mirative evid. () [du(-ba)] moderately good/ well (l)
mirror ` [mehlo] [toba-mu(-i)]
mirror (look in) ` - ['mehlo moderation j` -L [tshe-ta
ta-] peh-k]
mirror which records all our works molar y- ['am-'so]
LL ` [lehk-ki mehlo] mole [mewa]
misery j U ['tshaa 'tuhmu-gi moment, a [yahmbi]
tam] moment, a later l ()
misfortune M j [kyidu [yahmbi-i-le (phar)]
thimbu]; h [pahrte] moment, a brief /
misfortune (be overtaken by) M [rhap rhip/ rhaba rhibi];
- ['tuhkpu bap-] -g(-l) [rhip-tse(-i)]
miss (a goal) k- [dzol-] moment, one j h [tshup tii];
miss s.b. greatly S -L [sem w-g [hop-tse]
'khale 'lih-k] money t`U (2) [aga]; y (1)
miss the goal j- [tee thuu-] [ibu]
miss the right time - [pa money which needs to be sent
thal-] ` [tama (W)]
misshapen U [gotor] mongoose? t / t [ahmen/
mistake k [dzol-wa]; `V ehmen]
kV ['leeh noh-'gyo dzol-'gyo] monk L `/ L ` [kehlo/
mistake (make) k- [dzol-]; kehlu]
k- ['leeh dzol-] monkey (langur) L [preken]

mistake, make a in speaking monkey (rhesus) E [priw]
k- [tam dzol-]; - [tam monk's or nun's quarters [aa]
'nohr-] month (1) [dawa]

607
monument
monument (stupa) j
[thorten]
moon, full j h`
[tsheeba teea {'yihn}]
moon (shine) AE / /
{-} [aw dawa/ dayum/
dayim {ar-}]
more k [dzen (N)]; M
[lhakpu]; ['lhaama]
more than - [-le 'lhaama]
moreover M [tihkya]; `
[tohro]
morning `t [au (E)];
[oohle (W)]
mortar (big, wooden) j [tshom]
mortar (small, wooden) L
Lk / L [koohbur/
koohzum/ koohdum]
mosquito ` (2) [padi]
moss [bop]
mostly `-j [mah-'thewa]
moth M [muhkpa]
mother A [ama]; [mah];
l/ [yuhmden/ yuhm]
mother of the house T A
['khyim 'ama]
mother-in-law M [kyuuhmu]
mother-in-law (form of address)
A (3) [ani]
motives SM `U [khokpa
nah-gi tam]
motives (find out) - [sem ta-];
- [sem lehn-]
motives (good) L [sem karpu]
mouldy (become) - [ham-]
mountain (low) L` [kah]
mountain peak -g ['lah-'tse]
mountain range ['lahmo]
mountain region [lah]
mountain sickness (get) `-
[lahdo lah-]
mumps
(1) mountain (with snow) S
['khawa 'lah]
{} mountainous country L`-`
['kah-'luh]
mourning (2) [tuuh]
mourning (be in) -L
['tuuh-la 'teh-k]
mourning period (observe) S-/
g- ['tuuh khur-/ 'tsii-]
mouse g`/ g` [tsubi (W)/
tsube (E)]
mouth S [kha]; [ahl]
mouth organ (blow) / U
{-} [biyul/ bigul (N) {phu-}]
move around restlessly or in a
/ fluttering way ` ` -L
['sih 'sih peh-k]
move away M- [kyee-]
move limbs L - (1) (E) [kuhl-];
U- [gul-]
move on M y- ['kyee-di o-]
move s.th. M- [kyee-]
movement, a little L [ihk]
much MMg (`) [kyahktse
(-'ra)]; h `
[ti teeen]; l/
l [dibu/ dubu]; `
[mahbu]
much, as as -g/-k
[-tse-ba~-dze-ba~-ze-ba]
much, be too `- [mah-]
much, this k/ k (`) [deze/
yehze (-'ra)]; k [deze-ba]
much, too M [lhakpu];
['lhaama]
much, very j [tshem
meeh-ba]
mud M [dakpa]
muddy (be) L J`- ['dirku oh-]
muddy (become) L/ L `-/ y-
[dirku/ derku lah-/ o-]
mumps (get/ have) U/ UU
608
mushroom necklace

{-} [galburi(E)/ galgole(W) {peh-k}]

{then-}]
mushroom [amu]
mushy (become) - [dal- (E)]
musician (perform the duty of) Ek/
k {-L} [umdze/ yindze
must L -U/ L -L [koh-g/ koh-k]
mustache (grows) ` {M-U}
[mara {kye-g-}]
mustard plant `U [puga]

Naahkote L [naahkote]
nail hk/ hk / h- [taa-zar/
taa-zer (E)/ taa-ser (W)]
nail (of finger or toe) (cut)
{-/ -} [semu {praah-/ tup-}]
naked hy [tehnamu]
naked (completely) `U` M/
`U` M [rogolong kyere/
rohgolo kyere]
naked, half `U `U/ `U
`U [ragal rogol/ rahgal
rohgol]
naked (people) `/ ` [roe/
rohe]
name j [tshen]; [mihn]
name (give) - ['mihn taa-]
named, the one ...H
[...'ma-en-di]
nape of neck and shoulders Mg
[taktsa]
narrower (become/ make) S -
['kha 'rup-]
nasal mucus (run) {-}
[napal {then-}]
nasal mucus (watery) (run down)
l {-} [nau {then-}]
naspati MU ['kyahgar peena]
naspati (wild) [peena]
nature, spirit residing in 1 [lu]
naughty M / M [thap
tuhkpa/ thap thukpa]
naughty (be) kU -L [dzagar
(N) peh-k]
N - n
near -` / -`/ -`
[thaa-yehmu/-yihmu/-eehmu]
; () [poh(-la)]
near (be) `-2 [rih- (W)]; -/
- [rehn-/ rihn- (E)]
near, somewhere ()
['poh-'ya(-la)]
nearby - ()
[sahr-suhr(-la)]
neatly L L L ( ) [tok tok
tok (peh-ti)]
necessary, as L-U/
L-U ['koh-'rihmba-gi/
'koh-'rimba-gi]
necessary conditions (be fulfilled)
h {y-} [tahmda {ii-}]
necessary things/ necessities (be
available) h {y-} [tahmda
{ii-}]
necessary work L
U
[keeh-ba-gi leeh]
neck U [gur]; l` [di-ba]
necklace [aahba]
necklace (long) (put on) mU/ mU
{-} ['zigor/ 'zii-gor {taa-}]
necklace (short) (put on) `U
{-} [nahgor {taa-}]
necklace with beads Mg
[lahktsi]
necklace with beads of coral,
turquoise and 'zi' (put on) h
(`U) {-} [tuhru (nahgor)
{taa-}]
609
necklace
necklace with gold or silver center
piece (put on) h l {-}
[tuhru daandum {taa-}]
need L -U/ L -L [koh-g/ koh-k]
need, be left in St y- ['khoo
o-]
needed, as L-U/
L-U ['koh-'rihmba-gi/
'koh-'rimba-gi]
needed, may or may not be h
LL, h L L [ti 'koh-ke, ti
meh-'koh-ke (W)]; h LH h
L H [ti-la 'koh-en, ti-la
meh-'koh-en (E)]
needle S [khap]
needle (awl-like) S-L`
['khap-ku]
needy (be) L/ L/ L y-/
J`- ['kombu/ 'kumbu/ 'kembu
o-/ oh-]
negative for non-perfect aspect/
tense -/ -/ -/-
[meh-~meeh-~ mih-~miih-]
negative for past tenses and the
imperative -/-
[mah-~maah-]
neglect a matter M- [sem
kyoo-]
neglect s.b. M-L -
['kyahp-lohk ten-]; j `-
['tshaara ta-]
neighbour Tk ['khyimdzi]; t`
[ohro]
neither... nor... A... A...
[ahna... ahna...]; .../ ...
[nah...nah/ naah...naah]
Nepali speaker `U [magar]
nephew j/ jE [tshoo/ tshaw]
nervous about s.th. (be) T-
[sem khyol-]
nervous (be) j j -L [sem
nipple
'tshaba 'tshube peh-k]
nervous when speaking - [ha
thal- (W)]
nest j` [tsha]
nettle / U [sohwa/ sohga]
nettle fibres (fabric, thread) `U
[phega]
nettle (forest) l/ l [paaar/
paaer]
neutral past - [-sin]
never A` [nahm-'a]
new [samba]
new moon (be) U` {}
[namga {yihn}]
new year (celebrate) {-}
[lohsar {sah-}]
news spread t-/ t- [tam
am-/ ahm-]
next day ` `/
[nahbar 'yihmu/ 'leehmu]
next life j j [tshe 'thima]
next, the `/ ` ['tima/
'ti-me]
next time (when going) `(U)
['ti(-gi) 'lahm]
next year ` [sabe]
[yaahbu]
nice
nice, not ` [meh-yemba]
niece j [tshamu]
night (1) [nuhp]
night (earlier part) L` / `
[kuhmu/ nuhmu]
night, last ` L` [da
kuhmu]
nightmare, have a / `-
[maami/ marmi lah-]
nine L [kuh]
nineteen hL [turku]
Ningale ()-SL [ta(p)-kharka]
ninth L [kuhba]
nipple (of breast) (1) [nuhma]
610
no
no [mihn]; [mihm-ba]
no way S [khame]
noble m` [zada]; t/ y jM
[ah/ a thakpu]
nobody A` ['su-'a]; lA`/
l ['su-i-'a/ 'su-i-ni]
node (in wood) `U (1) (E)
[miigor]
noise L1 [kee]
noise for nothing (make) `V -
[hagya ten-]
noise, high and soft beating t`
t` - [o o ma-]
noise (loud and echoing) `y/
` {-} [dia/ dira {ten-}]
noise (make) hEy `- ['tahwa
'la-]
noisy commotion (be) hE hE
J`- [tahw tahw oh-]
nominalizer -L/-U [-ka~-ga];
-L/-U [-ku~-gu]; -`/-`1
[-ta~-da]; -` [-na]
nominalizer (for clause) -/-
[-ti~-di]
nominalizer for way of doing s.th.
- [-lu]
nondurable ` ['thup-i
meeh]
none hA` [ti-'a]
none at all
/ A`
[yaah meeh-ba/ yeh-'a meeh-ba]
non-honorific speech (use) L-
{-} [bok-tam {ma-}]
non-lama ` [maba]
nonsense (talk) jL `L -
[thok yohk ma-]
noodles (cook) M {m-} [kyahdu
nutmeg
{zo-}]
noodles/ noodle soup M
[thukpa]
north h` [tah]
north wind blows h` M-
[tahla 'kyahp-]
nose L/ [narko (W)/
naasum (E)]; / () [naasum
(E)/ (naa)]; ` (1) [a]
nosebleed, have a / -
[nara/ naara then-]
not alike y(l)
[meh-n-a-wa(-i)]
notch U [gu]
note (money) [lor]
note, take ``U -L/ l-
[yihgu peh-k/ aa-]
notice (give) j -L ['tshora
peh-k]
notice, go along not taking any
y- [sohm sohm
peh-ti o-]
nourishment h1 [tii]
now [tahnda (E)]; [taah];
1 [nahre (W)]
now (emphatic, expressive)
[tahpse]
nowadays `` [tihsa]
Nuhrpu Kahng L` [nuhrpu
kah]
numeral group -L()/-U()
[-ka(r)~-ga(r)]
numerous l [demba]
nun h/ h (1) [tohmo/
tohmu]
nun (form of address) A (2) [ani]
nutmeg k [dzadi]
611
oath old

O - o
oath, bear the consequences of a odd and old bits and pieces `U
false y- [napsiwa o-] `U [yahga yohge]
oath performed in the 'kohmba' odd bits an pieces of flattish things
Ll ` l M- [kindo t t [lapa lepa]
pabu 'aa-di 'na 'kyal-] odd bits and pieces
obedient S `/ ` [rahba rehbe]
['khal 'yihm-bu/ mih-'yihm-ba]; odd number L {} [kar {du}]
t jM/ t j ['ih thakpu/ odd pieces tU tU [agra ugra
'ih 'thepu]; ` [thibu] (N)]
obey `-/ ` - [yihn-/ odd pieces here and there
yehn-]; - [sen-] / [ala ule/ ale
obey consistently ` -L ule]
['yihndi peh-k] of course I would do what vs
obligation w [hal] expresses ... / [leeh...
obligation, be under U - nah/ nahle]
[goo-la bap-] offer to gods - (1) [phul-]
observe (e.g. custom) g- (2) [tsii-] offer up s.th. h `- [tihmba
observe (e.g. laws) ` -L ta-]
['yihndi peh-k] offering of flowers and grains
observe the right time g- [pa (present) `-M {-L}
tee-di 'tsuu-] [sa-serkyim {peh-k}]
obstacles on paths LL LL offspring jM [tsharkyin]; /
[kahrak kohrok] [senden/ sanden (N)]
obstruct L- [kaa-]; L- [kuuh-] oil [num]
obstructed (be) L- [kuuh-] okay J`U() [oh-ge(n)];
obtain back (money, means) `- [lahso]; E/ [lohw/ loh]
[loh-] old age L [kehn]
occasion k [tiihzi]; ` old (become) L V- [kehn-la
[hulda (N)] 'gyur-]
occupation (pursue) l
{m`-} old female animal L / L
[leehu {zu-}] [kehmu/ kahmu]
occur - [sem-la nee-]; ` old male animal L / L [kehpu/
[hada] kahpu]
occur to ` M-U ['nomsa old man L / L [kehpu/
'kye-g] kahpu]; t [eehbu]
occurs, never (to him) old (of inanimate things) `
`- ['nawa meh-yoh-] [niba]
ocean j-Mk [tsho-kyahmdzo] old (of people; m. or f.) L
o'clock l () [bae(-la) (N)] [kehmba]
612
old opposite

old (people) L ` U [keehgen] [bum (tii)]

old times (from) `(U)
[en-le(-gi) (T)]
old woman L / L [kehmu/
kahmu]
older j/ j [thewa/
thowa]
older (be) j/ j
[loh thimbu/ 'theemu 'yeh/ 'yihn]
omelette (make) L` M-
['koha 'baabar 'kyahp-]
omen (good/ bad)
gM) [temrel/ temel
tsokpa)]
on one's own (gift developed)
`` [rahi]
on the one hand... on the other
hand... h h... h h... [ta
tii-le... ta tii-le...]
on top of L` () [kah-la]; S
() [kha(-la)]
once upon a time ` `
[tahbu tahbu (W)]; ` `/
`U [tahbu 'tohle/
tahbu-'ga leh (E)]
one h [tii]; -l/-l/-k/-h
[-di~-i~-dzi~-ti]
one after another - open (be) `- [tah-]
[reeh-reeh peh-ti]
one after the other t M
[ah tahkpu peh-ti];
['rihmba peh-ti]
one after the other (starting with
the biggest one)
j-U/ -U
[the-rihmba-gi/ -rimba-gi]
one by one -`
[rahp-ta rihm-ba peh-ti (W)];
- [reeh-reeh peh-ti]
one each - [reeh-reeh]
one hundred thousand (h)
one mind (be of) h - [sem
tii 'thoo-]; h h y-/ -
[sem tii lo tii-la ii-/ 'dii-]
one, only h M l [tii
peh-'kyo-i]
one time, in h (`)
/ [tehp tii-la(-'ra)]
one's face (to) [phyar-te
phyar-te]
only SM` [kharkya]; h`
/ y ( / [ti-'ra (W)]; h` [tii-'ra (E)];
(yaahbu/ -l/-l/-k/-h
[-di~-i~-dzi~-ti]
only, consisting of [sile]
only one h h M l [timi
tii peh-'kyo-i]; lL (h)
[phaaik (tii)]
only one (the) h (h) [tipu
(tii) (W)]; h M l [tii
peh-'kyo-i]
only son l M [puh-ikpa]
only (the) h h [timi tii]
onwards, from a certain point
/ [phar-'tep/-'tap]
open A` [ahe]; S - (2) ['kha
'phee-]; ` [tahe]; - [phee-]
openly L L [haka haki (N)]
opinion, have an M-U
[sem-la 'kye-g]
opportunity h3 [tah]
opportunity (give) ` - ['loh
ter-]
opportunity, look for an -
['lahm ta-]
opportunity, look for an to
perform an action j- [tshol-]
opposite S () [khaptur(-la)]
opposite, just the h U
[phirta doge]

613
opposite
opposite valley slope L ()
[phar-ken ('dep)-la]
oppress s.b. `h -L [yaptu
peh-k]
oppression `h/ `h/ `h
[yaptu/ yapte/ yapti]
optative -h/-l [-tu~-du~-u]
optional adjectivizer -L/-U/-C2
[-ki~-gi/-y]
or h... h... [ti-ni... ti-ni...];
[ni]
oracle, speak as an for the first
time S - (2) ['kha tohl-]
oracle, talk as an U -/ -L
[lheega sal-/ e-k]
orange (colour) ` [lihwa]
order L- [kul-]
order (give) L `- ['ka na-]
orderly fashion t M [ah outgoing S ['kha salbu]
tahkpu peh-ti]
orderly fashion (in)
['rihmba peh-ti]
orders for work (give) L-
['leeh kul-]
orders (give) L `-/ -L/ -
[kepa ta-/ peh-k/ ten-]
ordinal number forming suffix
-/-/- [-pa~-ba/-wa]; -/-
[-pu~-bu]
ordinary j` j`/ j` j`
[thaa thue/ tshaa tshue]
ordinary folks M ['mih
'nahkpa (W)]
organisation of a festival (be
responsible for it) ` S-
[yerpa khur-]
origin -gg/ gg ['mah-'tsutso/
'tsutso]
origin of things w`(U) w`,
j(U) j ['hu-be(-gi)
'hu-rap, thaa-be(-gi) thaa-rap]
overbearing
original ` [ohma]
ornament hanging from center of
'tuhru' necklace l
[daandum]
orphan tt k / g k
/ tt g
[ooe pehza/ tahtse pehza/
k
ooe tahtse pehza]
other ` [rahsa];
/ l
/
l [lehmen/ emen/ emba];
[loohlo]
other side (going to) y
[phano]
otherwise /
[mihn-si-'ma-na/ mihn-na-ni];
() [lehmen(-ni)]
out of shape () [leehyo(p)]
outbid s.b. -L/ M-
[hanawar (N) peh-k/ kyahp-]
outhouse j` [thapsa
(E+W)]; j/ jk` [thaa-raa
(W)/ thaa-za (E)]
outshine (fig.) M ['kyahla]
outside ` () [pa(-la)]; ()
[phi(-la)]
outside part L (2) [phiko (W)]
outsider j [thiba]
oval M`/ M`/ ``
[kyomu/ kyomo/ yomo (E)];
`` [yomu (W)]
over here (a little way) jhg
[tshuttsi]
over there () [phar(-la)
(W+E)]; () [phuu(-la)
(W+E)]; E () [haw(-la) (E)];
() [har(-la) (E)]
over there (a little way) hg
[phattsi]
overanxious L [kaandar (N)]
overbearing (be) `M -L
[ahrkyal peh-k]
614
overcooked
overcooked (be) j M- [tsheeda
'kyahp-]
overdo an activity - T [-raa
khyer-ti]
overeaten (have) t j`- ['ehpa
'tshe-]; j`-/ j`- ['phowa
'tshe- (E)/ 'tshi- (W)]
overflowing, full to (`)/
M (`) [mere (-'ra)/ merkya
(-'ra)]
overnight, stay -L [baasa
(N) teh-k]
overripe (be) h- [tip-]
pacify t- (2) [ol-]
pacify babies (rhyme)
[yaahyo]
pacify gods j -L3 [the-k]
pain (have) M- [suh kyahp-]
pain, have a throbbing T-
[khyuu-]
paint jk [tshendze]
paint gods - [lhari pruh-]
painter of religious paintings
S ['lhari 'kheeba]
pair j [tha]
pair of oxen yoked for ploughing
` h ['la 'hal tii]
pair (restricted contexts) [hal
(N)]
paisa y (2) [ibu]
palace MU` [kyahlga]
palm of hand [thil]; M
['lahkpa 'thil]
panel [namba]
pant F - ['uu hal-]; - J`-
[seehn-seehn oh-]
pants for men (Nepali style) U
[sulgar]
paper U/ [ugu/ uu]
party
oversee work L `-/ -L/ -
[kepa ta-/ peh-k/ ten-]
oversleep ` - ['yi 'or-]
overtake - [thal-]
own, on one's (gift developed)
`` [rahi]
own, one's `U ['rah-gi]
owner M [tahkpu]
owner (of a house) [neebu/
/
neemu (T)]
ox `U/ ` [lago/ la]
ox (1-2 years old) `y [lau]
P - p
paper making enclosure -L
['u-'koohra]
paradise - ['lha-'yuhl]; `V
( ) [sagye (yuhl)]
paralyzed (be) L` M -
['kaba 'lahkpa 'or-]
parch `- (1) [o-]
parched grain [yeeh]
pardon s.b. l m- [thui zii-]
parents A A [aba 'ama];
[phama]
parrot [neehzo]
k
partial LL (`) [phepe
koko (-'ra)]
partiality (show) j -L
['thoo-ri peh-k]
partiality (treat with) `
` ()/ ` () -L
[yemba yeeri(m)/ yeehri(m)
peh-k]; ` ()/ ` () -L
[yeeri(m)/ yeehri(m) peh-k]
partnership, go into business
-L / g- [piima peh-k/
piima-la tsuu-]
party of the groom k
['mihser dzom-bo]
615
pass people

pass by J`-/ y- [then oh-/ up- (W)]

o-]; - [then 'phep-]
pass (of time spans) - [yohl-]
pass wind y/ y/ `-/ - peace and prosperity reign `
[phini/ pheni/ phen ta-/
or-]
passing by, in
[ohrto-la]
past a certain point (go) -
[yohl-]
past, come/ go a location
J`-/ y- ['lahm then-di oh-/
o-]
past, neutral - [-sin]
past, things of the ` L
MU Lh/ `-U Lh peace-loving (be) ` -L
['toh-le kahl sihn-'gyo-gi 'keta/
'toh-'lahm-gi 'keta]
patch for mending [lhemba]
patch (small) t [lhepa]
patches Mt Mt [phoka
phoka]
patches, little here and there
[yala yule]
path - ['phep-'lahm];
[lahm]
path of deliverance (get/ find)
- {-/ l-} ['thar-'lahm
{thop-/ dor-}]
patience ` j [naai
thimbu]
patient ` ` ['nado 'rihbu]
patient (be) ` -L ['naai
peh-k]
pattern [pe]; [rehmu]
pause (in speech or writing) j
h-L/ l- ['tsham 'te-k/ 'aa-]
pawned, s.th. [dido (N)]
pay h- [tal-]
pay back t - [uhp-]; t -/
y- [baran uhp- (E)/ baran
payment (give) - {-}
[see-rihn {ter-}]
jM t- [ya thakpa
a-'ihba 'yeh]
peace, give no M - [kyii
meh-ter-]
peace of heart and mind (have)
l l J`- [sem-di
liih-i 'tehmu oh-]
peace of mind (have) M
J`- [sem kyipu oh-]; l
-L [sem 'doo 'teh-k];
J`- [sem 'tehmu oh-]
[thin-da peh-k]
peach S [khambu]
peacock h [mapta]
peak (of mountain) g [tse]
peak, one after another k` k`
[dzaa dzue]
peas / [sema (E)/ rhema
(W)]
peel L [pako]
peel boiled eggs L` L -
['koha pako 'u-]
peel off - [loo-]; - [looh-]
pell-mell (fall) -
[rahma rohme rohm-]
pen (biro) [darpen (N)]
pen made of mountain bamboo
`` [yu]
penis l/ M [de/ likpa]
people ` -/ ` - [ehn-lo/
yehn-lo]; [mih]
people from other villages jU
['thoo-gi 'mih]
people of the whole region `
(2) [luhba]
people without many hands to help

616
peppery pilgrimage

['mih-la meeh-ba pick J- [oo- (E)]; `- (2) (W)

'mih] [oo-]
peppery hot g L ['martsa pick flowers J- ['mehndo oo-
kahrpa]; [haa (W)] (E)]
perceive clearly (in a moral sense) pick off individual leaves -
j ` `- ['thisal [en-]
nahsal 'tho-] pick off s.th. t- [uuh-]
perfect aspect -/-/ -/- [-ti/-te pick up - [tuh-]
~ -di/-de] picture of a venerated person L
perfect aspect (in certain contexts) [kubar]
-/-/-A [-pa~-ba~-a] picture (printed) [par]
perfect continuous aspect pictures (religious) (paint) jk `-
-`/-` [-te-'ra~-de-'ra] [tshendze ta-]
perform `- [ta-] piece [thal]
persecute M - ['tuhkpu ter-] piece of cloth (small) t [lhepa]
perseverance, with ` piece of meat ['a dumbi
['tih 'thup-a peh-ti]; ` [naa (W)]
rih-di]; -` pierce g- (1) [tsoo-]; - [phru-];
[rahp-ta rihm-ba peh-ti (W)] - [suuh-]
persevering ` ` ['nado pierce ears l J -/ -/ -
'rihbu] ['namdo 'om tol-/ phu- (E)/ 'phru-
person [mih]; / L (W)]
[mehnda/ mihrku] pierce s.th. - [tol-]
person from the place to which the pierced (get) J - ['om tohl-];
suffix is added -/-/- - [tohl-]
[-pa~-ba/-wa] pig (large, wild or domesticated)
person hired to look after a temple [phaa]
L` [keeyer] pigeon L [puhrkani]
person living on a hill L` pigment for paint j2 [tshee]
['kah-ba] pile (make) `k {M-/ g-}
person who has been working or [padzi {kyahp-/ tsii-}]
traveling in a foreign country pile of stones on mountain passes
E/ E [lawre/ lowre (N)] and cross-roads g [lahptse]
perspire `l - [uldu then-] pile (pile up) g {M-} [tartsi
pertinent jl ['yih {kyahp-}]
'tshim-de rohwa]; jl pilgrimage (go on) L-/ L
['yih 'tshim-de rohwa] M-/ U y- [nee kor-/ nee
pester `- [yer-] kora kyahp-/ nee-gor-la o-];
pestle (big) j [tshombu] - L-/ - L y-
pestle (small) (1) [timbu] [nee-sum kor-/ nee-sum kora
pheasant M` [kyihlda] o-]

617
pilgrimage
pilgrimage, place of ` - [thel-]
[neena]
pillar / `` [dumdum (E)/
dudu (W)]
pin, safety S t ['khap 'ohwa]
pink -M ['mar-'kya];
[amdo]
pipe of mountain bamboo
[nahli]
pitch black M - ['nahkpu
'naa-rhile]; -U [naa-lohge]
pitch-dark g g g ['naa
'tsuhp 'tsuhp 'tsuhp]
pitiless person U MU tse-g (E)]
[toh-gi sem 'thoo-'kyo-gi 'mih]
pity (have) ` h-U/ h- [ni
'teh-g/ 'toh-]; J`-
[sem 'iih-di oh-]
placate spirits t-/ y-
[puhmba uhp- (E)/ up- (W)]
placate the house god/ spirit L`
`- [kasu ta-]
placate the the spirit of a deceased
`- [sur oo-]
place V [gyaa]; [sabu]
place of an activity - [-sa]
plain `U [tihga]
plains M`/ M-` (1)
[kyahda/ kyah-tha]
plan ahead ` ` l-
['nomsa ta-di 'aa-]
plan s.th. ... ` `-
["quote of what is planned" +
'mee-di 'nomsa ta-]; ... `U
- ["..." mee-di ah-gi sem-la
nee-]
plane (plane s.th.) /
{M-} [bol/ bool {kyahp-}]
plant g- (1) [tsuu-]; ` / `
[tuhbu/ tohbo]
plaster (floors and walls with mud)
plug
plastic [laahbar]
plastic bag - L ['bam-'uu
'kahlda]
plastic sheet - [bam-uu]
plate [tehrma]
plate (of brass) [bada]
plate of food given at New Year
[tehrka]
L
platform / [palip/ palep]
play g- [tsa- (W)]; g -U [tse-g (E)]
play games g g-/ g/ g g-U
[tsemu tsa- (W)/ tsemu/ tseme
pleasant S` [khamsabu]
please J-j [ohr-thee]
please oneself `U S -L
[rah-gi khui (N) peh-k-]
pleased (be) L `- ['ka 'yee-];
l- [thusem ee-]
pleases, each one as he ` `
`U {-L} ['rah 'rah tahga
{peh-k}]
pleasing L [sem 'kahso]
pleasing, find s.th. `- ['thu
'yee-]; -/ - [yaahbu nee-/
ee-]
pleasure `/ ` [yahm/
ahm]
pleats j (2) [tshul]
plentiful [bolbu]
plenty () j() [bolo(m)
tholo(m)]
pleura S [khalma]
plot evil ` / ` / ` /
` h`- [sem 'ehmba/
'yehmba/ 'ehnda/ 'yehnda ta-]
plough ` [tho]
plough with oxen `U/ ` -
['lago/ 'la 'mo-]
plug up U- [gaa-]
618
plural
plural - [-nam-ya]; -
[-ya]
ply (of strings, yarn) (1) (E)
[paya (N)]
pocket Sy [khali (N)]
point at g- [tee 'tsuu-]
point (get the) L l- [kuu dor-]
point of view [ta-ndo-la]
pointed / [numbu/
nombo]
pointed end h [todo]
poison (1) [tuuh]
poison, put into people's food
M g` ['lahkpa 'tsama
meeh]
poisoned (be) - ['tuuh lep-]
poisonous plant ` [praaba
tohbo]; [boolo (E)]
poisonous tree ` [praaba
tohbo]
pole L`/ L` [kahri/
kahi]; L [kawa]
pole for prayer flag (erect) `
{g-} [tahri {tsuu-}]
pollen U / U (W)]; Sk/ S ['laa 'kha-ze/
['mehndo-gi 'thalbi (E)/ 'mehndo-gi
'thala (W)]
pond j [tsho]
pool Tl [khyildu]
poor ` [prabu]
poor person ` [prana]
poor quality -h [thep-taa]
poor (referring to material
condition) M / M
[thap tuhkpa/ thap thukpa]
poor shape S S [khatar
khotor]; S S [khasar
khosor]; S(L) [khotro(k)]
poor thing `-h [ni-'tohwa]
poorly performed (of festival)
jl ['yih meeh-'the-wa-i]
potter
pop out of t- (1) [ohl-]
popcorn kernels (pop) U
{-} [magi 'pohwal {then-}]
popular (become) - ['mihn
thop-]
popular, make oneself l-
['mihn 'aa-]
porcelain [el]
porch (covered) /
[yahpsa/ yahpse]
porch of a temple Ll
[kohmdur]
porcupine [pihtir]
portal-like structure LC [kayn]
possess j- [thar-]
possessed by 'yalmu' -
[yalmu sihn-]
possession, take of s.b. j
J`- ['thar oh-]
possessions M1 [kyuh]
possessive -L/-U/-C2 [-ki~-gi/-y]
possible (be) Lh J` SH ['keta
oh khuu-en]; S- [laa kha-]
possible, if Sl [khuu-e-ni
'laa 'khase]
post L [kawa]
post (supporting) L [kapi]
post to which animals are tied k
[dzoobur (E)]; (1) (W) [phurpa]
pot M [nekyi]
pot, small iron for frying LC
[karay (N)]
potato [he]
potato dumplings (make)
{m-} [rihldo {zo-}]
potholders j-g/ jk/ jk
[tshal-tsep/ tshaldzep/ tshaldzi];
[phooyap]
potter (about) T` T` -L
['khyalda khyoldo peh-k]
619
pour
pour `- [pu-]
pour into g`- [tsah-]; - [luu-]
pour liquids (from one container
into another) - (2) [po-]; -
[pyo- (E)]
poverty M [tuhkpu]
powder (red, used in worship)
`/ ` [sindri/ sindiri]
power J` [o]; S (1) [kham]
power (spiritual) `() [lu(da)]
practise h` -L [tahdar
peh-k]
Pradhan [parten (N)]
praise oneself - [yih thaa-];
` U `` M- ['rah presentiment (have) U M
sem-gi 'rah-la-'ra 'kyaa-]
praise (people) M- (2) [kyaa-]
pray ` - [solwa tap-]
prayer beads ` [phraa]
prayer flag (big) (hoist) `
{j-} [lubar {thar-}]
prayer flag (hoist) h/ h
{j-/ -} [tahrto/ tahrtu
{thar-/ phyar-}]
prayer flag (small) ` [ludar]
prayer wall ` ['mahni
mehnda]
preceding, the `/ `
['tohma/ 'tohme]
precepts L ` ['ka nahdar]
precious ` [nibu (W)]
precious possession / (1)
[nuhrpu/ nohrpu]
precious stone, black, with white
stripes m [zi]
precious stone (inlaid) w [ha]
precious stones and metals [ter]
precious things ` [nahden];
` [nahder]
precipice [praah]
pregnant (be) m ` [zubu
pretexts
yihpa 'yeh]; m gM [zubu
tsokpa 'yeh]; m ` [zubu
'soyim yeh]
preoccupied (be) ` -L
[sem 'lhae peh-ti 'teh-k]
preparation of beer g` M-
[pahptsa kyahp-]
prepare loom for weaving -
[prehn-]
present -L/-U/-H/-L/-U
[-ken~-gen~-en~vvn/-ke~-ge]
present (bring) MU T`- [kyeega
khyo-]
presentiment [nawa yih]
/ U [sem-gi kyil-la
'yeh-/ sem-gi 'yih-la 'yeh]
press h- (1) [tar-]
press against s.b. h- [tir-]
press down - [nem-]
press down layers - [sap-]
press out g- [tsir-]
press s.b. hard U h- [tam-gi
'tir-]
pretend j - [theendo ten-];
- [yihndo ten-]
pretend s.th. Hl m- [ten
ta-en-i 'zo-]; - [mandar
ten-]
pretend to act Hl m-/ -L
[ta-en-i 'zo-/ peh-k]
pretend to perform an action
-g/-k/-m [-tsen~-dzen~-zen];
[hi/ he pehti]
w/ w
pretext L [kuu]; g [tsoo]
pretext, find a for quarreling
U/ - m`- [tam-gi/ -la
yohwa zu-]
pretext (give) V-/ M - [praa
gyur-/ kyuhr-]
pretexts (make) M- [kyol-]
620
prevail prosperous

prevail upon h ` - ['tee-la promise solemnly -/

ten-] -L ['tehmba 'tehnsum ter-/ peh-k]
price / ` [rihn/ rih] promises, make empty S S
price (set) U` {M-} [go -/ S - ['kha 'khapi ten-/
{kyahp-}] 'khapi ten-]
prickly sensation in mouth (cause) pronounce clearly h- [tam
- [yii-] 'too-]; tM - [tam akpu
prickly sensation in mouth (have) pehti 'ma-]
S - ['kha 'yer-] pronounce indistinctly tU
priggish (be) S - [kheendo -/ t-/ tU - [tam
ten-] 'emga 'or- (E)/ tam 'em- (W)/ tam
primitive (referring to material 'em-ge 'lahp- (W)]
condition) M / M pronounce very poorly S / S
[thap tuhkpa/ thap thukpa] ['kha lemba (m.)/ 'kha lema (f.)]
primula (pink) `V pronunciation, talk with childish
[pagyen mehndo] h ` - ['tee-la ten-]
print M- [par 'kyahp-] proof (find) l-/ h
printing block (of iron) h- - [tam yohwa dor-/ 'teeh
[taa-par] sihn-]
printing block (wooden) -`/ proof (find/ look for) U/ -
`- [par-i/ i-par] M m`- [tam-gi/ -la 'nakpa zu-];
probable future -t/-y/- U/ - m`- [tam-gi/ -la
[-o~-o~-ro] yohwa zu-]
procession of the bridegroom proof (get) - [tam 'tahp-]
k [dzandiwa (N)] proof (of a material kind) (look
produce from fields L [kame (N)] for/ find) {j-/ h -}
produce seeds or grains - [dai (N) {tshol-/ teeh sihn-}]
[budi taa-] property (house and fields) S`
produce sparsely (plants) - ` [khasa ihsa]
[ohm- (W)] prosper - [yaah-]
profit (make) T` {-/ J`-} prosperity, be/ become equal in
[khyepsa {sah-/ oh-}] M `- [kyidu yom-]
profitable (be) - [phen-]; - prosperity (live in) t-
[phen 'thoo-]; J`- {J`-} [a-ihba {oh-}]
[phendop oh-]; / J`- prosperity, show off with one's
[phembu/ phemba oh-] `` - [yahmsa ten-]
prolongued (be) `-1 [rih-] prosperous L ['kah-wa]; M
promise l- [tahda aa-]; [kyipu]
l [tahmda] prosperous (become) M `` -
promise (make) l- [tohdam [kyipu 'yuh-]; t- {J`-}
'aa-] [a-ihba {oh-}]; M/

621
prosperous pus

-M J`- [yahrkyi/ pull (out/ along) t -L [ih-k]

yahr-kyi oh-] pull repeatedly L L - [tehk
prosperous, not people hgU tehk then-]
['mahttsi-gi 'mih] pull together to close t- [up-]
prosperous people hgU pull up limbs L`- [ku-]
['yahttsi-gi 'mih] pulling at (keep) ` ` -L
protect M- (1) [kyap-] [tha tha peh-k]
protection (ask for) l J`- pulse (feel) M-g -
['dul oh-] ['lahkpa-'tsa ta-]
protective (be) S- [taah punish ` L- ['yeehba 'kal-]

khur-] punished (be) ` - ['yeehba
proud and selfish person M 'phoo-]
['mih 'nahkpu] punishment ` [yeehba]

proud (be) j m- [thimbu 'zo-]; pupil, become a U - ['guru
j j - ['theendo thimbu 'uh-]
ten-] pupil (of eye) M ['mii
proverb U / - [tam-gi pe/ 'kyahlmu]
tam-pe]; - [tam-pe] pure m` [zabu]
proverb (tell) {-L} [petam pure-hearted h`-j /
{e-k}] h`l [tah-thu semba/
provide for s.b.'s living h`- tahdu semba]
['phowa tah-] purifying ritual h -
provisions (food) M [kyaahbe] [tiihnsa par-]; w -L ['hii
provoke s.b. S/ S -L peh-k]
[khoona/ khona peh-k] purifying rituals performed by
proximity, in of the road -V shaman or lama l-w -L
['lahm-'gyaa] [dap-hii peh-k]
pry - [loo-] purpose, be one in h y
pry for motives SM `- [khokpa -L [tehnda tii-la ii-di 'teh-k]
'lo-] purpose, for this j [thir-la];
publicize - ['phi-la ten-] [tehnda-la]
pull apart t- [ahl-] purse M [kyalba]; S
pull down/ off - [prup-] [khuma]; g`U [tsagu]
pull each other's hair t L-L g- [a pursue ` -L/ ` -L [e-k (E)/
kuu-kuu 'tsa- (W)]; t LL/ t LL ye-k (W)]
g- [adu kuku/ adu kuuku tse-g pursued by s.th. (be) l `
(E)] J`- [paaha 'tho oh-]
pull out - [ten-]; -L [pi-k]; pus [naa]
- [poo-] pus (watery) (come out/ gather)
pull out individual plants - j {-/ -} [thiiser {then-/
[en-] soo-}]

622
push
push - (2) [phul-]
push a long object through loops or
holes M- [kyuh-]
push each other aside h- [tep-]
push off/ over/ along - [ur-]
push onto h- [tuu-]
push s.th. into a crack or hole -
[sur-]
push through h- [tep-]
push wood into the fire L - (2)
(E+W) [kuhl-]
push work on s.b. else `` M-
[yeea kyahp-]; y` M-
[eea kyahp-]
pushy behaviour - [tol-'u]
pussy (become) - ['naa 'soo-]
put aside a matter M- [sem
kyoo-]
put away l- [aa-]; - [tooh-]
put clothes onto s.b. - [nom-]
put down g- (2) [tsuu-]; l- [aa-]
put down (intensified) kU l-
qualification (pertaining to
religious services) J`-`
[o-luh]
qualified to do jM/ jL-jL
[thokpa/ thok-thok]
quality, something of that
-l/-l/-k/-h
[-di~-i~-dzi~-ti]
quarrel k`- [dzi-]; wM [hukpa];
w -L [huui peh-k] quickly V ( ) [gyooba
quarrel, pick a with s.b. k g-
[dzoori (N) tsuu-]
quarrel (stir up) `/ ` j-
[yi/ ye tshol-]
quarrelsome people (f.) T/ S
[khyaama/ khaama]
quarrelsome people (m.) T/ S
quiet
[dzoge aa-]
put down s.b. or s.th. (fig.)
m-/ -L [mabap zo-/ peh-k]
put into g`- [tsah-]; - [luu-]
put into order t- [iih-]
put it here! l! [oo!]
put on (clothes, etc.) L - [kehn-];
- [nom-]
put on s.th. by tying t- [ii-]
put one's hand into s.th. M
M- ['lahkpa 'kyahp-]
put s.b. down (fig.) j- (3)
[thar-]
put s.th. on the fire for cooking
g- ['thap 'tsuu-]
put together in juxtaposition -
[tuhr-]
puzzle s.b. m - [thama
thome 'zee ter-]
puzzled (be) y-/ -L
[thama thome o-/ lih-k]
Q - q
[khyaaba/ khaaba]
queen M (1) [kyahlmu]
queen of the earth U M
[gormen kyahlmu]
queer TL [khyosok (W)]
query introducer / [nah/
naah]
question suffix for past tenses
-/-/-A [-pa~-ba~-a]
(peh-ti)]
quickly, do s.th. quite g -L
['hur-tse peh-k]
quiet (be) Sk() -L
[kha-zum(-ba) teh-k]
quiet (become) j(j j)/
j -L [thep (thep thep)/
623
quiet
thebe teh-k]
quiet (keep) y l- [ahlu
uu-]
quiet (place) ` (V) [yibu
(gyaa)]
quietly Sk() / Sk
['kha-zum(-ba) peh-ti/
'kha-zumba-le];
M quite well Al [ado-mu-i]
L ['mih meeh-ba 'kyahp-la
rabbit ` [rihbu]
race L` (2) [ka]; M/ M (1)
(E) [kyihpa/ kyuhpa]; M/
M (2) (W) [kyihpa/ kyuhpa]
race of men SL [khalak (N)];
/ [senden/ sanden (N)]
rack hung above the firepit
[meehla]
radiate light ` M- [daa
kyahp-]
radish [lahbu]
radish (round, purple) ``
`` [yuhgar/ yuhma
lahbu]
rafter (of roof) t [ahlu]
rag for wiping [lhemba]
rage, fly into a ` `
- ['ihta 'lah-raa 'thal-]
rags (all sorts of) t
[lhemba lhepa-'ya]
railing (of porch) `-`
[ba-ba]
rain M- [nam 'kyahp-]
rain continuously k {M-}
[dzari (N) {kyahp-}]
rain (heavy) M-
[maahmari (N) nam kyahp-]
rain shield jL` [tharku]
rain shower (be/ have) k
{M-} [dzari (N) {kyahp-}]
rat
kahl-di]
quilt L [irak (N)]
quite [toba]
quite a lot A [ado]; [toba]
quite good/ well (l)
[toba-mu(-i)]
quite long A [ado]
R - r
rain water falls down from roof
j -/ g- [thar tahp-/
tsahr-]
rainbow (be) m {-} [za {suuh-}]
raindrops (big) (fall) j
M- [nam 'thii-ba thimbu
` 'kyahp-]
rainfall (heavy) (be) (U) jt/
jt {M-/ J`-} [nam(-gi)
'thaa/ 'thea {'kyahp-/ oh-}]
rainfall (longlasting and heavy)
U/ j {M-} [tharpa {kyahp-}]
rainwater (runs off) l {-/
g-} ['thii-ar {'tahp-/ 'tsahr-}]
rainy season L/ [yarka/ yar]
raise - [so-]
rake (small) L [kooti]
ram ['rahbu (m.)]
rank, fourth in the lamaistic
hierarchy j [thepen]
rank, take the of s.b. else/ put
s.b. in the rank of s.b. else j
y-/ l- ['tha-la o-/ 'aa-]
rank, third in the lamaistic
hierarchy t [ahba]
rare L/ L/ L [kombu/
kumbu/ kembu]
raspberry ` ` [yaahla]
rat g`/ g` [tsubi (W)/ tsube
(E)]
624
rate
rate (set) U` {M-} [go
{kyahp-}]
rattle (e.g. door latch) - [pruu-]
rattle in throat F - ['uu 'sor-];
`-/ `- [uhr-/ ohr-]
rattle small drum / {-}
[damur/ dambur {pruu-}]
raven h/ h [tahro/ tahru]
raw h [tihmba]
reach (a place) - [lep-]
reach a place without overnight
stop J`-/ y- ['thal-i
oh-/ o-]
read t-2 [aah-]; U t- ['yihgi
'aah-]
read a letter U t- ['yihgi 'aah-]
read fluently t- [pharara
(N) aah-]
read, learn to U - ['yihgi
'lop-]
read (religious books) l `-/
l `- [daalo na-/ dal
na-]
read scriptures j l `- ['thee
dal na-]
ready w/ t/ w/ t [habe/
abe/ hebe/ ebe]
real `/ ` [uhmbu/
ohmbo (E)]; ` [ehmbu (W)];
`/ `` [ehsum/ ehsu];
` [ohdo]; ` [ohma]
real (relative) t` [tuh]
real, the one S/ S [khuut/
khut (N)]
reality, in S/ S [khuut/ khut
(N)]
realize M J`- [kyiih oh-]
realize, come to M-U [sem
'kye-g]; / y M-U [semri/
semi kye-g]
realiztion ` [hada]
recite
real-life experience J``
J`VU [oh-'ra oh-'gyo-gi
tam]; ` M U [peh-'ra
peh-'kyo-gi tam]
really ` ['tehmba-'ra]
reason (U) L [tam(-gi) kuu];
(3) [tehn]; / k
[tehnda/ tehndza]
reason (causer) -L/-U/-C1
[-ki~-gi/-y]
reason, for one or another
hU hU ()
['leeh tii-gi mihm-ba 'leeh tii-gi
peh-ti(-ni)]
reason, for the following h
[ti 'ma-si-'ma-na]
reason, for this `U`/ `
[sogo-'ra/ sobe]
reason introducing conjunction h
[ti 'ma-na]
reason, without any L
[tehnda kambu-la]; (L)
[iti (N) (kambu)-la]
reasonable talk H U (/ )
[pe siih-en-gi (tam/ leeh)]
reasoning, come to the age of
M-U [sem 'kye-g]; / y M-U
[semri/ semi kye-g]; / y
- [semri/ semi thop-]
recall s.th. t k-L [eehnsal
dze-k (W)]
receive l- [dor-]; - [thop-];
- [laah-la thep-]
receive one's share T- [khyep-]
recently ` [da-a]
reciprocal gift (give) -L/
`-/ - [loohri peh-k/ ta-/ 'luu-
(W)]
reciprocate U h- ['gin tal-]
recite by heart S `- ['kheelo
ta-]
625
recite relentless

recite mantras t`- ['mahni [tho-yih]

'ah-]; -L ['mahni register in which the gifts given for
peeme peh-k] the wedding feasts are recorded
recite s.th. with counting t`-1 U [paahma 'yihgi]

[ah-] regret s.th. V -/ J`-/ `-
reconcile ` - [thin-da peh [gyepa ar-/ oh-/ lah-]; `-1
ter-] [pha-]
reconciled (be) - [thin-] regrets (have) ` -L [phabu
reconciliation (takes place) peh-k]
- [aaba uhp-]
t regrets, have deep `` M-U
recover t-1 [aah-]; t-1 [aah-] ['yahen 'kye-g]; l! [sem
recover (money, means) ` h- 'nah-wa-i!]
['loh tuu-] regretting (keep) ` ` -L
recover the capital / g `- [sem tha tha peh-k]
['mah/ 'mahrtsa 'loh-] reincarnation (be) tU {}
rectangular t [uhpi] [ul-gu {'yihn}]
red / [mahrmu/ mahrpu] rejoice L
`/ L ` -L
red colour applied to the rice [keehda/ keehna peh-k];
statues L [koma] S` -L [khamsabu peh-k]
redirect L- (2) [kuu-]; M - rejoice greatly L `U j`-
[kyuhr-] [sem 'keehna-gi 'tho-]
reduce (in fulfilling customs and relapse, have a k M-
obligations) j- [tah thaa-] ['nahza looh 'kyahp-]
reflection on water j ` t related (be) ` y- ['yehwa
j- [tsho nah-la 'ihpsa thaa-] o-]; - ['seenu 'paar-'tii- (N)]
reflection on water (cast) t relation, establish a social `
{j-} [ihpsa {thaa-}] L `- ['ohi karto ta-]
refreshed (become) ` {y-} relative ` / ` [yehwa/
[yah 'sede {o-}] yohwa]; [seenu (N)]
refuge (ask for) l J`- ['dul relative (close) L` (2) [ka];
oh-] ` (`) ['seenu 'yihmu
refugee [preehyar]
(-'ra)]
refusal (polite, sincere) J-j relative (distant) V` ['seenu
[ohr-thee] gyabu]
refute s.th. / - [mihn/ relative (poetic) ` (2) [yen]
mihm-ba 'ma-] released, be from hell jU
regard h [toldo] y - [thima-gi yahnen
region [yuhl]; (2) [rih]; thop-]
` (1) [luhba] released from the law (be) wU
register in which the gifts given for t- [him-le-gi 'ohl-]
funerals are recorded - relentless ` [ahbar]

626
relieve
relieve of some - [phrii-]
relieve of some work - ['leeh
phrii-]
relieved (be) l- [thusem
ee-]; -L [lo 'teh-k];
-L/ J`- [sem lo
'teh-k/ sem lo 'tehmu oh-]
relieved (become) ` {y-}
[yah 'sede {o-}]
relieved (feel) S` J`-/ y-
[khamsae oh-/ o-]; S`
y- [sem khamsae o-]; M
/ J`- [sem-la kyii 'yeh/ oh-]
religion j1 (2) [thee]
religion (non-secretive) j `V
['thiba sagye]
religion (secretive) ` `V
[nahba sagye]
religious (be) j
{/ -L}
['thee-sem {'yeh-k/ peh-k}]
religious book (name of) L`V
[kagyur]; `V [tigyur]; `
[doma]; [yuhm]; t/
-w/ t [iho/ ih-ho/
eho]
religious books (be able to read)
j - ['thee ee-]
religious studies (engage in) j
-L ['thee peh-k]
religious wisdom (get) j
['thee-sem thop-]
reluctance (act with) `/ k`
-L [yah/ dza peh-k]
rely on s.th. ... -L
["..." 'meedi lo 'sepu peh-k]
remain -L [lih-k]
remember t - ['ehmba sal-]
remember from time to time
S -L [sem-la 'khale 'lih-k]
remember vaguely/ unclearly t
/ ['ehmba reply (j/ ) - [tam (tshur/
reply
'yahda 'yihde/ 'yahla 'yuhle 'yeh]
rememberance of s.th., recurring
(have) l A`-/ l- [paaha
oh-/ 'aa-]
remembering (keep) t S
['ehmba 'khale 'yeh]; t
-L ['ehmba 'thule peh-ti 'teh-k];
` - [sem-la 'lhae nee-]
remembering, keep s.b. S
-L [sem 'khale peh-ti 'teh-k]
remembrence t [ehmba]
remind s.b. t - ['eehnsal
peh ter- (W)]
remit sin M h- ['tihkpa taah
tuu-]
remote region `-l` ['tih-'u]
remove s.th. - (1) [po-]
renounce `- [pa-]
renovate h- (2) [tee-]; /
-L [ihsol/ ihsul
peh-k]
repay for the care your parents
have given to you by caring for
them adequately when they get
old t j-/ t h-
[ihlen thol- (E)/ ihlen tal-
(W)]
repeat - [loo-di 'ma-];
M - [loori 'kyahp-ti 'ma-]
- repeatedly ` [tahnda
tahnda-'ra]; ` ['nahre
'nahre-'ra]
repent U -L [sem-gi
'aaba peh-k]
repetetive action in the past
-L/-U/-H/-L/-U
[-ken~-gen~-en~vvn/-ke~-ge]
replace s.th. t -/ y-
[baran uhp- (E)/ baran up-
(W)]
627
report
phar) loo-]
report to the authorities t -L
[ripoo (Eng.) peh-k]
reported information particle 4
[lo]
reproachfully, look at s.b. L
- [mikor ta-]
repulsive (find) `- [namdo
lah-]
reputation (bad) (bear) U S-
[gaal (N) khur-]
reputation (spoil) L h-L ['narko
'te-k]; g`- ['mihn 'tso-]
request -1 (2) [uh-]
request, make a polite /
h- [thalmu/ tharmu tahr-]
request s.b. to buy s.th. `
{`-/ g`-} [sohma {ta-/
tsah-}]
request to come E -L [urti (N)
peh-k]
research (do) g/ gl -L [tse/
tse-u peh-k]
resentful (be) ` M y-/ -/ resting place along a trail
m- ['tohba 'nahkpu o-/ ten-/ 'zo-]
resentment (harbour) L l-
[yiik (N) aa-]
resentments (build up) SM
` l- [tam khokpa nahla
'aa-]
reserved (be) TL-TL TL-TL
-L (1) [khyak-khyak
khyok-khyok peh-k]
resin (sticky, black) l [laha]
-L [eepi (N) peh-k]
resist y
resistance, have no physical m
M
[zubu 'sakya meeh-ba]
resistance to tearing [saah]
resolution k (1) [tahmdzi]
resources, live on one's own `
U - ['rah go then-]
result
respect g` -L ['tsii-na peh-k]
respecter of persons (be) ` -
['mih 'oh ta-]
respond j -/ j -
[tam tshur 'lahp- (W)/ tam tshur 'ma-
(E)]
responsibility w [hal]
responsibility (assume) M
M-/ - [tahkpu 'kyahp-/ 'tuh-];
L -L ['hak (N) peh-k]
responsibility (hand over) L
l- [baar (N) ken aa-]
responsibility (take) S -/ -L
[khee lehn-/ seh-k]
responsible for (be) g - ['tsi
lehn-]
responsible for next year's festival
(become/ make) `k S-/ L-
[yadzi khur-/ kal-]
responsible for organizing festivals
(family) h () [tiba (mih)]
rest ` - [tha so-]
rest s.th. ` j- ['ahl tsho-]
/
(1) [neesa/ nesa]
restitution (make) t - [uhp-];
t
- [aaba uhp-]
restless - [yam-therpu]
restless (be) j j -L [sem
'tshaba 'tshube peh-k]
restless (become) j j/ j j
J`- [tshaba tshube/ tshap
tshup oh-]
restrain s.b./ oneself j -L [tshee
peh-k]
restrained (be) j` -L [tshe-ta
peh-k]
restraint 2 [sooh]
result of bad deeds {`-}
[namin (E) {tho-}]
result of the deeds of one's former
628
retain
life j-` M y [tshe-'en rice grains (broken) lU/ lC/ lC
'senam 'saah-'kyo 'ebu]
retain (in one's thoughts) l-
[sem-la 'aa-]
reticence (act with) `/ k` -L
[yah/ dza peh-k]
retinue j/ j [tshoo-ba/ tshoba]
retreat Lk [kindzam]; j (1)
[tsham]
return borrowed belongings
M- [loo 'kyal-]
return borrowed money M
h- (2) [kyimba tal-]
return borrowings (return the same
in kind) M - (2) [kyimba ter-]
return (come back) J`- [looh
oh-]
return (go back) y- [looh o-]
revenge (take) M h- (1)
[kyimba tal-]
revenge (think of) L l- [yiik
(N) aa-]
revolt S `- ['kha 'lah-]
reward for ritual services (give)
L {M-} [kuyen {kyahp-}]
rhododendron with pink flowers
` ( / `) [tamar right side out `-L {L
(mehndo/ tohbo)]
rhododendron with red flowers
`U (/ `) [tagu
(mehndo/ tohbo)]
rhododendron with white flower
) [beegar
U (/ `
(mehndo/ tuhbu)]
rib g [tsiima]
ribbon for braid t [ada (W)];
t [amdi (E)]
rice (cooked) - ['bree-to]
rice field -` [bu-ih]
rice flakes l [bai];
[ihp]
rinse
[dagi/ day/ dey]
rice grains which are still in the
spelts after pounding l [soi]
rice (husked, uncooked) [bree]
rice statues to be offered to the
gods j (1) [tshoo]
rice (unhusked) / U [sowa/
soga]
rice when being planted 2 [bu]
rich jM [thukpu]; [baro]
riches (accumulate) {m-}
[nohr {zo-}]
rickety S S [khatar khotor];
S S [khasar khosor];
S(L) [khotro(k)]
ride j- [thip-]; -/ -
[ehn-/ ihn-]
ridicule s.b. y/
y -L
[eehnel/ eehnil peh-k]
rift valley ` / ` ` [luh (E)/
luho (E)]; ` (3 (W)
[luhba]
right w/ t/ w/ t [habe/ abe/
hebe/ ebe]
right (hand) [yoba]
-}
[nah-lok {kehn-}]
righteous h`-j / h`l
[tah-thu semba/ tahdu
semba]; t` [ahbu]; t`
t` ['ahbu 'ah-sum]
ring (bell) t - ['ihlbu pruu-]
ring (for the finger) {h-}
[situp {tuu-}]
rings on big metal vessels `
[luhda]
rinse dishes with clean water
g` M- ['tsa-al 'kyahp-]
rinse mouth S LL -L ['kha
kuluk peh-k]
629
rinse round

rinse (out)/ rinse away - [al-] rock - [toh-'paara]; `-

rinsed thoroughly (be) - [taah-] [yu-]
rinsed (well) `/ `-`/ `-` rocky L` L`/ U` U`
[sae/ sa-sa/ sa-se]; `-` [kahra kohro (E)/ gara goro
(`) [se-se (se)] (W)]
riot (make/ be) w ` {-L/ rocky, uneven (ground) `
J`-} [huui sihda {peh-k/ ` [tahra tohro]
oh-}] roll out t- [ihl-]
ripe (be) h- [tip-]; j- (1) roll s.th. in some substance -
[tshee-] [mol-]
rise - [phor-]; `- [lah-] roll up t- [ihl-]
rise from the dead roof Lh (2) [kapta]
J`- ['sombo looh-di oh-] roof beams h [taah]
ritual food j-/ j- roof rafter t [ahlu]
[tshii-rihl/ tshii-rhil]; ` [wa] roof rafter (horizontal) `
ritually blessed liquor or other [tuhma]; ` [pahrtu]
drinks h` [parta] rooster (crow) h {-L}
river g`2 [tsabu]; j-g` ['tahbu {peh-k}]
[thu-'tsabu] root (take) gM/ g`/ g`
river valley g` ` ['tsabu 'luh] {M`-} [tsarkyi/ tsaryi/
road - ['phep-'lahm]; tsarye {kyah-} (W)]; h`
[lahm] {-} [tahba (E) {suuh-}]
road in plains M- rope M [thakpa]
[kyah-lahm] rope for tying up animals
roam around M- (1) (E) [kyuuh-] [rehl]
roar `- [ahr-]; ` -/ `- rope-ladder (install) h {g-} [ta
[uhr-/ ohr-] (W) {tsuu-}]; ` {g-} [pra (E)
roaring fire (be) - {tsuu-}]
j - ['meh-lohma rosette (of plants) ` [buma]
'lhap 'lhap lhep lhep 'har tshur 'tiih-] rot M y- [boksa o-]; -
roaring noise (make) `y `- [ruhl-]
[oha la-] rot (wood) - [sahm-]
roast `- (1) [o-] rotten (of clothes) [ruhlda]
rob - [luur-tii- (N)] rotten smell (have) t S-
robber L L L ML [ruhl-di ihma kha-]
['haka 'haki 'kumen 'kyahp-ken 'mih] rough wM [hokpu]
robe of shaman (put on) L L
- rough talk wM [tam hokpu]
['keeh kehn-] round (but not ball-shaped) L
robe with wide sleeves (put on) [kohrmu]
L {-} [pheka {nom-}] round (of ball shape)
robust ` [mara] [rhilmu]

630
row same

row, arranged in a 2 [nahre] yohre]

row (of knitting, weaving) run j` y- ['tho-di o-]
[ahr] run after ` -L/ ` -L [e-k (E)/
row (when sitting) ` (2) [tah] ye-k (W)]
rub against - (1) [tahr-] run as fast as you can
rub in L-1 [ku-]; - [mur-] j` y- [phar phar phir
rub off l- [ar-] phir tho-di o-]
rubber [laahbar] run away j`- [tho-]; - (1)
rubbish `` [yaahyo]; [preeh-]
`M` [yohkto] run because of fright y- [oo-]
rude (be) y/
y -L run down [bindu]
[eehnel/ eehnil peh-k] run into s.b./ s.th. S L/ L
rug (bed-sized) (2) [tehn]; M- ['khadu lok/ lohk 'kyahp-]
[brumsi] run s.th. yl ( ) `- [o-u
rug shaped to fit a horse's back or (yaahbu) ta-]
the saddle h [tapta] run-away [preehyar]

rule w [him] rupee L [ika]
ruler -` {M-} [thi-i Rupee (Indian) L [kohrmu]
{'kyahp-}] rust g [tsee]
rumbling M t [uhka] rustling noise (make) `y `-
ruminate My M- [kyuune [oha la-]
kyahp-] rusty (become) g M- [tsee
rumpled ` ` [yahra 'kyahp-]

sack k [phazi]
sacrifice one's life m `- [zubu
ta-]
sacrificial animal (offer up) `
` {j-L} [suh/ suhbu
{the-k}]
sad j ['tsherpu]; -j
[naa-thile]
sad (be) ` -j -L/ m-
['tohba 'naa-thile peh-k/ 'zo-];
` ` j- ['tohba 'ido
thaa-]
sad (look) ` M y- ['tohba
'i-'kyo o-]
sadness j ['tshera]
sag U- [guu-]
S - s
salamander (black) V/ l [gyul
(E)/ dul (W)]
salary (monthly pay) [talab
/ (N)]
saliva j` [thima]; M
[thukal]
salt j [tsha]
salt tea jl ['tsha-a]
salty taste j-M ['tsha-lokpa]
salty, too j-F ['tsha-'uu]
same h` [ti-'ra (W)]; h`
[tii-'ra (E)]
same, exactly the -
[dur-suta (N)]
same way (the) J
`/ J
[ooh 'leehmu-'ra/ ooh
631
sand
'leehmu peh-ti]
sand [pehma]
sap of fir tree `l [thadu]
sap (sweet) of certain trees `1 (2)
[prah]
satisfaction (get) j-/ j kohtar]
J`- (1) [yih tshim-/ yih
tshimbu oh-]
satisfactory jl w ['yih
'tshim-de hi]
satisfied (be) `-/ `-1 [ohm-/
ahm-]
satisfy (the gods) M`- [kyo-]
sauce S/ SC [khii/ khuy (W)];
S/ SC [khowa/ khuy (E)]
saucy (be) y - [ahmen
ten-]
save face L l-/ L m`- ['narko scoop up with shovel h- [tu-]
'aa-/ 'narko zu-]
save s.b./ s.th. h- ['thar tuu-]
save up - [sii-]; - [soo-]
savings, make private / scorched (get) y- [aa-]
m-/ - ['muha/ 'mohnur
'zo-/ 'soo-]
savour s.th. `- ['preeh yam-]
say - [ma-]; -1 [lahp-]; `-1
[su-]
say s.th. indirectly M -
[tam kyoo-di 'ma-]
saying - [tam-pe]
scabies ` [o]
scaffolding t [lehi]
scales E [umali]
scales of dirt (accumulate) L /
LU {j-} [koohre (E)/ kohgre
(W) {thaa-}]
scales of dirt (get/ end up with)
L {j-} [kahlba {thaa-}]
scarf, ceremonial (present) S
{-} [khada {taa}]
scarf, neck (put on) U
scream
{t-} [galbandi (N) {il-}]
scatter m- [ahra bara
zo-]
scatter about t- [am-]
scattered L [phetar
scattered around (leave)
{ l-/ t l-} [lhaba lhebe
{ten aa-/ am aa-}]
scholar T/ T [khyemba/
khyembo]
scissors lh [dapti]
scold LM `- [kapkyen na-];
L/ L -/ - (1) [kurpa/
kurwa tap-/ uh-]; `-
[barta la-]
scoop off l- [am-]
scoopful (using both hands) k
[dzop]
scorch `- [or-]
scowl, have a dark ` -k
m- ['tohba 'naa-'dzube 'zo-]
scrape - [pruu-]
scrape fur off a hide - [pu
'ur-]
scraps gMt gMt [tsaka tsoka];
tU tU [agra ugra (N)]
scraps of cloth L [karna
marna]
scratch (an itch on one's own body)
-L [preh-k]
scratch s.b. - [preh ter-]
scratch up soil -L [phre-k]
scratch up s.th. -L [preh-k]
scratched by thorns (get) j`U
-L ['tsherma-gi 're-k]
scream gL - ['tsir-ke ten- (W)];
g L -/ g `- ['tsir-ti 'kee
ten-/ 'tsir-ti uh-]; g `- [tsiira
632
screeching
la- (E)]
screeching voice L g`U ['kee
'tsaga]
script (Nepali) `- ['ma-'yih]
script (printed) [par]
script (Tibetan) - [peeh-yih]
scriptures j1 (1) [thee]
scriptures (Buddhist) U `VU
j [nahmga sagye-gi thee]
scriptures (explain meaning of)
{-L} [namdar {e-k}]
scrub - (1) [tahr-]
scull [thepa]
scum j-/ j [thu-'pahl/
thubal]
seal s.th. k/ k/ k M-
[thozi/ thezi (E)/ theezi (W)
kyahp-]
seam g [tsembu]
search (examine) the religious
books j `- ['thee 'lo-]
search for j- [tshol-]
search through `- [lo-]
season k [tiihzi]
season, this M [di pahrkyi]
seat of honour t [ahl]
seclusion Lk [kindzam]; j (1)
[tsham]
seclusion, stay in t / t
M-/ M -L [uhpa/ uhba self-assured ` [ahbar]
kyahp-/ kyahp teh-k]
second ` [yipa]
second best (come off) y-
['ma 'phambu o-]
secret (keep) ` l- [tam
sa-di 'aa-]
secret, let out a (S) -
[tam ('kha) 'or-]
secretly Sk() / Sk [sem tahmbu peh-k]
['kha-zum(-ba) peh-ti/
'kha-zumba-le]; M 'zo-]
selfish
L ['mih meeh-ba 'kyahp-la
kahl-di]; [sap sup
peh-ti]; [up peh-ti]
secretly (discuss)
-/
- [tam 'mahr 'mahr 'muhr 'muhr
'ma-/ 'mahr 'mahr 'muhr 'muhr peh-ti
tam 'ma-]
section of a cut tree trunk `
U` [i gondo]
secular folks M ['mih 'nahkpa
(W)]
sediments, white in water `-F
[ya-uu]
see m- [zii-]; `- [tho-]
see (be able to) `- ['mii 'tho-]
seed [budi]; [sen]
seed of fleocarpus ganitries tree
[raaha]
seedlings [sen]
seem - [nee-]
seem right j- [yih thee-]
seems, it that j [tshee du]
seen, can be `- [tho-]
seep T- [khyuu-]
seep away - [thim-]
seep through k- [dzir-]
select - [dam-]
self ` [rah]
self-assured (be) / - ['sur/
'suur ten-]
self-controlled (be) `U
l l- ['rah-gi sem-la
tahmda 'aa-]
self-discipline (exercise) `U
t l- ['rah-gi sem 'ih-la 'aa-]
self-disciplined (be) -L
selfish (be) ` m- ['rahden
633
selfishness shaman

selfishness ` [rahden] [serma-tha/ sermu-tha]

self-pity (have) -L [semdu servant L [kohrowa];
peh-k] [labu]
self-pity (wallow in) V -L serve - [ahpto uh-];
['gyepa peh-k] -1 (1) [uh-]
self-reliant (become) U - [go set fire to s.th. M- ['meh
then-] 'kyahp-]
sell M - [kyuhr-]; g`- [tso-] set (of sun) y-/ y- [up- (W+E)/
semen ` [yaa] ip- (E)]
send g`- [tsah-]; `- [ta-]; set one's heart upon s.th. `-
` g`- [ta 'tsah-] [sem ta-]; h h`-
send s.b. on his way `- (J `) [sem tii ta-
['lahm ta-] (ooh-la-'ra)]
senseless U ` U [goo
set s.b. right h - ['toldo
'rin-'ra meeh-ba-gi] ten-]
senseless (be) - ['nawa set your mind upon s.th. L-g -
thim-] ['thik-'tsi nee-]
senses, keep one's t - seven [tihn]
['ehmba sihn-] seventeen h [tuptin]
senses, lose one's t - seventh [tihmba]
['ehmba 'tor-] seventy-five paisa lE t [daw
sentence [ahr] uuh]
separate ` ` -L ['rahsa sew g- [tsem-]
'rahsa peh-k] sexual intercourse (have) M-
separate (become)/ separate s.th. [kyoh-]; k` (`) -L
S - (1) ['kha 'phee-] [dzapra (yii) peh-k]
separated, become clearly / shadow (cast) t {j-} [ihpsa
separate clearly ` S - [sie {thaa-}]
kha phee-] shady [silbu]
sequential action participle 1 shady place t [rih 'ihp-lo]
-/-/ -/- [-ti/-te ~ -di/-de] shake `- [yu-]; ` - [yuh-]
sequential action participle 2 shake back and forth hML -L
-`/ -` [tokkol peh-k]; - [lihp-]
[-sim-ba-'ra/ -sim-ma-'ra] shake back and forth (liquid in a
sequential action participle 3 container) j- (1) [thol-]
-`/-` shake out - [pruu-]
[-temba-'ra~-demba-'ra] shake s.th. back and forth in oval
sequential action participle 4 circles - [yohl-]
-`/ -` [-ti-ma-'ra shall I do it? -`/-` [-to~-do]
~-di-ma-'ra] shallow ` ['tih 'theemu]
Sermathang `/ ` shaman 1 [pohmbo]

634
shaman
shaman (experienced) -w
[pohmbo 'ruh-ha]
shaman (self-made) [peben]
shaman (unexperienced)
[peehnsar pohmbo]
shaman who does not make blood
sacrifices ` U [pehgar]
shaman's costume (put on)
{L-} [meeyol (W) {kehn-}]
shame, expose oneself to y
- [ahmen ten-]
shape j (1) [tshul]; m/ m/ m`
['zo/ 'zop-ta/ 'zo-da]; [iih]
shape (have) j {-} [tshenda
{thoo-}]
shape s.th. m - ['zo ten-]
shapeless m/ m/ m` U shell (of eggs) -`/ `/
['zo/ 'zop-ta/ 'zo-da meeh-ba-gi]
share [bo]
share of food L [kaldo (E)]
share out L () - ['keeh(-di)
ter-]
share, take ones for helping when
butchering an animal -L
[suti (N) peh-k]
share which the 'iga lama' gets
tU [iga]
sharp / [numbu/ nombo]
sharpen a tool by heating and
beating the blade M- ['saan
'kyahp-]
sharpen blades - [payen (N)
luu-]
sharpen tools on a stone - (2)
[tahr-]
shawl St [khaaso (N)];
[yolsen]
shawl of raw silk A [bure
arti]
shawl (ordinary) UM` [garkya]
shawl (put on) V {-}
shining
[yolgyap {yol-}]
shawl worn by monks A [arti]
she [moh]
she (often derogatory conn.) /
- [mihro/ mih-rooh]
sheath (for knife) t- ['uh-up
(W)]; [up]
sheep / [luuh/ luh]
sheep, wild mountain ``
[ya]
sheet of mountain bamboo (finely
woven) g1 [pahrtsa]
sheet of mountain bamboo (roughly
woven) L [bak]
shell of boiled egg (remove) L
- [pako 'u-]
[op-to/ opto/ opto]
shellac l [laha]
shelter erected for ceremonies
tk` [ahza]
shelter, find L -L [nam
kuhr 'teh-k]
shelter (take) L - [kuhr-]
shelves at the rear of the fireplace
U [laaga]
shelves (built-in) `V [pahgya]
Sherpa man/ woman /
[arpa (m.)/ arpa-mu (f.)]
shin L` `` ['kaba 'ahrto]
shine j- [yehpa thaa-];
- [ar-]
shine light straight at s.b. j
- ['baati 'thare par-]
shine (sun) ` - ['yihma
ar-]
shine with a glowing piece of wood
U {-} [mehgal {thep-}]
`
shingle `/ ` [palep/
palip]
shining with grease or oil j
635
shirt
['num thule]
shirt (Nepali style) [laptar]
shirttail (2) [thowa]
shiver t`` M-U ['ahi
'kye-g]; - [dar-]
shiver (with cold) ` - (2) [ni
'dar-]
shock, be in a state of T- ['la
'khyer-]
shock (get a) L M- [ka kyahl-]
shock, go into t lA`
y- ['ehmba ten-de-'a
meeh-ba o-]
shock of hair t [a 'rahlba]
shoe L [lekam]; -g
[ahp-tsen]
shop j`U` ['tshoga]
shopping (go) `h M-
[yohpte 'kyahp-]
short ` [thua]; [theemu]
short, become too `-2 [thu-]
shortcomings ` [yeehba]
shortened (be) `-2 [thu-]
shoulders, nape of neck and Mg
[taktsa]
shout gL - ['tsir-ke ten- (W)];
- [pheera ten-]
shout at s.b. ` ` ` ` -L
[ha ha hu hu peh-k]
shout continuously L M`()
- ['kee kyah(-da) ten-]
shout/ shout at L - ['kee ten-]
shove together h- [tooh-]
show - [ten-]
show (enjoy) {-} [teemu
{ta-}]
show, make a ...H h -L [-di
peh-k]
show, make a of an action
-g/-k/-m [-tsen~-dzen~-zen]
show off `l -/ `k h-L [sohrtu/ kuuda/ hasur (E)];
sickle
['ohm-dar ten- (E)/ 'ohm-dzar
'te-k (W)]; wL - [hasak (N)
ten-]; Hl m- [ten ta-en-i
'zo-]; L - [phosok ten-];
- [mandar ten-]; -`/
L-` - [yuu-a/ yuk-a
ten-]; ` - [so (N) ten-];
V` - [sohmgya ten-]
show off with a skill S -
[kheendo ten-]
show off with an action Hl m-/
-L [ta-en-i 'zo-/ peh-k]
show off with one's prosperity
`` - [yahmsa ten-]
show the way w T-/ T`-
['hi-ti 'khyer-/ khyong-]
showy (be) `V - [hagya
ten-]
shrew ` (1) [padi]
shrink in size L`- (2) [koh-]
shrivelled, small and
[ibir]
shudder g--/ g -
-L [tsi-ruhm-ruhm/ tsi-
rhum-rhum peh-k]
shuttle (for weaving) S {-/
`-} [khopin {luu-/ ta-}]
shy (be) ` j- ['oh 'tsha-]; `k
-L [oh-za peh-k]
shyly, act `/ k` -L [yah/
dza peh-k]; ` (l ) -L
[yaha (paaha) peh-k]; `
-L [yaha-mu peh-k]
sibling Ll [kumdi]; 1 [pin];
[pinda]
sick [nehpa]
sick (be) ``- [yu-]; ``
- ['yu-i 'tap-]
sick person [nehpa]
sickle h` / L/ `
636
sickly
[sohra]
sickly -M [neeh-rokpa]
sickness k [nahza]; j
[nahwa tshawa]
sickness, spirit of befalls s.b.
M-/ - ['nepa 'kyahp-/ 'uuh-]
side [looh]
side, at the () [suhr(-la)]
side by side j ['tha-babap]
side (of box) [dep]
side (of paper, etc.) [lehp]
side, on the other -`/ -`
[phar-ee/ phar-oo]; E-`/ E-`
['haw-ee/ 'haw-oo]; -`/ -`
['har-ee/ 'har-oo]
side, on this j-`/ j-`
[tshur-ee/ tshur-oo]
side, other of valley L ()
[phar-ken ('dep)-la]; L ()
['harken ('dep)-la]
side up with j- (2) [thee-]; j-
(1) [thoo-]; S- [taah khur-]
side with s.b. j - ['thoo
'ruhp-]; j -L ['thoo-ri peh-k]
sideways (bend/ look) TL -L
[khyok peh-k]
sieve (big) g [tsaalo]
sift g- (1) [tsaa-]
sifting tray of bamboo g [tsaalo]
sigh S `-/ - [khumbu ta-/
or-]
sign (perform) {-} [niihba
{ten-}]
sign pointing to bad deeds
{`-} [neemin/ neemen (W)
{tho-}]
sign (see) {`-} [tee {tho-}]
signal -L [laahdap peh-k]
silly (be) - ['nawa ruhl-]
silver ` [ul]
silver-plated knife sheath and knife
sink
handle `-L ['ul-'kooti]
simmer -L [sihm sihm
peh-k]
simple and honest S / S
['kha lemba (m.)/ 'kha lema (f.)]
simply (very) -hl
['thep-taa-i peh-ti]
sin M [tihkpa]; M -L
['tihkpa peh-k]; [lahyo]
sin, heap onto oneself M
`U U l- ['tihkpa 'rah-gi
goo 'thoo-la 'aa-]
sin is cancelled M - ['tihkpa
taah-]
since l [phando]; l
[yihndu]
since the stated activity or event
-/- l [-le~-lee yihndu]
since when l [nahm
'yihndu]
sinful (be) M J`- ['tihkpa
oh-]; J`- ['lahyo oh-]
sinful life (end) MU j` -
['tihkpa-gi 'tsha-le then-]
sing U {`-/ -} [gurma {su-/
thaa-}]; - ['lu lehn-]
singer (expert) l [eeba
/ l
(m.)/ eema (f.)]
singer (f.) l` [mendu
pohmo]
singer (m.) M l [taka
emba]
single file (in) /
/ [nahr nahr peh-ti/ nahrara
peh-ti]
single-mindedly L ` [thak
ta-di]
sink ` M- [bi 'kyahp-]
sink in - [tihp-]
sink (in water=E) - [nuhp- (E)]
sink (in water=W) y-/ y- [up-
637
sink slimy

(W+E)/ ip- (E)]; `- [bi- (W)] ['mih-la tsokpa 'ma-]

sink into - [tip-] slander s.b. behind his back T
sinner Mh [tihktemba] M- [khyer kyahp-]
sinner, be an awful MU j` slanted / [sahyo/ saahyo
j-L ['tihkpa-gi 'tsha-la 'thi-k] (E)]; M [sahr-'kyo (W)]
sinusitis [yahma] slanting TM` [khyokto]
sire `- [toh-] slanting (somewhat) TMg
sister (elder) Al [ai] [khyok-tse]
sister (elder) (short form) AC [ay] slap on cheek (give/ get) yl/
sister (younger) / yl -/ - ['amdi/ 'amda
[nuhmu/ nohmo] ter-/ sah-]
sister-in-law ` [yeemu]; slaughter - [tup-]; L/ h-L
[nama] [sok/ soo te-k]; L-h -L
sit l- [uu-]; -L [teh-k] ['sok-'te peh-k]
sit around idly U- (1) (W) [goo-] slave M/ V/ [yokpu (m.)/
sit down (intensified) kL -L yogmu/ yoomu (f.)]
[dzok teh-k] sleep ` [yi]; ` - ['yi
sit in an unchanged position U looh-]; m- [zim-]; k-L [nal
-L [toge teh-k] dze-k]
sitting place l ['uu-den] sleep a good while ` / `
situation h (gM) ['tahwa `-/ ` - ['yi tum/ 'tup
(tsokpa)] yii 'yahl-/ 'yi looh-]
six t [uuh] sleep before the meal L-` -
sixteen h [tiiru] [koh-yi looh-]
sixth t [uhpa] sleep for a moment ` / h
size jl` [theu] `-/ ` - ['yi tum/ 'tup
skeleton (2) (E) [riihba] tii 'yahl-/ 'yi looh-]
skilled person S [kheeba] sleeping place ` ['yahlsa]
skillful S [kheebu] sleep-walk / `-
skin a slaughtered animal [maami/ marmi lah-]
-/ -L [amba u-/ peh-k] sleepy (feel) `g M-/ J`-
skin disease (have) ` {-} [yitsu kyahp-/]; ` M-
[lau {then-}] [yiiru kyahp- (W)]
skin of animals L [kooba] sleeve ` [phudu]
skin of fruit L [pako] slide - [uhr-]
skin (of people) [paaba (E)] slide along y- ['uhr-te o-]
skinny [rehpa] slide along on one's stomach `
skirt s.th. T y- [khyoo-di o-] M- [prahu kyahp-]
skirt (wide) [tohrma] slime / [paahna (E)/
sky [nam]; U [nahmga] pahnal (W)]
slander a person gM - slimy (be) / `
` /

638
sling snack

-L [nehl nehl/ yehl small and shrivelled [ibir]

yehl/ nahl nahl peh-k] small, become too h`-/ j`-
sling across shoulders L M- [tu-/ thu-]
[kohmda kyahp-] small earthen pot h [tilim
slink up to V- [gyul-] (N)]
slip y M- [eta kyahp-]; small piece of flat ground `-l`
- [uhr-] ['tih-'u]
slip (intensified) - [ur small pieces (come off) k- [dzel-]
uhr-] small quantity (of non-sticky
slip through `L `L things) (l)/ (l)
y- [yahlak yohlok peh-ti o-] [sipi(-i) (E)/ sipa(-i) (W)/]
slit open g- [tsep-] small quantity (sticky mass)
sliver of wood (come off) ` j l ['theemu-i]
{-} [oohma {then-}] small, when (I) was L

slope l` [u]; - ['dep-'ur]; ['phema 'yeh-ken 'bela-le]
`` [pa-o] smaller h`/ j` ['tu-a/
slope (rocky) - ['praah-'dep] 'thu-a]
sloping - ['dep-'ur] smallish L-L [tok-tok]
sloping downwards (descend) -g smart j-/ j M- [tsha-/ tsha
{-} [thur-tsuu {phap-}] suh kyahp-]; l [demba]
sloping gently ` [ohe smart-looking l/ k [darpu/
peh-ti] dzeebu]
sloppy (clothes) l` l` smash - [rop-]
[danda dondo] smashed (get) - [rohp-]
slosh `y `- [oha la-] smash/ get smashed h-/
slouch y y y -L [em em j- [raba robe taa-/ thaa-]
em teh-k] smearing t t [lehe pee]
slovenly [phosor] smell t/ t S- [ihma/ ehma
slow (for how one does things) kha-]
` [eena rihbu] smell s.th. t/ t - ['ihma/
slow (in doing work) [lehpu] 'ehma 'num-]
slowly L ( ) [kuhlbu smile L M- [keehmu kyahp-]

(peh-ti)]; L/ L ( ) smoke (rise) / {J`-}
[kohle/ kohlee (peh-ti)]; / [tihpa/ tehpa {oh-}]
) [lop-se(e) (peh-ti)]
( smooth ` [yembu]; `/
slug -T/ -TE/ -T/ `/ ` [yombu/ yumbu/
-T [nam-khyu/ nam-khyiw yome]
(E)/ nam-khyuyu/ nam-khyubu snack k [dzara]; t k [eendzar]
(W)] snack time k ['dzarsa]
small j [theemu]; snack time (latish) k -
[piihru]; [phema] ['dzarsa 'phi-yohl]

639
snake son

snake [pruhl] 'mahr 'mahr 'muhr 'muhr peh-ti tam

snatch away M T- ['kyaa 'ma-]
'khyer-]; - [phroo-] soil / [sasa/ thasa]
snatch away (intensified) J M- soil (hard) hL [tarka]
[om kyaa-] solar eclipse A `
sneak under V- [gyul-] J-M J`- ['ama 'yihma-la
sneeze M M- [prihkpa 'ohp-'kyal oh-]
kyahp-] sole of foot L`-`/ L`-g
sniff (at) s.th. t/ t - ['kaba-'tih/ 'kaba-tsoo]
['ihma/ 'ehma 'num-]; - [num-] solemnly (promise)
snore ` - [urpa ten-]; ` -/ -/ -L ['tehmba 'tehnsum ter-/
`- [uhr-/ ohr-] peh-k]
snout S [kha] solidify (of things which melt)
snow (fall) S {M-} [khawa T`- [khya-]
{kyahp-}] solution k [dzetap]; (2)
snow mountains L`-L [thap]; [pehtap]
['kah-kar] solve - [tim-]
snuff (use) S {`-} [nada kha some S [khaee]; ` U/ `
U
{thu-}] [rehga/ rehge]; [rehre];
so A [ahna] [lahla]
soak s.th./ soaked (get) `- some of us J` h ` [ohra
[pah-] tii yii]
soak through and through - some of you J` h ` [ohra
[yul tum-] tii yii]
soaked with rain (get) U `- somebody lA`/ l
[nam-gi pah-] ['su-i-'a/ 'su-i-ni]
sob violently L` j `- something alike h/ h [ti-ree/
[yiku-'ra thaa-di uh-] ti-raa]
sober (be) j` `` j S- something like M l
[tha thu-'na tshee peh khuu-] [peh-'kyo-i]
social obligation, responsibility w sometimes - [nahm-nahm]
[hal] somewhat [toba];
socially clever S ` [yahmbi]; Mg(-l)
[khasal ohsal] ['ihk-tse(-i)]
soft [nemu] somewhat more A [ado]
soft (of sounds) j [theemu] somewhat more/ less of the stated
softly L/ L ( ) [kohle/ quality or quantity -/- [-se
kohlee (peh-ti)] ~-see]
softly (speak) somewhere there J
-/ - [ooh-'ya-la]
[tam 'mahr 'mahr 'muhr 'muhr 'ma-/ son [puh]; [seebu]

640
son speak

son (oldest) j/ j [puh soul (of a dead person)

'the-o/ 'the-wa] [nami]
son, only l M [puh-ikpa] soul (of humans and animals)
son (second or middle) / [sem]
M [puh pahrpa/ pahrkyi-wa] souls of dead people and animals
son (youngest) h`/ h` [puh y t l [owa rihu
'tu-o/ 'tua] semden]
song 2 [lu] sound L1 [kee]
song (aggressive) - M- soup M [thukpa]
['phoo-'lu 'kyahp-] soup (eat) l {j-L} [dam
song for entertainment j`- {the-k}]
[tha-'lu] soup for cattle jl ['tsha-u]
song for mourning and other sad sour M/ M [kyurpu/ kyirpu];
occasions j- ['tsher-'lu] wM [hokpu]
song, middle piece of for dancing sour (of beer) wL [hok]
(sing) t {M-} [baa sour, the milk goes J -U/
{kyahp-}] - ['ohma 'i-g/ 'ii-]
song (religious) j- ['thee-'lu] source j [thumi]
song (sing) U {`-/ -} [gurma south [lho]
{su-/ thaa-}]; {`-} [lupi sow - [tap-]
{ta-}] sowing; sowing time [tabyar]
songs of praise (sing) h - soya beans k [rehndza]
[teta (W) phul-]; - [teera spaced, well V` V`
(E) phul-] [gyabu gyabu peh-ti]
son-in-law M [mahkpa] spare oneself work h `

soot (sticks to) tt {M-/ j-} -L/ h ` - ['tee-la peh-ti
[aha {kyahp-/ thaa-}] 'teh-k/ 'teela ten-]
sorcerer ` -UM ['ehn-gokpa] spare time (have) S-` J`-
sorcery ` [ehn] ['khum-'luh oh-]
sore / U [owa/ oga] spared of misfortune (be) h
sore muscles (have) - ['a - [pahrte sil-]
'thii-] sparkle j- [yehpa thaa-]
sore throat (have) tU M- sparkling j j [thama
['ihga 'suh 'kyahp-] thome]
sorrow (be overwhelmed with) sparrow hL
/ hL
/hL
`U j`- [sem 'tuhal-gi [tuhrken/ turken (E)/ turkani
'tho-] (W)]
sort out S - (1) ['kha 'phee-] speak - [ma-]; -1 [lahp-];
soul /
/ / [liih/
`-1 [su-]
liihbu/ leehbu/ lihbu]; speak imperfectly tU -/
[semba] t-/ tU - [tam 'emga 'or-

641
speak splash

(E)/ tam 'em- (W)/ tam 'em-ge [oh oh pu-]

'lahp- (W)] spill s.th. suddenly ` `- [phu
speak out - [sal-] pu-]
speak properly h- [tam 'too-] spin S- [khal-]; S-
speaking terms (be on) ( j) [namda khal-]
- g-U [tam ('har tshur) 'ma-'ma spin around - [yihr-]
'tse-g] spin s.th. around - [yir-]
spear ` [du]; g2 [pahrtsa spin wool S- ['pahl khal-]
(W)] spindle for hand-spinning S (2)
specific identification -/- [khorlo]
[-ti~-di] spindle (handle part) `
spectacle (beautiful) [phalo]
['tamas yaahbu] spirit (evil) g [tsen]; y [e]; y/
spectacle (watch) {-} [teemu y ['ebu (m.)/ 'emu (f.)]
{ta-}] spirit (human) [sem];
spectacles (put on) - {M-/ [semba]
L-} ['el-'mii {'kyahp-/ kahr-}] spirit (in nature) 1 [lu]
speedily L [tok] spirit (male) ` (1) [iben]
speedily, do s.th. `- [ta-] spirit (male, teaches the shaman)
spell ` [ehn] - [rih-pohmbo]
spell of a witch (be under) M spirit (of a dead person)
- ['boki 'uuh-] [nami]
spell (put under) g `- [tsuhp spirit of a deceased person y
ta-]; g`-/ h- ['namba [ini]
'tsah-/ tuu-] spirit of defilement acting at birth
spelling L-j [thak-tha (T)] or death t {-} [ihp {phoo-}]
spend a lot of money t`U spirit of sickness k [nahza];
-L ['aga 'bolbu peh-k] [nepa]
spend money t`U - ['aga spirit of sickness which may arrive
'or-] with a traveler y J`- [ul
spend one's life k/ k/ -j oh-]
`-/ M- ['mihze/ 'mihzi/ spiritual power `() [lu(da)]
'mih-tshe ta-/ 'kyal-] spiritual power (display)
spend time ` h-L ['yihma {-} [niihba {ten-}]
'te-k] spit at M M- ['thukal
spider / [aabu/ abu] 'kyahp-]
spill over - [pho-] spit out M M- ['thukal
spill over badly ` ` - 'kyur-]
[oh oh 'pho-] spit out sputum MM M-
spill s.th. `- [pu-] [lokkyal 'kyur-]
spill s.th. badly ` ` `- splash - [thor-]

642
splash
splash s.b. - ['tor ter-]
splash s.th. h- ['thor tuu-]
splatter - [thor-]
splatter s.b. - ['tor ter-]
splatter s.th. h- ['thor tuu-]
splattering l l [dar dar]
spleen (body part) /
[phiyo/ phiwa (N?)]
splinter k [dzem]
splinter of wood (comes off) L
{-} [peka {then-}]
splinter (small) k` [dzelma]
split L- [keeh-]
split at the top (be) S - (2)
['kha 'aah-]
split (by itself) - (1) [aah-]
split s.th. - [aa-]
splutter j- (2) [thar-]; - (1)
[phyar-]
spoil `- [noh-]; - (1)
[nohr-]
spoil (because of dampness) `-/
- [si-/ sin-]
spoil (of cooked foods) l- [duu-]
spoil success - ['temba 'nup-]
spoil s.th. ``V -L [egyul
peh-k]; M- [ne kyal-]
spoil s.th./ s.b. `- [no-]
spoil work ` h- ['leeh noh
tuu-]
spoiled (be) h ` y- ['tee-la
o-]; j- [thuu-]
spoiled (become) `- [noh-]
spoiled completely (get) -
[ruhl-]
sponger L [korna]
sponsor h [tihnda]
sponsor a special festival `l
`- [rahda ta-]
spoon T [khyimbur]
sport, make of s.b. y -
sprout
[ahmen ten-]
spouse t` A/ t` A
['uhba aba/ 'uhba 'ama]
spout of pot (2) [nuhma]
sprain (a limb) w- [hoo-]
spread t- [ahm-]
spread (e.g. news, gossip) -
[phel-]
spread news t-/ t- [tam
am-/ ahm-]
spread out t- [am-]; `- [ti-];
- [hel-]
spread out (of landscape) `
` (`)/ ` ` (` )
[oh oh (oh)/ uh uh
(uh)]
spread over tautly (be) j`-
[tshe-]
spread thinly ` `/
[thara thoro/ thara thore]
spring j [thulum]
spring coming from a rock t -j
[uhp-thu]
spring water Ml ['kyeu]; j
Ml [thu 'kyeu (E+W)]; j w`
[thu 'huma (W)]
springtime y [yahno]
sprinkle - [tor-]
sprinkle ritually pure water onto
the house altar, etc. j M-
[thap kyahp-]
sprinkle whisky to the gods
U j -L ['ahlgar 'thepa
peh-k]
sprinkle with rain
M- [nam sahma 'sihme 'kyahp-]
sprout M -U [kye-g]; w`- [hu-]
sprout doubly S/ S M-U
[khabla/ khapla (E) kye-g]; /
M-U [habla/ hapla (W)
kye-g]
643
sprout
sprout (from cuttings) -/ - [bu-/
bii- (E)]; - [buu- (W)]
sprouted (newly) U U [paga
pige]
sprouting trees and plants (2)
(E) [boombo]
sprouts `` [dudu (E+W)]
sputum (cough up) MM {-}
[lokkyal {then-}]
spy around carefully t` t` t` t`
- [a a o o peh-ti
ta-]; l t` t` t` t` - ['kyere 'lah 'teh-k]
['namdo 'a 'a 'o 'o peh-ti ta-]
squander M- [kyaah-]
square t [uhpi]
squash h- (2) [tar-]
squat down jL jL -L [tshak
tshok teh-k]; jL (jL) -L
[tshok (tshok) teh-k (W)]; jU/ gU
( ) -L [tshoge/ tsoge
(peh-ti) teh-k (E)]
squatting position (take) jU/
gU [pho tshoge/ pho tsoge]
squeeze out g- [tsir-]
squirrel (grey) /
[iimbi/ iimbe]
stab M- [kyuh-]
stabbing pains (have) m M-
[zer 'kyahp-]
stable - ['ih-'tembu]
stack of wood (stack up) `-
{g-} [i-'tar {'tsii-}]
stack (stack up) {g-} [tar
{tsii-}]
stack up g- (2) [tsaa-]; g- (1)
[tsii-]; - [paah-]
stag 3 [ya]
stage fright - [ha thal- (W)]
stagger T- [khyor-]; T-
[khyol-]
[eeba]
stairs t
statues
stalks and weeds left in a field after
harvesting / [sil/ sel]
stalks of grain (cut) {`-}
[sooma {a-}]
stamp one's foot/ feet L` ` -
['kaba tuh-]
stand up (cause to) l` U/ l`U
-L [egul/ agul peh-k]
stand up (intensified) / L
`- [hop (E)/ hok (W) lah-]
stand up straight M ` -L
stand up to s.th. S- [laa kha-]
standing up (be) ` -L
['lah-di 'teh-k]
star L (1) [karma]
star, be under a bad ` gM/
` y ['luda tsokpa/ 'luda
'mahn-o]
star, be under a good ` /
` y ['luda yaahbu/ 'luda
'yahn-o]
star (big) Lh (1) [karten]; `/
` Lh [thora (E)/ thodo
(W) karten]
stare at k - ['dzire peh-ti
ta-]; k - ['dzir-ti ta-]
start ``- [a-]
start because of fright y- [oo-]
start s.th. j- [tshuu-]
start s.th. new U j- [goo 'tshuu-]
starting point -gg/ gg
['mah-'tsutso/ 'tsutso]
state clearly - [tah pral-]
stately appearance `/ `
jM/ jM [yahm/ 'ahm
thakpu/ 'tshakpu]
statue (make) L/ Ly {l`-} [ku/
kuna {a-}]; kU/ k-L {l`-}
[dzogu/ dzo-ku {a-}]
statues of boiled rice or 'tsamba'
644
stature
[torma]
stature ` [tai]
stay l- [uu-]; -L [teh-k]
stay alive - [thar-]
stay home doing nothing kU
() -L [dzoge (peh-ti) 'teh-k]
stay overnight - (2) [aah-];
-L [aah teh-k]
stay up ` -L ['lah-di 'teh-k]
steadily / m` ['thir peh-ti/
zu-di]
steadiness L-g [thik-tsi]; /
[thir (E)/ thii (W) (N)]
steady [tee sihmbu]
steal L M- ['kumen 'kyahp-];
L-2 [ku-]
steal, be is inclined to gL gL
gL gL -L [tsak tsak tsuk tsuk
peh-k]
steam (comes out) ` {-}
[laba (E) {then-}]; ` {-}
[lhaba (W) {then-}]
steep incline (climb) L/ L {k-}
[kema/ kama {dzaa-}]
stem `/ ` [tuhbu/
tohbo]
step further than intended or
allowed L` - ['kaba 'thal-]
step on g- (2) [tsuu-]
step onto L` - ['kaba paa-]
stepfather AE [aw]
stepmother A A ['asa 'ama]
steps of a dance (perform) /
M- ['ahpru/ 'ahbru stingy (be) -L [serna peh-k]
'kyahp-]
stern when bargaining U wM [goo
hakpu]
stick L [prehka]
stick for threshing [roli]
stick into - (2) (W) [pah-]; -
(2) (E) [pihp-]
stirring
stick (long, heavy) MM
[kyuhkpa]
stick onto h- (1) [tar-]
stick s.th. into s.th. m-/ k- [zer-/
dzer-]
stick to U- [go-]; l- [dar-]
stick to s.th. T-/ M-
[sih khyol- (E)/ sih kyol- (W)]
stick together h- (1) [tar-]
stick together in a pair j j/
j j [thap thap/
thep thep peh-ti]
stick together (of a mass) `/
m`-/ -/ - [yaah/ raah zu-/
dii-/ then-]
stiff and aching with cold (be)
`- [lha-]
stiff from cold (get) L`- (1)
[koh-]
stiffly M ['kyere peh-ti]
stiffly erected T` [khyae
peh-ti]
stigma {`-} [namin (E)
{tho-}]; /
{`-}
[neemin/ neemen (W) {tho-}]
still hU [toge]; `(A`)
[tohro-('a)]
stillness -` [yih-to]
sting A - [aa tap-]; j-/ j
M- [tsha-/ tsha suh kyahp-]
sting of bee L ` [tip-ki du]
sting (of insects) ` [du]
stingy M h ['lahkpa tandi]
stink t/ t S- [ihma/ ehma
kha-]
stir a thick mash -1 [nal-]
stir s.th. t- [uu-]
stirring, speak in a manner
U - [sem-la 'suuh-gen
peh-ti tam 'ma-]
645
stitch
stitch (in knitting) t` (2)
[ohba]
stolen (be) - [tor-]
stomach j [thal]; t [ehpa];
/ U/ [phowa/ phoga/
phoo]
stomach rumbles ` `- [ni
'lo-]
stomach sticking out (walk/ sit
with) A` y-/ -L ['a-di o-/
'teh-k]
stone [toh]
stone in fruit L (2) [rehko]
stone slab -/ -
[toh-yama/ -yemba]
stone wall with stupas (1)
[mahni]
stones strewn around -g`
[toh-tsahli (W)]
stop L- [kaa-]; L- [kuuh-]
stop for a rest ` j- ['ahl tsho-]
storage container for grains g`
(1) [tsah]
store up things - [sii-]
storey (of house) ` [te]
stories, made up m ['zeema
petam]
story (tell) {-L} [petam
{e-k}]
straggly and tall `/ ` [roe/
rohe]
straight L [theka]; L-
['theka-sire]; [are]
straight and stiff M [kyere]
straight at j [thare]
straight away M` [arkya]
straight into j [thare]
straighten out limbs -L [ee
peh-k]
straightforwardly (talk) L -
[tam 'theka 'ma-]
string
strain g- (1) [tsaa-]
strainer, tea g [tsaama (W)]
strange L-t [koh-ohmu]
strange behaviour (show) w -
[hul ten-]
strange looking T [khyosor]
strap used to carry loads on the
back M [rahkpa]
straw (for thatch) (cut) {`-}
[sooma {a-}]
straw mat g [tseeden (E)]
straw ring used to place pots on
g [tseehgor]
U
strawberry (wild) ` [pasi]
stream j [thu]; j-` ()
[thu-'luh(ba)]
strength [bal (N)]; L [uk]
stressed M [sem mih-kyipa]
stretch one's limbs M`- [kya-]
stretch one's limbs apart M`-
[kyah-]
stretch oneself T` -L [khya
peh-k]; ``U` -L [yagu
peh-k]; ` M`-/ `- ['yee
kya-/ o- (W)]
stretch out hands M `-
['lahkpa ta-]
stretch out s.th. lengthwise -
[then-]
stretch s.th. M`- [kyah-]
stretch to reach for s.th. `-
[yap-]
strike out E`y `- [uha la-]
strike s.b. M `- ['lahkpa ta-]
striking easily M M`
['lahkpa kyohbu]
string M [thakpa]
string for an amulet l
[daandi]
string of stringed instrument M
[kyiihba]
646
stringed
stringed instrument (play) t`
{`-}/ [ahmyen {tuh-}]
strip branches off a tree - (1)
[sil-]
strip off l- [ur-]; - [sir-]
stripped of everything `U`
M/ `U` M [rogolong
kyere/ rohgolo kyere]
stroke (e.g. an animal) -/
[nohm-/ nuhm-]
strong MM [kyahkpa];
j ['bal thimbu]; [rahpu];
- ['ih-'tembu]
strong (be) L j J`- [uk
thimbu oh-]
strong (become) M- [kyaah-]
strong in taste L [kahrpa]
strong quality [saah]
struck by lightning j`/ j`/
g` M ['tshera/ 'tshara/
'tsehra 'kyahp-ti]
struggle for a desired position
w(L) y` -L [hado(k) 'eea
peh-k]
stub M- [boodo kyahp-]
stub one's toe / M-
[narto/ narta kyahp-]
stubborn E [uldumba]; y
j/ y j ['eepi 'tshandi/
'eepi 'thewa]
stubborn (be) `V -/ -L
[rahgyal or-/ peh-k]; h
h`- [sem phirta ta-]
stubborn people h [phirta
'mih]
stuck (get) U- [gaa-]
studies (pursue) j t- ['thee
'aah-]
study t-2 [aah-]; U t- ['yihgi
'aah-]
stuff oneself with food t
success-in-adverse-circumstances
yH - ['ehpa tsere
'mere/ 'mehre o-en 'samma sah-]
stumble / M- [narto/
narta kyahp-]; M- [boodo
kyahp-]
stump [pudu]
stunned (be)/ stun s.b. -j
y-/ m- [yih-thile o-/ zo-]
- stupa j (1) [thorten]; (1)
[mahni]
stupid (be) - ['nawa thim-]
sturdy [sandi]
stuttering SM [khakle]
stye (have) l {-} [buur
{then-}]
style of speaking U y [tam-gi
ee]
subject (2) [ih]
subject (be) Lh {/ -} [keta
{yeh/ yihn}]
subject (broach) () -/ `-
[tam ('phree) ten-/ 'la-]
submissive (be) L -L [kuhr-ti
'teh-k]
submissive (make) h- [tur-];
l- [taa-la 'aa-]
submit (to authority) l -L
['dul-di 'teh-k]
subservient `l`/ `l`
[yemdu/ yomdu]
substance (1) [ih]
substantial food, eaten after a
snack S- - [kha-nem sah-]
success (1) [temba]
success, have good y-
[tehnda yaahbu 'up-]
successful l [demba]
successful (be) k- ['temba
'dzin-]; /
/ y-
[tehnda/ tehn/ tehn-la 'up-]
g / success-in-adverse-circumstances
647
such
past -/-/-A [-pa~-ba~-a]
such Jk [ohze-ba]; /
()U [de rohwa(-mu)-gi/ di
rohwa(-mu)-gi]; U [di
'leehmu-gi]; k [deze-ba]
such as [leehmu]
suck l- [dip-]
suddenly l`
[yahmbi-i-la-'ra]; ` `
(`) [yihme thome-la (-'ra)];
`
[hada meeh-ba
peh-ti]
suffering M [tuhkpu]
sufficient (be) `-/ `-1
[ohm-/ ahm-]; `- [da-]
sugar h [tini (N)]
sugar cane L ` [kuhri]
sugar (raw) L [kuhram]
suicide, commit by hanging
h` -U [ta-di 'i-g]
suitable l/ k [darpu/ dzeebu]
suitable (be) J`l [oh-de
'du]; -/ -U [siih-/ sih-g]
suitable (seem) J`l w/ w
[oh-de hi/ he]
sulk w- ['thu 'hee]
sulk angrily ` w- ['oh 'hee- (W)];
w- [hee-]
sulk (quietly) w- [sem 'hee-]
sum up (a talk) h T`-
[tam thaa 'te-ti khyo-]
summary (give) j ` - [mikor ta-]
[tam 'tshii sum-di-'ra 'yehba]
summer L/ [yarka/ yar]
sun ` (1) [yihma]
sun (shine/ rise) A `
{-} [ama yihma {ar-}]
sunny slope/ side/ place
`- [rih 'yihl-'dep]
sunrise (at the time of) `-
['yih-ar-la]
sustained
superfluous talk -/ L
U
[meh-/ meeh-'keh-ba-gi tam]
superlative suffix - [-o]
supple ` [yilbu]
support (U) L [tam(-gi) kuu]
support (erect) {M-} [tem
{kyahp-}]
support s.b./ s.th. M- [kyor-]
supporting board S [khabup]
supposition introducer /
[nah/ naah]
suppress anger ` j -
['ihta 'thep 'naa-]
suppress (e.g. anger) j/ h -
['thep/ 'tehp 'naa-]
suppress s.b. h- [tom-]
surface (e.g. foods on liquids) `-
[proh-]
surprise (by) M-j
[kyiih-'tha meeh]
surrounding -L/ -S/ -S
[ti-kohre/ ti-khore/ ti-khire]
survive (used only of plants) -
[sen-]
suspect j [tshee du]; - [nee-]
suspect wrongly ` / ` /
` / ` h`- [sem 'ehmba/
'yehmba/ 'ehnda/ 'yehnda ta-];
M h`-/ -L [sem lohkta
ta-/ peh-k]
suspicion, watch s.b. with L
suspicions, have wrong M
M-U [sem lohkta 'kye-g]
suspicious, be always gMU
g` j- ['leeh tsokpa-gi 'tsaryi
tshol-]
suspicious of one's spouse (be)
/ -L [miiser/ miser
peh-k]
sustained shouting L M`() -
648
swagger
['kee kyah(-da) ten-]
swagger M t l - [uhka sweet talk `l` [tam
dibu ten-]
swallow `-/ `- [yihp-/
yiih-]
swallow the wrong way j-
[tshal-]
swarms, in L L (L)
[sihk sihk (sihk)]
Swayambhu `/ `U swiftly, keep going
[phaaba ien/ igen]
swaying ` ` S ['sih 'sih swim h M- [tal kyahp-]
khur-ti]
swear S - (1) ['kha 'aah-]
swear an oath M- [na kyal-]
sweater Ul [gandir (N)]
sweep the floor j h-
[thaama 'tooh-]; - [phyaa-
(W)]
tail `/ `/ ` (1) [ama/
yema/ ema]
tailor (1) [dame (N)]
take - [nom-]; - [lehn-]
take after S- [khuu-]
take along (fig.) - [thoo-]
take along/ with/ to T- [khyer-]
take as - [nee-]
take by the hand M m`-
['lahkpa-la zu-]
take down - (1) [pap-]
take it easy -L [lo 'sepu
peh-k]
take it! 1 [ya]
take life L/ h-L [sok/ soo
te-k]; L-h -L ['sok-'te
peh-k]
take (of time) - [thoo-]
take off -L [pi-k]; -/ -
[u-/ ii-]
take
sweet ` [armu]
yomdu]
sweet tea `h/ `-h [arta/
ar-tah]
sweets `1 (1) [prah]
swell t`- [a-]
swiftly (appear) T -
[khyololo then-]
y-
[ar ar o-]
swing LL {g-U/ g-} [kuku
{tse-g(E)/ tsa-(W)}]; - [yuu-]
swing forcefully ` ['a-di]
swing hands - [yap-]
swishing ` ` S ['sih 'sih
khur-ti]
sword ` [pada]
T - t
take off clothes Lh -/ -L
['kapta 'u-/ pi-k]
take off the stove/ fire - [phoo-]
take off/ out (intensified) ` `
- [sa si ten-]
take on responsibility g - ['tsi
lehn-]
take part - ['bo 'uuh-]
take some back - [phrii-]
take s.b. to some some other place
-M - ['phep-'kyal 'uh-]
take s.b./ s.th. to some other place
M- [kyal-]
take s.th. back to s.b. () T-
[loo(-di) 'khyer-]
take (there) - ['nom 'phep-]
take time - ['yihn 'thoo-]
take to s.b. h- [tahm-]
take up space - [taah-]
take up s.b.'s time U L- [goo kor-]
649
talk tear

talk [tam]; - [tam 'ma-]; tassel j [thupal]

- [ma-]; -1 [lahp-]; taste strong L [kahrpa]
[ahl] taste s.th. `- [yam-]; /
talk away tt - [tam 'baaa - [preeh/ prohbla ta-]
'ma-] tasteless (become/ make) -/
talk back and forth - g-U - ['preeh yahl-/ yal-]
['ma-'ma 'tse-g] tasteless (of beer mash) Mt/
talk back to S - ['kha looh-]; Mt [byaka/ phyaka]
k M- [dzop (N) kyahp-] tasteless (of liquids) A hL hL/
talk decisively L - [tam A U/ A L L L [am
phruk pruu-] tak tak (E)/ am plege/ am
talk deviantly L- - [kor-tam plek plek plek (W)]; A` A`
ma-] M [amlu amlu yeh-'kyo]
talk to oneself ` U `` tasty ` [yeebu];
- ['rah sem-gi 'rah-la-'ra 'ma-] [ihmbu]
talkative S [khaptar] tasty, not (l)
talkative (negative connotation) S [mih-ihmba(-i)]
() h ['kha ('lee) 'tolbu] taxes (pay) h- [tiru (N)
tall / / [thombu/ tal-]
thumbu/ thombo] tea h1 [tah]; l [solda]
tall and slender `U`/ `U` tea leaves h- ['tah-loh]
[rogolo/ rohgolo] tea leaves (compressed) h`
tall, try to make oneself T` [pahrtu]
-L [khya peh-k] tea leaves for salt tea h-
Tamang ` [tama] ['tah-rhil]
tambourine-like instrument (play, tea strainer h/ hk
beat) y/ y- {` -} [ambu/ ['tah-o/ 'tah-za (E)]
am-phu (N) {tuh-}] teach - [lop-]
tame - [tul-] teach s.b. better h - ['toldo
tangle up s.th. - [nur-] ten-]
tangled (get) -/ - (1) [nuhr-/ teacher U [guru (N)]; (1)
nohr-] [loben]
tantrum, be in a kU -L teacher of Buddh. scriptures UU
[dzagar (N) peh-k] [gergen (W)]
tap one's feet L` /
teaching (give) j `- ['thee
M- ['kaba 'set 'set/ 'seht 'seht na-]; ` {`-} [luh/
/ `
'kyaa-] luhden {na-}]; M-
Tarkeghyang `() M/ [lop-tam kyahp-]
`V [la(ri) kyahp-sa/ teaching (religious) j1 (2) [thee]
lagyapsa] tear - [ral-]; - [rahl-]
tarnish 2 [ya] tear down - [rom-]

650
tear thicken

tear off h -L (1) [te-k]; - terrified (be) ` - (1) [ni 'dar-]

[yel-] territory [sa]; l [saa]
tears l/ -j [miu/ mi-thu] test s.b. SM - [khokpa ta-]
tease MM/ M/ MM/ M/ testicle L` [koha]
M {-/ -L} [kyaakya/ thangka painter `U S [thagu
kyaaya/ kyakya/ kyaya/ kyaye 'kheeba]
{ma-/ peh-k}] thangkas (paint) `U {-/ M-}
tease wool l M- ['u 'kyahp-] [thagu {pruh-/ kyahp-}]
tease wool (by hand) -L / thank s.b. l-j -
- ['pahl 'se-k (E)/ 'pahl 'sep- [thui-thee phul-]
(W)] thanks (give) l-j -
tease wool (with a brush) [thui-thee phul-]
-L ['pahl e-k] that J [ooh]
tea-shed hk` (2) [tahza] that manner (in) J w/ w [ooh
teat (of animal) (1) [nuhma] hi/ he peh-ti]
tell - [ma-]; -1 (2) [uh-]; that much Jk (`) [ohze
-L [e-k] (-'ra)]; Jk [ohze-ba]
tell off s.b. sharply S - ['kha that way J [ooh rohwa]; J
sah-] [ooh 'leehmu]

tell to one's face S - ['khadu-la that way (in) J w/ w [ooh
'ma-] hi/ he peh-ti]
telling past -M/-V [-kyo~-gyo] thatched house EMU T/
temperate (be) j` `` j LMU S` ['sooma
S- [tha thu-'na tshee peh 'up-'kyo-gi 'khyim (W)/ 'sooma
khuu-] 'kap-'kyo-gi 'khaba (E)]
temperature, have a j M-U that/ this (at medium range
['tshawa 'kye-g] distance) [too]
temple L (1) [kohmba] there J [ooh-la]
temple (body part) g [murtsa] there (at quite some distance)
ten h [tu] [ta]
ten million ` V (h) [tuhgyur therefore J `U`/ J `
(tii)] [ooh sogo-'ra/ ooh sobe]
ten thousand w (h) [hi (tii)] they S` [khu]
tender j [theemu]; [nunu] thick L [kandi]; M [thukpu];
tender-hearted j (1) [sem 2 [pohmbo]
'theemu] thick cloth, kind of U
tent tk` [ahza] [gonam]
tenth h [tu-ba] thick (pen line) M`/ M`/
termite Mg [muktsa] M` [kyohbu/ kyohbo/
terrace wall L / L [kehpa/ kyuhbu]
kahpa] thicken (e.g. a sauce or soup) g

651
thicken thrilling

L- ['tsamba 'kee-] 'yehna peh-ti]

thicken with flour g S this side j () [tshur(-la)]
M-/ g M- ['tsamba this side of the valley jL ()
'kholbi 'kyahp- (W+E)/ 'tsamba 'thal [tshurken ('dep)-la]
'kyahp- (E)] this way Ay [ahna-bar (W)];
thickening of sauces with flour Ay()/ y()/ y()/
L ` [keei] y() [ahna(-mu)/
thicket g [tsehrep]; -E [rih-'u] yehna(-mu)/ dena(-mu)/
thief L [kumen] dene(-mu)]; Ay/ y
thigh L` ` ['kaba pila] ['ahna/ 'yehna peh-ti]
thigh of forelegs of animals M this way, coming jy [tshuno]
- ['lahkpa 'laah-lehp] thorn j(`) [tsherma()]
thigh (of humans and animals) thought `/ ` [nomsa/
L`-m ['kaba-'zuu] namsa]
thin h [tihpa]; l thoughtfulness [nawa]
[dambu]; [sapu] thoughtless (be) () ['nawa
thin as a skeleton `-` [re-re] meeh(-ba)]
thin (of sauces, milk, etc.) thoughts (good/ evil) (entertain)
[landi] / gM h`- [sem yaahbu/
thin out (seedlings) - [pel-] tsokpa ta-]
thing 1 [seeh] thousand (one) ` (h) [tora
think - [nee-]; ` M-U (tii)]
['nomsa 'kye-g]; M-U [sem thrash s.b. wL wL ` -
'kye-g]; M-U [sem-la 'kye-g] [hwak hwak yee ter-]
think about / `- thread L [kupa]
[samlo/ samlu ta-] thread (beads) M- [kyuh-]
think about something h`- thread-bare (become) ` - (1)
[sem ta-] [yehr-]
think little of - ['mii meh-ta-] three [sum]
think over s.th. ` `- three days ago l/ l-
['nomsa ta-] (`) [inup/ i-nuhp
thinking (poetic) [sam-ne] (yihmu)]
third [sum-ba] three days ahead l (`) [ee
third-share basis (cultivate s.b.'s (yihmu)]
field on) ` M- [ih three quarters full or long L [koo]
tiyo-la 'kyahp-] three years ago L`/ M`
thirsty (be) Lk `- [komdze [kihni/ kyihni]
lah-]; S L- ['kha kom-] three years ahead L/ M
thirteen h [tuusum] [kihbe/ kyihbe]
this / [di/ de] thresh ` - [tuh-]
this kind Ay/ y ['ahna/ thrilling story j [tam

652
throat
tshombu]
throat U [gur]; l` [di-ba];
tU [ihga]
throbbing pain (have) T- [khyuu-]
throne w [hi]
thronging crowd (stand in)
(-`) ` -L [rohme
(-'ra) lah teh-k]
throw M- [kyahp-]
throw away M- (1) [kyur-]; `-2
[pha-]
throw away for good M g`-/
M `- ['kyur 'tsah-/ 'kyur ta-]
throw away (negative conn.)
E` M- [uhri kyahp-]
throw down forcefully h-
M- [tar-tap kyahp-]
throw, in one M` h`
['kyahp-ta tii-la-'ra]
throw into mouth U- [gam-]
throw s.th. forcefully M time, miss the right
g`- [phat phet kyur tsah-]
throw to s.b. M- (2) [kyur-]
throw up food M- [kyuu-]; SM
- [khokpa looh-]
thrust into - [tihp-]
thumb / [thebu/ thibu]
thunder yL L - [uk 'kee ten-];
L - [nam 'kee ten-]
Tibet [peeh]
Tibetan [pehpa]
Tibetan dress j [thuba]
Tibetan lamaism U
j-w
[peeh-gi 'thee-him]
Tibetan script - [peeh-yih]
tick [lehmba]
tickle L(L)/ L(L) `-/
`- [kiti(k)/ kihti(k) oo-/ aa
oo-]
tidbits (usually of food) U
[pruhgul/ pruhwul]
tired
tiger h1 [ten]; [taa]
tight [sandi]
tighten - [tahm-]
tightly tL-tL [ik-ik]
tightly, not be covered S -
['kha 'or-]
tile (used for roofs) A [arpa
(W)]; [yarpa (E)]
Timbu (2) [timbu]
time jk/ jk [thuzi/ thuze
(T)]; [paalo (N)]; /
[bela/ bele (N)]
time, at the U/ U [gari-la/
gari-le (N)]
time, at the of "verbing" L`
() [kah-la]
time, at this k [tahze]
time (counting times) j [tshar]
time (have) S- [khum-]; -`
[-luh]
- [pa
thal-]
time, observe the right g-
[pa tee-di 'tsuu-]
time, some ago [daanu]
time span k [tiihzi]; /
[yihn/ yihnda]
time, that L` [di kah-la]
time to time (from) M M
() [pahrkyi pahrkyi(-la)]
time (when counting) /
[lehma/ lahma]
timmur (`) [yerma()]
tinkle (bell) t L - ['ihlbu 'kee
ten-]
tip h [todo]
tired (be) ` j-L [tha the-k]
tired, be extremely U -L
[plege lih-k]
/
tired (become) `- [ahl-]
tired (get) (of food) / / -/
653
tired
M- [na/ naa/ nal looh-/
kyahp-]
tired of doing s.th. (be) j `-
['tsher-i 'lah-]
to s.b.'s place [sa-la]
toad `/ ` [rahbya/
rahbiya]
today ` [tihri]
toddle hh / h-h y-
[taahta/ taah-taah o-]
toddler (9-15 months)
[yahrma]
toe L` kU/ kU/ k ['kaba
'dzugu/ 'dzugi/ 'dzubi]; kU/ k/ k/
kU [dzugu/ dzuu/ dzubi/ dzugi]
together `/ ` ( ) torch (light/ shine with)
['yambu/ 'yimbu (peh-ti)]
together with s.th. jM (`)
[thapkya (-'ra)]
toil and labour L() h-L/ h`-
[kadu (E)/ kadup (W) te-k/
ta-]
toilet, go to the y- ['phi-la
o-]
tomorrow ` [nahbar]
tongs (of bamboo) L`/ L
[kemda (E)/ kemba (W)]
tongue h [tele]; l [da]
tonight ` L` / L` / touch - [dee-]
['tihri kuhmu/ 'tahlda
L`
kuhmu/ 'toohri kuhmu]; /
L` ['toohri/ 'tahlda
kuhmu]
too -A`/-A/-A [-a/-aa/-aa]
tools (of iron, for cutting) jl
[tshenda]
tooth [so]
tooth, back y- ['am-'so]
tooth, front - ['din-'so]
tooth, wisdom y/
['phaanam (E)/ 'phaanam (W)]
tradition
top, along on of S S/ S S
['kha 'kha-da/ 'kha-da 'kha]
top, along the of S ['kha-le
phar]
top, be on of one another -2
[lahp-]
top, from the S(U)
['kha-le(-gi)]
top of a peak -U ['lah-goo]
top of high objects g [tse]
top of hill L`-g ['kah-'tse]
topical highlighting - [-ni]
torch (light with) t/ g
{-} [oos (Eng)/ tsoor baati (N)
{thep-}]
`/
` {-/ -} [mehda/
mehna {par-/ thep-}]
tormented (be) j` t`/
j` t` {`` -} [tshayal
ahyal/ tsheyal ahyal
{yuh-}]
torn apart (be)
y-
[yahrmen mahrmen o-]
torn up () ['rahlda
(ruhlda)]
torn up (be) gL-gL y- [tsakal
tsekel o-]
touchy ` [nado theemu]
tousled hair t [a 'rihn
'rihn 'rihn]
towards ` ()/ ` () [oo(-le)/
ee(-le)]
towards oneself (from there)
j/ [tshur-'tep/-'tap]
tower / `` [dumdum (E)/
dudu (W)]
trace, leave a j-2 (2) [thaa-]
tradition / E [lihyu/ lihw]
tradition (religious) j-w
654
tradition trumpet

['thee-him]
tradition (village) -w
[yuhl-him]
tragedy M j [kyidu thimbu]
trained in reading religious books
(person) j ['thee-ba/
/ j
'thee-ne]
trample on s.th. L`U -
['kaba-gi 'nem-]
trance (fall into) - (2) (W+E)
[pahp-]
trance (go into) -M/ -M trial (make) k/ k {-} [haze/
- [dee-lokpa/ dee-lohkpa
phep-]
transcendental meditation (do) /
L- [mipa/ miirim
kohm-]
transform into g-/ g- [tsiih-/
tsuh-]
translate m- [tam 'zo-]; -
[tam pap-]
transparent j `
[thisal nahsal]; ` ` (`)
[si si (si)]
transparent (of glass) `-` (`)
[se-se (se)]
transport s.th. from one place to
another -/ `- [pihn-/
pih-]
trap for larger animals (set)
{g-} [mita {tsuu-}]
trap (lay) {g-} [phup {tsuu-}]
traveler y- [ul-mih]
tread upon - [mur-]
treason M ['leeh [tehmba]
mah-tahkpa]
treasure [ter]; / (1) 'yihm-ba]
[nuhrpu/ nohrpu]
treat s.b. well k -L
[taahndzen peh-k]
tree `/ ` [tuhbu/ trumpet (small wooden) (blow)
tohbo]
trek L- [kor-]; L M- [kora
'kyahp-]
tremble - [dar-]; - [dir-]
tremble (intensified) L L -
[lhok lhok 'dar-]
tremble uncontrollably L L
-/ -L ['lihk 'lihk 'yuh-/
`
peh-k]
tremble violently L L -
[sihk sihk pahp-]
hazo {ta-}]
tribe M/ M (1) (E) [kyihpa/
kyuhpa]; M/ M (2) (W)
[kyihpa/ kyuhpa]
trim the lamp - ['baati sal-]
trip, make a L` J`-/ y-
[korya-la oh-/ o- (W)]
trip over s.th. / M-
[narto/ narta kyahp-]
tripod, iron h`U [tagi]
trot fast (horse) `/ ` M
y-/ j`- [ali/ ale kyahp-te
o-/ tho- (W)]
trouble (give) M - ['tuhkpu
ter-]; M- [ne kyal-]
troubles M [kyidu]
troubles (tell one's) M L -L
[kyidu 'kuhdu e-k]; L -M -L
[tuhk-kyi e-k]
trough (wooden) l` [oba]
true ` ` [ehsum/
/ `
ehsu]; M [tahkpa];
true (be) Lh ['keta
truely [tehmba]
trumpet (long, of copper) (blow)
{-} [lahba {phu-}]

655
trust two

M` {-} [kyahli {phu-}] turn s.th. over M- [loori

trust s.b. M- (2) [kyap-]; M 'kyahp-]
h- [kyap tol-]; SM h- turn s.th. this or that way around
[khokpa 'tol-]; S-/ L- -/ - ['yahr 'yir-/
[lee khal-/ lee kal- (E)]; h- 'mahr 'yir-]
[lee tol-]; -/ L- [lee turn up unexpectedly L L
phral-/ lee kal- (W)]; S-/ L/ U - [phlek phlek
L-/ - [sem lee 'khal- phlek/ phlege lep-]
(E)/ 'kal- (E+W)/ sem lee 'phral- turn upside down S (L)
(W)] M- [kheebu (lohk) kyahp-]
trustworthy person S SHU turned over U [lohge]
[sem lee 'khal khuu-en-gi 'mih] turned over (intensified) U U
truth [tehmba]; [sat (N)] [lahga lohge]
truth, tell the (`) - turned upside down S
[tam 'tehmba (-'ra) 'ma-] ['kheebu peh-ti]
truthful j ` [thisal turquoise stone [yu]
nahsal] twelve h`/ h` [tiyii/
truthfully - - [sil-sil tuyii]
taah-taah] twelve-year cycle (one)

try to j- [tshol-]; - [ta-] (h) [leehwor (tii)]; -S
T-shirt Ul [gandir (N)] (h`) [loh-khor (tiyii)]
tune ` (1) [tah]; `-` twenty ` [yihu]
[tah-ya]; ` (2) [ya] twigs with leaves j2 [thee]
turban (fix/ wear) {t-} [thee twist (a limb) w- [hoo-]
{il-}] twist one's statements V-
turmeric ` [yuha] [tam 'praa 'gyur-]
turn [paalo (N)] twist the truth V- [tam 'praa
turn around - [yihr-] 'gyur-]
turn around (oneself) - [looh-] twist (thread with hands) t-
turn, give s.b. a - [pahr [ihm-]
ter-] twist threads together l-2 [u-]
turn one's back on s.b. M-L twist woolen threads together
- ['kyahp-lohk ten-] l- ['pahl 'u-]
turn over `- [lo-] twisted (get) w- [hil-]
turn over (ground, furniture) two ` [yii]
M/ M M- [lohkpa/ two, out of `()
lokpa kyahp-] [yii-la(-ni)]
turn over in layers (big pieces) two years ago l` [ini]
U U - [lahga lohge loo-] two years ahead l [ibe]

656
udder
udder J-j` ['ohma-'tsha]; l
[ee]
ugly T [khyosor]
ugly appearance gM [pii
tsokpa]
ugly appearance (have) (`)
[sihl (-'ra) meeh]
ugly (become) -/ `- ['doo
'tor-/ noh-]
ugly face (have) ``
[ta-na-'ra mihn-du]
umbilical cord (cut) U/ {
[tiga/ tiya {praah-}]
umbrella j [tshaata (N)]
unapproachable (be) j m-
[thimbu 'zo-]; j j -
['theendo thimbu ten-]
unbelievably j [tshem
meeh-ba]
unchaste / [pe
miih-'sih-ba/ pe miih-'sih-en-gi]
uncivilized t/ y jM [ah/
a mah-thakpa]
uncle (father's brother, or husband
of mother's sister) AE [aw]
uncle (mother's brother, or
husband of father's sister) A`
(1) [aa]
unclean g [tsiibu]
uncomely (appearance) Mt/
Mt [byaka/ phyaka]
uncomfortable l U ['doo
meeh-ba-gi]
uncommunicative (be) `
l- [tam sa-di 'aa-]
unconcerned j/ j (2)
[tshombo/ tshombu]
unconscious (become) t
lA` y- ['ehmba
undisturbed
U - u
ten-de-'a meeh-ba o-]; ` ()
y- [lu(-la) o-]
uncovered V` [silgya]
uncovered, leave UU l- ['goge
'aa-]
undecided (be) - [thom-];
`- [sem yah-]; ` h`-
[sem yii ta-]
undefiled g` [tsama]
undefiled (completely) g` g`
['tsama 'tsari (W)]
-} under g () [tsoo(-la)]
under all circumstances h
A` [ti 'ol-de-'a]; hA`
+ LgL P, `A` +
LgL P [tii-'a +
aff.pred.ph., yii-'a + aff.pred.ph.];
l l ( ) [yihn-di
mihn-di (peh-ti)]
HU under no circumstances hA` +
ALgL P, `A` +
ALgL P [tii-'a + neg.
pred.ph., yii-'a + neg. pred.ph.]
understand - [ee-]; L- [ha
koh-]
understand, get to / y -
[semri/ semi thop-]
undertake something without being
completely successful
-l/-l/-k/-h -L
[-di~-i~-dzi~-ti peh-k]
undertake s.th.
M M-
['leeh-la 'lahkpa 'kyahp-]
undertaking (start) j- ['ih
'tshuu-]
undisciplined t jM/ t
j ['ih mah-thakpa/ 'ih
meh-'thepa]
undisturbed (sit) L L L/ U
657
undo unrestrained

-L [blek blek blek/ blege (W) [-raa thal-di]

teh-k] uninterruptedly L ` [kuhr
undo -/ - [u-/ ii-] ta-di]; SL ` [khuk ta-di];
undo s.th. completely/ quickly ` L ` [thak ta-di];
` -/ - [phaa phue u-/ j [thap maah-tha-ba
ii-] peh-ti]
uneasy about doing s.th. (feel) l unirrigated field -`
` ['doo meh-yoh] [maa-ih]
uneven L` L`/ U` U` unite - [ruhp-]
[kahra kohro (E)/ gara goro unite in s.th. h y- [sem
(W)]; TM` [khyokto]; U` tii-la ii-]; h h y-/ -
U` [gandra gondro]; U` [sem tii lo tii-la ii-/ 'dii-];
U` [gara goro] h - [sem lo tii-la 'dii-];
uneven in length l l [dana y- [sem lo ii-]
dine]; [rahna rihne]; unite together j- (2) [thee-]
`-` ['rih-du] unkempt [phosor]
unfaithful (become) - unkind j (2) [sem thimbu]
[tehpa looh-] unknowledgeable person M
unfinished M M [phakya [tharkyi]
phekyo] unlucky (be) ['sodi

unfinished (intensified) S (`) meeh-ba]
[khadi (phue)] unnoticeably y` w/ j
unfortunate (be) ['sodi ['yihn-'a mihmba hi/ 'tshul
meeh-ba] peh-ti]
unfortunate coincidence (be) S unoccupied (be) S ['khumbu
L/ L M- ['khadu lok/ lohk 'yeh]
'kyahp-] unordered ` ` [phara
unfriendly (be) TL-TL phuru]
TL-TL -L (1) [khyak-khyak unpartial `/ ` [sem
khyok-khyok peh-k]; w S- [hoo yumbu/ yombu]
khur-]; ` M y-/ -/ m- unpredictable L-t
['tohba 'nahkpu o-/ ten-/ 'zo-] [koh-ohmu]
unhappy (be) ` - ['oh 'naa-] unreasonable /
unhurriedly [lo 'sepu] [pe miih-'sih-ba/ pe
HU
unimpressive behaviour (exhibit) miih-'sih-en-gi]
(`) [sihl (-'ra) meeh] unrestrained j` (j)
U/
uninformed person M [tharkyi] j-` j
U [tshee-'ra (tshee)
unintelligibly j M [thame meeh-ba-gi/ tshee-da tshee
kyiihme] meeh-ba-gi]
unintentionally (do) - [thal-] unrestrained (be) ['sooh
unintentionally (go too far) - meeh]

658
unripe
unripe (only used for fruit) l
[yindu]
unruly t/ y jM [ah/ a
mah-thakpa]; -
[yam-therpu]
unruly (be) `V -/ -L
[rahgyal or-/ peh-k]
unruly (become) j - ['tshaara
'or-]
unruly woman w [hulmu]
unsettled (be) T` j-
[khyoldo thaa-]; y-
[yahrmen mahrmen o-]
unsettled matters (have) L
{} [ter-ku lehn-gu {yeh}]
unsheathed V` [silgya]
unsheathed, with an knife tU
['uhgu silu ten-di]
unsure about s.th. (be) -j/
j/ j -L [thu-la/ thur-la ten-di/ then-di]
['yihma-'the/ 'yihme thime/ 'yihme
'thame peh-k]; j y-
['yihme thime o-]
unteachable M / M
[thap tuhkpa/ thap thukpa]
untied (get) -/ - [uh-/
iih-]
until 2 [thu]; [samma (N)]
untouchable (keep) m - [zubu
tahm-]
untrue (be) Lh ['keta
mihm-ba]
unwell (feel) S - (2) ['laa
meh-'kha-]
unwilling (be) L -L ['kaahbu
peh-k]
unyielding ` [ahbar]; l
U ['namdo 'thuga]
up () [yahr(-la)]; ()
[yuuh(-la)]
up to j1 [tshee]; 2 [thu];
use
[samma (N)]
upon () [maa-la]
upper () [thoo(-la)]
upper back M [kyahp]
upper, the one / ['thooma/
'thoo-me]
upright t` [ahbu]
upright (be) t` (t`)
-L [sem 'ahbu ('ahsum)
peh-k]
uproot - [poo-]
uprooted (become) - [pooh-]
upset (be) L` `-/ `-
` U [kohba su-/ so-]; ` - ['oh
'naa-]
upset (be very) ` k k k -L
['oh dzum dzum dzum 'teh-k]
upset s.b. - [sem 'saa-]
upside down / /
upside down (put) S-g M()
l- ['khep-'tsuu 'kyahp(-ti) 'aa-]
upside down (turn) S (L)
M- [kheebu (lohk) kyahp-]
upward, going y [yahno]
upwards (a little way) hg
[yahttsi]
upwards, from a certain point
/ ['yahr-'tep/-'tap]
urge s.b. Eg -L [urtsu peh-k]
urinate h` `- [ti ta-]
urn for carrying water ``
[sahbu]
urn with bent spout
[puhmba]
urn with straight spout U [garu]
urn with very narrow neck `
[lihbu]
use y [o-den]
use, put to y/ -L [ul/
yuhl peh-k]
659
use vitality

use s.th. -L1 [peh-k] [meh-/ meeh-keh-ba-gi seeh]

use up g h- [tsooh tuu-]
used up (be) g- [tsooh-]
useful L j ['koh 'thepu]
useful (be) L j-L [koh the-k];
/ J`- [phembu/ phemba
oh-]
usefulness y [o-den]
useless (become) j J`-/ y-
[thiiser oh-/ o-]
useless stuff -/
L
U
usual, as M ) ['dukte
(
'leehmu (peh-ti)]
usually M () [dukte(-la)];
` / ` [mahbu
'leehmu/ mahbu rohwa]
usury (practise) t`U () -
['aga 'tiih(-di) sah-]
utensil to look up destiny
{M-} [lhamdar {kyahp-}]
uvula tl` (2) [ihu]

V - v
vagabond TV ['khyam-gyi]; [kaahkala (E)]
T ['khyambu-wa] vessel (large, of copper) j-`
vagina L (2) (E) [kup]; [tu] [thu-sah]
vain, in (L) [iti (N) victorious (be) k- ['temba
(kambu)-la] 'dzin-]
validate the truth - victory (gain) - ['temba
['tehmba 'tahr-] 'tahr-]
valley dweller ` [roh-ba] vigor F` [uuna]
valley (lower parts) ` [roh] [yuhl]
village
valley, rift `
/ ` ` [luh villager [yuhl-ba]
(E)/ luho (E)]; ` (3 (W) vine (wild) UU/ UC [gugi/ guy]
[luhba] vine with red, grape-like fruit
variety (have) ['pee-di ` UU [kyilda 'guugi]
'pee-di] violence w [hoo]
various kinds -/- [-ree (E)/ -raa vision (receive) lU `- [dal-ga
(W)] na-]
varnish (put on) tMg {L-/ M-} visit S- [khor-]
[aktsi {ku-/ kyahp-}] visit a sick person or a mother with
vegetables (green and leafy) j a newborn baby -L y-
[tsheema] [neh-kor-la o-]
vegetation ` [umbu seeh] visit s.b. y-/ J`- ['thuu o-/
vehemently (talk) w - oh-]
[hoo ten-di tam 'ma-] visitor y/ y/ y [ombo/
very h ` [ti teeen]; l
ombu/ umbu]
(`) [dibu (-'ra)]; [tamas visitors from other villages j y
(N)] ['thoo ombu]
very much LL/ LML vitality (have) w-` {}
[kahkala/ kahkkala (W)]; LL [hasal-ohsal {'yeh}]
660
vocation warm

vocation (change) k V- vomit (be about to) M L L

[tahmdzi 'gyur-] J`-/ -L [kyu lohk lohk
voice L1 [kee]; `-L [su-'kee] oh-/ peh-k]
voice (full) L ['kee 'bolbu] vomiting (feel like) U U
voice (loud/ deep) L j ['kee J`- [lahga lohge oh-]
thimbu] vow k (1) [tahmdzi]
voice (resounding) L ['kee vow (for devoting one's life
'bolbu] entirely) - [tohmba
voice (singing) `-` [tah-ya] uh-]
voice (soft/ high) L j / ['kee vow (make) U l- [baaga (N)
'theemu/ 'phema] aa-]
volume measure [padi (N)]; vowel ` (3) (T) [ya]
(1) [phulu (N)] vows of a monk (take) L ` -
volume (of a book) jU ['kehlo 'uh-]
['thee-gi pudi] vows of a nun (take) h -
vomit M- [kyuu-]; SM - ['tohmu 'uh-]
[khokpa looh-]

W - w
wages 2 [la] walk around L- [kor-]
wages (pay/ receive) U / U
{-/ walk, go for a L M- [kora
l-} [leega/ leege {ter-/ 'kyahp-]; L M- [rih kora
dor-}] 'kyahp-]
wail ` `/ ` j -L wall gM [tsikpa/ tsiira]
[uhpra tihra/ uhpra thapra wall (of house) gM ['tsikpa
peh-k] 'dep]
waist M [kyepa] wall (of room) [dep]
wait L- [kuuh-] wall (of stones) (build) g M-
wait a moment! `U! [yahgo!] [tsiira kyahp-]
wait for - ['lahm ta-] walnut L [tarka]
wait for a long time L `- wander around (in circles) A
[kuuh-da 'rih-] T- [ala khyam-]
wait too long L - [kuuh-da
wander around without finding rest
'thal-] S T- [khorwa khyam-]
wake up ` -L/ ` j-L ['yi wander from one place to another
'se-k (E)/ 'yi tshe-k (W)]; ` - [yuuh-]
`- ['nal sa na-] want - [ma-]
wake up (spirits) l` U/ l`U war (make) {M-} [maa
-L [egul/ agul peh-k] {kyahp-}]
walk L`U y- ['kaba-gi o-]; L warm t [ohmo]
[kora] warm (become) t - [eeh-]
661
warm we

warm (for climate and clothes) M peh-ti teh-k]

[kyipu] watchfully g [tsembu peh-te
warm (keep) - [puhp-] (W)]; k - ['dzembu peh-ti];
warm months t [tembu peh-ti]

['eeh-m-bar 'dawa] watching carefully not to miss
warm oneself by the fire - anybody (distribute) -/
['meh 'tuuh-] - h M- ['mii-'rihm/ 'mii-'rim
warm oneself in the sun ` - 'te-ti 'kyee-]
['yihma 'tuuh-] watchman S`-` ['kha-su];
warm up s.th. t `- ['eeh ta-] T-` ['khyim-su]
warmer (get) t - [rih 'eeh water j [thu]
bar-] water coming from a 'uhp-thu'
warmth t ['eeh] spring g [tihtsi]
warmth (emit) t () -L water hole j L [thu 'kolmu]
['eeh 'phol ('phol) peh-k] water pipe (smoke) {`-}
warn s.b. lM l- ['dikpa ten [tohwa {thu-}]
'aa-] waterfall jV/ jl
warning (give) l-` `- [thumgyar (E)/ thumdar (W)]
['dii-'oh 'la-] water-mill j [thuda]
warning, give a yU - [aango waterpipe (in a mill) y [en]
ten-] wave [pahlap]
warning particle -/- wave s.th. - [yuu-]
[-wa~-wah] waver T- [khyoo-]; `-
warp M2 [kyuh] [yah-]; `- [sem yah-]
warped () [leehyo(p)]
waver in one's resolution j
wart k [dzerpa] `- [sem 'har tshur 'ta-]
was (attested evid.) L () wavering, double conjunction
[yehke(n)] expressing `... `...
wash (for clothes, etc.) w- [hu-]; [yah-ni... yah-ni...]
- (2) [sil-] waves (there are) j-
wash (for one's own body parts) w- {M-} [thu-pahlap {'kyahp-}]
[hu-]; - [sil-] way w / w [hi/ he]; [lahm]
waste (place) T ['thala way of (by) -U [-le-gi peh-ti]
'khyere] way of doing s.th. - [-lu]
waste time U S- [goo khor-] way of escape (get/ find) -
wasted (be)/ waste s.th. T y-/ {-/ l-} ['thar-'lahm {thop-/
`- [khyero (N) o-/ ta-] dor-}]
watch (keep) ` -L [su-di way, this / [di/ de
'teh-k] rohwa]; [di leehmu]

watch s.th. `-2 [su-] we (exclusive) ` [yih]
watchful (be) t` -L [oe we (inclusive) F [uuh (W)];

662
weak west

J` (1) [ohra (E+W)] `- ['miu 'phyal ('phyal) ta-]

weak h [tihpa] weep bitterly L `- [uhk
L
weak (as to authority) J` j uhk uh-]
LU [o 'theemu 'yeh-ken-gi] weft 2 [pin]
weak (be) m M [zubu weigh L- [kar-]
'sakya meeh-ba]; L `- [uk weigh and keep record of a person's
meh-yoh-] sins and merits L` l` -L
weak (become) L y- [uk [kar-ta aa-da peh-k]
meeh-ba o-] weigh with scales E L-
weak (in taste or colour) ['umali-la kar-]
[uhlbu] weight LL/ L [kar-ka/ kar-lu]
weakness in one's limbs (feel) T weight (put on) ` M-
T y- [khyala khyole o-] [yahm 'kyaah-]
wealth M1 [kyuh] weight used on the 'umali'
wealth (accumulate) {m-} [daarni (N)]; (2) [phulu (N)];
[nohr {zo-}] [bisuli (N)]
wear down - [yeeh-] weightiness (have) `k {-}
weasel? L [kowar] [tihdzi {ten-}]
weave - (2) [thaa-] welcome, give a ceremonial y`
weave cloth - [thaa thaa-] -L [sena peh-k]
weaving belt M [kyeda] well [yaahbu peh-ti]

weaving rod ` [nee-i] well, as as -g/-k
wedding feast [paahma] [-tse-ba~-dze-ba~-ze-ba]
wedding gift of the groom's family well (get) t-1 [aah-]
to the bride (give) ` {-} well-behaved t/ y jM [ah/
[emba {ter-}] a thakpu]
wedding gifts in kind and money well-being (display) w-`
(give) U {-} [guldar {luu-}] {} [hasal-ohsal {'yeh}]
wedlock (go into) t` g-/ T`- well-being (physical) F` [uuna]
['ohba 'tsuu-/ khyo-] well-done (of work) -M/
weed - ['yuhrma 'yuhr-]; -M ['ih-tahkpu/
- ['yuhrma 'en-] 'ihp-tahkpu]
weed, kind of M [yuhkpi] well-mannered `l`/ `l`
weeds and stalks left in a field after [yemdu/ yomdu]
harvesting / [sil/ sel] well-off L ['kah-wa]
week k [tihndzi] well-to-do person L
h/ h
week, first k ` [tihndzi ['yeh-ken tii/ 'yeh-pu tii]
tahbu] well... L [kere]
weep `- [uh-]; l `- ['miu west (2) [nuhp]
ta-] west, people living in the
weep big tears l () ['nuhpa]

663
wet whole

wet [lomba] ['kah-hi peh-ti]

wet s.th. `- [lomba ta-] which one L [kaahndi]
what h [ti] which way L-w ['kah-hi
what did you say? h ? [ti lo?] peh-ti]; Ly ['kahnu-m(u)
what do you call it... h ... [ti peh-ti]
lo...] while ago, a l [tahi]
what kind L-w [kah-hi] whims and wishes L` - -L
what shall I say... h ... [ti lo...] ['kah nee-nee peh-k]; k
whatever h [ti thete]; h -L [sem-la nee-ze peh-k]
[ti 'ma-na] whisky L/ L/ AL/ AL/
whatever may be h l!/ l L/ l L [yeerak/ yerak/
h ! [ti 'yih-'naa aarak/ arak/ eerak/ erak (H)]
'yihn-du!/ ti 'yih-'naa 'yihn!] whisky drunk with a meal l`
whatever occurs to you (do) L`- [solda]
-L ['kah-nee peh-k] whisky made of millet MU j`
what's more (-`) [yehpa ['kyahgar tha]
(-'ra)] whisper -/ - [up
wheat [neeh] tam ma-/ lahp-]
wheel gL [tsakar (N)] whistle `-/ M-
wheel-like things S (1) [khorlo] [piihru la- (W)/ piihru kyahp-
when 1 [nahm] (E)]
when, who knows j [nahm white L [karpu]
tshe-la] white (for white female animal)
whenever performing the action of L [karmu]
vs -U/ -U white foreigner (used for m. and f.)
[-rihmba-gi/ -rimba-gi] [miim (N)]
where L [kaah]; L() white person U [goo serpu];
[kaah(-la)] L ['mih karpu]; ['mii serpu]
wherever j ['thoo thata] white-spotted cattle l`-L
wherever (you can think of) L [u-kar (W)]
-/ L - ['kahna nee-nee/ white-spotted (cattle) `-L/
'kahne nee-nee] `U [do-kar/ dogar (E)]
wherever (you like) L / L whitewash U [sagar]
[kahna thete/ kahne thete] whiz by - - -L
wherever (you) like L - [yaht-yaht yiht-yiht peh-k]
[kaah-la nee-nee] who [su]
wherever (you) wish L -/ whoever is able S-S ['su 'laa
L - ['kahna nee-nee/ 'kahne 'kha-'kha]
nee-nee] whole L` ['kah]
whey L [serku] whole area (go through) , j
which manner (in) L-w L- [phar 'suhr, tshur 'suhr

664
whole
kor-]
whole lot (the) j [theme]
whole night L` ['nuhp 'kah]
whole, the L (`) [kin (-'ra)]
whole, the thing U [doge]
whooping cough (k) [lone
(nahza)]
why h / h [ti 'mee-di/ ti
'mee]; h/ h [ti-be/ ti-le]
wick ` [dure]
wick for butter lamp (fix) L
(`) {g-} ['kabe (dure) {'tsuu-}]
wicker [bet (N)]
wide open A` J` [aha ohe]
width ` [ah]
width of a finger [sorma]
width of cloth ` (2) [li]
width (of cloth) [namba]
wife j` [thuma];
[piihmi]
wife of lama [yuhmbu]
wild cat `U [rihgur]
wild pig / - [rihba/
rih-phaa]
wild yak y` (3) [o]
wilt - [yahl-]
win M- [kyahl-]
win over - [dal- (W)]
wind [lhaaba]
wind around h`- [ti-]
wind storm (arises) `k/ `k
{J`-} [ludzi (E)/ ludzu (W)
{oh-}]; `k/ `/ with `/ ` [yambu/
`k {J`-} ['lhaaba 'ludzi
(E)/ 'lhaaba 'luba (E)/ 'lhaaba
'ludzu (W) {oh-}]
wind up - (1) [thul-]
winding (path) / [sahyo/
saahyo (E)]; M [sahr-'kyo
(W)]
winding (very) LM` LM`
wither
[kakta kukti]
window LL` [karku]
window frame (vertical part) LL`
` [karku 'puba]
window-sill [mahdem]
wing (of birds) M [okpa]
wing (of chicken) h `U
['tahmu 'oogo]
wink one's eye at s.b. -L
[mitap peh-k]
winnow t- [ap-]
winter L`U/ L`U [kihga/
kiga]; L/ [serka/ ser]
winter arrives `- [ser tah-]
wipe - [phii-]
wipe nose - ['napal phii-]
wisdom M/ M [rihkpa/
rihki]
wise man L [kehbe een]
`
wise through hardship M
`` V [kyidu 'yuh-'gyo
'mih]
wish `U [tahga]; U
[sem-la nee-gen-di]
wish, as much as (you)
k ` [sem-la nee-zeba-'ra]
wish, expressing strong -`
[-yi]
wish fervently L- [kohm-]
wish to M-U [sem 'kye-g];
k-L [semba 'dze-k]
witch M [boki (N)]
yimbu (E)]; `/
[yambu/ yambu (W)]
withdraw - [nup-]; -/ -
(2) [nuhr-/ nohr-]
withdraw from a community CL
- ['baik (N) then-]
wither - [yahl-];
y- [atar otor o-]
665
withhold worry

withhold things stingily t` -L 'tshika sum 'i]

['eeen peh-k] work j / j [thaa-len (E)/
withhold useful information thaa-le (W)]; [leeh]; -L
M h`-/ -L [sem lohkta ['leeh peh-k]; U [leehga (T)]
ta-/ peh-k] work (fine) l- ['dam-'leeh]
within ` () [nah(-la)] work hard L() h-L/ h`-
without anything to go with it [kadu (E)/ kadup (W) te-k/
V` [silgya] ta-]; L h-L [kawa te-k];
without delay (get up) / L M -L ['tuhkpu peh-k]
L `- [hap hop (E) / hak work (necessary/ needed) L
U
hok (W) lah-] [keeh-ba-gi leeh]
without delay (run) work out h -/ -/ y- ['tah
j` y- [phar phar phir phir thin-/ tin-/ ii-]
tho-di o-] work (rough) M`-
witness h [saati (N)] [kyoh-'leeh]
witness (be/ call) k {-L/ l-} work through with fingers h- (1)
[pandza (N) {teh-k/ aa-}] [top-]
witness, take s.b. along as a ` worker {L-} [leehmi {kul-}]

l- [pabu aa-] worker (working for wages) `
wobble T- [khyol-] [naba]
wobbly (feel) T- [khyor-] works of merit -L
wolf [phara] ['leeh-'kehwa]
woman [piihmi] world k`/ k-`
women folk -k
/ k
[dzambuli/ dzambu-li]; `
[piihm-pehza/ piihmi pehza] [lii]
won't do S [khame] worm 1 [bu]
wood ` [i] worms, have intestinal `/
wood for rainy season (gather) M- [si/ sin 'kyahp-]
-` {t-} ['yar-i {'uuh-}] wormwood S [khamba]
wood, piece of U [galba] worn on the edges - [sihr-
wooden door bar M {M-} (W)]; - [sehr- (E)]
[kyili {kyahp-}] worn out [banda bindu];
wooden parts of house `l [bindu]
[ida] worried (be) ` -L ['tuhal
woof 2 [pin] peh-k]
wool [pahl] worried (look) ` -L
wool made from goat's hair ['tohba 'na 'ii 'teh-k]
['rah-bal] worry `` -L [yahen
woolen yarn [pahlda] peh-k]; ` / ` [tuhal/
word jL/ j [tshika/ tshii] tihal]; - k-L [thu-ral
words, a few jL l [tam dze-k]

666
worship
worship -L [meehba
peh-k]
worship ceremony (offer) j/
j `- [thowa/ thewa ta-]
worship, perform personal My/
My/ M `- [kyamo/
kyamu/ kyamru ta-]
worship ritual (perform) j -
[thepa phul-]
worth `/ ` ['siih-da/
'sih-da]
worthy (be)/ count worthy -/
-U [siih-/ sih-g]
would -h/-l [-te~-de~-e
seeh (W)]; 2 [seeh]
would have -M/-V
[-'kyo~-'gyo seeh]
wound U [maga]
wound and kill each other -
- g-U ['se-'se 'tup-'tup 'tse-g]
wounded, be deeply S j-L
[khoda the-k]
wrap t- [il-]
wrap clothes around oneself -
[yol-]
wrap clothes around s.b. -
[yol ter-]
wrap s.th. around s.b. t - ['il
ter-]
wrap up s.th. - [tum-]
yak bull M [yakpu]
yak cow [bremu]
yarn L [kupa]
yawn M- [yal kyahp-]
year 1 [loh]
year (asking for people's ages)
L`/ L`- [kohlo/
koh-loh]
year, last ` [nahni]
years
wrestle / U M- [raahma
(E)/ raahgam (W) kyahp-]
wretched (fig.) [bindu]
wriggle LM` LM` -L ['kakta
kukti peh-k]; `L ` L
-L [yahldak yuhlduk peh-k]
wriggle about TM` TM`
-L [khyakta khyokto peh-k]
wriggle along T`` T`` y-
[khyaa 'khyuu pehti o-]
wring g- [tsir-]
wrinkle (of skin) `(`)
[yerma()]
wrinkled [rehpa]
wrinkled (get) L`- (2) [koh-]
write - [pruh-]; U - ['yihgi
'pruh-]
write a letter U - ['yihgi
'pruh-]
writhe (with pain) - [bol-]
wrong (do) A -L [asatya
(N) peh-k]; ` k/ `
j -L ['yeehba dzolwa/
'yeehba thuuba peh-k]
wrong s.b. A`/ A -L
[aya/ anya (N) peh-k]
wrong way around h [phirta]
wrongdoing M M
['leeh 'nohr-'kyo 'iih-'kyo]
Y - y
year, next ` [sabe]
[tahlen]; -
year, this
[tah-loh]
years, four ago h`/ h`
[tini/ tihni]
years, four ahead h [tibe]
years, three ago L`/ M`
[kihni/ kyihni]
years, three ahead L/ M
667
years zeal

[kihbe/ kyihbe] you (sg.) T [khye]

years, two ago l` [ini]
years, two ahead l [ibe]
yellow [serpu]
yes / / U() [yihn/ younger h`/ j` ['tu-a/
yihm-ba/ yihn-ge(n)]
yesterday ` [da]
yeti (?) L`- ['kah-daa]
yield to s.th. - [tin-]
yoke (put on) `` {L-}
[yai {kal-}]
you J` (2) [ohra (E+W)]
you (pl.) T [khya]
young animal (m./ f.) /
[eebu (m.)/ eemu (f.)]
young fellow w [laahe (N)]
'thu-a]
younger (be) j/ j /
[loh thimbu/ 'theemu 'yeh/
'yihn]
youthful l/ l [umbu/
ombo]
youthful (poetic) l 1 [emba]

Z - z
zeal [ehmba] {peh-k}]
zeal (show) {-L} (1) [depa

668
abusive expressions animals

Semantic Domains
[pahlba]
abusive expressions
lion `V L/ `V L/ `V
abusive term for a lama L [sigyi karpu/ sigyi karmu/
[korna] sigyi taa]
abusive term for lama's children lizard g` [tsaba (W)]; [tiya
L [korna piihru] (E)]
cursing talk !/ `!/ mongoose? t / t [ahmen/

| ['i o!/ 'i so!/ 'i
!/ L ehmen]
'teh!/ 'i 'teh-ku 'du.] monkey (langur) L [preken]
failures ` [seeyi] monkey (rhesus) E [priw]
head [thepa] pig (large, wild or domesticated)
intensifier used in cursing talk T [phaa]
[khyere] porcupine [pihtir]
particle which can be added to the rabbit ` [rihbu]
first syllable of clan names to rat; mouse g`/ g` [tsubi (W)/
make them abusive - [-ruhl] tsube (E)]
such quarrelsome people (f.) T/ sheep, wild mountain ``
S [khyaama/ khaama] [ya]
such quarrelsome people (m.) shrew ` (1) [padi]
T/ S [khyaaba/ khaaba] slug -T/ -TE/ -T/
term used for a child who pretends -T [nam-khyu/ nam-khyiw
not to hear, or hears everything (E)/ nam-khyuyu/ nam-khyubu
crooked l` ['yehnda (W)]
piihru] snake [pruhl]
vagabond TV ['khyam-gyi] squirrel (grey) /
what a pest! what a pickle! g [iimbi/ iimbe]
[tsamar (N)] stag 3 [ya]
animals tiger; leopard h1 [ten]; [taa]
toad `/ ` [rahbya/
bear [tohm]
rahbiya]
deer S [khea]
weasel?, small marten? L
deer (large kind, f.) [awa]
[kowar]
[reehgo]
deer (large kind, m.) U
wild cat `U [rihgur]
donkey `U [puhgu]
wild pig / - [rihba/
elephant `-j [labur-thee]
rih-phaa]
fish ` [yah]
wild yak; sire of the yak y` (3)
fish (small) `l` ['yahu]
[o]
fox h`U [tagu]
wolf [phara]
frog (black in colour)

669
attitude particles
attitude particles
accommodating h [ti]
as you probably know -M/-V
[-kyi~-gyi]
asking for affirmative response EC
[uy]
astonishment/ foreboding A
[aah]
emphatic confirmation
[nahle]
foreboding or "unlucky" emphasis
A [am]
friendly emphasis A [aa]
friendly spurring on 2 [loh]
intimidating ` [eeh]; 4 [ya
(W)]
it's obvious, isn't it? -M/-V
[-kyile ~-gyile]
mild, factual emphasis on
statements; mild insistence on
orders [nah]
mitigating; pleading; convincing /
[le/ leh]
polite attitude [laah]
prominent, emphatic focus `
[yah]
reinforcing [de]
warning, perceptive attitude, mind!
-/- [-wa~-wah]
birds
crow; raven h/ h [tahro/
tahru]
cuckoo LL [kuku]
eagle? hL [tahrko]
hawk w/ w [hawa/ hawu]
hawk (small species) wl`()/
wl`() [hau(ma)/
heu(ma)]
name of a small bird l
[dolmu]
ceremonies
peacock h [mapta]
pheasant M` [kyihlda]
[puhrkani]
pigeon L
sparrow hL / hL
/hL
[tuhrken/ turken (E)/ turkani
(W)]
ceremonies
an individual organizes the
'tshiiu' festivities and bears the
expenses jl -L ['tshiiu peh-k]
appropriate place (sit in one's) t
-L ['ahl iih-di 'teh-k]
t
child-birth ceremony after birth
for ritual cleansing ` `- (1)
[sa ta-]
community organizes the 'tshiiu'
festival and bears the expenses
jl `- ['tshiiu ta-]
dance for 'naahra' j-
['mahni 'bum 'tham-]
death burn a piece of paper which
carries the name of the deceased
person Ll` {`-} [kua
{ta-}]
death ceremony performed 1-3
weeks after somebody dies or
during 'kyehwa' {`-/ -L}
[neebar {ta-/ peh-k}]
death funeral rites (perform)
L`k {`-} [kohdzo {ta-}];
M/ M / L
/ M {`-}
[kyahwa/ kyehwa/ kehwa (E)/
kyohwa (W) {ta-}]
death lead a corpse out of the
house to the burning place
w-L ['lahmna 'hi-k]
death perform a ritual once a
week for seven weeks after the
death of a person k m`-
[tihndzi zu-]
670
cerem. foods cerem. foods

death perform the rituals of -L [kurim peh-k]

'kyehwa' at one's own expense wishing good luck and success
when still alive -M / (perform rituals) -M `-
-M `- [so-kyehwa (E)/ [lhar-kyal ta-]
so-kyohwa (W) ta-] worship ceremony (offer) j/
death post-funeral ritual j `- [thowa/ thewa ta-]
performed 7 weeks after death worship ritual performed at the
y `- [tihna ta-] house altar or at the altar in the
death ritual performed as 'kohmba' j - [thepa
post-funeral ceremony for a child, phul-]
or for various other occasions yearly upkeep of religious
(perform) j `k `- monuments L/ LU -/ `-
[thu thimbu todzar ta-] [kuwar/ kugar sol-/ ta-]
dedication ceremony to protect
cerem. foods
from evil influences (perform)
j M- [thaane kyahp-] beer of which a small portion has
drive away anticipated hardship by been offered to the house god
placating the house god/ spirit h` [phita]
L` `- [kasu ta-] bread of whole wheat flour l
festivities and offerings performed [eero]
for religious merit jl [tshiiu] deep-fried bread made into twists
first fruits (offer) - [phii l j [eero thuda]
phul-] deep-fried bread woven into big
house-warming party (give) S` squares l C [eero 'pay]
{-} [khaden {ter-}] dough of parched flour, butter and
oath performed in the 'kohmba' sugar [phemar (W)]
Ll ` l M- [kindo foods offered to gods and later
pabu 'aa-di 'na 'kyal-] distributed to the people as a
offering of flowers and grains token of blessings j (2) [tshoo]
(present) `-M {-L} foods (other than the rice statues)
[sa-serkyim {peh-k}] to be offered to the gods j
perform the 'kurim' rituals L [tshoo-na]
`- ['kurim ta-] plate of food given at New Year
personal worship (perform) My/ [tehrka]
L
My/ M `- [kyamo/ rice statues to be offered to the
kyamu/ kyamru ta-] gods j (1) [tshoo]
rice statues, some other foods and ritually blessed liquor or other
butter lamps for the gods (offer) drinks h` [parta]
j - [tshoo phul-] statues made of millet flour
sponsor a ceremony for monks, M [torma 'nahkpu]
nuns, lamas, or shamans L statues (small man-shaped figures

671
cerem. terms
made of boiled rice or 'tsamba')
[torma]
whisky or bear to be offered to the
gods jl` [tshoo-a]
cerem. terms
accumulate debts in the 'kor'
system L - [kor 'phoo-]
amulet made of rudraksha seeds
(put on) E {l-} [siw {'aa-}]
auspicious sign on the calendar
M (1) [tihkyi]
blood sacrifices (make) `-
[mar ta-]
bow down to honour gods or
venerated persons j/ j j-
[thaa (E)/ tshaa (W) tshal-]
burn a piece of paper with some
text and the name of the deceased
person on it `-/ - [nee
ta-/ par-]
burn (of butter lamps) l- [ee-]
burn 'ukpa' twigs as incense M
h- [ukpa tuu-]
butter lamps (offer) - {-}
['mahr-'men {phul-}]
butter lamps (place) j {-}
[theemi {phul-}]
contribution of grain towards the
expenses of a religious festival or
building (collect/ give) {-/
-} [brelba {tuh-/ ter-}]
cortege; retinue j/ j [tshoo-ba/
tshoba]
dab of butter on one's head
(present oneself to receive) tU
- ['iga 'uh-]
dabs of butter on food or drink
(apply) LM M- [karkyen
kyahp-]
dabs of butter to s.b. or s.th.
cerem. terms
(apply) L M- [yahrka
kyahp-]
dance for a departed soul
j j- ['mahni 'thepa 'tham-]
defiled place (by birth or death)
` [pah]
defilement caused by birth M-
(`-) [kye-rip (pah-rip)]
defilement caused by death -
(`-) [i-rip (pah-rip)]
destiny S (2) [kham]
effigy representing the dead person
L [kuhr]
emerge from a seclusion or festival
t- (2) [ohl-]
enclosure made of stones (small)
` [luwa]
funeral rites when still alive
(perform) M h `-
['kyehwa tihmba ta-]
gift of grain y [iina]
gift of money or grain to the family
of a deceased person -
[sem-sol (W)]
gift of money, whisky (and rice) to
the family of a deceased person
- [sem-so (E)]
gift offered when paying homage to
a person l {-L/ l-}
[dal-den {peh-k/ aa-}]
gifts presented to the 'mahni
loh-emba' y ['mahni
mehnal]
grain offering j y [theenu]
help the soul leave the body (a
ritual performed shortly after the
passing away of a person) /
M- [phowa/ phoo kyahp-]
honor s.b. by giving a ceremonial
gift U {g-/ T`-/ l-}
[ahlgar {tsuu-/ khyo-/ aa-}]
672
cerem. terms cerem. terms

house with a newborn child in it offer one hundred rice statues j

`-/ `- [pah-rip/ Mk h - [tshoo 'kyahzar tii
pah-rihp] phul-]
inauspicious sign on the calendar omen (good/ bad) / y (
/
L (1) [kal (N)] gM) [temrel/ temel (yaahbu/
individual or family who sponsors tsokpa)]
a ceremony or festival h oracle, talk as an U -/ -L
[tihnda] [lheega sal-/ e-k]
inhale fumes of burning 'ukpa' pile of stones on mountain passes
M - [ukpa 'tuuh-] and cross-roads g [lahptse]
instructions to the spirit of the place bundle of clothes near the
deceased person (give); settle house altar to represent the
things with the spirit of a deceased until 'neebar ta-gen'
deceased person `t/ `t/ `t takes place l- ['mahlsa
-L [ohi/ ohe/ ehi peh-k] 'aa-]
lama or shaman placates the spirits portal-like structure LC [kayn]
of sickness and misfortune M- powder (red, used in worship)
[lii kyur-] `/ ` [sindri/ sindiri]
liquor and food collected for prayer wall ` ['mahni
festivals l ` [tiiha] mehnda]
mantras announce which mantra prepare clothes and cloth for 'kuhr'
is to be recited L- ['mahni h- [mahlsa tee-]
kul-] public gift (give); offer up s.th.
mantras beginning of the mantra h `- [tihmba ta-]
(say) U U {-} ['mahni-gi purifying ritual w -L ['hii peh-k]
goo {ten-}] read (religious books) l `-/
mantras lama leading the singing l `- [daalo na-/ dal
of mantras -l [loh-emba] na-]
mantras women reciting the reciprocal system of eating at each
mantras at 'kyehwa' A others' death rites and other
['mahni 'ama-'ya] festivals sponsored by individual
masked dancer in the 'tshiiu' families L (-) -/ L - /
ceremony `-/ ` [aa-baa/ - [kor(-len) loo-/ kor tuh-/
aaba] sah-]
milk product instead of blood recite mantras t`- ['mahni
(offer) L `- [kar ta-] 'ah-];
-L ['mahni
mirror which records all our works peeme peh-k]
LL ` [lehk-ki mehlo] rice or wheat grains used for
monument (of stone) erected on making a diagnosis (give)
the cremation places for lamas {l-} [mone {aa-}]
` [tuhmbu] ritual food j-/ j-

673
cerem. utensils
[tshii-rihl/ tshii-rhil]; ` [wa]
ritually clean water into 7 small
metal bowls (pour) l -
[yehnda phul-]
robe with wide sleeves (put on)
L {-} [pheka {nom-}]
role of a masked dancer (dress up
as/ take on) `-/ ` j-
[aa-'baa 'thee-]
say 100,000 mantra prayers
t`- ['mahni 'bum 'ah-]
scarf, ceremonial (present) S
{-} [khada {taa}]
shaman or lama keeps his and
other people's bodies invisible/
untouchable to hostile forces m
- [zubu tahm-]
shaman's costume (put on)
{L -} [meeyol (W) {kehn-}]
spirit of defilement acting at birth
or death t {-} [ihp {phoo-}]
sponsor a ceremony or festival
h S- [tihnda khur-]
sprinkle ritually pure water onto
the house altar, etc. j M-
[thap kyahp-]
sprinkle whisky to the gods
U j -L ['ahlgar 'thepa for worship ceremonies j h
peh-k]
token for a blessing h (1)
[tihlap]
trance (go into) -M/ -M name of a religious book L`V
- [dee-lokpa/ dee-lohkpa
phep-]
two goddesses accompanying the
'iga lama' in the 'tshiiu'
ceremony ` ['lhamu yii]
water coming from a 'uhp-thu'
spring g [tihtsi]
white robe of shaman (put on) L
L - ['keeh kehn-]
cerem. utensils
write name on 'tahbar' -
[tim-]
cerem. utensils
banner-like cloth ` [yendar]
banner-like cloth hung up
horizontally in the 'kohmba' `
[dibu]
book (religious) j [thaabe]
book with Buddha's teachings
-j/ g-j
[tohr-thepa/ tohrte thepa]
bunch of cloths fixed on a stick
[dadar]
cloth on mask g [tsedar]
cloth with which a corpse is lead
out of the house [lahmna]
crown of cardboard with coloured
pictures M-`
[kyahwa-riha]
death cloth L ['reeh karpu (E)];
[reeha (W)]
l
dice with little holes (throw) j
{M-} [tholo {kyahp-}]
gadget carried by the god
'dambe-ya' y [rahli]
instruments of the lamas needed
[thepa tala]
lamp stand for butter lamp L`/
jL` [kuu/ theku]
[kagyur]; ` [doma];
[yuhm]; t/ -w/ t
[iho/ ih-ho/ eho]
name of religious a book `V
[tigyur]
pot used for burning incense `/
[sabur/ pepur]
prayer beads ` [phraa]
red colour applied to the rice
674
clan names clothing

statues L [koma] back apron of thick quality with

register in which the gifts given for broad coloured stripes (woolen)
funerals are recorded - [nuhbri aahma]

[tho-yih] back apron (put on/ wear)
register in which the gifts given for {t-} [aahma {ii-}]
the 'tshiiu' festival are recorded blanket (loosely woven) m [zen]
jl U ['tshiiu 'yihgi] blanket (woolen) / UM`
seven small metal bowls k ['nambu/ 'nembu garkya]
[tihndzar] blouse (Nepali style) g [tsolo
sheet of paper with the name of (N)]
deceased person h` blouse (Tibetan style) Jl
[tahbar] [ohndu]
shoulder strap with little bells boots of cloth and leather (Tibetan
(tinkle) {L -} [rohlmu boots) [sohmba]
{kee ten-}] boots, special kind of Tibetan `
tassel j [thupal] ` [si si sohmba]
tent; shelter erected for ceremonies breast pocket of 'thuba' or 'laptar'
tk` [ahza] y [namo]
urn with bent spout cap; hat E- ['u-'ah];
[puhmba] [ahmu]
wick for butter lamp (fix) L change of clothes Lh
(`) {g-} ['kabe (dure) {'tsuu-}] ['poyap 'kapta];
h Lh
[pee-len peh-te-la kapta (W)]
clan names
cloak-like garment for women and
lama clan V ` [tengyi men j [thuba]
liba]; `/ ` [nima/ coat g`U [tsuga (W)]
niba]; -` [lha-luba]; coat made of raw silk L/
[sarma] L [bure surku (E)/ buri sirki (W)]
non-lama clan U [gale]; h coat (Tibetan style) M [lokpa]
[tahba]; h (1) [tahwa]; cummerbund (put on) L {h`-}
h/ hk` [toba/ tuza]; w`/ [kara {ti-}]
w`- [hu/ ho-sowa]; ` cummerbund (woolen) /
[doba];
[yeeba]; 3 [lo]; L [nambu/ nembu kara]; y
[lhoba]; ` [ahba] L [lhamo kara]
clothing fancy conical hat k` [dzoo]
front apron (put on/ wear) `
back apron (of fine quality) `U
{t-} [paden {ii-}]
[pagap aahma]
gathering; pleats; folds j (2)
back apron of firm cotton material
[tshul]
[kohkor/
LL/ LL
headscarf [rumal (N)]
kohrkor aahma]
jacket (woolen) ` U [teega (W)];

675
colours conjunctions

` [phoo (E)] - [umbu 'naa-rhile/

lady's black coat made of cotton 'naa-'rihle]
cloth l L/ l L [din deep red -U ['mar-lohge]
sirki (W)/ din surku (E)] deep red, intensely red -/
pants for men (Nepali style) U -E` ['mahrmu 'mar-'hure/
[sulgar] 'mar-'uhe]
scarf, neck (put on) U grass-green l`U [dagu]
{t-} [galbandi (N) {il-}] green (dark) l`-L/ l`-L
shawl St [khaaso (N)]; [da-'nahk/ da-'nak]
[yolsen] green (soft, yellowish, pale)
shawl of raw silk A [bure l`- [da-ser]
arti] intensely yellow - [serpu
shawl (put on) V {-} ser-'hure]
[yolgyap {yol-}] light yellow -M [ser-'kya]
shawl worn by monks A [arti] navy blue `-L/ L [o-'nahk/
shirt (Nepali style) [laptar] 'nak]
shirttail (2) [thowa] orange ` [lihwa]
skirt (wide) [tohrma] pale blue/ green `-` [o-'hi]
sleeve ` [phudu] pale red, pinkish - ['mar-'hur]
sweater; T-shirt Ul [gandir pink -M ['mar-'kya];
(N)] [amdo]
thick cloth, kind of U pitch black M - ['nahkpu
[gonam] 'naa-rhile]; -U [naa-lohge]
Tibetan dress j [thuba] red / [mahrmu/ mahrpu]
turban (fix/ wear) {t-} [thee sky blue, royal blue `-` [o-sa]
{il-}] very white L M- [karpu
'kya-'tele]
colours
white L [karpu]
beige, pale yellow - [ser-'hur] white (for white female animal)
black M [nahkpu] L [karmu]
blue/ green (generic word for blue yellow, beige [serpu]
and green) `/ ` [ombo/
umbu] conjunctions
bright red -` ['mar-sa] after that J L` [ooh 'kahla]
brown, dark beige -L/ -hL after that; afterwards JU
[ser-uk/ ser-tuk] [ohle-gi]; J / J
completely green/ blue `-U
`/ J ` [ooh-le
[o-lohge] peh-ti/ ooh-le peh-temba-'ra/ ooh-le
dark reddish brown M/ M peh-simba-'ra]
[mukpu/ muhkpu] and -`/-`2 (1) [-ta~-da];
deep green/ blue ` -/ `U/ ` [raga/ ra]

676
cooking utensils cooking utensils

and, both -A`...-A`... naah...naah]

[-a...-a...] or [ni]
and then J [ohle] otherwise () [lehmen(-ni)]

and what's more (-`) otherwise; if not /
[yehpa (-'ra)] [mihn-si-'ma-na/ mihn-na-ni]
at that time Jk L` [ohze reason introducing h [ti
'kah-la]; Jk [ohze 'bela-le] 'ma-na]
because; for h(/) supposition or query introducer /
[ti(-be/-le) 'ma-na] [nah/ naah]
but; however `/ the same way J
`/ J


[yih-'na/ yih-'naa] [ooh 'leehmu-'ra/ ooh 'leehmu
either... or... A... A... peh-ti]
[ahna... ahna...]; M()... therefore J `U`/ J `
M()... [kyi(-ni)... kyi(-ni)...]; [ooh sogo-'ra/ ooh sobe]
h... h... [ti-ni... ti-ni...] under all circumstances; above all
even though A` h A` [ti 'ol-de-'a]
['yihn-de-'a]; ` wavering, double conjunction
['yihm-ba-'la] expressing `... `...
finally lM/ lM () [yah-ni... yah-ni...]
[dukol/ dukul(-la)]
cooking utensils
for one thing h [tii-ni]
further J ` [ohle aluminium pot ` [haya]
'yehpa-'ra] beater (beat with) ` {M-}
in case L A` [kaah-le-'a] [yir-i {'kyahp-}]
in case, in the event that clay pot used for parching g
L() [kahi(-le)] [tsahma]
in my estimation; as far as I know copper pot (for 'sehn') ` [laa]
E / E [lehw frying pan (small bowl-shaped)
ma-na/ lehw ma-si-ma-na] h [taabur]
in some way h/ h h(U) iron pot for frying (big) y` (2)
[ta/ tah tii-le(-gi)] [o]
in that case Ay/ y iron pot with low rims (used for
['ahna/ 'yehna 'ma-na]; Ay/ boiling milk) y [loohne (E)]
y ['ahna/ 'yehna iron skillet (big, bowl-shaped)
'ma-si-'ma-na] h` [taala]
in that case; so A [ahna] kettle My [kyili]
just then Jk (`) [ohze-la ladle (bowl-shaped, of metal) k
(-'ra)] [dzaru]
moreover ` [tohro] ladle (flat, of metal) ` [payo
neither... nor...; either... or... (N)]
.../ ... [nah...nah/ ladle (flat, of wood) M [kyawa]

677
divination exclamations

pot, small iron for frying LC utensil to look up destiny (use)

[karay (N)] {M-} [lhamdar
{kyahp-}]
divination
accurate (in divination) M exclamations
[tikpu] admiration A A!/ A! [apa
ancestory line for shamans apa!/ apapa!]
[tayur (W)]; ` V [pehgyap admiration or excitement A!
(W)]; ` (2) [iben]; [aha!]
U [eli yugar (W)] boring, how ! j! [semba
calendar used to look up fortune 'tshera!]
-Mk {-} [lhamu-kyahze disapproval j! [tha!]
{ta-}] disapproval or fear AE/ AE!
control (bring under) L m-/ [abow/ amow!]
L l- [kayam (N) zo-/ disgust, dissapproval j! [the!]
kayam (N) peh-ti aa-] fed up, I am so ! j! [semba
cure ritual performed by the 'tshera!]
shaman to cure 'la khyer-sin' for a burning or pricking pain Ag/
-E (j-E) -L/ L- ['la-'u Aj/ A/ A! [atsa/ atsha/
(tshe-'u) peh-k/ 'la kuu-] ata/ atha!]
cure search for the life spirit of a how awesome! k l!
sick person by meditation ` ['yahmdzen diba!]
y- [paahna-la o-] how disgusting! ML t! ['kyuk
cure sickness by performing all 'oh!]; ML tE! ['kyuk
sorts of magic rituals - - 'oh-w-'wah!]
-L [phaa-phaa phu-phu how interesting! l! [raahr
peh-k] diba!]
delirious (be) T- ['la 'khyer-] lasting pain AE! [alaw!]
divination ritual g L- [tsi kor-]; lonely, I am so ! j! [semba
M- [moh kyahp-] 'tshera!]
drive out (spirit of sickness); oh, (I forgot); I missed it Ah/
exorcise -L [i-k] AhC! [ata/ atay!]
shaman (self-made) [peben] oh, (I made a mistake) A/ H!
shaman who does not make blood [aha/ e!]
sacrifices ` U [pehgar] shooing s.th. away j! [tha!]
shock, be in a state of T- ['la such a thing/ person!; just like
'khyer-] that! Ay()/ y()/
speak as an oracle for the first time y()/ y() [ahna(-mu)/
S - (2) ['kha tohl-] yehna(-mu)/ dena(-mu)/
tremble violently L L - dene(-mu)]
[sihk sihk pahp-] sudden pain A/ AE! [aya/

678
explanation introducers
ayaw!]
surprise or fear A/ AC! [abi/
abuy! (N)]
triumph ! [haha!]
wonder or astonishment Aw/ Uw!
[ahhe/ gahe!]
explanation introducers
really; the main thing is
() [mahpi(-ni)]
to give you an example; for
example [pe
'ma-si-'mana]
to say it clearly l ()
['ma-e 'ma-na(-ni)]
to show you how things are h
/ [ti 'yih-na/ 'yihn-na];
/ / j M h {m-} [kyuhpte {zo-}]
Ly [pe 'yihn-na/ pe
'yihn-si-'ma-na/ pe 'thapi
'kahnu-mu 'du 'ma-si-'mana]
to tell you how things are
j Ly ['parmen new festival is established MM
'thapi 'kahnum 'ma-si-'ma-na]
to tell you how things are; for the
following reason h [ti
'ma-si-'ma-na]
to tell you the truth l`
['ma-e-'ra 'ma-na-ni]
festivals
community festival (religious)
(celebrate) j (`) `-
[thepa (sihda) ta-]
cooking shed for festivals k`
[toza]
day of the 'naahra' festival on
which 'eero' is given
[pahrten]
dedication of religious monuments
(celebrate) {`-/ L-}
festivals
[rahmne {ta-/ kyahp-}]
distribution of deep-fried bread to
the villagers [naahra]
family responsible for organizing
festivals h () [tiba (mih)]
fasting retreat held in the 'kohmba'
`` [yune]
fasting the day on which the rice
statues (torma-'ya) are made
` [tora]
fasting 2nd day of 'yune',
Mh` [soktu]
fasting 3rd day of 'yune' LM
` [kukpa 'yihmu]
fasting 4th (and last) day of
'yune' t [ohlden]
food supplies for festivals (prepare)
house parties (take turns in giving)
L/ L -L [kurimba/
koremba peh-k]
money given to villagers when a
[kyuhrkyen]
protect against hail storms ` `-
(2) [sa ta-]
religious festivals which are
celebrated in connection with
death j M ['thepa 'nahkpu]
religious festivals which are not
connected with death j L
['thepa karpu]
responsibility for a festival falls
onto h - ['tiba 'phoo-]
responsible for next year's festival
(become/ make) `k S-/ L-
[yadzi khur-/ kal-]
responsible for provisions for a
festival (be) h S- ['tiba khur-]
responsible for the organisation of
a festival (be) ` S- [yerpa
679
foods
khur-]
sponsor a special festival `l
`- [rahda ta-]
foods
add some flour to s.th. already on
the stove g S M-/ g dough (firm) with unparched flour
M- ['tsamba 'kholbi 'kyahp-
(W+E)/ 'tsamba 'thal 'kyahp- (E)]
arum roots [yaa]
beans [tamra]
beer made of millet MU
['kyahgar 'balu]
beer made of wheat l
` - ['tsamba 'polda sah-]
['neeha]
beer made rice l ` ['breea]
beer (strained) `U [nigu]
beer (unstrained); fermented grain
mash (mix with water) {-}
[balu {nur-}]
beestings (colostrum) / U [prii/
priga]
bread (flat, unleavened) S
[khura]
broth made with some fried spices,
water, and salt [sohndor]
butter (boiled) l- ['u-'mahr];
[mahr]
butter (fresh, unboiled) M-
[kya-mahr]
cottage cheese 2 [ser]
cream (on milk) U [priga]
crisp layer of corn mash LL
[kohko]
cucumber L/ L [kahwun maize variety U l` [magi
(E)/ kahyen (W)]
curry dish made of potatoes (fry)
lM {-} [okpa {lam-}]
curry made from leafy green
vegetable `k [oze]
curry with a thin sauce [paa];
foods
[solba]
deep-fried pancakes made of rice
flour (make) {M-}
[baabar {kyahp-}]
deep-fried slightly sweet pastry
S [khapse]
(knead) M gU `
{-}/ M gU y {-}
[pahkpe 'tsamba-gi 'pholdo {'nal-}
(W)/ pahkpe 'tsamba-gi 'allo {'nal-}
(E)]
dough of parched flour (eat) g
dried vegetables (sour) `U
[igi]
dumplings made with wheat flour
M {m-} [pahkpe {zo-}]
dumplings, steamed meat
(prepare) {m-} [moohmo
{zo-}]
flour, dark, unparched wheat
M g [pahkpe 'tsamba]
flour made from parched grains `
(g) [eebi (tsamba)]; g
[tsamba]; -g ['ihp-'tsam]
grain mash cooked with butter /
E [daw(u)]
green vegetables (leafy) j
[tsheema]
lump of dough (firm) from 'tsamba'
(make) {L`-} [polda
{koh-}]
maize (tender) C- [may-'sii]
'pau]; U [mah magi]
mash [sehn]
millet flour (parched) (g)
[poohli (tsamba)]
mushroom (large, orange-coloured)
A [aa amu]
680
fruits
mushroom (small, bright yellow)
h [serta amu]
mushroom which looks like the
antlers of a deer hM/ hM
[tapkyi/ tapkye amu]
mushroom (yellow boletus) -gg/
-gg [phuu-tsatsa/
phuu-tsotso amu]
noodles (cook) M {m-} [kyahdu
{zo-}]
omelette (make) L` M-
['koha 'baabar 'kyahp-]
parched flour and salt tea (thin
mixture) [laahlo]
parched flour made up as a paste
(eat) g M -/ g tea leaves (compressed) h`
- ['tsamba 'kyoma sah- (W)/
'tsamba 'laahlo sah- (E)]
parched grain [yeeh]
peas / [sema (E)/ rhema
(W)]
pieces of potato or other vegetables
or fruit which are cut up into
longish pieces g [tsana (N)]
popcorn kernels (pop) U
{-} [magi 'pohwal {then-}]
preparation of beer g` M-
[pahptsa kyahp-]
radish (round, purple) ``
`` [yuhgar/ yuhma
lahbu]
radish (white, short or long)
[lahbu]
rice flakes l [bai];
[ihp]
rice flour / (g) ['bree-be/
'bree-bi ('tsamba)]
rice grains which are still in the
spelts after pounding l [soi]
rice washing water -F ['bree-'uu]
salt tea jl ['tsha-a]
fruits
sauce; juice S/ SC [khii/ khuy
(W)]; S/ SC [khowa/ khuy (E)]
soup (eat) l {j-L} [dam
{the-k}]
soup (thick) with mashed potato
dumplings {m-} [rihldo
{zo-}]
soup; noodles; noodle soup M
[thukpa]
soya beans k [rehndza]
strong millet beer (slurp) `
{l-} [toba {dip-}]
sweet tea `h/ `-h [arta/
ar-tah]
tea leaves h- ['tah-loh]
[pahrtu]
tea leaves for salt tea h-
['tah-rhil]
thin paste of parched flour (drink)
g h `- ['tsamba
'tahmdur thu- (E)]; g l
`- ['tsamba 'damdur thu- (W)]
vegetable or meat curry (fry/ cook)
`/ ` {-} [those/
thosi {lam-}]
whisky made of millet MU j`
['kyahgar tha]
U/
fruits
apple E/ AC- [aw (N), (E)/
ay-phal (Eng), (W)]
blueberry ` [sasi]
citrus fruits (sour ones) M/ M
[kyurpu/ kyirpu]
fig (wild) L` [kooi]
fruit of a vine M` [kyilda
(W)]
lapsi (a kind of sour fruit) (malla
dubla) L`- / L`-
[kala-seeh/ kala-siih]
681
greetings house parts

naspati (Manchurian pear) MU [paya (N)]

['kyahgar peena]
resin (sticky, black) l [laha]
naspati (wild) [peena] use batik technique M- [thi
peach S [khambu] kyahp-]
raspberry ` ` [yaahla] width of cloth ` (2) [li]
strawberry (wild) ` [pasi] widths of woven material (2)
walnut L [tarka] (W) [paya (N)]
walnuts which have come out of
house parts
their outer shell L `/
['tarka sildo/ pruhpsil] attic; ceiling below attic h` /

wild fruit that grows on trees (any [taah/ pehto]
kind) [brelbu/ brelu(W)]
/ beam of a window or door frame
wild growing fruit of about walnut (the top one) [yahdem]
size with big kernel `- / board supporting the wall above
`- (1) [bolo-seeh/ the door or window frame S
bolo-siih] [khabup]
boards under the roof protrusion
greetings L [paaka dalin]
formal greeting of juniors to carved board under the roof j
seniors - [see uh-] [thuptal]
junior bowing to senior -L carved middle piece of the big
[uuh peh-k] wooden chest ` [paha
welcome, give a ceremonial y` pahlap]
-L [sena peh-k] carved top plank of the big wooden
well-wishing t [ai dele chest `U - [paha-gi
(T)] 'siih-'yim]
carved wooden trim on furniture or
handicrafts
above windows and doors g (2)
bamboo strips (fine) [neehmi]
[mitsa]
beautiful reddish wood k/ g ceiling beam [darni]
` [dzabya (E)/ tsahbya (W) corner posts of the big wooden
i] chest ` ` [paha 'puba]
fine wool l`-/ l` doorjamb L ` ['koh 'puba]
[u-pahl/ ubal] doorstep; window-sill
inner layer of bamboo - [mahdem]
[padap-lo] firepit LU/ L [kohga/ kohwa]
inner layer of the mountain floor boards (fix) {M-}
bamboo ``- ['yuma-lo] ['phyamri (W) {'kyahp-}]
panel; width (of cloth) floor boards of attic; ceiling of
[namba] main room h` tM
j
ply (of strings, yarn) (1) (E) [taah-la iih-'kyo 'tham]

682
household utensils
ground-floor room JL`/ J`
[ohka/ ohwa]
horizontal roof rafter (generic)
` [tuhma]
iron hook which is used to pull
shut the inside door bar from
outside Ml [kyindi]
lay floor boards jy M-
['tham-i (E) 'kyahp-]
level the top of the walls when
building gL- - [tsik-tor
tuh-]
porch (covered) /
[yahpsa/ yahpse]
porch railing `-` [ba-ba]
post (supporting) L [kapi]
post; pole L [kawa]
rack hung above the firepit
[meehla]
roof beams h [taah]
roof rafter (horizontal) `
[pahrtu]
sheet of mountain bamboo (finely
woven) g1 [pahrtsa]
sheet of mountain bamboo (roughly
woven) L [bak]
shelves at the rear of the fireplace
U [laaga]
shelves (built-in) `V [pahgya]
shingle; small board `/ `
[palep/ palip]
sloping (vertical) roof rafter t
[ahlu]
stairs t [eeba]
tile (used for roofs) A [arpa
(W)]; [yarpa (E)]
top beam of the big wooden chest
` g [paha 'mitsa]
top cross beam of roof (axis)
M` [kyildo]
wall (of house) gM ['tsikpa
household utensils
'dep]
wall (of room) [dep]
walls, side (put up)
M-
[lehp 'kyahp-]
whitewash U [sagar]
wider bottom part of a big wooden
chest ` A [paha 'ama]
window frame (vertical part) LL`
` [karku 'puba]
wooden chest (big) ` [paha]
wooden parts of house `l
[ida]
household utensils
bamboo tray (round) [loma]
basket (round) L(`) [kurma()]
basket with short legs y [aalo
` (N)]
bench-like table or beam to place
food on gMg/ hMg/ hMg
[tsoktsi/ toktsi/ toktse]; l/
l [soldo/ soldu]
blowing pipe (for fire) /
` [meho (E)/ meho (W)]
bottle (wooden) [tahmbe]
bowl (of china) / `
[daabil/ dabli]
bowl, small china L/ L/
L [karyol/ kayul/ kalyor]
bowl, small enamel L/ L/
L l [karyol/ kayul/
kalyor mehnda]
bowl, small metal l (1)
[mehnda]
bowl, small silver-lined wooden
[sahbur]
bowl (small, wooden, lined with
silver) ` ['ulbur]
bowl used for drinking (small, of
silver-lined costly red wood) k/
g L ['dzabya/ 'tsahbya
683
insects and worms insects and worms

pharko] mortar (big, wooden) j [tshom]

bowl used for drinking (small, of mortar (small, wooden) L /
silver-lined wood) L [pharko] Lk / L
[koohbur/
carpet of sheep's wool koohzum/ koohdum]
(hand-woven) [raari (N)] pestle (big) j [tshombu]
churn (for salt tea) `/ `/ ` pestle (small) (1) [timbu]
[dumu/ domo/ domu] plate (of brass) [bada]
churn (wooden, big size) pot used for storing milk and curds
[tuhmbu]; [sohm] (wooden) wU [hega]
churn (wooden, medium size) t potholders j-g/ jk/ jk
[oolum] [tshal-tsep/ tshaldzep/ tshaldzi];
copper bowl (cone-shaped, part of [phooyap]
the 'artsa') t [baa] pot; dish; container M [nekyi]
copper pot (big) `/ ` rings on big metal vessels `
[phui/ phoi] [luhda]
copper pot (large, for cooking) rug (bed-sized) [brumsi]
` [sah] scissors lh [dapti]
copper vessel for storing water sifting tray of bamboo; big sieve
(large) j-` [thu-sah] g [tsaalo]
cupboard M [baki] storage container for grains g`
distilling whisky (equipment for) (1) [tsah]
Ag` [artsa] straw mat g [tseeden (E)]

drum-like iron container y` (1) straw ring used to place pots on
[o] g [tseehgor]
U
earthen pot (big) [phumba] tea strainer g [tsaama (W)];
earthen pot used for distilling h/ hk ['tah-o/ 'tah-za
whisky (big) k/ [miiza/ (E)]
miira] tongs (of bamboo) L`/ L
earthen pot (used for making [kemda (E)/ kemba (W)]
curds) y/ y [belu/ belo] urn for carrying water ``
iron tripod h`U [tagi] [sahbu]
knife for cutting meat E2 [daw urn with straight spout U [garu]
(N)] urn with very narrow neck `
ladle (big) k [nahldzi] [lihbu]
lid used to cover the pot for
insects and worms
making curds U [gormu]
mattress `U/ `U [tigu/ tego] all sorts of insects and worms
milking pail (large) Mt/ k - [baa-bu-'ya]
[lahku/ laahzum] ant t ` [oohma]
milking pail (smallish) ` bedbug y/ y/ y`
[pahya] [aani/ aansi (E)/ ai (W)]

684
interjections jewelry

bee (domesticated) [tip] [yaahyo]

bee (wild) `k` [prahdza] soft surprise; oh, I see; agreeing
caterpillar (black, with yellow [yee]
spots) [reehba bu] take it! 1 [ya]
caterpillar (hairy) -gM/ -jM wait a moment! `U! [yahgo!]
[bu-'tsihkpa/ bu-'tshikpa] well...; let's see... L [kere]
earthworm ` ` [dala bulu what a waste! what a shame! `!
(W)]; [dalu (E)] [phaa!]
earthworm-like worm living in what do you call it...; what shall I
water [dalburi] say... h ... [ti lo...]
flea L [kii (W)]; LM/ what shall I say?; how shall I say
MM [kiikpa/ kyiikpa (E)] it? h [tipu]
fly ` [prahma] whatever may be, let it be! h
gnat h [taabe] l!/ h ! [ti
grasshopper jM [thakpali] 'yih-'naa 'yihn-du!/ ti 'yih-'naa
grubs and worms (be befallen by) 'yihn!]
h`` {M-} [tolo where; what about; why L2 [kee]
{kyahp-}] who knows?! I don't know!
leech [pepe] ['su-ee]
leech, kind of [lii] yes, I heard you; yes, what is it?
locust 1 [peebe] JC [oy]
mosquito ` (2) [padi] yes, that's quite so! J ()!
spider / [aabu/ abu] [ooh 'yihno (taah)!]
termite, white ant Mg [muktsa]
jewelry
tick [lehmba]
worm or insect 1 [bu] bangles, glass -E ['el-'diw]
bangles (put on) E {h-} [diw
interjections {tuu-}]
agreement J/ J [o/ oo] bracelet (silver) `-E ['ul-'diw]
indeed; really ` chain jewelry (put on) `M
['tehmba-'ra] {-} [yahkta {taa-}]
loneliness or boredom D, j A! coral h [tuhru]
[, tshera aah!] earrings (ear ornaments set with
look here; come along; here we are stones) (put on) t/ t {h-}
3 [loh] [op/ opas (N) {tuu-}]
okay E/ [lohw/ loh] earrings (golden, simple kind) (put
please; polite, sincere refusal on} {h-} [mundir (N)
J-j [ohr-thee] {tuu-}]
polite response (alright; okay) earrings (pendant) (put on) -t
[lahso] {h-} [bu- il {tuu-}]
rhyme to pacify babies festive belt-like silver and gold

685
lamaisms lamaisms

ornament M k {M-} essence of lamaism Ll

[kyehndzen {kyahp-}] [kindo sum]
gift of jewelry (make) - [taa explain the mantras; give
ter-] instruction for reciting the
gold or silver ornament hanging mantras ` `- ['mahni
from center of 'tuhru' necklace 'luh na-]
l [daandum] founder of 'tsiiri kohmba' ``
jewelry (put on) M l {-} M` m`/ `l` M m`
[kyehnda {taa-}] [aa ekya zabu/ aa
jewelry worn around the neck akya zabu]
l`` [dilu] fruit (result) of the deeds of one's
necklace or bracelet with beads former life j-` M y
Mg [lahktsi] [tshe-'en 'senam 'saah-'kyo 'ebu]
necklace (short) (put on) `U group of gods in the book called
{-} [nahgor {taa-}] 'iho' t k ['iho 'lhazo]
necklace with gold or silver center highest heaven -/ -hU
piece (put on) h l {-} `U [tehwa-/ dewa-ten-gi
[tuhru daandum {taa-}] ihgam]
necklace with many 'zi' stones (put instruction; teaching (give) ` /
on) mU/ mU {-} ['zigor/ ` {`-} [luh/ luhden
'zii-gor {taa-}] {na-}]
precious stone (black, with white judge of the souls of the dead y
stripes) m [zi] jU M/ y jL M/
precious stone (inlaid) w [ha] `l jU M/ `l jL
ring (for the finger) {h-} M [ini thee-gi kyahlbu/
[situp {tuu-}] ini theki kyahlbu/ ide
wear, put on - [taa-] thee-gi kyahlbu/ ide theki
kyahlbu]
lamaisms
musician (perform the duty of) Ek/
animal y (1) [tihnu] k {-L} [umdze/ yindze
Buddhist scriptures U `VU {peh-k}]
j [nahmga sagye-gi thee] overbearing (be) `M -L
call the dead soul U/ U [ahrkyal peh-k]
M- [gopu/ gopi kyahp-] perform the duties of a peon j
Dalai Lama [dale lama] -L ['thepen peh-k]
discipline oneself/ manipulate s.b. perform the duties of assistant to
through meditation t - the head lama t -L [ahba
[yihdam uhp-] peh-k]
enlightenment to a departed soul place between hell and heaven
or living people (give) -t l- where souls are punished for
[the-ol dal-] lesser sins [pahrto]

686
marriage marriage

rank, fourth in the lamaistic dabs of butter to the couple (apply)

hierarchyhead lama's peon j L M- [yahrka kyahp-]
[thepen] day after a wedding feast, with
rank, highest for lama -j more festivities and dividing of
[rihmbur-thee] wedding gifts. U E/ U
rank, third in the lamaistic [paahma-gi 'sawn/ 'sagun]
hierarchyhead lama's assistant divorce M h-L [thakpa 'te-k]
t [ahba] dowry / [muha/
souls of dead people and animals mohnur]
y t l [owa rihu gifts of money (give) U {-}
semden] [godar {luu-}]
teacher of Buddh. scriptures UU go-between (act as) -
[gergen (W)] (2) [lahmba peh ter-]
wall frescos (paint) {M-/ greeting used to welcome a bride to
-} [dibri {kyahp-/ pruh-}] her new home !
weigh and keep record of a person's ['phep-so 'ihba 'yeh!]
sins and merit L` l` -L kill evil spirit by performing a
[kar-ta aa-da peh-k] ritual dance LL -L ['kehk 'se-k]
knock the heads of the new couple
marriage
together three times U ` ` -
a girl who has been asked for [goo yii tuh-]
marriage changes her mind and master of ceremonies at the
takes off with/ accepts s.b. else wedding M/
L` T- ['kaba khyoo-] [mihktemba/ mihpten]
ask for a bride officially `l` pacify the parents of a captured
-L [lada peh-k] bride tl` -L ['olda peh-k]
be diverted, undecided T- part of wedding ceremony in order
[sem khyoo-] to kill the 'kehk' (an evil spirit)
best man/ bridesmaid at a wedding g-U/ j- [silu tse-g/
(be) / / -L tham-]
[paahrol/ paahrol-ma/-mu teh-k] party of the groom k
bid bride to sit down l ['mihser dzom-bo]
! ['uu-so 'ihba 'yeh!] place (bride and groom) on the seat
bid bride to stand up l` of honour t t l- ['ahl
! ['a-so 'ihba 'yeh!] iih-di 'aa-]
bride ['nama samba] present a ceremonial scarf and a
bride and groom drink from the gift of money S - ['khada 'luu-]
same cup S -/ S- -L ['kha procession of the bridegroom
'see-/ 'kha-'see peh-k] k [dzandiwa (N)]
bridegroom M ['mahkpa register in which the gifts given for
samba] the wedding feast are recorded

687
measures and weights
U [paahma 'yihgi]
wedding feast [paahma]
wedding gift of the groom's family
to the bride (give) ` {-}
[emba {ter-}]
wedding gifts in kind and money
(give) U {-} [guldar {luu-}]
written marriage contract with
agreements for restitution in the
case of divorce (make) LV
{-} [kahmgya {pruh-}]
measures and weights
brimful S-h [khap-te]
container used to measure liquids
and grains [mana (N)]
cubit w [hu]
cubit with making fist instead of
outstretched fingers hMt [taku]
distance from one resting place to
the next along a trail h (`,
A) [neesa tii (yii, etc.)]
estimating size of fields (phrase
used for it) ` h ['la 'hal
tii]
hand-span [tho]
measuring pot L [kurwa (N)]
palm of hand [thil]
scoopful (using both hands to
scoop up s.th.) k [dzop]
volume measure (1) [phulu (N)]
volume measure, also used for
estimating size of fields [padi
(N)]
weight used on the 'umali' l
[ido]; [daarni (N)]; (2)
[phulu (N)]; [bisuli (N)]
width of a finger [sorma]
"hand span" with the index finger
bent at the second joint T (2) (E)
[khyi]
musical instruments
money
beg for gifts by shouting slogans in
groups `- ['yaahyo 'la-
(E)]
change t`U M` ['aga kyaba];
y M` ['ibu kyaba]
coin yL [ek (N)]
count money in Mohars (half
rupees) M` t`- [kyaba
ah-]; t`U M` t`- ['aga
kyaba 'ah-]; t`U M` ['aga
'markya]; y M` t`- ['ibu
kyaba 'ah-]
count money in rupees t`U
`/ y t`- ['aga yihpa/
'abal 'ah-]
four-paisa coin A [ana (N)]
half-rupee coin t`U (1) [aga]
note [lor]
one paisa y-h ['ip-tii]
paisa y (2) [ibu]
rupee L [ika]
spend money t`U - ['aga
'or-]
18 anas or 75 paisa lE t [daw
uuh]
musical instruments
big drum used by the lamas, or
smaller drum used by the shamans
- [aa tuh-]
(beat) ` `
brass bell (small) t [ihlbu]
conch shell used as a horn (blow)
{-} [tuh {phu-}]
`
cymbal (play) h/ h
-} [puhptal (E)/ pruhptal
{`
(W) {tuh-}]
flute, bamboo (blow) {-}
[lemu {phu-}]
guitar-like stringed instrument
(play) `/ ` {` -} [piyo/
688
names of deities
piwo {tuh-}]
human bone of lower leg (blow)
L`` {-} [kali {phu-}]
mouth organ (blow) / U
{-} [biyul/ bigul (N) {phu-}]
small drum (rattle) / {-}
[damur/ dambur {pruu-}]
string of stringed instrument M
[kyiihba]
stringed instrument (play) t`
{`-}/ [ahmyen {tuh-}]
tambourine-like instrument (play,
beat) y/ y- {`-} [ambu/
am-phu (N) {tuh-}]
trumpet (long copper) (blow)
{-} [lahba {phu-}]
trumpet (small wooden) (blow)
M` {-} [kyahli {phu-}]
names of deities
a god M [akya thuba]
a goddess t [ohlma]
Buddha h [tomdende]; `V
h [sagye tomdende]
Dalai Lama [yihi
nuhrpu]
founder of 'tsiiri kohmba' ``
M` m`/ `l` M m` [kyahldzen]; ` (3) [yihma];
[aa ekya zabu/ aa
akya zabu]
god of deliverance h -k /
h-k [teen-rehzi/ phaaba
teen-rehzi]
god who carries a kind of a wooden
sword called 'rahli' in one hand
l-` [dambe-ya]
god who has a human skin
wrapped around him and a snake
in his mouth j/ j-
[thaador/ thaa-tor]
god with 11 heads and 22 arms
names
hl- [tuui-ahl]
goddess residing on the top of
'Yangri Kahng A h `
[ama tohmu yari]
guardian deity of the 'kohmba'
(2) [loben]
name of a god EL [urken
peema]; t [thuba uuh]
name of a goddess Sy/ Sy
[khenamu/ khenomu]; `
Sy [mahda kheno]
name of an important god U
-j ['guru 'rihmbur-'thee]
queen of the earth U M
[gormen kyahlmu]
title for gods `V [sagye]
names
name for a reddish cow or bull
-` ['mahr-sa]
name of the neighboring ethnicity
` [tama]
personal name EL [urken]; L
[kapu]; LM [karkyi]; Lh (2)
[karten]; L (3) [karma]; L`
[karsa]; L [kalama]; L`
[kiisa]; L ` [keesa]; Mk
/ h-` [teea/ tee-a];
h`
j` [tshiri]; j`/ j-`/ j-`
(2) [tshensu/ tshe-su/
tshee-su]; j [theenam];
j k [theendzom]; l
[i-ba]; t [ai]; M
[tahrkye]; M (2) [tihkyi];
l [tihndu]; y (2)
[tihnu]; h [tohrte]; (2)
[dawa]; / (2) [nuhrpu/
nohrpu]; -Mk
[nohr-kyahldzen]; l [paldo];
` [pasa]; / [pemba/
689
numerals
pehmba]; [peema]; (2)
(W+E) [phurpa]; ` [mimar];
`V [mihgyur]; `
[mihmar]; [rahpten];
k/ k [rehndzin/
rehndzen]; M [luhkso]; M
[lhakpa]; t [lhaul]; `V
[sagye]; [samden];
[sonam]
personal name, f. L [karmu];
M (2) [kyahlmu]; Sy/ Sy
[khenamu/ khenomu]; Sy
[kheno]; U t [gombo
ohlma]; `l [ao]; `-t
[yihm-bui]; j-t/ j-y
[tshin-ohlma/ tshin-ooma];
m` [zamu]; t [uhpa];
t [ohlma]; k (2)
[tahmdzi]; [damini (N)];
l ` [naahu]; M [nurkyi];
-t [nuh-ohlma];
[palmu]; t [puhi]; -t
[phu-ohlma]; -t
[phur-bui]; -t
[min-ohlma]; `l [yadi];
`l [yaden]; Mh`
[rhiktu]; L-L [rhik-rhik];
Mh` [lhaktu]; k
[lhandzum]; [lhaburi];
(2) [lhamu]; l [lhendam];
-t [si-bui]; l [sumdo];
-t [sen-bui]
personal name, m. L-M
[kar-kyahp]; L [karpu]; Ll
[kaai]; Mk [kyahmdzo];
M (2) [kyahlbu]; M`
[kyahlsa]; U j [gumba
tsheden]; V [gyurmi]; `t
[eup]; `` [ohwa]; h
['tahmba]; h` [tubu]; j
[thembel]; j-E [thee-u];
numerals
j [theelen]; m` [zabu];
l``/ l` [damya/
damya]; l [dambal];
l-M [dar-kyahp]; l
[dimi]; t [ahndul];
-j [tahm-thee]; (2)
[temba]; (2) [dame (N)];
V [namgyal]; Mh`
[nahktu]; h [nuhrtu];
`
M [nohrkye]; [palden];
` [palsa]; L [rihnak];
[lahtul]; -M
[lhar-kyal]; `-
[sa-temba]; `V [sigyi];
[sitar]; [arap]
numerals
both `L` [yika-'ra]
counting by twenties S h, S
`, A [khal tii, khal yii,
etc.]
eight M [kyeeh]
eighteen hM [tapkye]
eleven hl [tuui]
fifteen h` / h-` [teea/
tee-a]
five ` [a]
four l [i]
fourteen h [tupi]
nine L [kuh]
nineteen hL [turku]
one h [tii]
one hundred thousand (h)
[bum (tii)]
seven [tihn]
seventeen h [tuptin]
six t [uuh]
sixteen h [tiiru]
ten h [tu]
ten thousand w (h) [hi (tii)]
thirteen h [tuusum]
690
ordinal numerals
thousand (one) ` (h) [tora
(tii)]
three [sum]
twelve h`/ h` [tiyii/
tuyii]
twenty ` [yihu]
two ` [yii]
10,000,000 ` V (h) [tuhgyur
(tii)]
ordinal numerals
eighth M [kyehpa]
fifth `/ ` ['a-ba/ 'a-wa]
first h [tipa]; ` [tahbu] Dhupku Daaa; mountain peak
fourth l [i-ba]
ninth L [kuhba]
second ` [yipa]
seventh [tihmba]
sixth t [uhpa]
tenth h [tu-ba]
third [sum-ba]
place names
alternative name for Langgyapsa
L (2) [kohmba]
army barracks above Sermathang
(location of them) j L [tsho
kambu]
Baruwa [prahwal]
Boldir (a small settlement on the
eastern slope of the Melamchi
River valley) [buldir]
Bolgaun (settlement on the western
slope of the Melamchi River
valley) -L` [bol-kah]
cattle shed settlement north of
Yangri Kahng t [uhpu]
cattle shed settlement north of
Yangri Kahng, just below
Kahngdza Lah ` SL [yari
kharka]
place names
Chhimighyang near Sermathang
j [thimi]
Chitre l (2) [mehnda]
crossing of paths on the ridge
above Chhimi M-
[kyi-lahmdo]
Dana (a small settlement on the
eastern slope of the Melamchi
River valley) - [tah-na]
Dhumsisa, Thulodhunga (village on
the western slope of the Melamchi
River valley) `-h
[phubu-te]
above Langgyapsa ` L`
[yari kah]
eastern part of the small settlement
of Kulu M`/ M-` (2)
[kyahda/ kyah-tha]
Gangjawal (village about 1 1/2
hours' walk north of Sermathang
on the way to Langgyapsa)
L`- [kah-yuhl]
Ghope Pai (lodge settlement
between harepai and
Gosainkuna) Ll L
[kihndi pako]
Gosainkuna jU j- [tshogar
tsho-na]
Gyalthung M [kyahldum]
Helambu / [yohlmo
(E)/ yohlmu(W)]
high saddle on the western ridge of
Yohlmu ` L` [yiiri kah]
Ichok -h [yuuh-te]
important temple near Langgyapsa
g L [tsiiri kohmba]
Kahng-Kharka L`-SL
[kah-kharka]
Kakani LC L`/ LC L` [kayn
kah/ kayni kah]
691
place names
Kathmandu [yahmbu]
Keldang (cattle shed settlement
north of Yangri Kahng) M`
[kyihlda phuu]
Kiul [sihma]
Kutumsang; also the saddle above
Syuhnggan-Che -S [taa-khor]
lama settlement a short distance
west of Taa-Khor -`/ -`
[nee-emba/ na-yemba]
lama settlement with temple above
the path between Kahng-Yuhl and
Langgyapsa L-g` (L)
[koh-tsili (kohmba)]
Langang `y` [laa]
Laurebina (high saddle on the
western ridge of Yohlmu, just
before the Gosainkuna lakes)
g [yohlmu nohrtsa]
Maha Bauddha j (2) [thorten]
Melamchi Pul [domen pul]
Melamchi River g` [sihma
tsabu]
Milimchhim (Melamchigaun)
-j/ -j
[milim-thim/ milam-thim]
mountain lake north of
Yangri-Kahng t (U) j
[uhpu(-gi) tsho]
Naahkote (wide-spread settlement
of the eastern slope of the
Melamchi River valley, below
Langgyapsa) L [naahkote]
Ningale ()-SL [ta(p)-kharka]
Nuhrpu Kahng L` [nuhrpu
kah]
Pahngdang `` [pahda]
Palchok k [paldzo]
pasture above Chhimi M L`
[dakpa kah]; ` [yayi
tha]
place names
pasture above Kahng-Yuhl ` L
[pa karpu]; -M `
[lahr-kyahp mehnda]; L`
[hele kah]
Pheedi (lodge settlement between
harepai and Gosainkuna)
Ml [kyahe]
pilgrimage place above the
Melamchi River -`U j`
[tap-sigi tsho]
Raithan Ll [kae]
road intersection near Trisuli
[bitur]
rock spring near Gyang L
jL t -j [kuhlbu
thubar-ki uhp-thu]
saddle above Langgyapsa h `
[tohmu tha]
saddle saddle and lodge settlement
on the western ridge of Yohlmu
`U [mangen]
Salmi (village east of Sermathang)
` [preehma]
Sermathang `/ `
[serma-tha/ sermu-tha]
settlement above Tap-Kharka
`U [nigale]
settlement before Pai Bhanjyang
` [saden]
settlement below the ridge behind
Sermathang S [khaser]
settlement high on the western
slope of the upper Indrawati
valley, below Jyalsa g/ g`
[tsaden/ tsada]
settlement high on the western
slope of the upper Indrawati
valley l [dalsa]
settlement in the western part of
Yohlmu [taalu]; `
[teeni]
692
place names place names

settlement in the western part of western slope of the upper

Yohlmu, north of Kulu L Indrawati valley M
[kair] [kyehldar]
settlement lying a small distance small settlement above Kazye
north-east of Taa-Khor `- / `V [naagyi]
`- (2) [bolo-seeh/ small settlement above Timbu
bolo-siih] [yemba lahma]
settlement near Golbhanjyang V`/ small settlement across the stream
t-j V` [gya/ uhp-thu after Kayn Kahng on the path to
gya] Langgyapsa -``
settlement on the western ridge of [phaa-dudu]
Yohlmu before Golbhanjyang small settlement below Lhaasisa
` L` [thodo kah] y/ y [amsi/ amse]
settlement on the western slope of small settlement below Sermathang
the Melamchi River valley `L [arko]
M-L`/ L L` small settlement below Taa-Khor
[kwah-kah/ kohwa kah]; -SL [lii-kharka]
` y [yihma umbu] small settlement below Thaalo
settlement on the western slope of y` [omdo]
the Melamchi River valley, high small settlement between
above Kyahldum h- Tehn-Thang and Kayn Kahng
[tom-thili] [yalmu neesa]

settlement on the western slope of small settlement between
the Melamchi River valley ` asyi-Thang and Kahng-Yuhl
[tartu]; M SL [dakpa jk-L` [thaandza-kah]
kharka]; -j small settlement in below
[pwaah-tshoosa]; - Sermathang and Chhimi U
[rih-barma] [amgar]
settlement on the western slope of small settlement in the
the Melamchi River valley, a little Nuhrpu-Kahng area g `
to the north of Serka-Thili [tsiiri labra]; h [toba];
[rihbal] (2) [padap]; - [pa-sasa]
settlement somewhat north of small settlement near Kayn Kahng,
Timbu ` [tohri] below Yalmu Neesa L`
settlement south-west part of Kulu [sindir kah]
h`-l [ta-sahu] small settlement near Naahkote
small lama settlement below -` [tehn-tha]
Maahngu, in the western area of small settlement north of
Yohlmu t ` (L) [ahmra Phaa-Dungdung -L`
(kohmba)] [rih-kah]
small lama settlement on the small settlement on the eastern

693
place names
slope of the Melamchi River valley
on the upper way to Langgyapsa
t ` [ai tha]
small settlement on the eastern
slope of the Melamchi River
valley, between Naahkote and
Langgyapsa k [tohzum]
small settlement on the eastern
slope of the Melamchi River
valley, below asyi Thang `U`
[paga]
small settlement on the north side
of the ridge above Maahngu k
[yeezo]
small settlement on the western
ridge below Taa-Khor -
[rih-samba]
small settlement on the western
slope of the Melamchi River
valley, high above Kyahldum
L [kohmden]
small settlement quite high on the
western slope of the Melamchi
River valley, about opposite of
Timbu [lahmdo]
small village below Kharka
[prihp]
small village below Sermathang,
near Kolama Ll [kiha]
stupa temple in Bauddha j
h` S ['thorten 'tahru
'khaor]
Sundarijal j-` [thuda-'luh]
Swayambhu `/ `U Yohlmu L [kulu]
[phaaba ien/ igen]
Syabru / [abru/ apru] Yohlmu `
Tarangmarang, Talamarang L
[kuusa]
Tarkeghyang `() M/
`V [la(ri) kyahp-sa/
lagyapsa]
place names
temple and monastery east of
Yangri-Kahng L`/ U`/ `
L [baka/ baga/ baa
kohmba]
the capital of Kathmandu
V ['yahmbu 'gya-sa]
the newer temple in Sermathang
V L [mahni
`
tuhgyur kohmba]
upper flow of Tadi Khola west of
Yohlmu `U j j [doga tshe
thu]
upper part of Timbu L (1)
[koohdum]
very small settlement below
Syuhnggan-Che t`` [ohdi];
[lhaasisa]
very small settlement near Kayn
Kahng, below Sindir Kahng
`-` [la-yuha]
very small settlement north of
Chhimi M` [kyeldo]
village at the bottom of the
'Kahng-Yuhl' ridge (2)
[timbu]
village below Tap-Kharka
[thaalo]
village between Kolama and
Chhimi, on the eastern slope of
the Melamchi River valley
`
U-h/ `U-h
[uhgan-te/ ihgun-te]
village in in the western part of
village in the western area of
U [maahgu]
village in the western area of
Yohlmu near Golbhanjyang
-SL [om-kharka]
village north-west of Sermathang
-J` [ta-oh-sa]
694
plants rituals

village on the eastern slope of the S [khamba]

Melamchi River valley L hashish ` [baa (N)]
[kolama] hemp ` [sihma tohbo]
village on the western side of the leafy buds (before they unfold)
Melamchi River -` SL h [tuli]
[naah-luh kharka]; `/ ` mustard `U [puga]
[senamra/ semra] nettle / U [sohwa/ sohga]
village on the western side of the nettle (forest) l/ l [paaar/
Melamchi River valley U paaer]
[mahni geeru] pink spring primula `V
village on the western slope of the [pagyen mehndo]
Melamchi River valley `-` poisonous plant [boolo (E)]
L` [tha-i kah]; ` poisonous plant (fern-like grass)
[du temba] ` [praaba tohbo]

village on the western slope of the sweet-smelling herb growing at
Melamchi River valley, close to high altitudes t` [ahli]
the river L-/ L- vine with red, grape-like fruit
[serka-thili/ sarka-thali] ` UU [kyilda 'guugi]
village south-west of Kolama SL weed, kind of M [yuhkpi]
[kharka (N)]
rituals
worshipping place lying a small
distance to the north-east of the appease spirits which have seized
saddle at the foot of Yangri Kahng persons t
-/ y -
-L`/ U`/ ` (L) ['puhmba 'uhp ter- (E)/ 'puhmba
[lha-kah/ lhaga/ lhaa 'up ter- (W)]
(kohmba)] catch and bring back the spirit of
Yangri Khola (the river east of luck into one's dwelling `U -L
Yangri Kahng) ` g` [yari [yagu peh-k]
tsabu] cure food offering performed by
the shaman when s.b. is sick
plants -/ M- [sur ter-/ kyur-]
an oily grass g ['numri 'tsa] cure for people who are sick with
big leafy plant [oma] 'za lah-' or 'za sihn-' m - [za
buckwheat M/ M [kyahpre/ phu-]
kyahbre (W)]; E [prahw (E)] cure headaches and stomach-aches
chives [rahmba] (ritual performed by lama or
cosmos flowers - shaman) j ` M- ['tsha aa
[sip-sip mehndo] 'kyahp-]
fern [tah] curing ritual in which a heated
fragrant weed of the wormwood iron instrument is applied to the
family with little yellow flowers painful spot h M- ['meh

695
spices
taaso 'kyahp-]
death placate the spirit of a
deceased person `- [sur oo-]
dedicated animal (offer up) `
` {j-L} [suh/ suhbu cinnamon sticks `k L [idza
{the-k}]
individual performs a ritual on his
own behalf to prevent a bad
horoscope from coming true
M- [loh 'kyur-]
let loose a bird or chicken,
promising not to kill it, or make
some other free will gift j `-
[tsheter ta-]
pacify evil spirits (performed by
shamans or lamas) `- ['sohr
pha-]
preparation for a shaman's festival
-/ y- [puhmba uhp-
t
(E)/ up- (W)]
purifying ritual which involves
burning grains h -
[tiihnsa par-]
purifying rituals performed by
shaman or lama l-w -L
[dap-hii peh-k]
religious ritual performed for merit
j h- [tsherup tuu-]
sacrificial animal (offer up) `
` {j-L} [suh/ suhbu
{the-k}]
statue of millet flour mash ("kill" it
to kill evil spirits) ` U t-
[lehga ahl-]
statues made of millet flour (throw
away) t {M-} [ahsor red, edible colour is obtained L
{kyahp-}]; ` {`-} [bali
{pha-}]
throw dry, rotten wood substance
or millet flour into the fire to
make the flames leap up
trees
M- [sohr kyahp-]
spices
/ chili g [martsa]
pako]
cloves [lihi]
cummin-like spice [mena]
garlic LM [kohkpa]
ginger L / M [kehper/
kyahpar]; M/ M
[kyahper/ kyehper]
nutmeg k [dzadi]
timmur (`) [yerma()]
turmeric ` [yuha]
spirits
dangerous being living in the
mountains L`- ['kah-daa]
evil spirit which particularly
troubles people in relation to their
wedding and marriage LL
[kehk]
female spirit which lives in the
woods [memu]
forest spirit ` [loe]
forest spirit (female) `
[yalmu (W)]; [yalmu (E)]
forest spirit or house spirit l
/
[ipta]
trees
bamboo (1) [padap]
bamboo (mountain) ``/
[yuma/ miima]
bush from the roots of which the
['koma tuhbu]
`
bush or tree with coffee-coloured
blossoms M ` [takpa
tuhbu]
cedar (Himalayan) M `
696
vocatives work utensils

[kyel tohbo] for placating evil spirits [it]

cedar-like tree with very thin bark for placating gods j [thet]
`V ` (`) [igyi i hey H/ H [e/ ee]
(tohbo)] hey friend J ['o rooh]
fig tree L` ` [kooi particle added to the name (or term
tohbo] of address) of a person called out
fir, silver L ` [kalda to from some distance JE [ow]
tuhbu]
weaving terms
fir tree (small) (`)
[pama (tohbo)] arrange the loom in such a way
fir tree with long needles `-` that the threads of the warp can
` [tha-i tohbo] be pulled out alternately -
high altitude bush with small [nee tuh-]
flowers varying from pink to fix the warp ends of the loom t
white [balu mehndo] M- [uhba kyahp-]
juniper, kind of M (`) flattish piece of wood used to pull
[ukpa (tohbo)] out the warp threads alternately
rhododendron with pink flowers E [uhlu]
` ( / `) [tamar poles used to fasten the loom onto
(mehndo/ tohbo)] / [lehmbur/ lahmbur]
rhododendron with red flowers prepare loom for weaving
-
`U (/ `) [tagu [prehn-]
(mehndo/ tohbo)] shuttle S {-/ `-} [khopin
rhododendron with white flower {luu-/ ta-}]
) [beegar
U (/ ` warp M2 [kyuh]
(mehndo/ tuhbu)] weaving belt M [kyeda]
small bush growing at high altitude weaving rod ` [nee-i]
jg [thurtsa] woof, weft 2 [pin]
tree with edible fruit (big) ` well-wishings
` [boolu tuhbu (W)]
greeting t [ai dele (T)]
tree with leaves similar to holly
may you have a long life j `
leaves (tall) ` [pehle
!/ j-`! [tshe 'rihbu o!/
tohbo]
tshe-'rih!]
tree with poisonous leaves and
fruit ` [praaba tohbo] work utensils
tree with soft leaves (big) ` adze / [tebu/ tibu];
2
` [rahma tohbo] [laahdi]
vocatives any tool used to make sure that
things will be straight [thi]
attention-drawer, imploration (to
axe [tari]
gods) J/ J [o/ oo]
basket for catching fish `

697
work utensils
m`UU ['yah zu-gen-gi 'oo]
basket for storing grain (big, of
bamboo) m [zep]
basket (funnel shaped) [oo]
basket, loosely woven carrying
g/ g [tselba/ tselbu]
basket, tightly woven big carrying
L [komba]
basket, tightly woven carrying
[sohlma]
basket with lid (smallish, of
bamboo) m-h` ['zep-'tu]
chest (small) Ll` [kahm-du]
chest; box L [kahm]
chisel M [kyuundi]; k`/ k`/
m` [dzu/ dzo (E)/ zo (W)]
club (1) [thowa]
cupboard and shelves beside the
left side of the fireplace M`k`
[kyadza]
device for husking grains (tread on)
L` {` -} [kindi {tuh-}] blade (E) h`
hammer with sharp point E
[thiw]
hearth stones (the three) M-/
M/ M ( ) [kyeh-toh/ sickle with longish thick blade (E)
kyihtu/ kyihpu (pin sum)]
hoe (big, with short handle) L
[kuri]
hoe (small, with longish handle)
k [toozi]
inner layer of bamboo 2 [lo]
knitting needle Lt/ Ly [kaani/
kaane (N) (W)]; C [suyro (N)
(E)]
millstone U [laahgor/
/ back M [rahkpa]
laahwor]
needle (awl-like) S-L`
['khap-ku]
paper making enclosure -L
work utensils
['u-'koohra]
plane (plane s.th.) /
{M-} [bol/ bool {kyahp-}]
pole L`/ L` [kahri/
kahi]
post to which animals are tied k
[dzoobur (E)]; (1) (W) [phurpa]
rake (small) L [kooti]
rope for tying up animals
[rehl]
rope; string M [thakpa]
ruler; level (carpenter's) -`
{M-} [thi-i {'kyahp-}]
scaffolding t [lehi]
scales E [umali]
sharpen a tool by heating and
beating the blade M- ['saan
'kyahp-]
sharpen blades - [payen (N)
luu-]
sickle with crescent-shaped thin
/ L/ `
[sohrtu/ kuuda/ hasur (E)]
sickle with crescent-shaped thin
blade (W) [sohra]
[sohra]
silver-plated knife sheath and knife
handle `-L ['ul-'kooti]
spindle for hand-spinning; distaff
S (2) [khorlo]
spindle (the handle part) `
[phalo]
stick for threshing [roli]
strap used to carry loads on the
string stretched horizontally along
a wall to make sure it will be built
straight (use) -M {M-}
[thi-thakpa {'kyahp-}]
698
 S

(t)

Appendices
 699

Appendix 1 The place of Yohlmo in the Tibeto-Burman Family

Anna Maria Hari

1. Name of the language

More traditionally the language of this dictionary is called Helambu Sherpa.
Helambu is said to be derived form "Yohlmo", which is the name of the central
area where the Helambu Sherpas traditionally live. In some government records
this area is referred to as "Hyolmo". Nowadays the people of this area also want
their language to be called Yohlmo or Yohlmu. So this is the name we will use in
this study.

2. Relatedness to other Tibeto-Burman languages

Here we face the problem that so far Yohlmo (or Helambu Sherpa) is not
mentioned in the linguistic literature. It is rather Kagate (Kagate means 'paper
maker' in Nepali) which has found its place in the linguistic literature already quite
early. Since I1 am personally aquainted with both these languages, I know that
they are very closely related. In fact, to quite a large extent they are mutually
intelligible dialects. The Kagate people, whose dialect is under study in Hoehlig,
Monika and Maria Hari (1976) live in the mountain area between Likhu Khola and
Khimti Khola in Ramechhap District, Janakpur Anchal, and thus they are
geographically somewhat distant from the Yohlmo, whose traditional area lies
north-east of Kathmandu, between Kathmandu and Langtang. However, according
to their own tradition, the Kagate came originally from the Yohlmo area, from a
place called "Pawa Kohmba". They say they migrated about four generations ago to
the present location.
Considering all the above, we can safely assume that Yohlmo and Kagate will be in
the same Tibeto-Burman language group. Since Kagate is mentioned already quite
early in the linguistic literature, it is useful to see where these earlier linguists have
placed it.

1
In this phonological description I (Anna Maria Hari) have mainly used 'we' when
referring to the author, because without my various assistants I could not have gained
the knowledge expounded in this description. But for some more personal discoveries 'I'
seems to be more appropriate.
700 Yohlmo -Nepali - English Dictionary

According to Grierson (1909/1967) Kagate belongs to the Central Dialects of the

Tibetan Group. Among others the following languages are listed under these
Central Dialects:
Lhasa (=U), Nyamkat, Jad, Kagate, Garhwal.
According to Shafer (1966-1973) Kagate is a member of the Central Bodish Unit,
which belongs to the Bodish Branch of the Bodish Section, which on its turn is a
member of the Bodic Division in the Sino-Tibetan language phyleum. (See
Shafter, p. VII). Among others, the following languages are listed in this Central
Bodish Unit:
Hloka, Sarpa, Kagate, Garhwal, Spiti, Nyamkat, Dzad, Gtsang, Dubs (=U) with 15
sub-dialects, the first one being Lhasa.
According to Voegelin and Voegelin (1977) Kagate belongs to the Central
Tibetan Languages of the Tibetan Group. Among others the following languages
are listed in his Central Tibetan list:
Lhasa (=U=Dubs), Nyamkat, Jad, Kagate, Garhwal, Sherpa, Spiti, Lhoke,
Sikkimese, Amdo, Chone.
These three major classifications agree in placing Kagate into the Central Tibetan
Group, and thus we can safely assume that Yohlmo is also in this group. And
further we see that it is fairly close to Lhasa Tibetan. This is also confirmed by the
relative ease with which the Yohlmo people pick up some Tibetan from the
refugees living in Nepal.
It is somewhat surprising that these earlier linguists should have come across
Kagate, but not across Yohlmo. The Yohlmo people are a much larger and more
prestigious group, and they also, like the Kagate, traditionally seed employment in
northern India. In fact, I was suspecting that these earlier linguists came across
Yohlmo speakers, who might have identified themselves as Kagate (which is the
Nepali word for 'paper maker'); paper was also made in Yohlmo in the past
decades. However, when I checked Grierson's data (1909/1967, p.106ff) I realized
that he definitely was dealing with Kagate and not with Yohlmo. As to Shafer
(1966-1973, p. 97-104), the data which he gives is on the whole not sufficient to
decide, whether he would have been dealing with Kagate or with Yohlmo. There is
just one item listed which is different in the two dialects, and there he does give
the Kagate version: /ohpa/ 'stomach'; in Yohlmo it is more often /ehpa/. So
we have to face the fact that Yohlmo just shines by its absence from the linguistic
literature, and I am glad that now I can make up a bit for this.
Appendix 1 The place of Yohlmo in the TB family 701

In the ethnological field Yohlmo gets a bit more attention. Bista (1967, 6th
edition 1996) does mention right at the beginning of his article on the Sherpa that
the "Sherpa people live in the northern districts of Sagarmatha Zone aong the Dudh Kosi
River and its tributary valley, and in the Helmu and upper Trisuli valleys. They are
found spread out all along the eastern hill districts, although their original homeland is
traditionally the district of Solu-Khumbu." (1996:167) The rest of the article is
then devoted to the description of the Solu-Khumbu Sherpas. Thus, he lumps the
Yohlmos together with the Sherpas of the Solu-Khumbu area, and the last part of
the sentence might suggest, that the Yohlmos originally come from that area.
Linguistically this suggestion is not supported. The two dialects/ languages are not
very close. I suspect that Yohlmo is closer to Central Tibetan than Solu-Khumbu
Sherpa is; and it is more likely that these two groups represent different
immigration waves from the north. In any case, Yohlmo and Solo-Khumbu Sherpa
are mutually quite unintelligible, as Yohlmos testify. When they meet in
Kathmandu, they use Nepali to communicate with each other. However, they do
recognize their cultural affinity. Intermarrying does occurs, and this does not seem
to be against any code. I personally know of two such couples living in
Kathmandu, one being a Yohlmo lady married to a Solu-Khumbu Sherpa, and the
other a Yohlmo man married with a Solu-Khumbu lady. In both these cases the
Solu-Khumbu partner picked up Yohlmo after a while, rather than the other way
round. This may be due to the fact, that Yohlmo is quite close to Lhasa Tibetan,
and the Solu-Khumbu Sherpas are likely to have been exposed to that before. On
the other hand it may be, that Yohlmo is objectively easier than Solu-Khumbu
Sherpa. Yohlmo is a straightforward language with some very interesting syntactic
features, but it has practically no irregular verb stem bases for the past, or bases
involving complicated vowel and consonant changes, as it is the case for Solu-
Khumbu Sherpa, Jirel or Lhomi. In any case, the present day Yohlmos want to be
a separate cultural and linguistic group, and they fully deserve it.
Clarke (1980-91) in his papers and dissertation gives the "Yolmo" a distinct place
in the ethnic groups of Nepal. His suggestion that they speak Kagate should not be
taken too seriously. (Clarke 1980c:19).
Desjarlais' interesting books deal with purely ethnological topics. In Body and
Emotion (1992) he shares the results of his investigation of the healing practices of
a Yohlmo Shaman. For this he did extensive research in the western part of the
Yohlmo area in Chumdeli, a village on the south-western fringe of Yohlmo.
In Sensory Biographies (2003) he elucidates many aspects of Yohlmo social values
with empathy and gives helpful insights into the world view of this ethnic group.
702 Yohlmo -Nepali - English Dictionary

As to the ethnic grouping and language relatedness, Desjarlais also recognizes the
"Yolmu wa" as an ethnically distinct group, and he suggests that their language is
the same as Kagate. This is not quite accurate, as we have seen, but the two
dialects are indeed very close.

2.1 Lexical similarity calculations with Solo-Khumbu Sherpa and

Central Tibetan
In June 2001 lexical similarity calculations were carried out between Yohlmo,
Solo-Khumbu Sherpa and Central Tibetan on a 240 word list, using a computer
program especially designed for calculating lexical similarites. The table below
indicates what percentage of lexical items of the corpus examined are clearly
lexically related.

Yohlmo compared with Central Tibetan 66%

Yohlmo compared with Solo-Khumbu Sherpa 61%

Solo-Khumbu Sherpa compared with Central Tibetan 53%

Looking at Yohlmo, the percentages show that Yohlmo is slightly closer to Central
Tibetan than to Solo-Khumbu Sherpa. And looking at Yohlmo and Solo-Khumbu
Sherpa, we can see that Yohlmo is considerably closer to Central Tibetan than
Solo-Khumbu Sherpa is.

3. Places spoken
The Yohlmo area lies mainly north of Kathmandu, between Kathmandu and the
Langdang (Langtang) peak and spreads somewhat eastwards. Politically it falls into
the western part of Sindhupalchok District and spills over into the eastern part of
Nuwakot District. Both these districts fall into the Bagmati Zone. There is a
concentration of Yohlmo settlements on the eastern slope of the Melamchi river
valley. This is the area where the prestige dialect is spoken. The inhabitants of the
Langdang valley also speak a dialect of Yohlmo. The two dialects are mutually
intelligible.
In the recent decades many Yohlmo people have gone to the regions of Northern
India to seek employment. Some come back to their homeloand after a while, and
some don't. More recently a good number of young people have managed to go to
America in search of employment, and it is still to see, whether any of them will
come back to settle again in Nepal... Furthermore, a good number of Yohlmo
families have settled and built houses in Kathmandu, mainly in the Bauddha and
Jorpati area.
Appendix 1 The place of Yohlmo in the TB family 703

In addition there are several pockets of "Sherpa" speakers all along from Yohlmo to
Solu-Khumbu at the higher altitudes. According to what people themselves report,
the dialect gradually changes from one pocket to an other.

4. Number of speakers
In 1999 the Yholmo Foundation conducted a population survey covering the main
area of Yohlmo, roughly the settlements which are given on the map in section 6
below. The survey was conducted by Yohlmo speakers themselves. According to
their report, there are 9,842 Yohlmos living in the main area of Yohlmo. The
report (see appendix 3, section 3, the first item, 2056) explicitly states, that they
counted only the people actually living in the area, not the ones living in other
places in Nepal, South Asia, or even further abroad. There are many who have
emigrated to other places, and this is probably the reason why some Yohlmo
people give much higher estimates anywhere from 10,000 to 50,000.
The National Report on the Population Census made in 2001 (CBS 2002) states
that 3,986 people recorded "Yholmo" as their mother tongue. It is, however, not
likely that the number of Yohlmo speakers would have decreased to this extent in
just four years. I think the survey conducted by the Yholmo Foundation is a more
reliable source of information.

5. Dialect studied
During my time of research, I have concentrated on the study of Yohlmo as it is
spoken in the area around Sermathang (sermu-tha) and Chhimi (thimi). I have
also had contacts with speakers from the western area which falls into the
Nuwakot District, and thus, in the dictionary, I give also some information about
Western (W) and Eastern (E) vocabulary variants. But obviously I have not been
able to give a complete inventory of the words which differ in the western and
eastern dialect area.
The dialect spoken by the inhabitants of Tarkeghyang (Lagyapsa) stands out as
being quite different from either the Western or Eastern dialect; but I have not had
much contact with this dialect, and therefore no information is given about it.

6. Map of the Yohlmo area with key to an orthographic Roman

transcription
The map of Yohlmo in this section shows the main settlements of the Yohlmowa
which are predominantly inhabited by Yohlmo speaking people. The approximate
situation of each settlement is indicated with a small circle. In reality, only very
few settlements are compact villages. The homesteads of most villages are spread
704 Yohlmo -Nepali - English Dictionary
out quite widely on the mountain slopes. Thus the map is a highly stylized
representation of Yohlmo.
Some of the village names on the fringe of Yohlmo appear in parentheses, e.g.
(Prahwal). This indicates that the inhabitants of those settlements are not
predominantly Yohlmowa. But they are places the Yohlmowa frequently refer to,
and some of them have different names in Yohlmo, e.g. (Sihma=Kiul).
Two village names on the western slope of the Yangri River valley appear in
square brackets: [Kahng-Kharka] and [Pahngdang]. The inhabitants of these two
places are not really Yohlmowa. The Yohlmo people say that they can hardly
understand their dialect, and their estimation is that it is closer to Solo-Khumbu
Sherpa than to Yohlmo.
The place names in this map are given in an orthographic Roman transcription
that can easily be typed. The following chart gives the key to this orthographic
transcription for the letters which differ from the symbols used in the phonemic
transcription, and also for the ones which might be ambiguous if unexplained.

phonemic orthographic phonemic orthographic

non-capitals capitals non-capitals capitals

s s S sy Sy
ts ts Ts t chy Chy2
tsh tsh Tsh th chhy Chhy2
dz dz Dz d jy Jy2
z z Z zy Zy
t t T t T
d d D d D
ng Ng

In the Roman transcription of Nepali words the low vowels are represented as follows:

A a A A a A

2
Before the vowels /i/ and /e/ "Ch/ch", "Chh/chh", and "J/j" respectively are also
acceptable, and usually preferred. Note however, that this ommission of "y" cannot be
applied to the lamino-alveopalatal sibilants "Sy/sy" and "Zy/ zy" respectively.
 707

Appendix 2 Various tables

1. Numerals

1.1 Numerals up to 20

cardinal ordinal
1 h tii `/ h toho/ tipa

2 ` yii ` yipa

3 sum sumba

4 l i l iba

5 ` a ` aba

6 t
uuh t uhpa

7 tihn tihmba

8 M
kyeeh M kyehpa

9 L kuh L kuhba

10 h tu h tuba

11 hl
tuui hl

tuuiba

12 h`/ tiyii/ h`/ tiyiiba

h` tuyii h` tuyiiba

13 h
tuusum h
tuusumba

14 h tupi h tupiba

15 h`
teea h`
teeaba

16 h tiiru h tiiruba

17 h tuptin h tuptimba
708 Yohlmo -Nepali - English Dictionary

18 hM tapkye hM tapkyeba

19 hL turku hL
turkuba

20 ` yihu ` yihuba

1.2 Alternative ordinal numbers

In lamaistic contexts /tahbu/ ` is used instead of /toho/ `
'first', e.g. /tihndzi tahbu/ k ` 'the first week'.
The table in section 1.1 above gives the ordinal numbers up to 20 formed with
the suffix <-pa>. As we can see there, with numbers ending in a long vowel the
long vowel gets shortened, and the suffix called for is /-pa/. With higher
numbers ordinals may conceivably also be formed the same way, but there is
normally no need for them.
Alternatively, the ordinal number can also be formed with the suffix < -pu >:

first h ti-pu sixth t

uh-pu

second ` yi-pu seventh tihm-bu

third sum-bu eighth M kyeh-pu

forth l i-bu ninth L kuh-bu

fifth ` a-bu tenth h tu-bu

To some extent these ordinals are interchangeable with the ones formed with
<-pa>. But there is a tendency to use the ones ending in <-pu> when they refer
to persons:
h `, ` `, `!
/tipu-di yahr to, yipu-di mahr to, sumbu-di phar to!/
first-spec upward send second-spec downward send third-spec over send

'Send the first (person) upwards, the second downwards, and the third one over there!'
Appendix 2 Various tables 709

1.3 Counting the days of the lunar month

When the days of the lunar month are counted the numbers above are used up
to twenty days. Above twenty days the following numbers are used:

21 ` h yihu tii

22 ` ` yihu yii

23 ` yihu sum

24 ` l yihu i

25 ` ` yihu a

26 ` t
yihu uuh

27 ` yihu tihn

28 ` M
yihu kyeeh

29 ` L yihu kuh

new moon U` namga

Examples:
` j
M
| 'Today it is the 8th day of the
/'tihri tsheeba 'kyeeh 'yihmba./ lunar calendar.'

` j
h`
| 'Today is full moon.'
/'tihri tsheeba teea 'yihmba./

` j
` L | 'Today it is the 29th day of the
/'tihri tsheeba yihu 'kuh 'yihmba./ lunar calendar.'

` U` | 'Today is new moon.'

/'tihri namga 'yihmba./
710 Yohlmo -Nepali - English Dictionary

1.4 Counting by twenties

Above 20 a system of counting by twenties also prevails: for example the
age of a person is usually given in 20s:

S h khal tii 20

S h h khal tii tii 21

S h ` khal tii yii, etc. 22

S h ` khal tii a, etc. 25

S h h khal tii tu, etc. 30

S h h`
khal tii teea, etc. 35

S h hL khal tii turku 39

S ` khal yii, etc. 40

S khal sum, etc. 60

S ` khal a, etc. 100

S `-
`-` h khal a-da tu 110

S `-
`-` hl
khal a-da tuui, etc. 111

S `-
`-` hL khal a-da turku 119

S t
khal uuh, etc. 120

S h khal tu, etc. 200

S h`
khal teea, etc. 300

S hL-` h khal turku-da tu, etc. 390

It is common to use 20s only up to:

S hL-` hL khal turku-da turku 399

Appendix 2 Various tables 711

Then we jump to:

lM ipkya 400

l
lM-
M-` h ipkya-da tii, etc. 401

lM-
M-` h ipkya-da tu, etc. 410

lM-
M-` S h ipkya-da khal tii, etc. 420

lM-
M-` S l-` hL ipkya-da khal i-da 499
turku

`M apkya, etc. 500

tM uhpkya, etc. 600

V tihngya, etc. 700

MM kyehkya 800

LM kuhpkya 900

LM-
M-` S l-` hL kuhpkya-da khal i-da 999
turku

` h tora tii 1'000

1.5 Pricing things

In business it is very common to price things in 20s. However, in this case the
unit counted with is the half-rupee:

aga tii = 1 Mohar

Therefore, if we want to know the price in rupees, we always have to half the
number given. For example:

t`U S h aga khal tii 10.- Rs

t`U S `
` aga khal yii 20.- Rs
712 Yohlmo -Nepali - English Dictionary

t`U S ` aga khal a, etc. 50.- Rs

t`U S h or aga khal tu, or 100.- Rs

t`U `M aga khal yihkya 100.- Rs

t`U S hl
ahga khal tuui, etc. 110.- Rs

t`U S h
aga khal tuusum, etc. 130.- Rs

t`U S hL aga khal turku 190.- Rs

t`U S hL-` ` aga khal turku-da a 192.5 Rs

t`U S hL-` h aga khal turku-da tu 195.- Rs

t`U `M aga ipkya 200.- Rs

Pricing things is a bit tricky, because in the context 'aga' is often not said, so
you have to remember in which system you are. Often clarification is needed,
and this is usually done with Nepali numbers.

1.6 Higher numbers

M h kyah tii 100

`M
`M yihkya 200

V sumgya 300

lM ipkya 400

`M apkya 500

tM / tM uhpkya / uhkya 600

V tihngya 700

MM kyehkya 800

LM kuhpkya 900
Appendix 2 Various tables 713

LM-
M-` S l-` kuhpkya-da khal i-da 999
hL turku

` h tora tii 1'000

` h-` M h / tora tii-da kyah tii/ 1'100

M hl kyah tuui
1'100

` h-` `M / tora tii-da yihkya/ 1'200

M h
h` kyah tiyii
1'200

` L-` LM tora kuh-da kuhpkya 9'900

w h hi tii 10'000

w L hi kuh 90'000

h bum tii 100'000

L bum kuh 900'000

`V h tuhgyur tii 10'000'000

1.7 Fractional numbers and some other expressions related to numbers

Fractional numbers are mostly used with volume measures, and with days, weeks
and years. The following table shows how fractions are expressed:
/phee/
l h /bo i-la bo tii/
` /bo sum-la bo yii/ /3
A etc.

For stating full and half numbers the expression ` /pheda/ is used as
follows:
` ` /padi pheda yii/ 1 paathis
` /padi pheda sum/ 2 paathis
714 Yohlmo -Nepali - English Dictionary

M ` l /ahkpu pheda i/ 3 days

` ` /loh pheda a/ 4 years
A etc.

Further we observe the following expressions related to numbers:

j | /di thap du./ 'This is an even number.'
L | /di kar du./ 'This is an odd number.'
j t`U /thap ahgen/ 'count in even numbers'
L t`U /kar ahgen/ 'count in odd numbers'

1.8 Coins and Notes

Coins:

y lU yL A H| 'The coin of four paisas is called ana.'

/'ibu 'i-gi 'ek-la 'ana 'ma-e./

A h, `, , A| 'One, two, three anas, etc.'

/'ana tii, yii, sum, 'aadi./

A 12 = t`U 1 12 anas = 1 mohar' (approximately; the

two paisa difference is usally ignored).
/'ana 12 = 'aga 1/

A 13, 14 A| '13, 14 anas, etc.'

/'ana 13, 14, 'aadi./

A 18 = lE 6 '18 anas = 6 'daw'

/'ana 18 = 'daw 6/ (= approximately 75 paisa)

A 19, 20 (S h) '19, 20 anas'

/'ana 19, 20 ('khal tii)/
Appendix 2 Various tables 715

A 24 (S h-` l = L h) '24 anas'

/'ana 'khal tii-da 'i/ = /'ika tii/ (= 1 rupee - approximately)

L h-` lE t
'1.75 rupees'

/'ika tii-da 'daw 'uuh/

t`U ` l '1.75 rupees' (also)

/'aga 'pheda 'i/

(Pricing in anas used to be very common, but nowadays, it is not used much.)

Money notes:

L hU yL /ika tiigi ek/ 'one-rupee coin'

L hU /ika tiigi lor/ 'one-rupee note'

M-
M- h /kyah-lor tii/ 'one-hundred-rupee note'

`-
`- h /to-lor tii/ 'one-thousand-rupee note'

`MU h /apkyagi lor tii/ 'five-hundred-rupee note'

2. Measures and Weights

2.1 Volume Measures

Yohlmo Yohlmo Nepali English equivalent

L` phulu kah HL about 7 deciliter

L` mana kah HL about 5 deciliter

L L` kurwa kah HL L about 1 liter and 1 dl

L` padi kah HL about 4 liters and 5 dl

716 Yohlmo -Nepali - English Dictionary

Expressions:
t
U L` A`U
A`U| 'Six phulus make a paathi.'

/phulu uuhgi padi kah ohge./

M
U L` A`U| 'Eight manas make a paathi.'

/mana kyeehgi padi kah ohge./

L lU L` A`U| 'Four kurwas make a paathi.'

/kurwa igi padi kah ohge./

`U L L` A`U| 'Two manas make a kurwa.'

/mana yiigi kurwa kah ohge./

L ` yH| 'A kurwa holds two manas.'

/kurwala mana yii oe./

Numbers used with the above volume measures (illustrated with 'padi'):

padi phee paathi

L padi koo paathi

L` padi kah 1 paathi

padi toh 2 paathis

padi sum 3 paathis

A| etc. etc.
Appendix 2 Various tables 717

Other expressions used with these volume measures (illustrated with

'phulu'):

S-
S-h phulu khap-te 'a brimful phulu'

h phulu tuhru 'a heaped phulu'

2.2 Weights

Scales are also used in Yohlmo region. They are called 'umali'. The following
weights are in usage:

L` daarni kah 2'400 grs

L`
L` bisuli kah 1'200 grs

L` phulu kah 600 grs

l L` ido kah 150 grs

Expressions:

l lU L` A`U| 'Four idos make one phulu.'

/ido igi phulu kah ohge./

`U
L` J`U| 'Two phulus make one bisuli.'

/phulu yiigi bisuli kah ohge./

`U L` J`U| 'Two bisulis make one daarni.'

/bisuli yiigi daarni kah ohge./

718 Yohlmo -Nepali - English Dictionary

2.3 Length measures

The following measures are used for measuring cloth, wood for carpentery, etc.:

w L` hu kah 1 cubit (with outstretched fingers) = 18

inches

hMt L` taku kah 1 cubit (with making fist; i.e. a small

cubit)

L` tho kah 1 hand span

T L` khyi kah 1 hand span with index finger bent at

the second joint (i.e. a small hand span)

L` sorma kah 1 finger width

2.4 Estimating longer distances and size of fields

Longer distances and larger sizes are estimated with the following phrases:

/ h 'distance from one resting place to the
next along the trail, 30-60 minutes' walk'
/neesa/ nesa tii/

Colloquially the size of fields is indicated in one of the following ways:

`U ` ` |
/ah-gi ih tabyar la hal sum-di yeh-ba./
I-poss field sowing ox team three-attr be-emph
'It takes three days to plough my fields

` S h yHU
-` |
/yih-ti sen padi khal tii o-e-gi neeh-ih yehba./
we.excl-attr seeds pathi score one go-adj.tiv1+2 wheat-field be-emph
'Our wheat fields need 20 pathis of seed-grain.'
Appendix 2 Various tables 719

3. The calendar

3.1 The twelve year cycle

The twelve year cycle of the Tibetan calendar is generally known and used; it is
called 'leehwor tii' or 'loh-khor tiyii'. People will know the animal name
of the year they are born in, and therefore, with some arithmetic, they can keep
track of their age.

name of year animal it represents meaning

h tihwa g`
tsuube 'rat'

` la `U lago 'ox'

taa / h taa/ ten 'tiger, leopard'

yeeh ` rihbu 'hare, rabbit'

yL uk yL uk 'dragon'

t uhl pruhl 'snake'

tabu tabu 'horse'

L luhk
luuh 'sheep'

/ t pree / ee E priw 'monkey'

h tah h tihbi 'bird'

T khyi T/ M khyi/ kyibu 'dog'

phaa / M phaa/phakpa 'pig'

720 Yohlmo -Nepali - English Dictionary

3.2 The twelve year cycle compared with the western calendar

If we line up the twelve year cycle with the western calendar, we get the following
correspondences:

g 1900 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 08 20
tihwa
` 01 13 25 37 49 61 73 85 97 09 21
la
02 14 26 38 50 62 74 86 98 10 22
taa

03 15 27 39 51 63 75 87 99 11 23
yeeh
yL 04 16 28 40 52 64 76 88 2000 12 24
uk
t 05 17 29 41 53 65 77 89 01 13 25
uhl
06 18 30 42 54 66 78 90 02 14 26
tabu
L 07 19 31 43 55 67 79 91 03 15 27
luhk
t / 08 20 32 44 56 68 80 92 04 16 28
ee/ pree
h 09 21 33 45 57 69 81 93 05 17 29
tah
T 10 22 34 46 58 70 82 94 06 18 30
khyi
11 23 35 47 59 71 83 95 07 19 31
phaa
Appendix 2 Various tables 721

3.3 Months and days of the week

For these two time reference systems the Nepali terms are used; but the names are
adapted to the Yohlmo phonology.

name of months compared to western months

CL baysak mid April - mid May

lw dea mid May - mid June

A asar mid June - mid July

sawun mid July - mid August

E badaw mid August - mid September

AEg asawtsa mid September - mid October

LL katik mid October - mid November

` masir mid November - mid December

puus mid December - mid January

U maaga mid January - mid February

U phaagun mid February - mid March

gC/ gC tsayt/ tsayda mid March - mid April

722 Yohlmo -Nepali - English Dictionary

Days of the week:

The preferred name for a child depends on which day of the week the chils is
born. In the table below we first give the name in the phonemic transcription, and
below it a suggested orthographic transcription with Roman letters appears. For
the key to this orthographic transcription see Appendix 1, section 6.)

name of week days meaning preferred name for child

AC /aita-bar/ Sunday ` /yihma/

Ngyihma

/som-bar/ Monday /dawa/

Dawa

`U /magal-bar/ Tuesday ` /mihmar/

Mihngmar

/budu-bar/ Wednesday M /lhakpa/

Lhakpa

/biibar/ Thursday /phurpa/

Phurpa

/suupar/ Friday ` /pasa/

Pasang

jk /tshendza-bar/ Saturday /pemba/

Pemba
Appendix 2 Various tables 723

3.4 Counting weeks, months, and years

Yohlmo English

h sada tii, etc. one week

h dawa tii, etc. one month

h loh tii, etc. one year

M h ` loh kyah tii tohle one hundred years ago

`M ` loh yihkya tohle two hundred years ago

` h ` loh tora tii tohle thousand years ago

`
` ` ` loh tora yii tohle two thousand years ago

Expressions used:

S L t
A`V|
/'kho 'barma-la kahl-di 'dawa 'uuh-la looh oh-'gyo./
he India-loc go.vs.perf-perf month six-goal return come-telling.pst
'He went to India and came back after six months.'

` Al j-
j-
LV|
/'yih 'ai tsho-peema-la 'teh-ti tahnda loh sum kahl-'gyo./
our.exclu e.sister Himalchal-loc stay-perf now year three go.vs.perf-telling.pst
'It is three years now that our sister has been living in Kashmir/Himalchal Pradesh.
724

Appendix 3 Bibliography for Yohlmo

In the linguistic literature references to Yohlmo (or more traditionally Helambu

Sherpa) are absent. There are, however, a few references to Kagate. Since Yohlmo
and Kagate are very closely related languages (dialects of each other) I think it is
appropriate to include these quite early references into a bibliography of Yohlmo.

1. Linguistic field
Grierson. 1909/1967. Linguistic Survery of India, Vol.III. Part I, p. 106ff
Hale, Austin. 1982. Research on Tibeto-Burman Languages. Trends in Linguistics,
State-of-the Art Report 14. Ed. Werner Winter, Mouton Publishers,
Berlin, New York, Amsterdam.
Hoehlig, Monika and Maria Hari. 1976. Kagate Phonemic Summary. Kathmandu:
SIL, INAS, TU
Hoehlig, Monika. 1973. Speaker orientation in Syuwa (=Kagate). In Grimes, J.E.:
papers on Discourse. 1978. SIL Publication in Linguistics and related
Fields, pp. 19-24
Nishi, Yoshio. 1978. Tense-high versus Lax-low Registers in Kagate - a Central
Tibetan Dialect. CAAAL 9.25-37
Shafer, Robert. 1966-1973. Introduction to Sino-Tibetan. (Wiesbaden: Otto
Harrassowitz), p. 2, pp. 97ff
Voegelin, Ch. F. and F. M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and index of the world's
languages. New York: Elsevier. [Sino-Tibetan, 307, 308; Tibeto-
Burman, 328; Tibetan, 327].

2. Ethnological field
In the ethnological field Yohlmo (=Helambu Sherpa) gets a little bit more
attention:
Bista, Dor Bahadur. 1967, 6th edition 1996. The People of Nepal. [Sherpa: pp.
167-76]
CBS, 2002. Population Census 2001: National Report, Kathmandu, HMG/CBS
Clarke, Graham E. 1980a. Lama and Tamang in Yolmo. In Tibetan Studies in
Honor of Hugh Richardson, edited by Michael Aris and Aung San Suu
Kyi, pp. 79-86. Warminster, England: Aris and Phillips.
___ 1980b. A Helambu History. Journal of the Nepal Research Centre 4:1-38.
Appendix 3 Bibliography for Yohlmo 725

Clarke, Graham E. 1980c. The Temple and Kinship among a Buddhist People of
the Himalaya. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Oxford.
____ 1983. The Great and Little Traditions in the Study of Yolmo, Nepal. In
Contributions on Tibetan Language, History and Culture, edited by Ernst
Steinkellner and Helmut Tauscher, vol. 1, pp. 21-37. Vienna:
Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien, University of
Vienna.
____ 1985. Equality and Hierarchy among a Buddhist People of Nepal. in
Contexts and Levels: Anthropological Essays on Hierarchy, edited by R.
H. Barnes, D. de Coppet, and R. J. Parkin, pp. 193-209. Oxford: JASO
Occasional Papers, no. 4.
____ 1990. Ideas of Merit, Virtue, Blessing and Material Prosperity in Highland
Nepal. Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford 21:165-84.
____ 1991 Nara (na-rag) in Yolmo: A Social History of Hell in Helambu. In
Festschrift fur Geza Uray, edited by M. T. Much, pp. 41-62. Vienna:
Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien, University of
Vienna.
Desjarlais, Robert. 1989. Healing through Images: The Magical Flight and
Healing Geography of Nepali Shamans. Ethos 17:289-307.
____ 1991a. Dreams, Divination and Yolmo Ways of Knowing. Dreaming 1:211-
24.
____ 1991b. Poetic Transformation of Yolmo "Sadness". Culture, Medicine and
Psychiatry 15:387-420.
____ 1992. Yolmo Aesthetics of Body, Health and "Soul Loss". Social Science and
Medicine14:1105-1117
____ 1992. Body and Emotion. The Aesthetics of Illness and Healing in the Nepal
Himalayas. First Published: Philadelphia, 1992. For Sale in India:
Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, Delhi.
____ 2003. Sensory Biographies. Lives and deaths among Nepal's Yolmo
Buddhists. University of California Press, Berkeley/ Los Angeles/
London.
726 Yohlmo -Nepali - English Dictionary

3. Publications in Nepali
Xo Q | 2056| LL Xo Ey, Lwy, |
tL|
Xo L L Uw| 2053| L A L, LE,
Xo Ey, Lwy| tL|

4. Publications in Yohlmo
Xo | 2041 - 59| LL A | tL| (A collection of
Yohlmo Folkstories. 1985-91. Published by Anna Maria Hari. Several
photo-copied editions.)
AUk
h| Learn to speak English. 2042-57| LL A |
(A phrase booklet in English - Yohlmo. 1985-2000. Published by
Anna Maria Hari. 2 Off-set printings. 400 copies.)
Xo U U LU j| 2042| LL A | (A
Primer for learning to read Yohlmo with the Nepali Script. 1985.
Published by Anna Maria Hari. Off-set printing. 100 copies.)
Xo | 2043-60| LL A | (A collection of Yohlmo
Folksongs. 2003. Published by Anna Maria Hari. Off-set pringing. 300
copies.)
 727

Appendix 4 The parts of an entry In detail

Anna Maria Hari
Main entries and subentries basically follow the same sequence of presentation.
The following sections describe all possible parts of an entry. They are listed in the
sequence they occur, with a description of the transcription conventions used.

1. Headword
The headword is first given Devanagari script, then in the Roman transcription.
Both transcriptions are based on a phonemic analysis of the language. The Roman
transcription uses the values of the I.P.A. symbols as far as it seems practical, and
so it gives a fair idea of how the words are pronounced. For the details of the
phonemic analysis see appendix 6.
Below is a list of the few characters for which it was more practical not to use not
strict I.P.A. symbols. They are enclosed in slanted lines, and their corresponding
I.P.A. symbol is given in phonetic brackers to their right. Any other symbols used
in the Roman transcription have the value of I.P.A. symbols.

/ky/ = [c] /khy/ = [c] /gy/ = [ ]

/lh/ = [ l ] /rh/ = [ r ]

/Vh/ = [v] /breathy, low-tone vowel/

Tone notation: For the details of the tone system see appendix 6, section 4. Here
just in summary: Basically low register is marked after the first vowel of the
morpheme with // in the Devanagari transcription, and with /h/ in the Roman
one. For the Devanagari transcription we need to make the following precision:
Since the headwords of main entries and subentries are mostly words in isolation,
we deemed it helpful to place a halant under the h ( ). This will remind the
Yohlmo reader that this does not represent a consonant (which according to the
rules of the Devanagari Script carries the inherent vowel [] with it), but that it is
just the symbol representing low register. In longer stretches of Yohlmo text,
however, the halant is not necessary, because the correct pronunciation of the
/ can easily be understood from the context.
postvocalic /
Morphemes with voiced initial stop or affricate are always followed by a low
register vowel, and therefore the low register does not need to be signalled with an
/h/ in those morphemes.
728 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

High register is left unmarked.

The contour contrasts are marked as follows: in the Roman headword of the
main entry the number of each tone is given in superscript before the morpheme.
In the subentries and the illustrative examples, however, the falling contours are
signalled by an apostrophe before the morpheme, while the basically level
contours are left unmarked. Thus:
'sehn 'corn mash' has low register with falling contour (= tone 1)

tehn 'mat' has low register with level contour (= tone 2)

'sen 'seedling' has high register with falling contour (= tone 3)

sem 'heart-mind' has high register with level contour (= tone 4)

As a rule the Devanaagari transcription only signals the register contrast, but not
the pitch contour contrasts. But an exception is made for the few morphemes,
which have a counterpart where the only difference is the pitch contour (i.e. for
minimal pairs for the pitch countour contrast). In those instances a Tibetan high
dot is placed before the headword with the falling pitch, e.g.
h 'nourishment' vs h 'one'

M 'ancestory line' vs M 'knowledge'

The Tibetan high dot signals that the morphemes for 'nourishment' and for
'ancestory line' have a falling pitch contour, and that they are not homophonous
with h 'one', or M 'knowledge' respectively, which have a basically level pitch
contour. That is, in these instances we use the Tibetan high dot the same way as
the apostrophe in the Roman transcription. But in the Devanagari transcription we
use it only in the few cases where we have a pair of morphemes with a minimal
contrast for pitch contour. This way we avoid giving the impression that the pairs
in question are homophones. (See also appendix 6, section 4, under the heading
'Contour contrasts').
The following six sub-sections (1.1 - 6) explain some further features which are
embedded in the transcription of the headword.

1.1 Diagnostic forms to indicate whether a suffix with a voiceless or

voiced initial is needed
If the headword is a verb, only the stem of the verb is given. (There does not seem
to be a generally recognized infinitive form of the verb in Yohlmo.) But the verb
stems ending in a short /i/ or /e/ are followed either by the "suffix"
L/ -k or -U/ -g :
-L
Appendix 4 The parts of an entry In detail 729

-U i-g v.i. | die.

-L i-k v.dt. E | drive out (a spirit of sickness).
This is an abbreviation to signal the following non-predictable property of verb
stems ending in a short front vowels /i/ or /e/: Several verbal suffixes begin with
a stop or affricate. After verb stems ending in consonants, long vowels, or short
/a/, /u/, and /o/ the voicing of the suffix-initial stop or affricate is conditioned
phonologically. (For the details see appendix 7, section 1.1). But after verb stems
ending in a short /i/ or /e/ we cannot predict whether the suffix will have a
voiced or voiceless initial, and therefore we need to indicate the voicing status of
the suffix in the lexicon. The diagnostic form -L/ -k signals that suffixes with
voiceless initials are needed, and -U/ -g signals that suffixes with voiced initials
are needed. Verb stems with the diagnostic form -L/ -k also resist the vowel
changes which normally take place for the verb stem perfect base in verbs stems
ending in a short vowel. (For examples see appendix 7, sections 10 and 12).

1.2 Variant forms of a headword

If a given lexical entry has more than one variant, the variant forms are all given
in the headword, where they are separated by a slash (/). Usually the alternation
includes just the two words adjacent to the slash. Free alternating phrases are also
separated by a slash. Sometimes some knowledge of how language works has to be
applied to know how much is to be included within the alternation.
If the non-initial variant falls out of the alphabetical order, it is entered in its
alphabetical order, followed by a cross-reference to the initial variant:
Main entry:
`k/ L`k yadzi/ kahdzi n. ty
| grain which has not been
threshed successfully (because it was moist).
Cross-reference entry:
L`k kahdzi `k | See: 'yadzi'.
In some headword phrases the slash is also used for a meaningful variation. If the
slash signals a meaningful variation, this can easily be recognized by a
corresponding pattern in the Nepali gloss and the English gloss. For this compare
the following two entries.. In the first entry the variation between the two verbs is
free, because no corresponding pattern is given in the glosses.:
Ll(U) L -
-/ -
- kindo(-gi) taarik thop-/ bap- pred.ph.dr.
gv | lot falls to s.b. (for a certain responsibility).
730 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

In the second entry below the variation is meaningful; this is recognized by the
corresponding variation patterns appearing in the Nepali and English glosses. The
slash in the part-of-speech designation signals that with the first verb the
collocation falls into an ergative clause pattern, while with the second verb it falls
into a receptive pattern.
`M m-
m-/ y-
y- yohk-i zo-/ o- pred.ph.erg. /r. Uklk /
| make/ become messy.
If the part-of-speech designation shows no variation, both collocations fall into the
same pattern. This is illustrated in the entry below:

Lh L
-/ L- kapta kehn-/ ken- pred.ph.erg. U UE/
UC| dress yourself/ dress s.b. else.

1.3 Optional elements of a headword

Optional elements of a headword are enclosed in parentheses:
L/ M (`) kiih/ kyiih (yihmu) temp.(ph.) g j| in
four days (i.e. four days ahead).
In this entry we see that there is a free variation between velar and palatal initial
stop, and the parentheses indicate that for "four days ahead" you may just use
kiih or kyiih, but that it is very common to use these items together with
yihmu.

1.4 Preferred collocational verb for a given noun

For many nouns the most common verb collocation is given because the
collocation between noun and verb is often quite rigid. Such a preferred
collocational verb is enclosed by curly brackets: { }. Its corresponding part-of-
speech designation, and the Nepali and English gloss are also enclosed by curly
brackets:
L` {J`-} kahrna {oh-} n. {v.i.} Sy {}| {be} a
drought.
In the translation of these collocational verbs we have tried to give an idiomatic
equivalent. The literal meaning can be looked up under the entry for that verb.

1.5 Source designation and dialect information

The source for loan words, as far as known, are given after the Roman headword
in ordinary parentheses. In the same slot information on dialect variations, as far
as it has been observed, is also given. For these features the following
abbreviations are used:
Appendix 4 The parts of an entry In detail 731

Sources for loan words: Dialect information:

(N) Nepali loan (E) Eastern dialect variation
(T) Tibetan loan (W) Western dialect variation
(H) Hindi loan
(Eng) English loan
Recognizing Nepali loan words is no problem if you are familiar with Nepali. Most
Yohlmo speakers usually also can tell you whether a given word is a Nepali loan
or not. In addition, Nepali loans can often be recognized by their CV-pattern,
which does not follow the Yohlmo patterns.
Recognizing Tibetan loan words is more subtle, because the two languages are
quite close. Tibetan loan words are also not easily identified by a non-conforming
CV-pattern. But for a few items people definitely feel that they are "Tibetan",
rather than pure Yohlmo.
The English loan words we have observed so far have all come into Yohlmo via
Nepali. Many people are not aware that they use English words; they think they
are Nepali words.
Dialect information: In the example below we can see that /kahrta/ is used in
the Eastern dialect area. The cross-reference at the end of the entry indicates that
in the Western dialect area /ohrta/ is used for the same lexical item; and in this
particular case we also see that the cross-referenced item is known it the Eastern
dialect area as well.
L {M-} kahrta (E) {kyahp-} n. {v.t.} {E}| {build}
fence. 'J' | See: 'ohrta (W+E)'.
For more details on the Eastern and Western dialect variations see appendix 1,
section 5.

1.6 Homophone number

This is a small subscript number in Devanagari, which appears between the
Devanagari and Roman transcription of the headword:
k-1 dzaa- v.i. g| climb up; ascend.
k-2 dzaa- v.i. g| drip; leak.
These numbers indicate that the two items sound the same, but that we see no
semantic relation between them. Yohlmo has a relatively small number of
homophones.
732 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

2. Parts of speech Overview

The part-of-speech designation is given in italics. The following abbreviations are
used:

adj. adjective p. particle

adj.excl. exclamatory form of pp. postposition
an adjective
adv. adverb pr. pronoun
att.p. attitude particle prf. prefix
aux. auxiliary verb pred.ph. predicate phrase
aux.dep. dependent auxiliary q.ph. question phrase
verb
cl. clause q.w. question word
clit. clitic qt. quantifier
conj. conjunction sf. suffix
cop. copula / copular temp. temporal
dem. demonstrative v.dr. direceptive verb
det. determiner v.dt. ditransitive verb
dir. directional v.e. eventive verb
excl. exclamation v.i. intransitive verb
intens. intensifier v.imp. irregular imperative form
of a given verb
loc. locative v.r. receptive verb
n. noun v.semi-r. semi-receptive verb
num. numeral v.t. transitive verb
num.ord. ordinal numeral vsf. verb suffix

Predicate phrases may be non-ergative (pred.ph.non-erg.), ergative (pred.ph.erg.),

direceptive (pred.ph.dr.), receptive (pred.ph.r.), semi-receptive (pred.ph.semi-r.). and
eventive (pred.ph.e.).
Many of the entries are not just single words, but phrases. In such cases the
designation "phrase" is added to the part of speech, e.g. adv.ph. (adverb phrase).
For a fairly detailed presentation on how the parts of speech contrast see appendix 5.
Appendix 4 The parts of an entry In detail 733

3. Sense enumerator
If a headword has more than one sense, the different senses are numbered with
arabic numerals followed by a closing parenthesis. The different senses of the
headword are all given before any subentries intervene, and they are lined up on
left hand margin of the entry column. This means that any following subentries are
not grouped with the corresponding sense number. In the example given below we
see a main entry with two sense numbers. It also shows that illustrative examples
are given with the corresponding sense numbers. Then follows a subentry.
Subentries in this position may be related to either (or any) of the sense
enumerators.

g- tsii- v.t.
1) L E, g` E| stack up. 'g-, -' | See also: 'tsaa-, paah-'.
-SU l g l| 'kho-gi pea-'ya 'tsii-di 'aa-sin. E L L
UH T| He stacked up the books.
2) , U| consider s.th. to be; observe (e.g. custom).
-U ` ` g| 'moh-gi ah-la rooh-'ra maah-'tsi. E D
U| She didn't accept me as her friend.
g` -L 'tsii-na peh-k pred.ph.erg. U, L U| respect;
honour.
Subentries may also have more than one sense enumerator, and they follow the
same lay-out as in main entries. Below we first see the main entry, then a
subentry, and then a further subentry with two sense enumerators:

L` kohbi n. L L| lama's assistant. [Note: mainly

performs when the lamas are in seclusion]
L` l- 'kohbi 'aa- pred.ph.erg. L T| choose lama's
assistant.
L` -L 'kohbi 'teh-k pred.ph.non-erg.
1) L | serve as lamas' assistant.
2) A ,
| be at leisure.
The last example below shows a main entry with two sense enumerators, followed
by two subentries related to either one of the senses:
734 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

M- kyii- v.t.
1) L| bind. 't M-'
| See also: 'peei kyii- (W)'.
2) g
, t | borrow. [Note: money, foods, that is, things which are
used up, and to be returned the same in kind] [Gram: lender takes
<yambu/ yimbu>] 'M -, -' | See also: 'kyimba
lehn-, yar-'.
M - kyii ter- pred.ph.erg. g
, t | lend [Note: foods,
money: things which are used up; to get back the same in kind] 'M
-, '
| See also: 'kyimba ter- 1), yar ter-'.
M M- kyii-da 'kyahp- pred.ph.erg. , L| bind up
firmly.

4. Register and honorific vocabluary

For some lexical items there are restrictions as to their usage. That is, they have to
be used in the appropriate register. This information is given just after the part-of-
speech designation, simply enclosed by ordinary paretheses.
The following abbreviations and categogies appear in this part:

coll. colloquial o.f. old fashioned (expression

expression used only by old people)

elevated elevated speech poetic expression used mainly in

(used in formal songs ("lugi tam" )
contexts)

euphemistic euphemistic rare rarely used lexical item

expression

hon. lexical item used in slang sub-standard expression

honorific speech

lamaistic for the definition of vulgar vulgar expression

this label see section
6 below, note on
Lamaisms.

If a headword is a lexical item used in honorific language, we indicate this in this

part of the entry, and also give the corresponding lexical item from the ordinary
language:
Appendix 4 The parts of an entry In detail 735

E u n. (hon. of 'goo') tEL (t.)| head.

J-M y-
y- 'ohp-'kyal o- pred.ph.dr. (hon. of 'tuhkpu
yuh-') S , Lt | endure hardship; be inconvenient for s.b.
m- zim- v.i. (hon. of 'yahl-' and 'yi looh-') (t.) lie
down; sleep.
Like many Tibetan related languages, Yohlmo has a different set of lexical items
for the most common verbs, nouns, and adjectives for honorific speech. For
example:

ordinary lexical item honorifc lexical item English meaning

ter- na- 'give'

yi looh- zim- 'sleep; lie down'

kaba ahp 'foot; leg'

ihmbu yeebu 'tasty'

o- / oh- phep- 'go; come'

But, as already mentioned, this concerns only the most common vocabulary, such
as food related expressions, body parts, and housing related expressions.
In addition to the relatively small number of honorific vocabulary, any ordinary
verb can be made honorific by inserting the honorific verb stem of give (na-) as
an auxiliary after the verb stem of the ordinary verb:
'Cook a meal (imp.)' in ordinary language is: /yopta kyahp-to!/,
and in honorific language it is : /yopta kyahp na-do!/
As is borne out by the example, the auxiliary verb 'na-' is inserted immediately
after the ordinary verb stem, and any finite or non-finite suffixes of the verb
phrase are attached to the auxiliary. The negative prefixes 'meh-' (non-perf.) or
'mah-' (perf.) are also prefixed to the honorific auxiliary; eg:

1. /'mehme-gi yopta 'kyahp meh-na-gen./

grandfather-erg. meal hit neg.non-perf-give,h-cus.pres.
'Grandfather does not cook meals.'
Further, it is also quite common to use an honorific verb stem plus the honorific
auxiliary:
736 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

2. /'mehme 'phep na-sin./

grandfather go give,h-n.pst
'Grandfather has gone.'
Honorific forms should be used for elders and lamas. Members of lama families are
likely to use honorific forms more often than non-lamas.

5. Nepali gloss or definition

This part gives the meaning of the headword in Nepali (in Devanagari Script).
Alternative glosses are separated by a comma:
M
kyiih n. , g| knowledge; awareness.

6. Semantic domain
A good number of lexical entries have a semantic domain with the English gloss
(or definition). The semantic domain label appears after the Nepali gloss,
immediately preceding the English gloss of the entry, and it is underlined.
The words for which domain labels have been provided are generally words for
which a simple gloss cannot be given, but which require a rather longer
explanation. Thus the semantic domain provides a context for the following
explanatory definition. For a list of the semantic domains which have been
established see the table on the next page. Following are some explanatory
remarks on some of the semantic domains established:
Lamaisms: In the register field after the part-of-speech label some lexical items
have the specification lamaistic. (See section 4 above). But as the semantic
domain list indicates, others are filed under the topical category lamaisms. The
difference is as follows:
lamaistic refers to expressions that ordinary people wouldnt understand.
They are said to be thee-gi tam - expressions occurring in the books.
These can usually be given a gloss quite easily.
The category lamaisms comprises lamaistic expressions which cannot be
easily glossed, such as complicated names, matters concerning the organization
of the clergy, etc. These expressions may or may not be understood by
ordinary people.
Marriage: This category contains expressions related to the engagement and
wedding ceremonies and other marriage related matters.
Appendix 4 The parts of an entry In detail 737

List of the semantic domains established

abusive expressions house parts (including temporary sheds)

animals (non-domestic) household utensils
attitude particles insects and worms
birds interjections
cerem. foods jewelry
cerem. terms lamaisms
cerem. utensils marriage
ceremonies measures and weights
clan names money
clothing musical instruments
colours names (personal/of deities, clans, and
place names)
conjunctions numerals
cooking utensils ordinal numerals
divination plants
exclamations rituals
explanation introducers spices
festivals spirits
foods trees
fruits vocatives
greetings weaving terms
handicrafts well-wishings
work utensils
Names: Many personal names can be used for either sex, only some are
exclusively male or female. These are marked in the entry with m. and f.
respectively. Pesonal names which can be used for either sex are left unmarked.
Weaving terms: This category comprises expressions for weaving tools and other
specific weaving expressions.
738 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

In the English - Yohlmo Index these semantic domains are listed at the end of
the index in alphabetical order, each domain followed by the lexical items given
with the semantic domain. Thus they also provide a tool for studying certain
semantic domains, or certain grammatical categories. In the index, lexical items
given after a semantic domain also appear individually as far as possible.

7. English gloss or definition

This part gives the meaning of the headword in English. English alternative glosses
or definitions are separated by a semicolon. (For an example see section 5 above).

8. Cross-references
Some entries have a cross-reference to a semantically related lexical item. Such
cross-references are introduced with 'See also:' as the following entry illustrates:
A -
- aa tap- pred.ph.erg. gt, tM, g| sting; bite (if not
preceded by snapping). 'L-'
| See also: 'kahp-'.
In cross-references referring to word collocations (i.e. phrases) which end in the
headword of the given entry, it is understood that the headword is to be repeated
at the end of the string given in the cross-reference:
j- tham- v.i. h| dance. ', '
j- | See also:
'ahpru, mih thoo-la'.
(This cross-reference indicates that we may find more information about the given
headword under 'ahpru tham-' and 'mih thoo-la tham-').
Also, sometimes a cross-reference points to more than one related lexical item. In
such cases the different items are separeted by a comma, as illustrated in the
example above.
Further, we also find cross-references to a corresponding dialect variant. These
cross-references are introduced just with 'See:' as illustrated in the following entry:
A arpa (W) n. n`Ut| house parts: tile (used for roofs). ''|
See: 'yarpa (E)'.

9. Explanatory notes
For many entries additional morphological, syntactic, and semantic information is
given in various notes. Regarding the sequencing of the parts of an entry, these
notes are placed in the context in which they are most easily understood.
Following are the labels of each of these notes, followed by some example from
the dictionary.
Appendix 4 The parts of an entry In detail 739

[Phon: ]
Usually gives a reference to appendix 1 or 2 of the dictionary, where the special
phonological or morphophonemic characteristics of the entry are described:

-M/-V -kyile ~-gyile clit. , | attitude particles: it's

obvious, isn't it?. [Phon: For the regular phonological alternations of
suffix initial stops see appendix 7, sections 1-3. This alternation also
applies to clitics.] [Disc: occurs clause finally]
[Gram: ]
Gives some additional information on the morphological or syntactic usage of a
given entry:

S-/ S- khuu-/ khu- aux. M| be able; can. [Gram: vs + aux.]

For this auxiliary verb the grammar note states that the main verb precedes
the auxiliary, and that only the verb stem (vs) is needed for it.

-L1 peh-k aux. V| be about to. [Gram: vs+<-te> + aux.; neg.

= 'meh-be, mah-be']
For this auxiliary verb the grammar note states that the main verb precedes that
auxiliary, and that it takes the infinitve suffix <-te>. Further it indicates that this
auxiliary has slightly irregular negative forms. (For the details of negative forms see
appendix 7, section 11.1, and section 13).
U TL TL TL TL M- goo 'khyak 'khyak 'khyuk
'khyuk 'suh 'kyahp- pred.ph.non-erg./ dr. tEL kyU T| have
splitting headache. [Gram: if non-erg.: exp. takes gen. <-ki> or
attributive <-ti>]
From the part-of-speech designation for this entry we can see that this predicate
phrase may either fall into a non-ergative clause pattern, or into a direceptive
pattern. The grammar note states, that if the non-ergative pattern is used, the
experiencer (exp.) of the headache (which will be expressed by a noun or a
pronoun) may either take the genitive suffix <-ki>, or the attributive suffix <-ti>.
[Disc: ]
Gives some notes on discourse related features of a given entry:

k-
k- 'temba 'dzin- pred.ph.non-erg. L U| be
victorious; be successful. [Gram: exp. takes gen. <-ki>] [Disc: 'dzin-' has
not yet been observed in other contexts]
740 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

For this entry the discourse note at the end states that the verb of this predicate
phrase seems to collocate only with this noun. This is a rare feature and therefore
noteworthy.
[Note: ]
Gives some remarks on cultural details or more general semantic properties of a
given entry:
- teera (E) phul- pred.ph.erg. UE,
U| sing songs
of praise. 'h' | See: 'teta (W)'. [Note: done on special occasions,
e.g. when religious books are brought to another place or during
'tshiiu tagen']
[Usage: ]
Gives some explanatory remarks on the usage of a given entry:
-
-` j phar-ee tshe n.ph. AL k| life after death. [Usage: not so
common; more common 'tshe thima']

10. Illustrative examples

Illustrative examples are preceded by an en-dash, which starts a new line in the
entry column. Each example has four parts, given in the following order:

Yohlmo text in Devanagari script

Yohlmo text in Roman transcription (phonemic)
Nepali free translation (in Devanagari script)
English free translation

In order to facilitate any analytical studies of the language, the phonemic Roman
transcription shows the morpheme breaks for each word.
Following are two illustrative examples for an auxiliary verb (for grammar note
see example above):
S-/ S- khuu-/ khu- aux. M| be able; can. [Gram: vs + aux.]
-J U y S! ooh simbu-gi pohmo paahma o
maah-khu-ba! QL jL L! The daughter of that giant
could not get married!
-
`U ` J` S| 'leeh mahbu-gi ah oh maah-khi.
L U AE C| I had so much work that I could not come.
Appendix 4 The parts of an entry In detail 741

11. Subentries
In many cases the main entry is followed by subentries. These are compound
phrases starting with the headword of the main entry, or derivatives of the
headword of the main entry. Thus subentries all start with the same morpheme as
the main entry. They are listed in alphabetical order.
The headwords for such subentries are slightly indented from the left-hand margin
so that they can be easily recognized as such. In addition to that, the Devanagari
headword of the main entry has a somewhat bigger font size than the headwords
of subentries, and it is also preceded by additional paragraph space.
Also note that the pitch contour numbers are only used for the headword of the
main entry. In the subentries the alternative marking for pitch contours is used,
i.e., the morphemes with falling contours are preceded by an apostrophe. (See also
appendix 6, section 4). Below is an example of a main entry followed by some
subentries:
L` kah n. yy| hill; low mountain.
L`-L 'kah-kar n. | snow mountains.
L`-g 'kah-'tse n. yyL t| top of hill.
L`- 'kah-daa n. (j)| spirits: dangerous being living
in the mountains. [Note: sometimes also called 'kah-gi taa'; its
footprints can sometimes be seen; possibly an animal (yeti?)]
L` 'kahdo n. y yy| hill.
L` 'kah-ba n. yy UEL SL| person living on a hill.
L` t ! di 'kah-ba 'pai 'yihm-ba! yy UEL SL !
This is the group from the hill!
 743

Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail

Anna Maria Hari
In this section the parts of speech will be discussed in alphabetical order according
to the abbreviations used to label them in the dictionary. The labels used are the
traditional ones, and no special attempt has been made to give theoretical
justification for a given label in this short appendix. We also cannot exhaust the
range of usages in which the parts of speech occur. Only certain basic usages will
be illustrated to give the user of the dictionary a fair idea of a given part-of-speech
label.
(For abbreviations used for the glosses of the illustrative examples see the
comprehensive list of abbreviations, which is placed after the table of contents.)

1. adj. Adjective
Adjectives are used to qualify noun phrases, and they normally occur directly after
the head of the noun phrase. Any suffixes for plural or case and noun phrase clitics
are attached to the adjective:
1. /'khaba thimbu thimbu-'ya-la-'ga 'teh-ku 'du./
house big big-pl-loc-c.e.foc live-imperf aux.mir.
'I realize that they are living in big houses.'
2. /tabu piihru-di 'tho 'du./
horse little-spec run aux.mir
'Oh, the foal has run away!'
As to the placing of the adjectives, the traditional placing for adjectives is after the
head of the noun phrase. Style concious people insist on this. But some people,
probably influenced by the Nepali word order, may place them occasionally also
before the noun head.
Adjectives also typically occur as predicates (together with the various copulas) in
semi-attributive (3), attributive (4) and di-attributive (5) constructions:
3. /khu-la 'doo meeh-ba./
they-goal comfortable neg.cop-emph
'They are not comfortable.'

4. /'kho-gi 'dzomo piihru yaahbu 'yeh-ba./

he-poss yak-breed little nice cop-emph
'His dzomo calf looks nice.'
744 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

5. /di 'gandi ah-la 'phema oh-gu 'du!/

this T-shirt I-goal small come-imperf aux.mir
'Oh, this T-shirt is too small for me!'
(For more details on copular constructions see appendix 5, section 8, examples 1 -
16).
It is also interesting to note that a good number of adjectives are derived from
verb stems:
6. yaah-bu, adj. 'good, nice, beautiful' yaah-, v.t. 'bear fruit'
'kah-wa, adj. 'fortunate, happy' 'kah-g, v.dr. 'like s.th.'
'teh-mu adj. 'comfortable' 'teh-k v.i. 'sit, stay, live'
etc.
So many adjectives are derived from verbs that one might get the impression that
this is exclusively so. But actually there are also quite a good number which
cannot be related to any verb stem:
7. olba 'industrious, diligent' 'ahe 'open'
uldumba 'foolish, stubborn' 'khakti 'bitter'
Stringing up of different adjectives in one noun phrase is not common. I have not
observed it. But repetition of the same adjective for emphasis is very common (see
example 1 above). In addition, there are a good number of adj. phrases made up
of doublets, and these frequently occur when in an English noun phrase we might
have more than one adj., or some other device to expand the description of the
quality of the noun:
8. 'koh 'aha ohe du. 'The door is wide open.'
sa 'kahra 'kohro 'du. 'The ground is very uneven.'
'lahm kakta kukti 'du. 'The path is very windy.'
'lahm 'kahrak 'kohrok 'du. 'The path is full of rocks and holes.'
'balu am tak tak 'du. 'The beer is insipid and tasteless.'
tuhbu paga 'pige-'ya 'the freshly sprouted trees'

1.1 Adjective modifiers

There are also a few adverbs which typically modifiy adjectives:
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 745

9. /khye-gi 'milam ohze-ba tsokpa 'tho-ba?/

you-erg dream so.much-qual bad see-q.pst
'Did you have such a bad dream?'
10. /di 'mih-ni dibu-'ra tsokpo 'du-ba!/
this person-foc big-emph. bad cop.mir
'Oh, this is a very evil person.'
But there are also some other quite unique Yohlmo ways of modifying adjectives,
using certain dependent predicate phrases; eg,:
11. /di khurpu 'the-raa 'khyer-ti 'koh-le 'yahr-'a mah-o./
this load big-overdo take.along-perf door-from up-emph neg-fit.into
'This load is so huge that it would not go through the doorway.'
(For more examples see dictionary entry for /-raa khyer-ti/).

12. /ah-gi 'kapta 'theemu peh-'kyo-i kehn-de 'ma-'kyo./

I-erg. clothing short do-adj.tiv-one put.on-des say-m.p.pst
'I wanted to wear somewhat short clothes.'

1.2 Exclamatory form of adjectives: adj.excl.

The majority of adjectives ends in /-u/, and most of these have an exclamatory
form ending in /-a/. The exclamatory adjective is used in exclamatory contexts,
e.g.:
13. /di 'mehndo yaahbu 'du./
this flower beautiful cop.mir.
'This flour is beautiful.'

/'mehndo-'ya 'kahze yaahba!/

flower-pl how.much beautiful
'Oh, what beautiful flowers!'
14. /yahpsa-la 'thihbi ni 'tehmu-i 'teh-ku 'du./
porch-loc. bird endearing-one sit-imperf aux.mir
'Oh, there is a cute little bird on the portch.'
/'tepa yaahbu 'du, pehza ni 'tehwa-i!/
disposition good cop.mir child endearing-one
'She/he is so well behaved, what a lovely child!'
746 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

15. /'kho-gi thu 'tsabu dubu 'tho-sin 'du lo./

he-erg water river huge see-n.pst aux.mir repo
'He saw a huge river.'
/'ahna muuh-la-'ra 'teh-ke. 'raar diba/ duba!/
in.that.case below-emph sit-int.pres desire huge
'In that case I will sit down here. How interesting!
The derivation of exclamatory adjectives is fairly regular; that is, the forms are
predictable from the CV-pattern of the neutral adjective. The neutral patterns fall
into eight groups, and the rules for the derivation are as follows: (With each group
a small number of representative examples are given.)
ordinary form exclamatory form English
1. CVV/ CV -bu > CVV / CV -ba
khyaa-bu khyaa-ba cold
dzee-bu dzee-ba smart looking
du-bu/di-bu du-ba!/di-ba big
2. CV -pu > CV -ba
sa-pu sa-ba thin
rah-pu rah-ba strong
3. CV -mu > CV -wa
phra-mu phra-wa fine, thin
khye-mu khye-wa cheap
4. CVC -bu/-pu/-mu > CVC -a
za-bu za-a generous
ihm-bu ihm-a clever,
cunning
kha sal-bu kha sal-a friendly
kyur-pu kyur-a sour
rhil-mu rhil-a circular
5. CVk -pu > CVg -a / CVk-pa
khyuk-pu khyug-a / khyuk-pa industrious
thuk-pu thug-a rich
(In this group some adjectives have alternative exclamatory forms, and
some do not.)
6. CV -ndi > CV -wa
tshandi tsha-wa hot
kandi ka-wa thick (of
sauce)
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 747

7. Forms ending in /-u/ or /-o/ but not falling into any of the six CV patterns
above have no exclamatory adjective form:
tehnamu ---- naked
piihru ---- little
However, two exceptions have been noted so far:
nunu nu-wa tender
pohmbo pohm-a thick (eg. thread)
Each of the seven groups above has a small number of exceptions; either the
derivation is somewhat irregular, or the adjective has no exclamatory form, even
though, judging from the CV pattern and the final vowel, it could have one. Both
these irregularities are signalled in the grammar note:
/ombo/ umbu/ adj. generic word for blue and green.
[Gram: excl.: 'owa!']

/tsiibu/ adj. defiled; ritually unclean.

[Gram: no excl. form (see appendix 5, section 1.2)]
8. Adjectives ending in other CV and vowel combinations than indicated in 1 -7
above are not eligible for exclamatory forms, e.g.:
olba 'industrious' khakti 'bitter'
kahrpa 'peppery hot' khyokto 'bent'
tihmba 'raw' khyosor 'strange looking'
niba 'old' ohdo 'real (relative)'

1.3 Adjective suffixes

In addition to the features above adjectives in Yohlmo also may take some other
interesting suffixes to modify them. Here we just give a list of them; some of them
are used exclusively for adjectives, but others may be suffixed to other lexical
categories as well. More details of usage and meaning for each suffix and
illustrative examples are found in the corresponding dictionary entry.
/ -le ~ -lee / suffixed to adjective stems: 'how much of a given
quality or quantity?' (See also section 22 below).
/-se ~ -see/ suffixed to adjective stems: 'somewhat more or less
of the stated quality or quantity'
/-tse ~ -dze ~ -ze/ suffixed to adjective stems: 'about, approximately
that quality'
748 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

/-o/ suffixed to adjective, verb, temporal, and locative

stems: 'superlative'
/-di ~ -i ~ -dzi ~ -ti/ suffixed to adjectives: 'something of that quality'.
(For the special phonological behaviour of this suffix
see also appendix 7, section 5).

2. adv. Adverb
While adjectives typically modify the head of noun phrases, adverbs are a class of
modifiers which modify predicate phrases or even a predication as a whole. This
latter definition allows for a wide range of lexical items. It could even include
temporal, locative, directional, and quantifying expressions. But in this study we
have chosen to list these as separate classes.
We note that in Yohlmo adjectives which are part of a noun phrase are not
modified by adverbs, only adjectives which are part of a copular construction have
this privilege.
Thus the lexical entries classified as adverbs in this dictionary mainly modify
predicate phrases.
We also observe, that there are different groups of adverbs, some modifying the
quantity, others the degree, and still others the intensity of the predicate phrase.

Quantity:
1. /ooh 'mih ohze-ba tabu mihn-du!/
that person that.much-qual clever not-is.mir
'That fellow is not all that clever!'
Degree:
2. /'leeh-ni ado-mu-i peh-ku 'du./
work-foc quite-one do-imperf aux.mir
'Oh, she is working quite well.'

3. /'kho-gi 'thee toba-mu-i ee-w 'yeh-ba./

he-erg book quite-one know-imperf aux-emph
'He is quite versed in the religious scriptures.'
4. /ohle khu kaahkala-'ra 'keehna peh-te 'batar ter 'du lo./
and they where.where-emph rejoicing do-seq.act meal give aux.mir repo
'And they were extremely happy and served a festive meal.'
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 749

Intensity:
5. /ah-ni o mah-'yuh, ti teeen pha-sin./
I-foc go not-get what much regret-n.pst
'I did not get to go, and I regretted it so much.'

6. /sem-ni tshem meeh-ba 'ihmbu oh-go 'yeh-ba./

heart.mind-foc limit not.is-emph clever come-imperf aux-emph
'As to the heart-mind, it is very very clever.'
Many of the adverbial expressions are actually phrases consisting of an adjective
and the perfect form of the verb 'to do': adj. + peh-ti:

7. /di tam yaahbu peh-ti 'kheelo ta-do loh!/

this talk good do-perf by.heart send-imp friend.spurr
'Please learn this by heart very well!'
8. /di 'neeh 'dambu peh-ti thaa 'koh-en./
this wheat fine do-perf grind must-pres
You must grind this wheat finely.'
Many adverbial phrases also consist of a noun-verb collocation with the verb
ending in <-ti>. Some of these collocations are so typically used as adverbial
phrases that they are listed in the dictionary as such:
9. /di 'keta 'kha mah-yah-ba peh-ti 'mee-do!/
this matter mouth not-shake-perf do-perf say-imp
'Say it briefly!'
10. /thak ta-di 'lahm 'ehmba sal-di o-en./
? send-perf path remembrence clean-seq.act go-int.pres
'I will go there concentrating on finding the path.'
While most of such noun-verb collocations may also be used as independent
predicates (as this is, for example, is the case for the ones in 9 and 10 above),
there are a few that are exclusively used as adverb phrases. In these cases this
information is given in the discourse note of the entry: [Disc: not used as indep.
pred.ph.]. Example:
11. /'tihri khuk ta-di 'leeh peh-to loh, 'nuhmu!/
today ? send-perf work do-imp friend.spurr y.sister
'Today you must work diligently, my little helper!'
Further we observe that there are also some post-positional adverb phrases:
750 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

12. /khu 'yambu peh-ti kahl-sin./

they with do-perf go.vs.perf-n.pst
'They went together.'

3. att.p. Attitude Particle

Attitude particles are a unique class of particles which express the speakers
attitude towards his predication or towards the hearer. They almost always occur
at the end of the sentence. They are a fairly closed class; at present we have listed
fourteen items in this class. They are predominantly (though not exclusively)
monosyllabic. Examples:
1. /'yih yohlmu-la pohmbo 'yehke 'uy!/
our.exclu Helambu-loc shaman are asking f.p.r.
'In our Helambu country there are shamans, as you know!'
2. /'khya thuda kaah-la leh? - 'yih thuda ta muuh-la 'nahle./
your mill where mitig our.exclu mill there down obvious
'Where is your water mill? - Oh, it's just down there./
3. /ti 'nomsa ta na-go 'yeh-ba, 'mehme 'laah?/
what thought perform give-imperf aux-q.pres grandfather pol.att
'What are you thinking about, grandfather?'
Occasionally we may find a post-posed clause constituent following the attitude
particle:
4. /ah 'khui yah, tihkya-ni!/
I happy prom.emph these.days-foc
'These days I am just happy where I am!'

4. aux. Auxiliary Verb

According to Matthews' "Concise Dictionary of Linguistics" (Oxford University Press,
1997, page 31) auxiliary verbs occur in relation to other verbs, typically marking
tense or aspect; but the same verbs also occur alone, that is, as main verbs in the
predicate phrase. (Contrast this with the definition for aux.dep. in section 5.4.1).
In Yohlmo auxiliary verbs always occur at the end of the verb string, and any
aspect and tense suffixes are attached to the auxiliary, and any copular auxiliary
verb also occurs after the other auxiliary. In entries for auxiliary verbs the form of
the main verb, which precedes a given auxiliary, and the syntactic configuration of
the string is given in the grammar note of the entry as follows:
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 751

1. /yuh-/ aux. 'get to' [Gram: vs + aux. ]

This means that the main verb which precedes the auxiliary has the form of
the bare verb stem. The spaces before and after the plus sign signal that the
auxiliary is considered to be a separate word:
/di 'luhba-la 'he mahbu sah 'yuh-gu 'du./
this region-loc potatoes many eat get.to-imperf aux.mir
'Oh, in this region you get to eat a lot of potatoes.'
2. /peh-k/ aux. 'be about to' [Gram: vs+<te> + aux.]

This means that the main verb which precedes the auxiliary takes the
infinitive suffix <-te>:
/khu 'meehme-'ya-gi 'he sah-e peh-ku 'du./
they family-pl-erg potatoes eat-inf do-imperf aux.mir.
'I see, they are just about to eat potatoes.'
3. /teh-k/ aux. 'keep doing action of the main verb'
[Gram: vs perf.+(<-ti>) + aux.]
This means that the main verb which precedes the auxiliary has to be in the
verb stem perfect base (see appendix 7, section 10), and that this base
optionally takes the perfect suffix <-ti>:
/di 'piihmi-ni nahm peh-na 'he seeh(-di) 'teh-ku 'du!/
this woman-foc when do-if potatoes eat-(perf) sit-imperf aux.mir
'Oh this girl is eating potatoes whenever I see her.'
The negative prefix is always attached to the auxiliary verb and negates the
predication as a whole. The negative prefix has not yet been observed on main
verbs which have auxiliaries.
4. /'tihri-ni ah-gi 'he sah mah-'yuh./
today-foc I-erg potatoes eat-neg.perf-get.to
'Today I didn't get to eat any potatoes.'
5. /di 'leeh ah-gi peh miih-khu./
this work I-erg do not-able
'I can't do this work.'
6. /'mehme-gi khurpu khur meh-na-gen./
grandfather-erg load carry neg.non.perf-aux.h-cus.pres
'Grandfather does not carry loads.'
752 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

Some entries have the designation: aux.ph. These are auxiliary expressions which
consist of more than just a verb; they include a particle, noun or an adverb +
some verb:

/laa kha kahl-/ aux.ph. 'be just about to' [Gram: vs + aux.ph.]

7. /'nooh-ni 'i 'laa 'kha kahl-di 'yeh-ken./

y.brother-foc die ? ? go.vs.perf-perf aux
'My younger brother was just about to die.'
/tshee 'du/ aux.ph. 'give the appearance of; suspect s.b. of s.th.'
[Gram: vs+<-pa> + aux.ph.]
8. /yi-ka-gi-'ra 'leeh noh tuu-ba tshee 'du/
two-group-erg-emph work spoil cause-perf ? aux.mir
'It seems (to me) that both of them are in the wrong.'

4.1 Dependent Auxiliary Verb: aux.dep.

In this study we distinguish between auxiliary verbs (aux.) and dependent
auxiliary verbs (aux.dep.). This distinction is a purely formal one. Both, auxiliary
verbs and dependent auxiliary verbs, occur in predicate phrases in conjunction
with a main verb. But while the auxiliary verbs also can be used as full main
verbs, the dependent auxiliary verbs cannot; they occur only in conjunction with a
main verb. The remarks about sequencing and negation of auxiliaries also apply
to dependent auxiliaries (see section 4 above).
There is only a small number of dependent auxiliary verbs - as to date only four
have been found. Below are some examples with dependent auxiliary verbs:
1. /'he sah-raah-di 'ehpa 'tshe-sin./
potato eat-overdo-perf stomach spread.tautly-n.pst
'I ate a lot of potatoes, I am too full now.'
2. /taah-ni 'tshepa oh 'rehn-sin./
now-foc heat come become.near-n.pst
'Soon it will be very hot.'
3. /'tihri-ni dibu-'ra tahra thu 'lahm-gu 'du./
today-foc big-emph butter.milk drink feel.like-imperf aux.mir
'Today I have a big urge to drink butter milk.'
4. /'kho-gi di pela nahm-'ma-na 'tsaal-'tii-w 'du./
he-erg this utensil when-say-cond use(N)-aux.f.l.v-imperf aux.mir
'He always uses those utensils.'
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 753

5. /di pela 'tsaal maah-'ti!/

this utensil use(N) not-aux.f.l.v-imp
'Don't use these utensils!'

5. cl. Clause
For a few collocations it seemed necessary to give the full clause; we used this
designation only if the collocation contains all the nuclear arguments. So far it was
necessary to use the following: cl.cop./ cl.non-erg./ cl.dr. These designations are
parallel to the pred. ph. designations (see section 21 below).

6. clit. Clitic
Clitics are a closed class consisting of four attitude particle-like items and a
conjunction. They have this designation because they are phonologically bound,
but morphologically quite free; they always move to the end of the relevant phrase
or clause; they are much more movable than suffixes. As to the phonological
boundness, the stop initial clitics follow the same voicing assimilation rules as the
suffixes (see appendix 7, section 1.1).
The warning particle /-'wa ~ -'wah/ is the only clitic which does not have an
initial stop. But it assimilates to the preceding verb stem as follows: /-'wa/ occurs
after high register vs, /-'wah/ after low register ones. Note that this assimilation in
register occurs, even though a high register suffix intervenes between the vs and
the clitic. For a discussion of the possible significance of this register behaviour see
appendix 6, section 4.3.
For illustrative examples for each clitic see appendix 7, section 9, or corresponding
dictionary entry.

7. conj. Conjunction
Conjunctions are a fairly closed class of grammatical function words or phrases
used to join words within a phrase, or to join clauses with each other to build
complex sentences, or even larger units. The number of conjunctions available for
joining clauses is considerably larger than the one for joining words within a
phrase.
The most common conjunction for joining words within a phrase is <-ta> 'and',
which phonologically behaves like a clitic (see section 6 above). Occasionally
<-ta> is also used for joining clauses. For examples see dictionary entry.
The most common conjunction for joining clauses is /ohle/ 'and (then)'. As to its
frequency, you can't really overuse it. One helper once stated it this way:
754 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

1. /ohle meeh-na tam-'ra meh-yoh 'du!/

and.then not.is-cond talk-emph not-come aux.mir
'You just can't talk without "ohle"!'
Occasionally /ohle/ is also used for joining words within a phrase.
There are a good number of single word conjunctions, but also some double
conjunctions. This means that the conjunction appears with both units which are
to be joined:
2. /yah-ni + cl., yah-ni + cl./ double_conj. Conjunctions:1 'double
conjunction expressing wavering'
/yah-ni 'yahr o-e 'leehmu, yah-ni 'mahr o-e 'leehmu,
conj. upwards go-int.pres like conj. downwards go-int.pres like
di 'mih ti peh-ke 'yihm-ba?/
this person what do-int.pres aux.tr.emph-q.pres
'Where is this person going to go? He can't make up his mind whether to go
upwards of downwards!'
A good number of dependent predicate phrases also function as conjunctions. For
these the part-of-speech designation indicates what kind of dependent predicate
phrase it is:
3. /mihn-si-'ma-na/ mihn-na-ni/ dep.cond.pred.ph. *Conjunctions: 'otherwise'

/ooh-di yalmu-'ra 'yihn-o;

that-spec forest.monster-emph is-prob
'mihn-si-'ma-na-ni di 'leehmu 'nah-e meeh-ba.'
not-is-pst-say-cond-foc this alike become.sick-inf not.is-emph
'It must be the forest monster, otherwise you don't get sick like this.'

4. /ooh-le peh-ti/ ooh-le peh-temba-'ra/ ooh-le peh-simba-'ra/ dep.seq.act.pred.ph.

Conjunctions: 'afterwards; after that'
/ohle 'yihma tii yii ooh-la phar gor-sin; ooh-le peh-ti-'a
and.then day one two there overthere delay-n.pst that-from do-seq-also

1
In order to be able to retrieve all the different conjunctions easily, a semantic domain
Conjunctions has been established (see also section 4.6 above).
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 755

'au uuh-di, 'leehmi kul 'aa-di gyooba gyooba looh-di oh-di!

apple pick-seq worker order put-seq quickly quickly return-seq come-e.e.pst
'And there I was delayed a few days; afterwards I picked the apples, hired some
field workers, and then quickly returned (to Kathmandu)!'

8. cop. Copula/ Copular

Copulas are a closed class of verb substitutes in copular constructions.
There are three sets of stative copulas:

old or general knowledge mirative/

inferential
identification present
yihn/ yihn-gen/ yihm-ba
and past: du/ du-ba
existence/ location present: yeh/ yeh-ba

past: yeh-ke(n)

First there are two different sets (= the two columns) for evidentiality.The
copulas in the first column are used if the speaker states something which is
old or general knowledge for him, and the copulas in the second column, if he
states something he has just discovered or somehow inferred.
The forms ending in /-ba/ are somewhat emphatic.
The different forms in the non-mirative identificational box represent a
difference in locutionary force:
/yihn/ sure
/yihm-ba/ sure, emphatic
/yihn-gen/ less sure (but still quite sure)
The negative forms of the copulas are somewhat irregular; therefore they are
given for each form in the corresponding dictionary entry.
The copula for identification has no formal past tense, the above forms are also
used in past tense contexts, but there /yihn-ge(n)/ is most likely to occur
because of its more neutral illocutionary force.
As can be inferred from the table above, /du(-ba)/ also has no formal past
tense; the same forms are used in past tense contexts.
756 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

So far we have established the following different types of copular

constructions: existence, location, attribution, semi-attribution, di-attribution,
receptive possession, attributive possession, and identification. In the following
we try to sketch briefly the salient features of each of these constructions:
Existence:

1. /da-'tihri ya thakpa a-'ihba 'yeh./

nowadays luck big prosperity is
'Nowadays there is peace and prosperity.'
2. /tahbu tahbu 'ai 'nuhmu khu pin sum 'du lo./
formerly formerly e.sister y.sister they sibling three were.mir repo
'Once upon a time there were three sisters.'
Location: needs a locative phrase:
3. /'nahre 'ada 'yuhl-la 'yeh-ba./
now e.brother village-in is-emph
'Now my elder brother is in the village.'
Attribution: a quality (expressed with an adjective) is attributed to something or
somebody:
4. /di 'pahla piihru yaahbu 'yeh-ba./
this cow little nice is-emph
'This calf is nice.'
Semi-attribution: experiencer takes <-la>:

5. /khu-la 'doo-'tehmu meeh-ba!/

they-goal comfortable not.is.emph
They are not comfortable.'
Di-attribution: exp. takes attributive <-ti>, recipient (undg.) <-la>.
(This construction is rare.)
6. /'moh-ti 'khyowa-la semba 'yeh-ba./
she-to husband-goal heart-mind is-emph.
'She likes her husband.' (somewhat elevated speech)
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 757

Attributive possession: possessor takes <-ti>.

7. /'kho-ti tabu sum 'yeh-ba./

he-to horse three is-emph
'He has three horses.'
8. /di pehza-di 'la-tshe-'ra mihndu!/
this child-to spirit-life-emph not.is.mir
'This child is completely listless.'
Receptive possession: possessor takes <-la>.

9. /ah-la 'nohr 'yeh./

I-goal wealth is
'I have wealth.'
10. /ah-la 'ehmba 'yeh./
I-goal remembrance is
'I remember it.'
Identification:
11. /ooh kehmu-di simbu 'yihm-ba./
that old.woman-spec monster is-emph.
'That old woman is a monster!'
12. /'kho-ni 'maar 'yihn-gen./
he-foc teacher is/was
'I am quite sure that he is/ was a teacher.'

Further Yohlmo makes a distinction between specific predications and general

predications. The copulas above are used for specific predications; the copula
for general predications is the verb /oh-/ 'to come', used with copular
function; e.g.
Specific location:

13. /di 'kahm-la 'he 'yeh-ba./

this chest-in potatoes are-emph
'There are potatoes in this chest.'
758 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

General location:

14. /'yih 'yuhl-la 'he oh-gen./

our village-in potatoes come-cus.pres
'Potatoes are available in our village./ Potatoes grow in our area.'

Specific attribution, mirative:

15. /di 'he ihmbu 'du./

this potatoes tasty are.mir
'Oh, these potatoes are tasty.'
General attribution:
16. /'yih 'yuhl-gi 'he ihmbu oh-gen./
our village-gen potatoes tasty come-cus.pres
'The potatoes of our village are tasty.'
In the proper context and with right word order the copula for general
predications can be used in all the copular constructions mentioned above.
In five of the copular constructions mentioned above the stative copula can be
replaced by the "eventive copula", the verb /o-/. This gives the predication an
eventive flavour; the following examples illustrate how specific, general and
eventive contrast.
Specific attribution:

17. /ah khamsabu-'ra 'yeh./

I joyful-emph am
'I am fine'
General attribution:

18. /'thepa 'sihda-'ya khamsabu oh-gen./

worship gathering-pl joyful come-cus.pres
'The religious festivals are joyful.'
"Eventive" attribution:
19. /di 'paalo 'tshiiu khamsabu kahl-di!/
this time name joyful go.vs.perf-e.e.pst
'This time I enjoyed the "tshiiu" festival very much!'
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 759

Specific attributive possession:

20. /'yih-ti pehza sum yeh-ba./

we-to child three is-emph
'We have three children.'
General attributive possession:
21. /di 'yuhl-la 'mih-ti pehza mahbu oh-gen./
this region-loc people child many come-cus.pres
'In this place people have a lot of children.'
"Eventive" attributive possession:

22. /di 'kyee-di 'yih-ti pehza 'i o-en./

this be.born we-to child four go-pres
'After this one is born we will have four children.'
The three copular constructions which cannot take the "eventive" copula are
the following: existence, location, receptive possession.
Copulas are important for expressing evidentiality in derived stative
clauses: As mentioned in section 5.26.8 below, stative clauses in Yohlmo are
derived from the active and receptive patterns, using the various copulas as
auxiliary verbs. It is interesting to note that the evidential force of the copula is
retained in these derived clauses. Basically it is the same system, yet we
observe a subtle shift when the copulas are used as auxiliaries; compare the
following table with the table given at the beginning of this section:

auxiliary evidentiality
yihn set truth emphasized
du set mirative/ derivative
yeh set neutral

Further it is interesting to note that the copula for general statements /oh-/
and the "eventive copula" /o-/ also enter into derived clause patterns, and
together with the other copular auxiliaries this results in quite an elaborate
system of different tense, aspect, and evidentiality combinations. And yet,
everything seems to fall into place quite naturally; the resulting constructions
are not difficult to understand. This really deserves a study by itself.
760 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

9. dem. Demonstrative
Demonstratives are a small closed class of deictic lexical items. Most often they are
part of a noun phrase, and there they are the initial constituent; but they may also
be used in a pronominal function, replacing nouns, or sometimes also persons.
There are two neutral demonstatives:
/di/ de/ 'this' /ooh/ 'that'
In addition, there are two demonstrative particles which are used when the
utterance is accompanied with a pointing gesture with the hand or chin:
/too/ 'this / that one at medium range distance'
/ta/ 'there at quite some distance' (only used with directional
locatives: ta yuuh-la 'up there', ta muu-la 'down there', etc.)

10. det. Determiner

Determiners are a very small closed class of lexical items mainly comprising
different expressions for the concept 'other'. They may be either part of the noun
phrase, in which case they occur before the head noun (as in exx. 1-3), or they
may replace the noun phrase, in which case they really act as pronouns (as in ex.
4):
1. /ah 'lehmen 'gyaa-la kahl-'gyo./
I different place-to go.vs.perf-m.p.pst
'I went to a different place.'
2. /ah-ti-ni 'rahsa thuba meeh-ba./
I-attr-foc other dress not.is-emph
'I don't have another dress.'
3. /'phalana 'gyaa-la oh-ge 'mee-di ah-gi tahmda 'aa-di 'yeh-ba./
a.certain(N) place-to come-int.pres say-seq I-erg promise put-perf aux-emph
'I have promised (somebody) that I would come to that place.' (A place upon which
we agreed.)
4. /khu-di pohmo tii-'ra 'yeh-ba, pehza-ni, 'rahsa meh-'kye-e taah-ni./
they-attr daughter one-emph is-emph child-foc other not-be.born-pres now
'As to children, they have only one daughter, they will have no more children now.'

11. dir. Directional

Directionals are a small closed class of five lexical items that indicate the direction
in which somebody is going. They are different from locatives in that they do not
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 761

take /-la/. Four of them are in fact elliptic dependent clauses, and so these do not
take /-le/ either:
/phano/ is short for /phar o-e-mu/ 'going over there'
/tshuno/ /tshur oh-ge-mu/ 'coming this way'
/mahno/ /mahr o-e-mu/ 'going down; autumn'
/yahno/ /yahr o-e-mu/ 'going up; spring time'
1. /'kyahgar 'khyer 'koh-te 'yeh-ken, 'yahno 'khyer-te-'a o-en./
millet take.along need-inf was going.up take-perf-also go-int.pres
'I should take some millet home with me; so since I am going up there now, I will
just take it along with me.'
2. /'yahno rih-'ra 'doo 'gyur-ken./
going.up forest-emph appearance change-cus.pres
'In spring the forest just changes its appearance.'
The fifth is /oo/ ee/ 'towards'. This directional may be used with /-le/:

3. /'yih oo-le o!/

we.excl side-dir come.imp
'Come towards us!'

12. excl. Exclamation

Exclamations are a fairly closed set of words with emotive or expressive content.
They are complete utterances in themselves, and usually precede the utterance
accompanying them:
1. /'apa 'apa, 'khya 'khaba-ni ti teeen khamsabu le!/
excl your house-foc what much pleasing att.p
'Oh, your house is indeed very nice!'
2. /alaw, ah-gi goo pho-de-'ra peh-sin./
excl I-gen head burst-inf-emph do-n.pst
'Ah, my head is about to burst!'
3. /tha rooh, tibe 'ohma 'pu tuu-'kyo?/
excl friend why milk spill cause-m.p.pst
'Silly thing, why did you spill the milk?'
762 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

13. intens. Intensifier

Intensifiers are a unique class of particles intensifying verbs. Some intensifiers
collocate with just one verb, but more often a given intensifier collocates with
several verbs. Nevertheless, the collocations are quite restricted. Therefore we have
listed the verbs which collocate with a given intensifier with the lexical entry of
the intensifier:
/tok/ intens. 'intensifier for 'lehn-, kyaa-, aa-, khur-, khyer-, kyur-, o-'
(This does not quite result in an exclusive pairing with verbs; some verbs collocate
with more than one intensifier.) Some examples of intensifiers:
1. /'piihmi-di-gi pagap 'tok lehn-de 'din-la 'kyahp 'du lo./
woman-spec-erg apron intens take-seq front-loc apply aux.mir repo
'The woman took the apron speedily and tied it in front.'
2. /simbu-di-gi 'nuhmu-gi 'kaba zum-de 'rehp 'te-te sah-sin 'du lo./
giant-spec-erg y.sister-gen leg catch-seq intens cut-seq eat-n.pst aux.mir repo
'The giant grabbed the girl's leg, tore it off forcefully and ate it up.'
Most intensifiers are monosyllabic, but occasionally we also find a disyllabic one:
3. /'kho 'yahl-luh meeh-ba 'yi rhile looh-sin./
he lie.down-chance not.is-perf sleep intens return-n.pst
'As soon as he lay down he was fast asleep.'
A good number of intensifiers are some kind of doublet:
4. /di liih 'ahp-'uhp 'tyooh-de tselba-la 'luu-do./
this dry.leaves intens shove-seq basket-in put-imp
'Shove together all these dry leaves and put them into the carrying basket.'

5. /kuhr-ti 'khaba-gi 'mih-'ya-gi phaa 'phue 'ii-di 'khyer-ken./

dummy-spec house-gen people-pl-erg intens undo-seq take-cus.pres
'The family (of the deceased person) take the dummy apart completely and take
the clothes along with them.'
Another feature of intensifiers is that predicate phrases with intensifiers cannot be
negated. This kind of intensified action does not lend itself to negation. (There are
other ways to intensify negative predications.)

14. loc. Locative

Locatives are a fairly large class of lexical items used to specify the location of
characters and things; in some way they are noun-like, except that they hardly
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 763

ever occur without a suffix. The most common suffixes for locatives are the
following two:
loc.+/-la/ 'goal sf.'
loc+/-le(-gi)/ 'source sf. (optional source sf.)'

1. /'e 'ai, nah-la o, nah-la 'teh-to!/

hey o.sister inside come inside sit-imp
'Come inside sister, sit down inside!'
2. /'kho 'khaba nah-le-gi 'phi-la then-gu 'du./
he house inside-from outside come.out-imperf aux.mir
'Oh, he is coming out of the house.'
However, locatives may be used with other suffixes as well:
3. /'phi-di mihm-ba, nah-di yaahbu oh 'koh-en./
outside-spec not.is-perf inside-spec good come must-cus.pres
'It's not the outside appearance which counts, the inside must be good.'
Locatives are also used with the plural suffix /-'ya/ to make the location somewhat
indefinite:
4. /pehza yii poh-'ya-la oh-na-ni ah so 'suh 'kyahp-ku 'du./
child two near-pl-loc come-cond.foc my tooth pain hit-imperf aux.mir
'Whenever these two children come somewhere near me, I get a tooth ache.'
Another interesting locative suffix is <-ta>. It is used only with locatives and
means something like 'along side':
5. /khu tsho-gi 'suhr-ta 'suhr kahl-sin./
they pond-of side-along side go.vs.perf-n.pst
'They went along the edge of the pond.'
6. /'khaba nah nah-da o-sa 'yeh-ba./
house inside inside-along go-adj.tiv is-emph
'You may go through the (row of) houses inside.'
(The different placing of <-ta> in example 5 and 6 is a free variation.)
Further, there is also a small number of locative postpositions:
7. /ah 'thorten 'thu kahl-di oh-'gyo./
I Bauddha up.to go.vs.perf-seq come-m.p.pst
'I went up to Bauddha and returned."
764 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

8. /'khawa 'kyepa tshee-'ra lep-sin./

snow waist up.to-emph reach-n.pst
'The snow reached up to my waist.'
Further, we also observe interesting locative phrases:
9. /Yohlmu 'mih-'ya 'Barma-la kahl-di 'kahne 'thete-'ra then o-en./
Yohlmu people-pl India-to go.vs.perf-seq wherever-emph appear go-cus.pres
'Yohlmu people go to all sorts of places in India.'
10. / 'a Pemba ooh 'kha-le 'mahr then oh-gu 'du./
e.brother Pemba that top-from down come.out come-imperf aux.mir
'Oh elder brother Pemba is appearing from up there.'
Any restrictions as to the suffixes a locative may take, or any other peculiarities
are stated in the grammar note of the dictionary entry.

15. n. Noun
Nouns in Yohlmo are not only used to name people and things, but also states and
qualities; that is, Yohlmo has a good number of abstract nouns.
The distinction animate vs inanimate noun is relevant for the marking of the
two core arguments undergoer and goal in the clause. (See section 26.1 below,
paragraphs 3-5).
The distinction between human and non-human nouns is relevant for the
pronominal substitution. (See section 19 below).
The plural formation for nouns is very simple; it just involves adding the plural
suffix /-ya/ to the stem. However, it is used very sparingly. Whenever it is clear
from the context that plural is involved it is omitted. In particular, this is the rule
if the noun occurs with a numeral or any other quantifier:
1. /khu-di 'khaba sum 'yeh-ba./
they-attri house three is-emph
'They have three houses.'
2. /'Barma-la kaah-la 'ma-na 'mih 'sihk 'sihk 'sihk oh-gu 'du./
India-in where-loc say-if people dense dense dense come-imperf aux.mir
'Wherever you go in India there are bustling crowds of people.'
(For an interesting usage of the plural suffix see section 14 above, example 4 ).
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 765

16. num. Numeral

Numerals are names for numbers. In the noun phrase the numeral is placed as
follows:
noun + adjective + numeral (+ suffix/ clitic/ postposition). For example:
1. /ohle 'ohlma-gi ooh 'tihbi 'mahrmu 'ra umbu yii 'khyer 'du lo./
and ohlma-erg that bird red and blue two take aux.mir repo
'So Dolma took both the red and the blue bird with her.'
2. /ooh 'kahm tsheeba teea-i-la-'ra 'kha 'phee!/
that chest lunar.day fifteen-only-goal-emph mouth separate
'Open this chest only on the fifteenth day after new moon.'
(Note that the nouns which are accompanied by numerals do not take the plural
suffix).
Yohlmo has quite an impressive numeral system for more details see appendix 2,
sections 1- 3. In these sections the formation rules for ordinal numerals (num.ord.)
are also given.

17. p. Particle
This class comprises various interjections (1- 2) and vocatives (3) which may be
complete utterances in themselves. In connected speech they occur either
sentence-initial or sentence-final:
1. /ya, 'luu-di thu!/
particle pour-seq drink
'Take it, pour and drink it!'
2. /'ai, sol 'the-ko-la 'phep na-do! - 'lahso./
e.sister rice eat,h-imperf-goal come,h give-imp. particle
'Elder sister, come and have rice! - Thank you, I am coming.'
3. /'ama 'ow! de-la ombo oh 'du, o!/
mother particle here guest come aux.mir come
'Mother, mother! Guests have arrived, please come!'

18. pp. Postposition

Postpositions are a fairly closed class of lexical items that are used to mark the
relationship of a phrase with a larger unit. As the name indicates, they occur after
the phrase they relate into the larger unit, but unlike suffixes or clitics, they are
not bound phonologically to the preceding word; they are separate words.
766 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

We find quite a variety of postpositions; some occur after noun phrases, some after
verb phrases, and some after either one. We observe the following sub-classes:
loc.pp. - temp.pp. - qt.pp. - logical_pp. - and some others have just the label pp.
Examples for the first three classes are given the corresponding sections for loc.
(5.14), temp. (5.25), and qt. (5.23).
Following are some examples for logical postpositions (1-2), and for some other
postpositions (3-4):
1. /ohle 'nooh-di 'a mahbu sah-'kyo songo-'ra 'alda 'kyahp-ti
and y.brother-spec meat much eat-m.p.pst because dysentery hit-seq
'nyihma sum-la-'ra 'i-sin 'du lo./
day three-goal-emph die-n.pst aux.mir repo
'And because the younger brother had eaten too much meat, he got dysentery and
died within three days.
'

2. /thu-'laa 'meehra mah-kahl phando-ni 'kol-gi-'aa

water-on-also forest.fire not-go.vs.perf since-foc sugar.press-erg.-also
'pahla meh-'kye-en!/
cow not-bear-cus.pres
'Since/ if there are no forest fires on the water, sugar presses also don't give birth to
cows!'
3. /'kho 'ama-gi tshenda 'khuu 'du./
he mother-gen face exactly aux.mir
'Oh, he looks exactly like his mother.'
4. /ah-ni tahi khurpu 'thapkya-'ra rihl-di!/
I-foc while.ago load together-emph fall-e.e.pst
'A while ago I fell over together with my load!'

19. pr. Pronoun

Pronouns are a small closed class of items used as noun phrase substitutes; but
unlike nouns, pronouns are not modified by qualifiers; but they may be modified
by quantifiers and numerals.
Pronouns in Yohlmu are basically human. Third person pronouns are normally not
used as substitutes for non-human noun phrases (including animals). For things
and animals occasionally the demonstratives 'ooh' (that) and 'di' (this) are used
like pronouns; but very often the repetition of the noun (phrase) is preferred.
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 767

Personification of animals in stories, of course, is possible, and occasionally a

third person pronoun might be used for a domestic animal.
The following table summarizes the most important distinctions made in the
pronominal system:

singular plural dual

st
1 person ah incl. ohra (E) ohra yii
incl. uuh (W) ----
excl. yih yih yii
2nd person khye khya khyaa yii
3rd person m. kho khu khu yii
f. moh
reflexive rah

The use of the dual is optional. But it is used frequently; using it sounds good.
Plural pronouns are occasionally suffixed with the plural suffix /-'ya/, even
though plurality is adequately marked by the unaffixed stem.
All the prounouns have an emphatic form, for which the suffix /-'ra/ is added
(from /rah/ 'self'), and the meaning is something like 'I myself', 'he himself', etc.
Note that this /-'ra/ is homophonous with the very frequently used emphatic
suffix /-'ra/. In fact, this is probably the origin of the emphatic suffix, and with
the emphatic forms of the pronouns its semantic content is still easily recognized,
but less so with the emphatic suffix on other lexical items. This is confirmed by the
observation that the emphatic pronoun forms with /-'ra/ may be followed by the
emphatic suffix /-'ra/:

1. /'khye-ni o meh-'koh-en, khu-'ra-'ra o-u!/

you-foc go not-need-pres they-self-emph go-opta
'You don't need to go, they can jolly well go by themselves!'
We also notice that /rah/ 'self' can stand for a pronoun by itself:
2. /'rah o miih-khu-na puh-la ta 'koh-en./
self go not-able-cond son-to send must-pres
'If you can't go yourself, you have to send your son.'
768 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

20. prf. Prefix

Yohlmo has just one prefix, the morpheme marking negation. It is not analysed as
particle, because it is phonologically bound to the following verb stem. A
description of the change in vowel quality and transfer of stem vowel length,
which occur in connection with the negative prefix is given in appendix 2, section
13.

21. pred.ph. Predicate Phrase

Noun-verb collocations are generally quite fixed; and in addition to that, in
Yohlmo often quite unexpected collocations occur. (Unexpected for the language
learner!) Therefore many of these noun-verb collocations are listed as lexical
entries; and this is where the need for pred.ph. part-of-speech designation arises.
The majority of the entries having this designation are actually noun-verb
collocations, but sometimes the predicate phrase also represents adjective-verb
or adverb-verb collocations. Thus predicate phrase not only captures noun-verb
collocations, but also some typical collocations involving other parts of speech.
(For some of the terms used in the following discussion compare with section 5.26
below).
In looking at the noun-verb collocations we realize that, from the transitivity
status of the verb involved, we often cannot predict whether an added actor will
take the ergative suffix or not; or whether the given collocation will fall into a
receptive pattern. Therefore we decided to give this information in the part-of-
speech designation. So entering these collocations in the dictionary, apart from
being helpful for the language learner, has the further pay-off that we have a slot
for this unpredictable information. If we entered single words only, there would be
no slot for it.
And a further pay-off is, that in studying the syntactic behaviour of these
collocations, we realized that certain semantic patterns emerge which make the
syntactic behaviour of these collocations predictable to some extent.
Studying these collocational strings labelled as pred.ph. we found that we needed
to make at least the following distinctions:
1. pred.ph.non-erg.: the actor of the clause does not take ergative <-ki>.
2. pred.ph.erg.: the actor of the clause takes ergative <-ki>.
3. pred.ph.dr.: the clause has no actor, but an unmarked undergoer and a goal
marked with <-la>.
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 769

4. pred.ph.r.: the clause has no actor, only an undergoer can be added to the
collocation given.
5. pred.ph.semi-r.: no actor, no undergoer, but a goal marked with <-la> may be
added to the collocation.
6. pred.ph.e.: no nuclear argument can be added, the collocation itself predicts
the event.
7. pred.ph.cop: the collocation is a copular construction; the grammar note
specifies which type it is. (See also section 8 above).
In the following sections these labels are discussed in some more detail.

21.1 pred.ph.non-erg. Non-ergative predicate phrases

These are especially manifold and interesting. Studying their syntactic behaviour
we found that there are at least three different patterns: Actor (=experiencer)
unmarked; experiencer takes genitive <-ki>; and experiencer takes attributive
<-ti>. These three patterns are discussed in the three points below.
Actor (= experiencer) unmarked
The default for the pred.ph.non-erg. designation is that the actor (= experiencer)
is unmarked. (Looking at the collocations involved, we find that most often
experiencer may be a more appropriate label.) If the experiencer needs to be
treated differently, then this is indicated in the grammar note of the entry. (See the
following two points below).
First we observe that the verb of the collocations with this designation may be
inherently intransitive (1-3) or transitive (4-5). (In the following examples the
the string entered as a collocation is given in bold.)
1. /'kho goo yah-di 'teh-ku 'du./
he head shake-perf sit-imperf aux.mir
'I see, he is undecided.'
2. /'kho 'kohbi 'teh-ko 'yeh./
he assistant sit-imperf aux
'He is the lama's assistant.'
3. /ah toba sem 'teh-gen-'gyile!/
I quite heart-mind be.easy-pres-explainingly
'I feel quite good about it, you see!'
770 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

4. /'kho 'kehlo 'uh-sin./

he monk request-n.pst
'He has taken the vows of a monk.'
5. /'kho 'miu ta-sin./
he tears sent-n.pst
'He cried.'
Examining the numerous pred.ph.non-erg. collocations involving a transitive verb,
we find that there is quite consistent semantic conditioning for the absence of the
ergative marker: the noun of the non-ergative collocations usually refers to feelings
(6 - 7), human qualities (8 - 9), but also to body care (10 ), involuntary body
functions (11), body movements (12 - 13), and - surprisingly - to displaying skills
(14 - 16); and further, to some special expressions relating to the religious-cultural
context (17 - 19). Such collocations seem to be not sufficiently "transitive" as to
call for an ergative marker:
6. /'ai dibu-'ra 'ihta peh-sin./
e.sister big-emph anger do-n.pst
'Elder sister was very angry.'
7. /'kho sem 'ma 'phambu peh-ku 'du./
he heart-mind ? regretting do-imperf aux.mir
'Oh, he is discouraged.'
8. /'nooh khokpa 'nahkpu peh-ku 'du./
y.brother inside black do-imperf aux.mir
'I see, younger brother has evil intentions.'
9. /ohra yahmbi 'naai peh 'koh-en./
we.incl bit patience do must-pres
'We must be a bit patient.'
10. /ah da 'hii 'kyahp-sin./
I yesterday bathing apply-n.pst
'I took a bath yesterday.'
11. /maah-'i 'yeh, 'kho 'uu 'a-gu 'du./
neg.perf-die aux. he breath churn-imperf aux.mir
'I see, he hasn't died yet, he is still breathing.'
12. /'kho kuhr peh-ku 'du./
he bend do-imper aux.mir
'Oh, he is stooping down.'
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 771

13. /'nuhmu 'kaba 'seht 'seht 'kyaa-w 'du./

y.sister foot tap tap lift.up-imper aux.mir
'Oh, the little girl is tapping her feet rhythmically.'
14. /'yih 'aa goba peh-ken./
our.exclu uncle leader do-cus.pres
'Our uncle is a village leader.'
15. /'moh nahm-'ma-na 'kheendo ten-gen./
she when-say-cond cleverness pull.out-cus.pres
'She is always knows things better.'
16. /di pehza 'mandar ten-gu 'du./
this child show pull.out-imperf aux.mir
'This child just shows off.'

17. /'kho 'guru 'uh-sin./

he teacher request-n.pst
'He has established a teacher-disciple relationship.'
18. /'kah-la 'tahrtu 'thar-to, khye 'luda 'so 'koh-en./
hill-loc prayer.flag hiss-pol.imp you good.fortune raise must-pres
'Erect a prayer flag on the hill, you must enhance your good fortune.'
19. /'tshiiu-la lama-'ya 'baa 'thee-gen./
festival-loc lama-pl mask dress.up-cus.pres
'For the "tshiiu" festival the lamas dress up with masks.'
On the other hand, there are many non-ergative predicate phrase collocations
involving a noun + an intransitive verb. These collocations would seem to fall
quite naturally into a receptive pattern; but they don't. The experiencer (a more
appropriate term than actor) is not goal marked but unmarked:
21. /phar o-kya-ni ah 'keehna 'lah-sin./
over.there go-while-foc I joy arise-n.pst
'Going over there I was very happy.'
22. /'brumsi thaa-e-la-ni ah sem-'ra maah-'tshu./
carpet weave-inf-goal-foc I heart-mind-emph neg.perf-begin
'I just didn't like weaving carpets.'
23. /'khaba-la oh-di 'kho khoonro 'lah-gu 'du./
house-loc come-seq.act he irritation rise.up-imperf aux.mir
'When he comes home, he gets irritated.'
772 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

24. /pehza 'ehpa 'too-w 'du./

child stomach hunger-imperf aux.mir
'Oh, this child is hungry.'
25. /ah 'alda 'kyahp-ku 'du./
I rinsing hit-imperf aux.mir
'I have dysentry.'
26. /'mehme 'ku silbu oh-sin./
grandfather body,h cool come-n.pst
'Grandfather feels nice and cool.'
27. /di 'paalo 'kho tee thuu-sin./
this time he sign be.spoiled
'This time he missed the goal.'
Examining these collocations we find that the semantic conditions calling for a
non-goal marked experiencer are similar to those mentioned for unmarked
experiencers with transitive verbs: expressing feelings (21 - 23); body functions
and body care (24 - 26); exhibiting skill (27).
Experiencer takes genitive <-ki>
Further we observe many noun-verb collocations with mostly intransitive verbs,
but occasionally also a transitive verb, which obviously must have an experiencer,
but no additional core argument may be added on the clause level. The
experiencer is added to the noun of the collocation, taking the genitive suffix
<-ki>; that is, the noun of the collocation becomes the head of a genitive
construction. In effect, this results in an intransitive clause with only two core
arguments: a noun phrase and a verb phrase. The "non-human" unmarked actor
(or undergoer?) argument consisting of a genitive noun phrase is performing (or
undergoing?) the action; the human experiencer is embedded with the genitive
suffix. (The experiencer often takes the form of a pronoun, but also may be a
noun or noun phrase.) We notice that this kind of genitive embedding typically
occurs with collocations involving body parts (28 - 29) , and with expressing
feelings (30), especially also with using the many facetted 'sem' (heart-mind) of
Yohlmo (33 - 34).

28. /ah-gi 'kha ol-gu 'du./

I-gen mouth grate-imperf aux.mir
'I have an astringent taste in in my mouth.'
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 773

29. /khu-gi 'namdo 'tsha-w 'yeh-o!/

they-gen ear burn-imperf aux-prob
'They are probably disturbed by the noise.'
30. /ah-gi di owa nahm 'aah-ge taah?/
I-gen this sore when heal-pres now
'I wonder when this sore of mine will heal...'
31. /daanu 'mee-di ah-gi 'a 'uhr-sin./
some.time.ago say-perf I-gen flesh slip-n.pst
'Lately I have lost some weight.'
32. /khye-gi 'leeh yaahbu peh-na 'yih-gi nidi o-gen 'gyile!/
you-erg work good do-cond we.exclu love fit.in-pres expl
'You see, if you behave well we like you!'
33. /'kho-gi sem 'kalam 'malam kahl 'du./
he-gen heart-mind disturbed go.vs.perf aux.mir
'Oh, he feels very disturbed.'
34. /'kho-gi sem khyol-gu 'du./
he-gen heart-mind wobble-imperf aux.mir
'Oh, he has the stage fright.'
Since the syntactic behaviour of these collocations is not predictable (compare
examples 21-27 with examples 28-34) we have added this information in the
grammar note of the entry: [Gram: exp. takes gen. <-ki>]
The analysis of these strings is somewhat complicated by the fact that the genitive
suffix and the ergative suffix are homophonous. The following two examples
illustrate this situation. Note that both verbs are basically intransitive:
Exp. takes gen. <-ki>:

35. /Karma-gi sem 'iih-di oh-sin./

Karma-gen heart-mind get.undone come-n.pst
'Karma felt great compassion.'
Exp. takes erg. <-ki>:
36. /Karma-gi ooh 'piihmi-la sem 'or-ku 'du./
Karma-erg that girl-goal heart-mind get.loose aux.mir
'Oh, Karma is in love with this girl.'
More subtle for the analysis is the fact, that genitive <-ki> is often suppressed by
the focus marker <-ni>, or omitted altogether. This behaviour of these suffixes we
774 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

can observe in all syntactic contexts and here as well. As a result we get a lot of
variations as the following:
37. /ah-gi 'phowa 'tshe-gu 'du./ or /ah 'phowa 'tshe-gu 'du./
I-gen stomach tautly.spread aux.mir my stomach tautly.spread aux.mir
'Oh, my stomach is too full!'
38. /'moh-gi sem khyoo-sin./
she-gen heart-mind deviate-n.pst
'She changed her mind.' (Context: marriage arrangement.)
or
/'moh-ni sem khyoo-w 'du./
she-foc heart-mind deviate-imperf aux.mir
'Oh, she is changing her mind!'
Note: For a discussion of genitive embedding of roles in other types of arguments
see section 21.8 below.
Experiencer takes attributive <-ti>
Further, there is a set of noun-verb collocations where the experiencer is
embedded in the noun phrase of an intransitive clause with attributive <-ti>. On
the surface these collocations are very similar to the "experiencer takes genitive
<-ki> collocations"; no conditionig semantic factors for this difference have
emerged yet. Therefore we give this information in the grammar note of the entry:
[Gram: exp. takes attributive. <-ti>]
39. /'moh-ti 'abru 'or-sin./
she-attri defame get.loose-n.pst
'She disgraced herself.'
40. /'tsho 'kyahp-ti ah-ti 'mah 'loh-sin./
business hit-perf I-attri capital obtain.enough-n.pst
'Pursuing the business I recovered the capital.'
41. /'kho-ti 'mipa thuu-sin./
he-attri meditation dissolve-n.pst
'He is no longer successful in his meditation.'
42. /ah-ti goo 'khyak 'khyuk 'suh 'kyahp-ku 'du./
I-attri head ? ? pain hit-imp aux.mir
'Oh, I have a splitting headache.'
Note: So far we have observed only intransitive verbs in the collocations of this
set. Also, there is some fluctuation between "experiencer takes genitive <-ki>" vs
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 775

"experiencer takes attributive <-ti>"; but a good number of collocations definitely

ask for attributive <-ti>.

21.2 pred.ph.erg. Ergative predicate phrases

The pred.ph.erg. collocations may take one or two additional nuclear noun phrase
arguments; so we could also make a further distinction between predicate ergative
+ actor only, and predicate ergative + actor + goal, corresponding to the
transitive and ditransitive distinction for the verbs. But in "pred.ph.erg. + actor +
goal collocations" the verb usually is ditransitive. So on the predicate phrase level
the distinction is no big issue; things fall into place naturally.
However, the following three points seem noteworthy for the "predicate phrase
ergative collocations":
Undergoer takes genitive <-ki>
In section 5.21.1 we briefly sketched the experiencer takes genitive <-ki>
phenomenon. The same genitive embedding is occasionally observed with the
undergoer of ergative collocations. Where this has been observed it is signalled in
the grammar note of the entry: [Gram: undg. takes gen. <-ki>].
In the examples below the collocation and the genitive <-ki> are in bold:
43. /'toh-le ah-gi khu-gi sem lehn 'koh-en./
first-from I-erg. they-gen. heart-mind take must-int.pres
'First I must find out their motives.'
44. /('lheni-gi) di pehza-gi 'la 'khyer-sin 'du.!/
evil.spirit-erg. this child-gen. life.spirit take.away-n.pst aux.mir.
'This child is deliriously sick, close to death!' (The ergative actor is most often not
expressed, but people know who is implied.)
Occasionally it seemed helpful to be more specific in the grammar note; below two
such examples are given:
45. /lama-gi 'thee-gi 'temba 'tsuu-di loh 'khaee 'uu 'du lo./
lama-erg. religion-gen success put.down-seq year some live aux.mir repo
'Having established the religion successfully the lama lived there for some years.'
[Gram: established system takes gen. <-ki>]
46. /pehza thimbu-'ya-gi aba-'ama-gi 'leeh phrii-gen./
child big-pl.-erg. father-mother-gen work relieve.of
'The grown children relieve their parents of some work.'
[Gram: relieved party takes gen. <-ki>]
776 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

Ergative predicate phrases with an intransitive verb

As mentioned above the ergative collocations predominately involve transitive and
ditransitive verbs. However, there are some interesting exceptions; for example:
47. /ohle 'tiih-gi 'kha 'lah-de oh-de 'uy!/
and demon-erg mouth rise-seq come-e.e.pst asking.f.p.r.
'And then the demons started to make a revolt!'
48. /'nohno-gi 'mehme-la 'kha looh-sin./
little.boy-erg grandfather-to mouth return-n.pst
'The little boy talked back to his grandfather.'
(Note that both these verbs have high-register transitive counterparts:
la- 'take up', and loo- 'give back', which would seem to fit nicely in the
collocations above; nevertheless, the intransitive forms are used.)

Neutral word order for inanimate actors

The predominant neutral word in the transitive clause is actor + undergoer+
event. But with inanimate actors, the neutral word order for the first two
arguments is reversed: undergoer + actor + event. This is somewhat unusual,
and for this reason quite a few of these inanimate actor+<-ki> + event
collocations are recorded in the dictionary.
(We also note that in this context the human heart-mind (sem) counts as an
inanimate actor (see example 53). For more examples see lexical entries with
U...).
49. /'kho-la 'tshawa-gi ta-sin 'du./
he-goal fever-erg send-n.pst aux.mir
'He doesn't have a fever anymore.'
50. /ah-la 'martsa-gi 'tshal-sin./
I-goal chilly-erg choke-n.pst
'The chilly (vapour) aggravated my throat.'
51. /ah-la toh-gi 'thep-sin./
I-goal stone-erg hit-n.pst
'The stone hit me.'
52. /di nekyi tsee-gi sah-sin 'du./
this pot rust-erg eat-n.pst aux.mir
'Oh, this pot is rusty.'
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 777

53. /di 'ketya 'rah(-gi) sem-gi 'tshor-ke, ohle ha 'koh-en./

this matter own-(gen) heart-mind-erg realize-pres and understand-pres
'Your conscience tells you about it, and you understand.'
This change in neutral word order may be the consequence of the pragmatic
phenomenon of fronting the clause constituent which is in focus at any given point
in the discourse. With collocations such as the ones illustrated above, more often
than not, the undergoer needs to be the topical focus, and so it has to be fronted.
Note also, that the animate undergoers in these clauses take <-la>. This may lead
us to think that we have a receptive pattern, and that the <-ki> might be
instrumental. But this would entail an intransitive usage of the verbs, which are
basically transitive. So the analysis proposed above seems more convincing.

21.3 pred.ph.dr. Direceptive predicate phrases

pred.ph.dr. vs pred.ph.r.:
In distinguishing between these two types of predicate phrases a given noun-verb
collocation is direceptive if a goal argument marked with <-la> may be added,
and receptive if no such argument may be added. That is, when looking at the
possible arguments of the given verb-noun combination, the argument included in
the collocation is also taken into consideration.
Thus with pred.ph.dr. the noun of the collocation is the undergoer, and a goal
marked with <-la> may be added. This goal is most often an animate experiencer.
54. /'kho-la 'lheni 'uuh-sin 'du./
he-goal evil.spirit enter-n.pst aux.mir
'He is possed by an evil spirit.'
55. /ah-la owa then-gu 'du./
I-goal sore come.out-imperf aux.mir
'Oh, I am getting some sores.'
56. /ah-la uk 'kye-sin./
I-goal strength sprout-n.pst
'I have become strong.'
57. /'yih-la 'tiba 'phoo-sin./
we,excl-goal festival.responsibility hit-n.pst
'We are responsible for organizing the festival.'
58. /taah-ni 'kho-la 'tah thin-gu 'du./
now-foc he-goal opportunity match-imperf aux.mir
'Now he is getting his chance.'
778 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

Further note on counting arguments:

In adjective-verb collocations the adjective is always incorporated in the predicate
phrase; that is, adjectives do not count as a separate arguments. We mention this
here, because in direceptive, receptive, and semi-receptive constructions adjective-
verb collocations are especially frequent:
pred.ph.dr.
59. /ah-la thu 'kombu kahl-sin./
I-goal water needy go.vs.perf-n.pst
'I am in need of water.'
pred.ph.r.
60. /'lahmna 'darpu 'tho-gu du./
white.cloth fitting look-imperf aux.mir
'The long white cloth looks fitting.'
pred.ph.semi-r.
61. /ah(-gi) zubu-la 'yokpa 'kyahp-sin./
my body-goal dirty hit-n.pst
'I am dirty.'

21.4 pred.ph.r. Receptive predicate phrases

pred.ph.r. vs pred.ph.semi-r.:
First we observe that pred.ph.r. and pred.ph.semi-r. occur because of the collocations
involving an adjective plus a "copular-like" eventive verb. To these adjective-verb
collocations a nuclear argument may be added, but we observe, that for some
collocations the added argument needs to be an unmarked undergoer, while other
collocations call for a goal marked with <-la>. For this reason the distinction
between receptive and semi-receptive needs to be made. (If these collocations are
looked at as units, the two phrases parallel v.r. and v.semi-r. respectively.)
Thus pred.ph.r. may take an unmarked undergoer argument only:
62. /'kapta yokpa 'kyahp-sin./
clothing dirty hit-n.pst
'The clothes are dirty.'
63. /phoo 'darpu 'tho-gu 'du./
jacket fitting look-imperf aux.mir
'Oh. this homespun woolen jacket looks nice on you.'
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 779

21.5 pred.ph.semi-r. Semi-receptive predicate phrases

A semi-receptive predicate phrase may take only a goal marked with <-la>. The
goal may have a strong locative connotation as in (64), or rather be a human
undergoer as in (65):
64. /'khaba-la yohge kahl 'du./
house-goal messy go.vs.perf aux.mir
'Oh, the house is in a mess.'
65. /da-'tihri ah-la 'yiu o-w 'du./
nowadays I-goal broken.sleep go-imperf aux.mir
'Oh, nowadays I have such disturbed sleep.'

21.6 pred.ph.e. Eventive predicate phrases

The pred.ph.e. label is used if the collocation itself describes an event; it means
that no further nuclear argument may be added to these collocations.
We observe that this set mainly comprises weather expressions (66-67), but not
exclusively (68-72).
66. /'tihri kuhsa ten-gu 'du./
today evening.clear pull.out-imperf aux.mir
'Oh, it's clearing up this evening.'
67. /'lah-la 'sera 'kyahp-sin./
mountain-loc hail hit-n.pst
'In the mountains it hailed.'
68. /di 'paalo-ni 'moh 'thii 'du./
this time-foc divination drip aux.mir
'I see, this time the forecast was accurate.'
69. /di 'mah-la tsogi tshee-gen./
this capital-goal interest ripen-cus.pres
'This capital accumulates interest.'
70. /'yih 'khaba-la kumen 'or-sin./
our,excl house-goal thief get.loose-n.pst
'We had burglers at our house.'
780 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

71. /nekyi-la 'aah thaa-sin./

pot-goal grease cling.to-n.pst
'The pot is greasy.'
72. /'tihri 'ohma 'i-sin 'du./
today milk die-n.pst aux.mir
'I see, the milk went sour today.'
Note that to these collocations a locative argument marked with <-la> may be
added (67, 69-71), but this argument is not nuclear; these collocations often occur
without any locative argument.
pred.ph.e. or n.+ v.i. (or r.)?
Though pred.ph.e. mostly comprises n. + v.i. (or r.), or n. + v.t. occasionally (see
example 66) we expect no human actor. The noun could be considered the non-
human actor (or undergoer) of the event; but intuitively the pred.ph.e. designation
seems more satisfactory at this stage. (This situation is related to 5.26.6, v.i. or
v.r.?)
Noun incorporation?
As we have seen in the preceding discussion, the designation pred.ph. does not
necessarily make the claim that the noun is incorporated in the predicate.
However, there are some are good candidates for this phenomenon in Yohlmo;
but to discuss these in detail goes beyond the scope of this appendix.

21.7 pred.ph.cop. Copular predicate phrases

Quite a few collocations listed in the dictionary also involve a copula. For these
collocations we have used the label pred.ph.cop. as a part-of-speech designation.
The details of what kind of copular construction a given collocation represents are
given in the grammar note of the entry. For example:
[Gram: cop.= specific existence] reads "copular construction for specific existence".
[Gram: cop.= general existence] reads "copular construction for general existence".
A short sketch of these copular constructions is given in section 5.8 above.

21.8 Note on genitive embedding of roles

In 5.21.1 and 2 above we have briefly sketched the genitive embedding of
experiencers in non-ergative predicate phrases, and of undergoers in ergative
predicate phrases. This kind of genitive embedding can be observed in other places
as well. Below is an example where the experiencer is embedded in a locative
argument. The collocation entered in the lexicon is:
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 781

/sem-la phoo-/ pred.ph.non-erg. 'be emotionally hurt'

[Gram: exp. takes gen. <-ki>]
73. /di tam ah-gi sem-la 'phoo-sin./
this word I-gen heart-mind-loc hit-n.pst
'I was really hurt by what he said.'
Or here is an example of genitive embedding of the lender in the unmarked
undergoer of a direceptive clause. Collocation entered:
/pehlen suuh-/ pred.ph.dr. 'be indebted'
[Gram: debtor takes <-la>, lender gen. <-ki>]
74. /'ama 'yihma-la 'sarki-ki pehlen mahbu-'ra 'suuh-ge lo./
mother sun-goal leather.worker-gen debts much-emph pierce-cus.pres repo
'The sun accumulates a big debt with the leather worker, they say.'
This kind of embedding mainly occurs with body parts and with the many facetted
heart-mind (sem), but not exclusively, as example (74) shows.

22. q.w. Question words

Question words are a closed class of lexical items used to ask questions. They
could be sub-classified according to which semantic aspect they question, e.g. time,
quantity, manner, actor, undergoer, etc. We have not chosen to do this; it seems to
be convenient to have a single class of questions words. Below are some examples:
1. /khye nahm oh-gen?/
you when come-int.pres
'When will you come?'
2. /'leeh 'kahze-ba peh-ku 'du?/
work how.much-quality do-imperf aux.mir
'How does she work?' (Asking about quality and quantity.)
3. /tahnda 'nehpa 'kahnum(u) 'yeh-ba?/
now sick.person how is-q.pres
'How is the sick doing?'
4. /di tohbo 'kahnum(u) peh-ti 'dzaa-ba?/
this tree how do-perf climb-q.pst
'How did you climb this tree?'
We also observe some question phrases (5) and elliptic questions (6):
782 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

5. /khye ah-la ti 'mee-di di rohwa peh-ken?/

you I-goal what say.perf.-seq like do-int.pres
'Why are you acting like this towards me?'
6. /ti lo?/
what repo
'What did you say?'
And finally, there is also a question suffix, /-'le ~ -'lee/, which may be attached
to adjective stems to ask about quality and quantity:
7. /'he yaah-'le yaah-ba?/
potatoes good-q bear.fruit-q.pst
'How did the potatoes do?'
8. /'mih mah-'le oh-ba?/
people much-q come-q.pst
'How many people were there?'
9. /di khurpu 'ta-'le 'du-ba?/
this load heavy-q cop.mir-q.pres
'How heavy is this load?'

23. qt. Quantifier

Quantifiers are a fairly closed class of lexical items specifying quantities, but
which are not numerals. Yohlmu has quite a wide variety of quantifiers. They
occur after the noun (1 - 4) or pronoun (5) they quantify:
1. /'ihta-gi-ni nekyi 'kahye-'ra 'kyaa-di 'kyur-sin./
anger-cau-foc pot all.be-emph lift.up-seq throw-n.pst
'In her anger (she) grabbed all the pots and threw them around.'
2. /ooh 'tiis ter-na ah-gi doge-'ra sah khuu-en./
that cheese give-cond I-erg whole-emph eat can-int.pres
'If you give it to me, I can eat that whole lump of cheese all at once.'
3. /tam deze 'lhaama mahbu 'ma-e ti-'a meeh./
talk this.much more much say-inf what-also not.have
'I don't have anything more to say.'
4. /'soga 'mui 'reeh-'reeh 'mih 'rebe-la-'ra 'kyee-gen./
unhusked.rice handful one-one people all-to-emph distribute-cus.pres
'One handful of unhusked rice is distributed to each person.'
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 783

5. /'khaba nah-la 'kho-'ra 'phaaik 'yihm-ba./

house inside-loc he-self only is-emph
'He is alone in the house.'
Yohlmo also has some interesting quantifier phrases (qt.ph.):
6. /'meehme 'kah 'yeh-ken-'ra yo!/
f.group all be-pres-emph come
'All you ladies, please come!'
7. /khu-gi yohlmu 'luhga-gi 'mehndo 'name naze-'ya 'thoo-di oh-sin./
they-erg Yohlmu country-gen flower kind kind-pl carry-perf come-n.pst
'They came carrying all sorts of flowers growing in Yohlmu country.'
8. /yohlmu-la thu-i-ni 'bolom 'tholom 'yeh-ba./
Yohlmu-loc water-one-foc abundant abundant be-emph
'At least there is plenty of water in Yohlmu.'

24. sf. Suffix

Suffixes are a closed class of morphemes used to express a wide variety of concepts
on various levels of language. Unlike particles, suffixes are phonologically bound
to the preceding stems. They are also morphologically bound, in that they have
their fixed positions in relation to the stems and other suffixes.
Some suffixes are used exclusively with one word catetory. This is especially true
of some of the verb suffixes. Suffixes which are used with verbs stems only have
vsf. for the part-of-speech label. There are, however, also suffixes which may be
used both, with verb stems and with stems of other word categories as well. These
have only the label sf. No further attempt to sub-classify the suffixes has been
made in this study.
For a quite detailed description of the processes resulting from the phonological
binding, and for some of the concepts expressed by suffixes see appendix 7,
sections 1- 8; and for the tonal properties of suffixes see appendix 6, section 4.3.

25. temp. Temporal

Yohlmo has a wide variety of temporal expressions which state the time aspectss
of a predication. As mentioned in 5.2, they could be part of the adv. class. But for
this dictionary we have chosen to establish a separate class for them.
According to their form we find three sub-classes: temp. (temporal word, examples
1-3), temp.ph. (temporal phrase, examples 4-6), and temp.pp. (temporal
postposition, examples 7- 8):
784 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

1. /ah tahi-'ra 'yi 'se-'kyo./

I while.ago-emph sleep kill-m.p.pst
'I woke up quite a while ago.'
2. /'kyihbe 'rah 'luhba-la looh o-en./
3.years.ahead own country-goal return go-int.pres
'I will return to my own country in three years.'
3. /khye pohmo ter-ke 'ma-e-di, tahpse 'la ah-la!'
your daughter give-int.pres say-adj.tiv-spec now.emph give I-goal
'You said you would give me your daughter, so give her now!'
4. /ohze 'kah-la 'kho-gi tam 'ma-e tshol-go 'yeh-ba./
that.much time-goal he-erg talk say-inf search-imperf aux-emph
'At that time he tries to speak.'
5. /ah 'yihma 'yehndzen meeh-ba 'leeh-la o 'koh-en./
I day ? not.is.-emph work-goal go must-pres
'Day after day I have to go to work.'
6. /'lago yii 'nahre 'nahre-'ra goo tuh-gu 'du./
ox two now now-emph head beat-imperf aux.mir
'The two oxen are bashing their heads together again and again.'
7. /nahm 'lah phando khu-'a hok 'lah-de ta-'lah kahl-sin./
darkness rise after they-too intens rise-seq send-rise go.vs.perf-n.pst
'After it became light they got up quickly and left right away.'
8. /pehza-ni 'yi tshe 'rihmba-'ra uh 'du./
child-foc sleep break in.row-emph cry aux.mir
'Every time the child wakes up it cries.'

26. v. Verb
Yohlmo is an ergative language. We observe that the actors of some verbs take
the ergative suffix<-ki>, while others don't. In a language learner's dictionary it
seems important to indicate which verbs ask for the ergative suffix, and which
ones don't. This entails a sub-classifiction of the verbs, and we found that sub-
classifying them according the number of nuclear noun phrase arguments a given
verb can take is a good start, though we must admit, it does not account entirely
for the observed use of the ergative maker. Some observations concerning marker
omission and suppression are given below in 5.26.2, and in 5.26.4- 5.
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 785

The traditional terms Subject, Object, and Indirect Object for the clause arguments
did not seem too helpful for Yohlmo. We find that the more semantic terms actor,
undergoer, and goal are more insightful. (A detailed presentation of this
theorectical approach can be found in "Clause, Sentence, and Discourse Patterns, Part
I and II", eds. Hale and Watters, SIL, 1973)
Looking at the various verbs, we find that some verbs are basically active, that is,
they take an actor, while others are basically receptive, that is, they do not take
an actor. This results in the first basic division: active vs receptive verbs. In each
of these sets we observe the following distribution of the nuclear noun phrase
arguments:

26.1 Active set

actor goal undergoer event verb type

+ <-ki> + <-la> + <-0> + ditransitive (v.dt.)

+ <-ki> + <-0> + transitive (v.t.)

+ <-0> + intransitive (v.i.)

That is, ditransitive verbs potentially take an actor, goal and undergoer argument;
transitive verbs potentially take an actor and a goal argument; and intransitive
verbs potentially only take an actor.
The marking of the arguments is given in the table; but the following observations
show that some refinements need to be made.
The undergoer of transitive verbs is unmarked, except for animate undergoers.
These may take the suffix <-la>, but this is an optional feature.
The undergoer of ditransitive verbs is always unmarked. Animate undergoers are
not marked with <-la>, because this would result in a sequence of two nuclear
arguments marked with <-la>, and this is not tolerated. (See also section 26.4
below.)
The goal argument of ditransitive verbs takes the goal suffix <-la>. The same
suffix is used for locative arguments; for this reason the term goal was chosen,
since it covers both uses. (In the above mentioned studies this third argument is
usually called "site".) Examples for each type follow:
786 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

v.i.
1. /pehza uh-w 'du./
child cry-imperf aux.mir
'Oh, the child is crying!'
2. /di 'kyibu-ni mahbu-'ra 'uuh-w 'du./
this dog-foc much-emph bark-imperf aux.mir
'Oh, this dog is barking such a lot!'
v.t.
3. /ah-gi oh 'up-sin./
I-erg yoghurt cover-n.pst
'I covered up the yoghurt.'
4. /'kyibu-gi pehza-la 'kahp-sin./
dog-erg child-goal bite-n.pst
'The dog bit the child.'
v.dt.
5. /'nooh-gi aba-'ama-la 'yihgi ta 'du./
y.brother-erg father-mother-goal letter send aux.mir
'My younger brother sent a letter to my parents.'
6. /'ama-gi ah-la tam thamdi-'ra e-sin./
mother-erg I-goal matter whole-emph tell-n.pst
'Mother told me everything.'
Occasionally a verb requires or allows an additional marker for a certain
argument. Such unpredictable behaviour is given in the grammar note of the
lexical entry:
/ma-/ v.dt. 'say; talk; tell' [Gram: goal takes <-la> or <-ki poh-la>].

7. /"'toho 'kehpu-ni nahm simu-'ra rih-la o-w 'du-ba"

e.brother old.man-foc early-emph forest-loc go-imperf aux.mir-emph
'mee- di Samden-gi aba-'ama yii-gi 'poh-la 'ma-sin./
say.perf-seq Samden-erg father-mother two-gen near-goal say-n.pst
'Samden told his parents, "I saw big, old lama brother going to the forest very early
in the morning!"'

26.2 Observations on the omission of the ergative marker

As typical for ergative languages, the actors of ditransitive and transitive verbs
take the ergative suffix <-ki>. However, under certain syntactic conditions
(mainly related to the aspect and tense of utterances and some other constraints)
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 787

the ergative suffix may be omitted. Below we give various examples with omitted
ergative marker, accompanied by some explanations:
The ergative marker occurs more regularly in the neutral past than in the
present mirative form:
8. /'kho-gi 'meh 'tuuh-sin./
he-erg fire expose-n.pst
'He warmed himself by the fire.'
9. /'kho(-gi) 'meh 'tuuh-w 'du./
he(-erg) fire expose-imperf aux.mir
'Oh, he is warming himself by the fire.'
In the intentional present the ergative marker is often not necessary:
10. /ah nahbar dela meh-sah./
I tomorrow here not-eat
'I won't eat here tomorrow.'
11. /ah 'nahre tha mih-thu./
I now whisky not-drink
'I won't drink whisky now.'
The genitive or possessive suffix also happens to be <-ki>. This often would
result in two or more consecutive arguments ending in <-ki>. But this is not
good style. The speaker (or writer) carefully monitors from case to case which
<-ki> can be dropped best without losing clarity. (Two <-ki>'s in a row are
often tolerated, but rarely more than two.)
12. /'kho-gi 'guru-la 'tehpa looh-sin./
he-erg teacher-goal ? turn-n.pst
'He forsook the teacher.'
13. /'kho 'rah-gi 'guru-la 'tehpa looh-sin./
he own-gen teacher-goal ? turn-n.pst
'He forsook his teacher.'
For the supression of <-ki> by <-ni> see section 26.4 below.
Co-actors (or groups acting together) usually don't take erg. <-ki>; see
section 26.5. below.
The rules governing the omissions are subtle and would need a detailed
description of several discourse features. This is beyond the scope of this short
appendix.
788 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

26.3 Receptive set

actor goal undergoer event verb type

+ <-la> + <-0> + direceptive (v.dr.)

+ <-0> + receptive (v.r.)

+ <-la> + semi-receptive (v.semi-r.)

+ eventive (v.e.)

Direceptive verbs potentially take an unmarked undergoer and a goal marked with
<-la>, receptive verbs potentially take an unmarked undergoer, semi-receptive
verbs potentially take a goal marked with <-la> (but no unmarked undergoer!),
and eventive verbs take neither.
While there are quite a lot of direceptive verbs, the number of receptive, semi-
receptive and eventive verbs is very small. Following are some examples
illustrating each of the above verb types in context:
v.dr.
14. /ah-la 'he 'kah-en./
I-goal potatoes like-cus.pres
'I like potatoes.'
15. /'moh-la 'tuhkpu bap 'du./
she-goal hardship fall.upon aux.mir
'Oh, so much hardship has caught up with her.'
v.r.
16. /'tihri 'khawa-'lah 'tho-gu 'du./
today snow-mountain be.seen-imperf aux.mir
'Oh, the snow mountains are out today.'
v.semi-r.
17. /ah-la ya-w 'du./
I-goal itch-imperf aux.mir
'Oh, I am so itchy!'
18. /ah-la 'yahlsa-la kar-ti!/
I-goal sleeping.arrangement-goal weigh-e.e.pst
'I lay on a hard spot!'
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 789

v.e.
19. /'tihri 'khyaa-w 'du./
today be.cold aux.mir
'Oh, it's cold today!'
20. /nee-sin./
dwell-n.pst
'(The cow) has conceived.' (Note: undergoer is not stated with this verb.)

26.4 Suppression of argument markers by <-ni>

We obsrve that erg. <-ki> and <-la> often get suppressed by the focus marker
<-ni>.
Though the sequence <-ki-ni> is possible, the <-ki> is often not necessary,
e.g.:
21. /'tihri kuhmu ah-gi 'milam 'tho-'gyo./
today night I-erg dream see-m.p.pst
'Last night I had a dream.'
22. /ah-ni 'milam-la to sah-en 'tho-na ah-la tsokpo oh-go 'yeh-ba!/
I-foc dream-loc food eat-pres see-cond I-goal bad come-imperf aux-emph
'It's a bad omen for me if I see somebody eating in my dream.'
Similarly, the sequence <-la-ni> is also possible, but the <-la> is often not
necessary, e.g.:
23. /ah-la pha-sin./
I-goal regret-n.pst
'I felt sorry!' (e.g.: that I lost it.)
24. /ah-ni dibu-'ra pha-sin!/
I-foc big-emph regret-n.pst
'I felt so sorry!' (e.g.: that I lost it.)
A string of two consecutive nuclear arguments ending in <-la> is not
tolerated; the first <-la> is replaced by <-ni>, e.g.:
25. /'kho-la nidi meeh-ba!/
he-goal love not.is-emph
'He is merciless.'
26. /'kho-ni 'mih-la nidi meeh-ba! /
he-foc people-goal love not.is-emph
'He is merciless to people.'
790 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

27. /di pehza-la tee-di ah-la nidi 'kye-w 'du./

this child-goal see-perf I-goal love sprout-imperf aux.mir
'Oh, I like this child!'
28. /ah-ni 'moh-la dibu-'ra nidi 'kye-en!/
I-foc she-goal big-emph love sprout-cus.pres
'I like her very much!'

26.5 Marker suppression with co-actors and co-experiencers

Co-actors (or groups acting together) usually don't take erg. <-ki>; compare
especially (29) with (30):
29. /'kho-gi 'moh-la sem peh-ku 'du./
he-erg she-goal heart-mind do-imperf aux.mir
'He is in love with her.'
30. /khu yii sem peh-ku 'du./
they two heart-mind do-imperf aux.mir
'They are in love with each other.'
31. /da ah 'moh 'yimbu 'laahri peh-'kyo./
yesterday I she with exchange.labor do-m.p.pst
'Yesterday she worked in exchange labour with me.' (She was paying back labour to
me.)
32. /dzamma-'ra 'mih sem tii 'thoo-'kyo meh-yoh./
all-emph people heart-mind one carry-m.p.pst not-come
'Not every one agrees with every one else.'
Co-experiencers don't take gen. <-ki>; compare especially (33) with (34-35) :
33. /ah-la sem kyipu oh-sin./
I-goal heart-mind prosperous come-n.pst
'I have peace of mind.'
34. /khu 'pheebe-'ya sem tii oh maah-khu./
they males-pl heart-mind one come neg.perf-can
'They could not agree with each other.'

35. /ohra sem tii-la ii-w 'du./

we.incl heart-mind one-goal match-imperf aux.mir'
'Oh, we are all agreeing with each other!
Appendix 5 The parts of speech In detail 791

26.6 v.i. or v.r. ?

We observe that the actor of an intransitive verb is unmarked, and the
undergoer of a receptive verb as well. Since both these arguments are
unmarked, we get the same surface forms in intransitive and receptive clauses; we
might be able to decide on semantic grounds whether the argument with a given
verb is an actor or an undergoer. But this does not seem to be important for the
syntax of the language. So, at this point of the investigation we have gone for the
more conservative interpretation, and labelled most of these verbs as intransitive.
Further study might change this view.

26.7 Varying transitivity

A good number of the verbs entered in the dictionary have more than one
transitivity status; the transitivity status of the verb changes according to the
context it is used in.
If the difference in meaning between the two transitivity statuses is not substantial
(that is, if it is easily understood from the English gloss or definition), the different
transitivity designations are just separated by a slash in the part-of-speech label:

V- gyur- v.i./t. change.

36. /thu-'kula tshur 'gyur-sin 'du./

water-channel this.side change-n.pst aux.mir
'I see, the water channel has changed its course to this side.'
37. /'moh-gi ah-gi 'ma-'kyo tam 'gyur-sin./
she-erg I-gen say-adj.tiv talk change-n.pst
'She changed what I said.'

h`-
h`- ta- v.t./i. hang up s.th.; be hanging.
(While there are many such verbs in English, they are quite rare in Yohlmo.)
But if the different transitivity status makes quite a substantial difference in
meaning, a separate main entry is made for each transitivity status. But this does
not mean that they are considered to be different lexical items. Therefore no
homophone numbers are added to such entries. (The main reason to do it this way
is that it simplifies the reversal for the English - Yohlmo Index.) Examples:
- yohl- v.i. pass (of time span); go past a certain point (used in time-
and space-related contexts in the realm of nature).
792 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

38. /loh sum yohl-di 'kho looh oh-gen./

year three pass-seq he return come-int.pres
'He will come back after three years.'
39. /'yihma 'kah-le 'mahtsi yohl-sin 'du./
sun hill-from little.down pass-n.pst aux.mir
'The sun set a little bit past the hill.'
- yohl- v.t. shake s.th. back and forth (e.g. rice in a tray in order to
clean it).

40. /'ai-gi 'neeh yohl-gu 'du./

e.sister-erg wheat shake-imperf aux.mir
'Oh, sister is cleaning the wheat.'

26.8 Stative verbs

Only the copulas are inherently stative. They have the part-of-speech designation
cop. For a listing of the copulas see section 8 above.
Stative clauses in Yohlmo are derived from the active and receptive patterns, using
the various copulas as auxiliary verbs. This way any eventive clause type can be
changed into a stative one. The evidential force of the copula is generally retained
in such derived clauses.
On the other hand, some of the copular constructions may be changed into
eventive clauses by replacing the copula with the verb /o-/ 'go'. In such
constructions this verb functions as an "eventive copula". Some of these derived
eventive clauses fall into a receptive patterns. But to go into the details of these
derivations is beyond the scope of this appendix.

27. v.imp. Verb Imperative

A small number of verbs have irregular imperative forms. These are listed as main
lexical entries because they are so irregular that you cannot deduce from their
form which verb they would go with. These are the entries that have the part-of-
speech designation: v.imp., and the grammar note indicates which verb they belong
to.
 793

Appendix 6 Phonlogical sketch of Yohlmo

Anna Maria Hari

1. Abbreviations and notational conventions used in the appendices

V vowel (note that this symbol stands for breathy vowels as well,
even though phonemically we represent breathy vowel with
/Vh/)
C consonant
... dots stand for any segment
becomes/ changes to
~ alternates phonologically with
[ ] examples in phonetic transcription
/ / examples in phonemic transcription
< > examples in a more abstract representation than phonemic
For the phonetic transcription, and basically also for the Roman Phonemic
transcription, the symbols of the I.P.A. (International phonetic Alphabet) are used.
Below is a list of some transcription symbols, which we have used in the present
phonological sketch, and which need some explanation:
The symbols listed below are used in the Phonemic Roman transcription of
Yohlmo words, but they are not strictly I.P.A. symbols. The corresponding
I.P.A. symbol is given in phonetic parentheses. Any other symbols used in the
Roman transcription have the value of I.P.A. symbols.
/ky/ = [c] /khy/ = [c] /gy/ = [ ]
/lh/ = [l] /rh/ = [r]
/Vh/ = [v] /breathy, low-tone vowel/
The following are the special I.P.A. symbols, which are needed for indicating
subphonemic details. They occur in the phonetic transcriptions only:
[n] laminal [ ] close central rounded vowel
[ ] palatal [ ] mid central rounded vowel
[ ] retroflex [] near open spread front vowel
For any other abbreviations used in these appendices see introduction, section 4.
794 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

2. Consonants
Yohlmo has the following phonemic contrasts:

k kh g velar plosives

ky khy gy y palatal plosives

t th d lamino-alveopalatal affricates

ts tsh dz alveolar affricates

h retroflex plosives

t th d n dental plosives

p ph b m bilabial plosives

y w semi-vowels

r rh l lh liquids

s z sibilant fricatives

h uvular fricative

3. Vowels
Short vowels contrast with long vowels for all the five vowel qualities:

front central back

i ii u uu high

e ee o oo mid

a aa low

(For the correspondences between Roman and Devanagari symbols see

introduction, section 2. )

4. Tonal contrasts
In Yohlmo the domain for contrastive tones is the morpheme, and it is the first
syllable of the morpheme which is most significant for the realization of tone
Appendix 6 Phonological sketch of Yohlmo 795

contours. Therefore tone contrasts are marked on the first syllable of the
morpheme.

Register contrasts:
Yohlmo exhibits a primary tonal contrast between high and low register. High
register correlates with modal voice (clear-sounding voice); low register correlates
with breathy voice.
In the phonological transcriptions, low register is signalled by an /h/ and / /
respectively after the first vowel of the morpheme, while high register is left
unmarked.

Contour contrasts:
In the high register, we find that a basically level high-tone contour contrasts with
a high, falling contour; and in the low register a basically level low-tone contour
contrasts with a mid, falling contour. In the Roman transcription of the headwords
of the dictionary entries we signal the contours with the tone number before the
headword. But the numbers are used only for the headwords of main entries.
In the subentries and illustrative examples, we have left the two basically level
contours unmarked, while for the two falling contours an apostrophe is placed
before the morpheme. (See tables below.)

Low register mid-falling 1 rah ...........

low-basically-level 2 nah ...........

High register high-falling 3 'na ...........

high-basically-level 4 na ............

While the register contrast is quite prominent and numerous minimal contrasts can
be found for it, the contour contrasts are very subtle and minimal contrasts are
few. Therefore, as a general rule, we do not find it necessary to signal the contour
contrasts in the orthography, and we also leave it unmarked in the Devanagari
transcriptions of the dictionary, except for the suffixes and clitics which have a
high-falling contour. With these we signal the falling contour with a Tibetan high
dot before the suffix. (See appendix 6, section 4.3). This convention is helpful for
reading.
796 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

Further, in the Devanagari headwords of the dictionary, for the few cases of
minimal contrast for pitch contours, the item with the falling contour is also
preceded by the Tibetan high dot. This is done to avoid giving the impression that
the pairs in question are homophonous.
In the Roman transcriptions the tone numbers are used when the tone is in focus.
In other places the alternative marking (/h/ after the vowel for low register and
apostrophe before the morpheme for the falling contours) is used.

4.1 Restrictions in the distribution of the register contrast

There are the following restrictions in the distribution of register contrast:
Stem morphemes with an initial voiced stop, affricate, or sibilant always have
low register, and therefore the register of these morphemes does not need to
be marked with an /h/ after the first vowel. The voiced stops, affricates, and
sibilants are as follows:

g gy d b

d dz z

Morphemes with aspirated initials (stops, affricates, /rh/, and /lh/) are
always followed by high register. (This has no consequences for the
transcription.)

4.2 Summary table of register and contour tone contrasts in Yohlmo

basically level falling contour distributional

contour restrictions
4 3 asp. sounds occur with
high high reg. only:
register pa .......... ka ......... kh, khy, tsh, th, h,
th, ph, rh, lh, h
fallow ground marrow

2 1 voiced stops and

low affricates occur with
register pah .......... kah ......... low reg. only:
g, gy, dz, d, z, ,
defiled place hill , d, b
Appendix 6 Phonological sketch of Yohlmo 797

Morpheme initial sounds after which both registers occur:

k, ky, ts, t, , t, p,

, y, n, m,

y, r, l, s,

all vowels

Only the first syllable of a morpheme carries diagnostic register and contours.
The register and pitch contrasts occor on all syllable types.
Following are some examples of the contour tone contrasts in Yohlmo. First there
are 8 sets, each exemplifying the contour contrasts in high register; then 6 sets
exemplifying it in the low register. The lines after the lexical items show the
course of the contours approximately as we perceive them.

Examples with monosyllabic morphemes:

tii .............. 'one' ni .............. 'heart'

'tii ............. 'substance (of food)' 'li ............... 'mass of something'

to! ............. 'send!' tha ............. 'alcoholic beverage'

'to! .............. 'die out!' 'tham ............. 'religious dance'

'pu- .............. 'spill s.th.' 'thu- ............. 'become too small'

ku- ............... 'huddle up' thu- .............. 'become too short'

'tem .............. 'support' 'sen ................ 'seed, seedling'

te ................ 'storey of house' sem ................ 'heart-mind'

mihn ............. 'is not' kyiih .............. 'knowledge'

'mihn .............. 'name' 'kyiih ............... 'line of ancestry'

798 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

peeh ............. 'Tibet' nahm ............. 'when/ darkness'

'preeh .............. 'taste' 'lahm .............. 'path'

'koh .............. 'door' 'zep ............... 'big basket with lid'

toh ............... 'stone' lehp .............. 'side'

'doo ............... 'appearance of things' 'yeeh .............. 'parched grains'

goo ............... 'head' ee ............... 'udder'

Some di-syllabic contrasts:

talda .............. 'chain' khamba .............. 'a plant'

'kyalba .............. 'leather purse' 'khaba ............... 'house'

owa ............... 'sore' tibe ................... 'why'

'sowa ................ 'paddy' 'tibe .................. 'four years ahead'

thowa ............... 'club' kohmba .............. 'temple'

'thowa .............. 'hightened' 'tohmba .............. 'special vow'

pohmbo ............ 'shaman' pohmo .............. 'daughter'

'sohmba ............ 'Tibetan boots' 'dzomo ............... 'a cattle breed'

Sets illustrating the four-fold contrast:

So far we have not found any minimal set which would illustrate the 4-fold
contrast. But there are enough sets of near minimal contrasts where any
conditioning factors are excluded, and thus support the proprosed tone
classification:
Appendix 6 Phonological sketch of Yohlmo 799

'ka ............. 'marrow' 'mii ............ 'eye'

pa ............. 'fallow ground' yii ............ 'two'

pah ............ 'defiled place' liih ............. 'dry leaves'

'kah ........... 'hill' 'iih ............. 'course (of path, etc.)'

'tii ............. 'substance (of food)' 'tap- ........... 'sow'

tii .............. 'one' pap- ............ 'take down'

kyiih ............ 'knowledge' pahp-........... 'go into trance'

'kyiih ........... 'line of ancestry' 'tahp-............ 'fall down'

'sen ............. 'seed' 'uu- ........... 'have diarhea'

sem ............. 'heart-mind' yuu- ............ 'wave s.th.'

lehn ............. 'answer' yuuh-............ 'wander around'

'sehn............. 'grain mash' 'uuh-............ 'enter'

'imbu .............. 'dead person' 'mee-ba .......... 'said, emph.'

simbu ............... 'monster' nee-ba ............ 'thought, emph.'

ihmbu ............. 'tasty' meeh-ba ......... 'has not, emph.'

'ihwa .............. 'gentle' 'meehba ......... 'faith, worship'

4.3 Tonal behaviour and marking of suffixes

So far we have not found any suffixes with low register. Most suffixes seem to be
somewhat neutral as to their tonal behaviour, that is, their pitch is to some extent
determined by the contour of the preceding stem. However, the influence of the
stem over the suffix is not very striking, the salient features of the register and
pitch contrasts are mainly realized on the first syllable of stem morpheme. So we
could say that most suffixes have pitch 2, especially also because there is a small
800 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

number of suffixes with a distinctive high, falling pitch, which can easily be
identified as pitch 3.
Intuitively, however, it seems more correct to say that most suffixes are neutral as
to their tonal behaviour. Some confirmation for this intuition comes from the
register behaviour of a clitic, the 'warning particle' /-'wa ~ -'wah/. For this clitic
we have to state:
/-'wa/ occurs after high register vs, /-'wah/ after low register ones. And we note
that this assimilation in register occurs, even though usually a suffix with neutral
characteristics intervenes between the verb stem and the clitic:
/tohkpa-gi ter-ko-'wa!/
leg(?)-instr give-imperf-warning.p 'Just wait, I am going to kick you!'

/'lago-gi tuh-go-'wah!/
bull-erg beat-imperf warning.p 'Watch out! The bull is going to gore you!'
We have not observed assimilation in register in other contexts. In particular, it
does not occur in stem compounds. (See appendix 6, section 4.4). Therefore, if the
intervening suffix had an independent pitch 4, we would expect it to block the
assimilation of the warning particle. But since this is not the case, this may be an
indication that, in fact, most suffixes are neutral as to register and pitch contour.
But, as already stated above, contrasting with these tonally neutral suffixes, there
is a small number of suffixes with a distinctive high-falling pitch, which can easily
be identified as pitch 3.
In the Devanagari transcription we have signalled this high-falling pitch with the
Tibetan high dot in front of the suffix (except for the verbal suffix /-'kyo/ because
it is impractical to have a Tibetan dot in this position in Devanagari). The neutral
suffixes are left unmarked.
In the Roman transcription the high falling pitch of a suffix is signalled with the
pitch contour number 3 in main enteries, but elswhere just with an apostrophe
before the suffix. The neutral suffixes are not given pitch contour number 4, but
are left unmarked. This reflects the analysis chosen above.
Appendix 6 Phonological sketch of Yohlmo 801

The following suffixes have high-falling tone:

-'ya 'plural suffix'
-'kyo 'past perfect, main point past'
-'ra ~ -a ~ -a/ -'ra emphatic suffix2
-'se(e) 'somewhat more of the stated quality or
quantity'
-'le(e) 'how much of the stated quality' (for
more details see dictionary entry)
-'a / -aa / -'aa3 also
(The variations of /-'a/ are conditioned by the style of speech, ranging from very
distinct pronunciation to more slurred pronunciation.) For the fusion of this suffix
with /-la/, /-na/ and /-'ya/ see footnote 2 below.
Further, /-'a/ also fuses with any preceding syllable which ends in /a/. If such
a syllable is the last syllable of a polisyllabic morpheme, and therefore neutral
as to the tone features, the fusion normally takes place; but with monosyllabic
morphemes ending in /a/, the syllable will carry diagnostic tone features, and
there, fusion is optional. If fusion occurs, the fused syllable will be long and
carry the tonal features of both morphemes.
Some examples for tonal contrast on suffixes:

(Follow the columns to see the contrasts, not the rows.)

/owa-la / 'in the wound' /pahr-ko 'yeh / 'it is burning'

/owa-'ya / 'wounds' /pahr-'kyo 'du / 'oh, it's burning'

/tshur oh-gya / 'coming this way' /to sah-kya / 'while eating rice'

/tshur oh-'gyo / 'have come this way.' /to sah-'kyo / 'I have eaten rice.'

2
The phonological alternation is conditioned as follows: /-'a/ occurs after /r/ and /p/,
/-'a/ after //, and /-'ra/ elsewhere. This alternation is optional; some speakers use
/-'ra/ everywhere. /-'ra/ is used in less careful speech.
3
Normally this suffix fuses with a preceding suffix ending in /a/, and the fused suffixes
have high falling pitch:
/ -la/ + /-'a/ --> [-'la/ -'laa/ - 'laa]
/ -na/ + /-'a/ --> [-'na/ -'naa/ - 'naa]
/-'ya/ + /-'a/ --> [-'ya/ -'yaa/ - 'yaa]
802 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

/'tu-o / 'the youngest' /'theme / 'all together'

/'tu-'se / 'somewhat younger' /'the-'se / 'somewhat bigger'

/'a-ree / 'meat and the like' /sa-ree / 'incense, etc."

/'a-'ra / 'meat, emph.' /sa-'ra / 'incense, emph.'

A suffix with neutral tone contrasted with a second component in compounds

which has pitch 3: (Follow columns to see the contrast, not rows.)

/'khyer-lu / 'way of taking along' /'thee-lu / 'way of dressing up'

/'tsher-'lu / 'good-bye song' /'thee-'lu / 'religious song'

4.4 Tones of stem compounds

Yohlmo uses a good number of stem compounds. We have signalled compound
items by separating the components with a hyphen. As a general rule, each
component of the compound retains its original pitch contour, but on the second
component the dimensions of the tone contrasts are greatly reduced. (Therefore I
have not tried to symbolize this with pitch lines in the table below.) The numbers
of the pitch contours is placed before each morpheme.

Examples:

/tip/ 'bee' /prah/ 'sweets'

/tip-prah/ 'honey'

/tah/ 'tea' /lohma/ 'leaf'

/tah-loh/ tea leaves (of salt tea)'

/din/ 'front' /so/ 'tooth'

/din-so/ 'front teeth'

/kyahgar/ 'lowlands' /lahm/ 'path'

/kyah-lahm/ 'main road'
Appendix 6 Phonological sketch of Yohlmo 803

/tih/ 'deep, bottom' /u/ 'hollow landscape'

/tih-u/ 'remote region'

/i/ 'wood' /par/ 'printing'

/tar/ 'stack'
/i-par/ 'wooden printing block' /i-tar/ 'stack of wood'

There are a number of nouns which could be analysed as compounds, but in

which the initial consonants of the second component show heavy assimilation to
the preceding segment so that it seems more appropriate not to mark them as
compounds. In these nouns the second component also loses its original pitch
contour and falls under the influence of the first stem. Examples:

/thuda/ <thu + thaa> water mill

/solda/ <sol + tah> tea, hon.

/thei/ <the + hi> house altar

4.5 Tonal behaviour of reduplicated verb stems

Yohlmo has a number of constructions where the verb stem is reduplicated on
phrase level. Below is one example of such a construction:
/o-o-pa 'kah-la/ 'after having gone for a good while'

/'zo-'zo-ba 'kah-la/ 'after having built for a good while'

In these reduplication phrases the verb stems go through an interesting "singing

pattern". On closer investigation it turned out that on the second occurrence of the
stem the register contrast is neutralized, but the pitch contour contast is retained.
Thus these patterns do not follow the general rule for compounding; they have
their own rules. This is briefly illustrated in the following examples:
/tuh-tu-ba 'kah-la/ 'after having beat (it) for a good while'

/'yuh-'yu-ba 'kah-la/ 'after having shaken (it) for a good while'

/yo-yo-ba 'kah-la/ after having cooked for a good while'

/'so-'so-ba 'kah-la/ 'after having raised (them) for a good while'

804 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

/'teh-'te-pa 'kah-la/ 'after having been there for a good while'

/peh-pe-pa 'kah-la/ 'after having done (it) fro a good while'

/o-o-pa 'kah-la/ 'after having gone for a good while'

/'zo-'zo-ba 'kah-la/ 'after having built for a good while'

When this reduplication occurs with verb stems with long vowels, the long vowel
becomes short in the second occurrence of the stem, while the pitch behaviour is
the same as with the verb stems with short vowels:
/'kaa-'ka-ba 'kah-la/ 'after having obstructed for a good while'

/taa-ta-ba 'kah-la/ 'after having tied (them) up for a good while'

/yaah-ya-ba 'kah-la/ 'while bringing forth fruit for some time'

/'praah-'pra-ba 'kah-la/ 'after having cut for a good while'

4.6 Stability of morpheme tone and pairing of pitch contours

Apart from the register change in the reduplicated verb stems described above the
tone of the morphemes is very stable. We have seen this already in the
compounding rules. The same applies to derivations. Words derived from the same
morpheme will have above all the same pitch contour, that is, either basically
level, or falling. Most often the register also stays the same, but sometimes it will
switch.
Before illustrating this, we need to mention another interesting feature in
derivation. This concerns the pairing of pitch contours. In many cases a high
register transitive verb has an intransitive counterpart in low register. That is, the
segments are the same; the derivation is made with a change of register. In those
pairs it turns out, that the low register counterpart of a verb stem with high
register and basically level contour will also have basically level contour. In the
same way, the high falling contour pairs with the low falling contour. (For
examples see the tables in appendix 7, section 13.3). Interestingly, this pairing also
applies to a great extent to the non-verbal minimal pairs for the register contrast.
In some cases the semantic relation between the pair is obvious, in other cases this
is less so.
Appendix 6 Phonological sketch of Yohlmo 805

Examples:

/torma/ 'rice statue' /'amu/ 'mushroom'

/tohrma/ 'women's skirt' /'ahmu/ 'hat'

/to/ 'cooked staple food' /nam/ 'sky'

/toh/ 'stone' /nahm/ 'atmospheric

darkness'

Other transitive/ intransitve oppostions for verb stems are realized with non-
aspiration versus aspiration, and in a very few cases this transitive/ intransitive
opposition (this is a slightly simplified description of the semantic contrasts
involved) is also realized with voiceless inititial versus voiced inititial stop. In
those pairs the pitch contour will be the same:
/'te-k/ 'to cut' /pap-/ 'to take down'

/'the-k/ 'to break, v.i.' /phap-/ 'to descend'

/'kyor-/ 'to support s.th.' /pahp-/ 'to quiver'

/'khyor-/ 'to wobble' /bap-/ 'to be befallen'

Examples for register shift in derivations:

/yok-pa/ 'dirty' /ma-ba/ 'non-lama person'

/yohk-to/ 'litter' /mah-bu/ 'many'

/'mar ta-/ 'offer blood sacrifices' /'la-ba/ or 'steam'

/'lhaba/

/'mahr-mu/ 'red' /'lah-/ 'to rise up'

5. The status of the voiced sibilant fricatives

The voiced affricates /d/ and /dz/ contrast with the voiced fricatives // and /z/
respectively, but although this contrast has quite a limited distribution, it has
significant consequences for the orthography in Devanagari as we will see below.
806 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

The limitation is that the contrasts occur only stem morpheme initially. Thus, if we
hyphenate stem morpheme compounds in the orthography, we can make the
following statement:
Word-medial, intervocalic /d/ and /dz/ are always pronounced as fricatives ([]
and [z] respectively). Since we have to represent the voiced fricatives with a
diacritic in Devanagari (a dot below the symbols used for the affricates: l and m
respectively) this dot can be omitted in word-medial position without any resulting
ambiguity. The behaviour of verb suffixes with initial affricates also supports this
symbolization of the fricatives as we will see below. (Appendix 7, section 1- 2).
Thus, in the Devanagari transcription, word intervocalic < l> k> are to
l and <k
be pronounced as [] and [z] respectively. But in the Roman transcription we
transcribe these two sounds phonemically, because no diacritics are involved in
writing // and /z/.

6. The status of word-medial voiced stops and affricates

The voicing contrast for stops and affricates also has some distributional
limitations. They are as follows: Word medially these segments only contrast
between vowels. In other positions we have the following distribution: voiced stops
and affricates occur only after voiced consonants, and voiceless stops and affricates
only after voiceless consonants or /r/. Since the representation of voiced stops
involves no diacritics in the Devanagari script, we transcribe voiceless and voiced
stops as they occur (i.e. strictly phonemically).

7. Ambivalence of word-medial /pr/ and /pl/

Word-medial /pr/ and /pl/ clusters are somewhat ambivalent for the voicing of
the stop; /pr/ and /br/, and /pl/ and /bl/ seem to be equally acceptable, e.g.,
/ 'dzabra/ 'dzapra / couple

/ 'thablo/ 'thaplo oh- / boil over

The distributional restrictions (or phonotactic constraints for words) mentioned

above are in harmony with the morphophonemic changes that suffixes with initial
stops or affricates undergo. (To get the full picture see appendix 7, section 1 -2).

8. Nasalization
Nasalization is predictable from the occurrence of nasal segments and occurs in the
following environments:
Appendix 6 Phonological sketch of Yohlmo 807

a) Long vowels followed by a nasal and a stop are pronounced with nasalization
and the nasal segment reduces to a very short nasal transition, e.g.
a place name
/maahgu/ [ma: gu]

'insult n.
/'eehnil/ [e: il]

is not afraid
/miihn-'di/ [m: di]

b) The voiced form of the verbal suffix /-ken/ intentional present is /-gen/.
This form has variant pronunciations which involve nasalization of the vowel.
The variations are as follows:
In phrase-final position [-gen] fluctuates with [-e]; the fluctuation is
conditioned by the style of speech, [-gen] is a more deliberate style.
In phrase medial position [-e] fluctuates with lengthening and nasalization of
the stem vowel followed by a short nasal transition (the conditioning of the
fluctuation is the same as above).
Examples:

/ta-gen ~ ta-en/ [tagen ~ tae] intend to look'

/'saa-gen ~ 'saa-en/ [sa:gen ~ sae] intend to burn
/ta-en 'bela ~ taan 'bela/ m time of looking
[tae bela ~ ta: bela]
/'saa-en 'bela ~'saan 'bela/ m time of burning
[sae bela ~ sa: bela]
/'ma-gen ~ 'ma-en/ [magen ~ mae] intend to say
/'ma-en 'nahle ~ 'maan 'nahle/ n
[mae nale ~ma: nale] intend to say
evidently

/'ma-en-di ~ 'maandi/ n the one called

[maedi ~ ma: di]
As the examples above show, in the phonemic Roman representation we transcribe
the nasalized suffix as /-en/. To pronounce this correctly, the morphological
information, that this is a suffix, must be known, since other word-final, short-
vowel-plus-nasal sequences are not nasalized. In the present Roman transcription,
we have given the information by signalling the morpheme break with a hyphen.
Alternatively, if we do not want the hyphen in the transcription, we represent this
suffix with /e/.
808 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

In the Devanagari transcription, we use the nasalized e-symbol for the /-en/ form,
while in the other environments we normally transcribe nasalization as a nasal
segment; but we may use the nasalized vowel if we want to draw attention to
certain styles of speech.

9. Neutralization of stem-vowel length before suffixes with an initial

vowel or semi-vowel
The phonetic transcriptions of the examples above show that the contrast between
short and long verb-stem vowels is neutralized before the /-en/ suffix, and
naturally also when it fuses with the stem vowel. In the Devanagri and Roman
transcription the contrast between short and long verb-stem vowels before the
/-en/ suffix is retained, even though it is neutralized in actual speech. The
transcriptions reflect the stem vowel length of the underlying morpheme, and not
the phonemic length observable in the spoken form.
This neutralization of the contrast between short and long stem vowels regularly
takes place when a suffix-initial consonant is replaced by a semi-vowel (/y/ or
/w/) or deleted. In all these cases we write the morphological stem-vowel length.
(See appendix 7, section 3.1, footnote, and for the occurrence of /-w/ see <-ku>
imperfect aspect, appendix 7, section 6).

10. Centralization of /a/, /o/, and /u/

The palatal stops /ky/, /khy/, and /gy/ and the lamino-alveopalatal /t/, /th/,
and // have a short but distinct palatal off-glide [j]. This becomes especially
audible when they are followed by the vowels /a/, /o/, and /u/; in this
environment the vowels become more or less centralized: [], [ ], [ ].

11. Deletion and replacement of intervocalic /g/, /z/, and //

In relaxed pronunciation, intervocalic /g/ is deleted or replaced by a semi-vowel
under certain conditions. The rules are as follows:

/...Vgi/ /...y/

/...oga/ /...owa/ /...waa/ if preceded by a sibilant,

/...owa/ /...oo/ elswhere.

Appendix 6 Phonological sketch of Yohlmo 809

Examples:

distinct relaxed meaning

/magi/ /may/ maize

/mahgi/ /mahy/ buffalo

/'phoga/ /'phowa/ ~ /'phoo/ stomach

/'khyoga/ /'khyowa/ ~ /'khyoo/ husband

/'soga/ /'sowa/ ~ /'swaa/ paddy

/'sohga/ /'sohwa/ ~ /'swaah/ nettles

/oga/ /owa/ ~ /waa/ 'wound, sores'

(We notice that some lexical items more easily undergo this replacement and
deletion process than others.)
If intervocalic /z/ and // are preceded by a non-front vowel and followed by /i/
or /e/, the fricative and front vowel together are replaced by /y/ in relaxed
pronunciation.
Examples:

/'kahze 'ma-'ma/ /'kahy 'ma-'ma/ as many as you want

/'ai Karmu/ /'ay Karmu/ sister Karmu

/sah-e peh-sin/ /sah-y peh-sin/ is about to eat

12. Assimilation of verb stem final /n/

A verb stem final /n/ assimilates its point of articulation to a suffix-initial stop or
affricate as follows:
<n> /m/ = [m] before bilabials

// = [] before velars

/n/ = [ ] before palatals

/n/ = [n] before alveo-palatals

/n/ = [ ] before retroflexed stops

810 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

In phonemic theory, this assimilation presents a problem in that it cuts across the
borderline between subphonemic variation and morphophonemic change. [m] and
[] are phonemes and can be represented as such, but this is not the case for [ ],
[n], and [ ]. Before velars the assimilation goes a step further in relaxed
pronunciation in that the /g/ is deleted and the nasal somewhat lengthened:

<...n-k> /...n-g/ [ :] in relaxed pronunciation.

Examples:

<ten-> pull out

<ten-pa?> /temba?/ [temba?] did (you) pull out?'

<ten-ken> /tege(n)/ [te:e] (I am) going to pull out

<ten-'kyo> /te'gyo/ [te ] (I) pulled out

<ten-tu> /tendu/ [tend j ] let (him) pull out

<ten-o> /teno/ [te o] will probably pull out

In the Devanagari transcription we have represented this stem-final /n/ as

/m/before bilabials, but as /n/ before velars (not as //!); and, of course, also as
/n/ before the other points of articulation. This may seem a bit inconsistent, but
intuitively it seems to be the best solution.
It is interesting to note that this assimilation of /n/ only applies to verb-stem final
occurrences, and not to noun-stem finals, even though there would be plenty of
opportunity for this before the ergative and genitive suffix <-ki>.
 811

Appendix 7 Morphophonemic processes

Anna Maria Hari
1. Voicing assimilation of suffixes with initial stops or affricates
A good number of suffixes (verbal and other) start with a stop or affricate. The
initial stop or affricate of these suffixes shows assimilation of voicing to the stem
final segment after which it occurs. The assimilation is phonologically predictable
in all environments except after verb stems ending in one of the short front vowels
/i/ or /e/. After some of the verb stems in this group, the suffix initials are voiced,
and after others they are voiceless. Thus, in this subgroup of verb stems (which
comprises a relatively small number of stems) we have morphologically
conditioned alternation between voiceless and voiced suffix initials, and therefore
we need to mark these stems as exceptions in the lexicon. In other words, for each
verb stem ending in a short front vowel, we indicate in the lexicon whether it calls
for the voiceless-suffix series or for the voiced one. (For the marking conventions
see appendix 4, section 1.1, and for some examples of such verbs section 10
below.)
So we need to remember that the phonologically conditioned assimilation takes
place everywhere except after verb stems ending in short front vowels which are
marked with /-k/. (This is an abbreviated symbol for "voiceless suffix".) To this
relatively small group of exception verbs, none of the processes described below in
sections 1- 3 applies, while verb stems ending in short front vowels marked with
/-g/ (the abbreviated symbol for "voiced suffix") follow the assimilation rules as
described below.
(We note that the vowel changes observed in the verb stem perfect base also only
apply to the verb stems marked with /-g/, while those marked with /-k/ resist
these changes. See section 10 below; and for examples of the behaviour of verb
stems marked with /-k/ see section 12 below).
Only a very limited number of segments can occur stem finally. They are as
follows:
Voiced stem finals: m, n, , l
y, w4
vowels
Voiceless stem finals: p, (k), r5

4
/y/ and /w/ occur only as noun stem finals.
812 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

1.1 Voicing assimilation rule

With the above division of the stem finals, the voicing assimilation for suffix initial
stops and affricates can be stated very simply: After voiced segments, suffix-
initial stops and affricates become voiced; after voiceless segments they
remain voiceless. (This formulation implies that we take the voiceless form of the
suffix as the basic form. The reasons for this will be discussed in section 2.1
below).

Examples with <-ken> intentional present:

/ah-gi 'lam-ge(n)./ I am going to fry it.

/ah-gi ten-ge(n)./ [tege(n)] I am going to show it.

/ah-gi ta-ge(n)./ [tage(n)] I am going to send it.

/ah-gi sal-ge(n)./ I am going to clean them.

/ah-gi taa-ge(n)./ I am going to fasten it.

/ah-gi ta-ge(n)./ I am going to watch it.

/ah 'zap-ke(n)./ I am going to dress up.

/ah 'muhr-ke(n)./ I am going to chew it.

Examples with <-ki> ergative; instrumental:

/mahy-gi sah-sin./ The buffalo ate it.
buffalo-erg eat-pst
/'a 'daw-gi 'praah-sin./ (I) cut the meat with the meat knife.'
meat knife-instr cut-pst
/'khap-ki tohl 'du!/ 'I see, its perforated with a needle!'
needle-instr be.perforated aux.mir

5
/r/, though it is phonetically not strictly voiceless, always acts as a voiceless
consonant in Yohlmo phonology. /k/ occurs stem finally in nouns and adjective stems,
but not in verbs.
Appendix 7 Morphophonemic processes 813

2. Fricativization of affricates
Furthermore, suffixes with initial affricates undergo fricativization in intervocalic
position:
/t/ //

} between vowels
/ts/ /z/

Examples with <-tu> optative:

/'kho 'zap-tu./ Let him dress up.

/'kho 'muhr-tu./ Let him chew it.

/'kho-gi ta-du./ Let him send it.

/'kho-gi ta-u./ Let him watch it.

/'kho-gi taa-u./ Let him fasten it.

2.1 Consequences for the orthographic transcription

In the present transcriptions, we have chosen to write these alternations of the
suffix initials strictly phonemically. That is, because the sounds contrast in word
initial position, we also represent them as different phonemes word medially. In
the Roman transcription, we have done this consistently for voicing and
fricativization; in the Devanagari transcription we have made an exception for
fricativization because it involves a diacritic. (See appendix 6, section 5).
There are, however, indications that in a practical orthography it might be quite
appropriate to write voiceless suffix initials wherever the alternation is phonologi-
cally conditioned. The indications are the following:
Native speakers have a tendency to use voiceless sounds in spelling
pronunciation.
The restrictions in the distribution of the voiceless/voiced contrast for stops
and affricates in nouns also points in this direction, that is, we could let the
general phonotactic constraints for word formation take care of the alter-
nations. (See appendix 6, section 5 - 7).
814 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

3. Further morphophonemic changes for certain suffixes

3.1 Deletion of intervocalic /g/, /z/, and //

We have already seen that intervocalic /g/, /z/, and // tend to be deleted or
replaced by semi-vowels in relaxed pronunciation. (See appendix 6, section 11).
This general phonotactic rule applies also to intervocalic occurrences of these
segments which have come about through the concatenation of morphemes. We
need to remember that deletion and replacement are optional, and that the more
frequently used suffixes are more likely to undergo the processes. The suffixes most
affected by these processes, then, are the following:

<-ki> 1. ergative

2. genitive/po 2. genitive/possessive

<-ki> /-gi/ after voiced segments,

/...V-gi/ is replaced by /-y/6 in relaxed pronunciation.

Examples:

/Mihmar-ki puh/ Mihngmars son

/Pasa-gi puh/ Pasangs son

/Karma-gi puh ~ Karma-y puh/ Karmas son

/'luuh-gi piihru ~ 'luuh-y piihru/ [lui]7 lamb

/puh-gi puh ~ puh-y puh/ [pui] the sons son

6
In the Devanagari transcription, we represent the /y/ in word final position with the
vowel symbol for /i/: C|
7
If /-gi/ is replaced with /-y/, preceding long vowels become phonetically short. In
these cases, we write the morphological stem vowel length, not the phonetic, i.e.
phonemic one. See also appendix 1, section 9.
Appendix 7 Morphophonemic processes 815

<-ken> intentional present

<-ken-ba> 'decided future'

With these suffixes, deletion of intervocalic /g/ combines with nasalization

features as follows:
<-ken> /-gen/ after voiced segments, and keeps this
form in distinct pronunciation.
But in relaxed pronunciation the following takes place:
1. After a verb with a vowel in the stem final position:
/V-gen/ /-en/ ~ [e] in phrase final position
/VVn/ ~ [v: ] in phrase medial position
2. After a verb with a consonant in the stem final position:
/C-ken/ [ke ] or [ke]
/C-gen/ [ge ] or [ge]

Examples of relaxed pronunciation:

/ah-y ter-ke./ [terke / terke] I will give it.

/ah-y 'lam-ge./ [lamge / lamge] I will fry it.

/ah-y ta-ge./ [ta:e] 'I will send it.

/ah-y ta-en./ [tae] I will watch it.

/ah-y taa-en./ [tae] I will fasten it.

/'luuh ta-en-di 'kho 'yihm-ba./ n He is the one watching

[taedi/ta: di]
sheep watch he is-emph the sheep.'

/mahy taa-en-di 'kho 'yihm-ba./ n He is the one who ties

[taedi/ta: di]
buffalo watch he is-emph up the buffalos.

/mahy 'so-en-di 'kho 'yihm-ba./ n He is the one raising the

[soedi/so: di]
buffalo raise he is-emph buffalos.'

/ah-la ii-en-di di 'yihm-ba./ n This is the one which

[iedi/: di]
I-goal match this is-emph suits me.'
816 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

For the nasal of the 'decided future' suffix <-ken-ba> the normal nasal assimilation
rule applies:
<-ken-ba> /-kem-ba/

Examples for /-kem-ba/:

/khye-la ah-y ter-kemba!/ 'Just wait, I am going to hit you!'

you-goal I-erg give-....

/'Pokhara-la 'yih-'a o-gemba./ 'We just decided to go to Pokhara, too.'

[ i-a! "oemba] 'same meaning, more relaxed'
Pokhara-goal we-also go-....

/di 'luuh 'yih-gi tagemba./ 'We just decided that we will watch
[ ii taemba] these sheep.'
'same meaning, more relaxed'
this sheep we-erg watch....

/di 'luuh 'yih-gi taa-gem-ba./ 'We just decided that we will tie up this
[ ii taemba] sheep.'
'same meaning, more relaxed'
this sheep we-erg watch-

<-ku> imperfect aspect

This suffix always occurs before an auxiliary; so, in addition to the voicing
assimilation, it also shows assimilation in vowel height to the vowel of the
following auxiliary.
In distinct pronunciation:

<-ku> /-gu/ after voiced segments

/-ku ~ -gu/ /-ko ~-go/ before the auxiliary /'yeh/ and the
'warning particle' /'wa ~ 'wah/, (that
Is, before vowels other than /u/).
Appendix 7 Morphophonemic processes 817

In relaxed pronunciation:

/-gu ~ -go/ /-w/8 before the auxiliaries /'yeh/ and /'du/,

and before /'wa ~ 'wah/.
/-wa/ before /-'ra/ emphatic sf.'
Examples of relaxed pronunciation:

/'kho 'zap-ku 'du!/ I see, he is dressing up!

/'kho 'zap-ko 'yeh./ He is dressing up

/khye-la ter-ko 'wa!/ Mind, I am going to hit you!

/'moh-gi 'he 'lam-gu 'du!/ I see, she is frying potatoes.

/'moh-gi 'he 'lam-go 'yeh-ba./ She is frying potatoes.

/rihl-go 'wah, pehza-'ya!/ Careful children, you are going to fall!'

/'kho-gi mahy 'so-w 'du!/ [sow] I see, he is raising buffalos.

/'kho-gi mahy 'so-w 'yeh./ [sow] He raises buffalos.

/'moh-gi 'mahr 'soo-w yeh/ [sow] She accumulates butter.

/'bai ter-ko-'ra.../ Because (she) slapped (him)...

/'mah-n-o 'ma-wa-'ra.../ Because (he) said, Dont go!...

/'tohm-gi sah-w 'wah!/ Mind, a bear will eat you!

<-te> desiderative, infinitive'

<-te> /-de/ after voiced consonants

/-e/ after vowels and keeps this form in both

distinct and fairly relaxed pronunciation

8
In the Devanagari transcription, we represent word final /w/ with the vowel symbol
for /u/: E| Before /-w/ the contrast between short and long stem vowel is neutralized.
See also appendix 1, section 9.
818 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

In very relaxed pronunciation:

If /-e/ is preceded by a non-front vowel, it may be replaced by /-y/ in phrase
medial position before words starting with consonants.
Examples after non-front vowels:

/ah 'nuhmu-la 'thuu o-e!/ 'I wish to go and meet my younger sister!

/'kho o-e peh-sin./ or He is about to go.

/'kho do-y peh-sin./ same meaning, very relaxed

/'kho-gi sah-e peh-sin./ or He is about to eat it.

/'kho-y sah-y peh-sin./ same meaning, very relaxed

Example after front vowel:

/'kho 'i-e peh-sin./ He is about to die.'

<-tu> optative (let it be)'

Though this suffix also undergoes voicing and fricativization, it is not eligible for
y-replacement in relaxed speech because // is not followed by a front vowel.

3.2 Two exceptional verbal suffixes

Two suffixes with initial stop show exceptional behaviour in respect to voicing
assimilation. They are the following:
<-kya> concomitant action participle 2 (Rarely used in the
E dialect area, but quite frequently in the W area.)

<-'kyo> past tense, telling/main point aspect

According to the normal voicing assimilation rule the initial consonant of these
suffixes should become voiced after vowels. But this is not the case, voicing
assimilation only takes place after consonants, but not after vowels. Thus we get:
<-kya> /-gya/ after voiced consonants

/-kya/ after vowels

<-'kyo> /-'gyo/ after voiced consonants

/-'kyo/ after vowels

Appendix 7 Morphophonemic processes 819

Thus, <-'kyo> and <-kya> never become eligible for elision of /gy/. This, and
the resistance of these suffixes to voicing assimilation after vowels might be taken
as support for the interpretation of /ky/ as a single consonant, and not as a
sequence of /-ky/. In any case, these are the only two suffixes with initial stops,
which show this exceptional behaviour.
We also note that these two suffixes have an inherently different pitch contour.
While <-kya> has a basically level pitch (contour 4), <-kyo> has a high-falling
one (contour 3). In the Roman transcription suffixes with pitch contour 3 are
signalled with an apostrophe before the suffix, and in the Devanagari transcription
/ 'plural' ). But we have not marked /-M/ in
with the Tibetan high dot (e.g. /-/
Devanagari, because it is impractical when the preceding sound is a consonant and
has to be written as a half-character.
Examples:

/'khyim-la lep-kya.../ 'Upon arriving at home...'

/tshur oh-gya.../ 'While coming back...'
/phar o-kya.../ 'While going over there...'
/yohkto-'ya 'saa-kya.../ 'While burning the rubbish...'

/di 'kho-gi ter-'kyo./ 'He gave this to me.

/di 'kho-gi ta-'gyo./ He sent this to me.
/di 'kho-gi sah-'kyo./ He ate this.
/di 'kho-gi 'saa-'kyo./ He burnt this.

3.3 The probability suffix: <-o>

<-o> /-o/ after voiced consonants;

/-ro/ after vowels

Examples:

/'kho-gi ter-o./ He will probably give it.

/'kho-gi ta-o./ He will probably send it.
/kho-gi sah-ro./ He will probably eat it.
/'kho-gi 'saa-ro./ He will probably burn it.
820 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

4. Irregular verb stems in regard to voicing assimilation

In section 1 of this appendix we have already mentioned, that after verb stems
ending in one of the front vowels /i/ or /e/ the voicing status of the suffixes is
morphologically conditioned, and that therefore we indicate in the lexicon,
whether the given verb stem takes voiced or voiceless suffixes. For the details of
marking the exceptional behaviour of this subgroup of verb stems see appendix 4,
section 1.1, and for some examples of of verb stems marked with "voiceless suffix"
see section 12 below.
In addition to this subgroup with exceptional behaviour there are two verb stems
with short vowels which do not consistently ask for either voiceless or voiced
suffixes; these are the following:

/yeh-k/-g/ be; have (copula for specific (as opposed to general)

existence, location and existential attributive possession)
affirmative negative meaning of form

/'yeh-ba/ /meeh-ba/ question form/ emphatic

affirmative form

/'yeh-ken/ /meeh-ba ('yeh-ken)/ 'past' (not present!)

/'yeh-ken/ /meh-ken/ 'adjectival and nominal'

/'yeh-ti/ -- 'perfect

/'yeh-te/ -- infinitive

/'yeh-o/ /meh-o/ probability

/'yeh-tu/ -- optative

(The other verbal suffixes do not occur with /'yeh/.)

/'koh-g/-k/ need; must

This verb stem has irregular features in the Western dialect. We observe the
following forms and variations:
/'koh-ken/ 'koh-en/ present

/'koh-ko/ 'koh-w/ imperfect aspect

/'koh-pa/ 'koh-ba/ question form

Appendix 7 Morphophonemic processes 821

/'koh-ti/ 'perfect aspect

/'koh-o/ probability

/'koh-te/ desiderative; infinitive

/'koh-tu/ optative

In the Eastern dialect area, /'koh-/ regularly takes voiced suffixes, which is the
normal feature for all verb stems ending in a short non-front vowel. Consequently
the stem vowel also undergoes the changes in vowel quality and length which are
regular for verb stems with short vowels which are not marked with /-k/. (See
section 10 below).

5. A special suffix: <-ti>

This suffix is related to /tii/, which as a separate word is a numeral and means
one. In its suffixed form it has various shades of meaning, such as one, only,
something, the meaning depending on the syntactic environment of the suffix.
(For examples see dictionary entry.) In very distinct pronunciation, the morpheme
can always be pronounced as /tii/, in which case we would write it as a separate
word. It is likely to be pronounced as a separate word when it is clearly a numeral
and the speaker wants to emphasize the number. In other syntactic environments,
it is normally suffixed; and in relaxed speech, the numeral may also be suffixed.
When /tii/ is used as a suffix, it loses the vowel length and undergoes the normal
assimilation processes for voicing and fricativization.
Examples:
1. /ah-gi 'khap-ti-gi tohl-sin./ I only perforated it with a
I-erg needle-one-instr perforate-pst needle.
2. /'kho nah-di-la 'teh-ken./ He sits always inside.
he inside-only-loc sit-cus.pres
3. /to 'theemu-i paah 'la le!/ Please give me a little more
rice small-one add give.me please rice!
4. /ooh 'leehmu peh-na-i 'mih-m-ba.../ Unless we do it that way...'
that alike do-cond-only not.is-n.inser-perf
5. /ohze-i 'ma-'kyo 'nahle, ah-y-ni./ I only said this much.
that.much-only said-m.p.pst obviously I-erg-foc
822 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

Further, we note that <-ti> occurring after <-ken> assimilates to the surface
realization (phonetic realization) of this suffix, and it is also exceptional in that in
relaxed pronunciation it shows assimilation for the point of articulation to a
preceding /n/. Thus, we have the following forms for it:

<-ti> /-ti/ after voiceless finals

/-dzi/ after /n/
/-di/ after other voiced consonants
/-i/ after vowels (that is after surface vowels;
thismeans, also after nasalized vowels, which
always derive from an underlying syllable-final
nasal consonant)

The assimilation to /n/ can especially be observed when <-ti> is used as a

nominalizer for verb phrases:
/tam peeh-gen-di peh-sin./ (He) wanted to hide something, (but
[pe:#endzi] was not quite successful.)

/'yahmbu-la o-en-di peh 'du-ba./ He wants to go to Kathmandu, (but will

["oei/"oendzi] probably not be too successful).

/'kho-gi 'pasal 'tsuu-en-di peh 'du-ba./ He wants to open a shop, (but will
[tsuei/tsuendzi] probably not be too successful).

6. List of strictly verbal suffixes

In Yohlmo, most tenses and aspects are expressed with a combination of a verb
suffix and an auxiliary in the verb phrase. Thus, the number of strictly verbal
suffixes (i.e. the suffixes used in the tense/ aspect system) is relatively small. They
are as follows: (For illustrations of the usage of these suffixes compare
corresponding dictionary entries.)

/-ken~-gen ~ -en ~ -vvn9/ or intentional present

/-ke ~ -ge10/

9
v stands for any verb stem vowel. If /-en/ or /-vvn/ are used they are phonetically [-e]
and [-vv (n)] respectively, and the stem vowels are all phonetically long, i.e. the
contrast between long and short stem vowels is neutralized before these surface forms
of the suffix. (See also appendix 1, section 9.)
Appendix 7 Morphophonemic processes 823

/-kemba ~ -gemba ~ -emba/ 'decided future'

11
/-ku ~ -gu ~ -w ~ -wa ~ imperfect aspect
-ko ~ -go/
/-kya ~ -gya/ concomitant action participle 2
(Rarely used in the E dialect area, but quite
frequently in the W area.) For the special
behaviour of this suffix as to voicing
assimilation see section 3.2 above.
/-'kyo ~ -'gyo/ telling/main-point past For the special
behaviour of this suffix as to voicing
assimilation see section 3.2.
/-0/ (verb stem only) dramatic past and present"
/-na/ conditional
/-pa ~ -ba ~ -a12/ question suffix for past tenses; success-in-
adverse-circumstances-past; on auxiliaries:
slightly emphatic present; 'perfect aspect' in
certain contexts.
/-sin/ neutral past
/-sim-ba-'ra/ -sim-ma-'ra 'sequential action participle 2'
/-ti / -te/ ~ /-di/-de/13 perfect aspect; sequential action participle 1;
expressive-emphatic past
/-to ~ -do/ polite affirmative imperative/ with
interrogative intonation: 'shall I ?'
/-0/ 'familiar imperative' (verb stem only, but some
vowels undergo quality and length changes.
For details see section 11 above.)

10
The variation between /-ken/ and /-ke/ is conditioned by style of speech or dialect.
11
/-wa/ occurs in free variation with /-go/ or /-gu/ between verb stems ending in a
vowel and a following emphatic suffix /'ra/.
12
/-a/ occurs after stems ending in /p/.
13
/-te/ and /-de/ occur before the suffix /-'a/ in the Eastern dialect. In the
Western dialect area these two variants occur always instead of /-ti/ and
/-di/.
824 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

/-o ~ -o ~ -ro/ probable future' (For the phonological

conditionig see section 3.3 above.)
/-te ~ -de ~ -e/ desiderative; infinitive
/-tu ~ -du ~ -u/ optative

Suffix combinations:
/-ken ~ -gen ~ -en/ can be followed by /-mu/ or /ra/. Before both of these
suffixes, the final /n/ of the preceding suffix is deleted if nasalization does not
take place; if nasalization does take place, the /n/ is realized as nasalization. The
forms are as follows:
/-ke-mu ~ -ge-mu ~ -e-mu/ concomitant action participle 1
/-ke-'ra ~ -ge-'ra ~ -e-'ra/ imperfect continuous aspect'
/-te-'ra ~ -de-'ra/ perfect continuous aspect'
/-ti-ma-'ra ~ -di-ma-'ra/ 'sequential action participle 4'
/-temba-'ra ~ -demba-'ra/ 'sequential action participle 3'

7. The copulas
In this brief sketch we give just a listing of the affirmative form of the copulas, and
a brief description of the usage and of the illocutionary force of each form. For
some more information on each copula see appendix 5, section 8, and also the
corresponding dictionary entries.

/du/ existential, locational, attributive and identificational -

realizing/ observing (=mirative)/ inferential evidentiality'
/du-ba/ ditto, emphatic
/yih-gen/ identificational - evid.: attesting truth - quite sure'
/yihn/ 'ditto - evid.: attesting truth - sure'
/yihm-ba/ ditto - evid.: attesting truth - sure, emphatic
/yihn-o/ ditto - evid.: attesting truth - probable
/yeh/ existentional, locational, and attributive - neutral present
/yeh-ba/ ditto, emphatic
/yeh-ken/ ditto - neutral past (For emphatic past the present tense
forms may be used.)
/yeh-o/ ditto - probable future
Appendix 7 Morphophonemic processes 825

These copulas are also used as auxiliaries in the predicate phrase with active verbs
for various tense/ aspect combinations. A detailed description of these
constructions goes beyond the scope of this phonology sketch. Here we just want
to make the following two observations:
In those tense/ aspect combinations the auxiliaries basically have the same
illocutionary force.
In some constructions a clitic or particle can stand in the place of the auxiliary:
/'wa ~ 'wah/ instead of /'yeh/ in the following construction:

<-ko 'wa ~ 'wah> (For meaning and examples see section

9 below.)

/seeh/ instead of /'yehke(n)/ in the following two constructions:

<-te seeh> 'irrealis imperfective (would)

<-'kyo seeh> 'irrealis perfective' (would have); for

examples see dictionary entry of 'seeh'

/leh/ replacing the copula /'yihn/ in identificational interrogative

constructions. (For examples see the dictionary entry for 'le/ leh'.)

8. Other suffixes
The following is a list of the suffixes which are primarily nominal. But we cannot
really call them nominal suffixes, because most of them may also be attached to
verb phrases. Nevertheless, they are not so directly related to the tense/ aspect
systems as the suffixes and the auxiliaries listed above. (See sections 6 and 7
above).
Each suffix has various usages. In this listing we will not be able to go into much
detail, but give only the most basic senses for each suffix. For examples illustrating
the usage of each suffix see the corresponding dictionary entry.

/-a / -'aa / -'aa/ also; even (For fusion with /-la/ and /-na/ see
appendix 6, section 4.3, footnote.)
/-ka ~ -ga/ 'verb stem nominalizer' (This suffix is not very
productive.)
826 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

/-kar ~ -gar/ numeral group (suffixed to numerals)

Numerals ending in a long vowel have the vowel shortened and take the voiceless
suffix. Examples:
/sum-gar/ the three of them
/'i-gar/ the four of them
/yi-kar/ both of them
/'kyeh-kar/ the eight of them
/-ku ~ -gu/ 'verb stem nominalizer' (also not very productive,
except in the auxiliary verb phrase /-ku ~ -gu
'the-k/. For more details see the dictionary entry
for this form).
/-ki ~ -gi ~-y/ 1. ergative; instrumental; reason (causer)
2. possessive; genitive; optional adjectivizer
/-tse~-dze~-ze/ 'about; approximately (This suffix is very versatile.
It is used with quantities, qualities, verb stems and
noun stems. Numerals with long vowels get
shortened and require the voiceless suffix.)
/-tse-ba~-dze-ba~-ze-ba/ as much as, referring to quality more than
quantity
/-ta ~ -da/ 'along a location'
/-ta ~ -da/ verb stem nominalizer with a fairly neutral
meaning
/-ti ~ -di/ specific identification, singling out
parts/participants; attribution and elliptical
possession; clause nominalizer
/-na/ verb stem nominalizer referring to the appearance
of state or action'
/-ni/ topical highlighting; moderate focus
/-pa ~ -ba ~ -wa/ people from that place ( attached to place names)
/-'ya/ plural (used on noun, pronoun, locative, temporal
and verb phrases)
/-raa/ etcetera; and the like (used with adjective and
noun stems)
/-ree/ etcetera; and the like (used only with noun stems)
Appendix 7 Morphophonemic processes 827

/-'ra ~ -'a ~ -'a / emphatic (used with all kind of phrases) For the
-'ra/ phonological conditioning of the alternation see
appendix 6, section 4.3, footnote.
/-ro ~ -o ~ -o/.... 'gradual increase in the stated quality or quantity'
(/-ro ~ -o ~ -o/) (suffixed to adj. and qt. stems; the whole phrase is
most often reduplicated). - Phonological
conditioning of the variants: /-o/ occurs after the
vd. stem final consonants /m, n, l/; after //,
and after the vl. stem final consonants /p, k, r/ we
find /-o/ in free fluctuation with /-ro/; after
stem final vowels we always have /-ro/. (Note
that the conditioning for the variants of the
probability suffix is slightly different. )
/-la/ on non-verbal phrases: locative; goal; undergoer';
on verbal phrases: various usages
/-le(-gi)/ on non-verbal phrases: from (directional); on
verbal phrases: various usages
/-'le(e)/ an interesting question suffix; it is attached to adj.
stems and means 'how much of that quality or
quantity?' For a somewhat different usage of
this suffix see dictionary entry for /-'le yihndu/.

/-lu/ verb stem nominalizer: 'way of doing something'

/-sa/ suffixed to verb stems to make locative nouns:
the place where such and such is done' (e.g.
resting place); or to make the verb stems
adjectives
/-'se(e)/ 'somewhat more or less of the stated quality or
quantity' (This suffix is attached to adj. stems, and
to some verb stems; whether more or less is meant
depends on the lexical content of the preceding
stem.)
In the above lists, we have given the suffixes as single items. In many syntactic
constructions, interesting combinations of these suffixes occur which result in
various meanings. These combinations will best be presented as syntactic units,
which goes beyond the scope of this present phonological sketch.
828 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

8.1 Compounding with (verb) stems

The following four items are also attached to (mainly verb) stems; but since they
derive from a corresponding stem morpheme they rather belong into the domain
of compounding. This is also supported by their tonal characteristics. (Some of the
above suffixes probably also derive from stem morphemes, but they have lost the
tonal characteristics of those stem morphemes.)
/-ruhl/ attached to the first syllable of clan names to make
them abusive expressions. (From /ruhl-/ 'to rot').
/-rooh ~ ruuh peh-k/ may be attached to many verb stems and to some
noun stems as well; meaning: 'help with the activity';
/-rooh/ occurrs after stems with /u/, /-ruuh/
elsewhere.
/-'luh/ attached to verb stems; meaning: 'have time for the
activity'. (From /'loh/ 'chance; opportunity').
/-'tsen ~ -'dzen/ attached to verb stems; meaning: 'pretend to perform
the activity'. (Probably from /'tsen/ 'fright; kind of
evil spirit'). This post-position undergoes the normal
voicing assimilation for suffixes (see section 1.1
above). But for most speakers the affricate does not
undergo fricativization (see section 2 above). This is
probably because of its falling pitch, which after the
vl. initial corresponds to pitch 3, and after the vd.
initial naturally falls into pitch 1.
For illustrative examples of these items see the corresponding dictionary entries.

9. Clitics
There are a small number of particles which behave like clitics, that is, they are
attached phonologically at the end of the phrase they modify. They can be
attached to noun phrases and to verb phrases. The ones which start with a stop
follow the normal voicing rules which apply to suffixes. But because of their
greater flexibility of occurrence, we have called them 'clitics'. They are the
following:
/-'ka ~ -'ga/ 'contrary to expectation focus' (c.e.foc.)

/-'kyi ~ -'gyi/ 'as you probably know' (expl. = explanatorily)

/-'kyile ~ -'gyile/ 'you know, don't you? I want you to know this; I am
explaining this' (expl. = explanatorily)
Appendix 7 Morphophonemic processes 829

/-ta ~ -da/ 'and' (occurs mostly between noun phrases, but

occasionally also between clauses)

/-'wa ~ -'wah/ 'warning particle, perceptive attitude' (= percep.) /-

'wa/ occurs after high register verb stems, /-'wah/ after
low register ones. (Note that this assimilation in register
occurs even though usually a high-register suffix
intervenes between the verb stem and the clitic. See
also appendix 6, section 4.3).
Examples:
1. /di loma 'yih-ti 'mee-ba-ni, khu-di-'ga!/
this tray we.excl-attr say.vsperf-perf-foc they-attr-c.e.foc
'I thought this winnowing tray was ours, but it is theirs!'
2. /'seebu 'yihm-ba 'mee-ba-ni, yahp-'ka 'du-ba!/
son.hon is-emph say.vsperf-perf-foc father.hon-c.e.foc is.mir-emph
'I thought it was the son, but it is the father!'
3. /'kho 'e-ti oh-gen-'gyi!/
he persue-perf come-cus.pres-expl
'He will come after me, as you know!'
4. /'kho-la 'khartsa deze-gi da-ge, aw-gi-'a ter-ken-'gyile!/
he-goal expense this.much-source suffice-pres uncle-erg-also give-pres-expl
'This is enough provisions for him, since his uncle will give him some, too!'
5. /'kohlee peh-ti 'tsem-do, thaa-ge; di peh-'khap 'leehmu mihm-ba,
slowly do-perf sew-imp break-pres this Tibetan-needle like not.is--emph
'Sew slowly, otherwise it will break; this is not like one of those big Tibetan needles,
di-ni 'khap-'kyile!/
this-foc needle-expl
this is just an ordinary needle!'
6. /'ama-da ah kahl-sin./
mother-and I go.vs.perf-pst
'Mother and I went.'
7. /yahp-ta 'seebu 'phep-ku 'du!/
father.hon-and son.hon go.hon-imperf aux.mir
'Oh, father and son are going together there!'
830 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

8. /'kha-zumba 'teh, mihn-na ah-y tam 'ma-w-'wa!/

quiet stay not.is-cond I-erg talk say-imperf-warning
'Keep quiet, otherwise I will speak out!'
9. /kaah-le-gi 'preeh 'yuh-go 'wah?/
where-from-source.op escape get-imperf-percep
'Where might I be able to escape?'

10. The two verb stem bases: verb stem and verb stem perfect
Verb stems, which end in a short vowel and take the voiced suffix series, undergo
regular morphophonemic changes before certain suffixes, while before others they
remain unchanged. We have called the changed base 'verb stem perfect', because it
occurs before the perfect aspect suffix <-ti> in the past tenses, and in other tense-
aspect forms which seem to have a certain definiteness about them (see the bullet
list below).
The changes concern the vowel quality and the vowel length, and we need to
remember that the changes apply only to the verb stems ending in short vowels,
which require the voiced suffix series; they do not apply to the verb stems marked
with the diagnostic form /-k/, which requires the voiceless suffix series.The rules
to derive verb stem perfect from verb stem (the form listed in the dictionary) are
as follows:
Non-front vowels undergo a change in vowel quality and length:

/u/ /ii/

/o/ /ee/

/a/ /ee/

Front vowels undergo only lengthening:

/e/ /ee/

/i/ /ii/

The following tense-aspect forms call for verb stem perfect: (Each verb phrase is
given in both its affirmative and negative form and illustrated with /'ma-/ to say,
tell. The translations given can only be approximations to the meanings expressed
in Yohlmo.)
Appendix 7 Morphophonemic processes 831

affirmative verb phrase: negative verb phrase:

present perfect
/'mee-di 'yeh(-ba)/
has said
past perfect
/'mee-di 'yehke(n)/
had said
probable present perfect
/'mee 'yeh-o/
has probably said
present perfect, mirative
/'mee(-di) 'du(-ba)/
'maah-'me 'yeh(-ba)'
has not said'
/'mee-di meehba 'yehke(n)/
had not said
/maah-'me 'yeh-o/
has probably not said
/maah-'me 'du/

I realize (he) said I realize he didnt say

emphatic-expressive past
/'mee-di!/ (no corresponding negative form)

dramatic past
/'mee!/ (no corresponding negative form)

imperative
/'mee!/'mee-do!/ /mah-'ma!/
'say it!' 'don't say it!'

In the neutral past and main-point/telling past, only the negative forms require
verb stem perfect bases:

neutral past
/'ma-sin/ /maah-'me/

'said' 'didn't say'

main-point/telling past
/'ma-'kyo!/ /maah-'me-ba!/

(I) told you!' '(I) didn't tell it!'

832 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

(When <-sin> and <-'kyo> are followed by auxiliaries, they follow the same
pattern in the negative forms.)
Some auxiliary verbs also require the preceding main verb to take the verb stem
perfect base. If a given auxiliary verb requires a verb stem perfect base, this
information is given in the dictionary with entry of the auxiliary verb. We find it
in the grammar note at the end of the entry: [Gram:....]
In summary, we need to remember that verb stem perfect occurs in the following
environments:
Before the suffixes /-di/ and /-ba/ in independent and dependent verb
phrases; in some forms /-di/ is an optional element; if it is dropped, the verb
stem perfect base is retained.
In the negative form of the /-sin/ past.
In the affirmative form of the imperative.
In the dramatic past.
In the probable present perfect.
Before the verbal post-position /phando/ 'since, after'; in this environment
there is fluctuation; some speakers use the verb stem perfect, while others
don't.
Before the following four auxiliary verbs:
'teh-k aux. keep doing s.th. [Gram: vs perf.+<-ti> + aux.]
ta- aux. try doing s.th.' [Gram: vs perf. + aux.]
ter- aux. do s.th. for somebody [Gram: vs perf. + aux.]
'aa- aux. do s.th. definitely/ [Gram: vs perf. + aux.]
forcefully;
do s.th. negative to s.b.'
(This table also illustrates the from of the grammar note which appears with the
dictionary entries of these auxiliary verbs.)
Some examples of verb stem perfect base for each vowel:

/'ko-/ to dig

/sa 'kee-do!/ Dig up the ground!

/sa 'kee-di 'yeh-ken./ The ground had been dug up.

/sa 'kee 'teh-ku 'du./ (He) keeps digging up the ground.

Appendix 7 Morphophonemic processes 833

/uh-/ to cry

/iih-di kahl-sin./ (He) went crying.

/iih 'yeh-o./ (He) is probably crying.

14
/maah-ih 'du!/ I realize he didnt cry.

/'kye-g/ to sprout; to give birth

/'tsa 'kyee-di 'yeh./ The grass has sprouted.

/'tsa 'kye-sin 'du./ I see, the grass has sprouted.

14
/'tsa maah-'kye 'du./ I see, no grass has sprouted.

/'i-g/ to die

/'kho 'ii-di!/ He died. (expressive)

/'kho 'i-sin./ He died. (neutral)

14
/'kho maah-'i./ 'He didnt die.

/sah-/ 'to eat'

/to seeh-di!/ 'I have already eaten!'

/to sah-sin./ 'I have eaten.'

/to maah-seh 'yeh./14 'I haven't eaten yet.'

10.1 An exception verb

There is one verb which has two verb stem perfect bases; it is the verb /o-/ to
go, and the two bases are /kahl-/ and /ee-/.

/ee-/ is used in non-past contexts (vs.non-perf.)

/kahl-/ is used in past tense contexts (vs.perf.)

14
For the behaviour of the negative prefix see appendix 2, section 13.
834 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

Examples:

/ah ooh-la ee-di 'teh-ke./ I keep going there.

/'kho kahl-di!/ He has gone!
/'kho kahl-sin./ He went. (neutral)
/'kho kahl-'kyo./ He went. (take note of this)

11. Imperative verb bases

The affirmative forms of the imperative are formed by using just the verb stem, or
by adding the suffix /-to ~ -do/. The form with the suffix is more polite than
using just the verb stem.
As already mentioned above, verbs ending in /..a-/, /..o-/, or /..u/, which take
the voiced suffix series, use the verb stem perfect base before the suffix /-to ~
-do/, (see section 10 above).
In addition, there are two other groups of verbs which show morphophonemic
changes in the imperative; but this change applies only to the imperative using the
verb stem only, not to the form using the suffix <-to>. The changes are as
follows:
/CaC-/ /CoC/
/Caa-/ /Coo/
(That is, in verb stems with a short /a/ followed by a consonant, the /a/ becomes
/o/; and in verb stems ending in a long /aa/, the /aa/ changes to /oo/.)
Examples:

/ta-do!/ or /to!/ Send it!

/par-to!/ or /por!/ Light it!

/par-to?/ or /por?/ Shall I light it?

/'ehmba sal-do!/ or /'ehmba sol!/ 'Remember it!

/'aah-do!/ or /'ooh!/ Read it!

/'aa-do?/ or /'oo?/ Shall I keep it?

Appendix 7 Morphophonemic processes 835

Negative imperatives are formed with the perfect form of the negative prefix
(which is /mah-/) and the unchanged verb stem base. The prefix shows the
regular morphophonemic changes in vowel length which are peculiar to this suffix.
(See section 13.2 below).

11.1 Irregular imperatives

A small number of verbs have irregular imperatives. They are the following:

verb stem meaning imperative

/o-/ to go /so/su!/
/oh-/ to come /o!/
/sah-/ to eat /'soh/seeh-do!/
/khyo-/ to bring /'khyer o!/
/ter-/ to give
give to me/us /'la!/
(directed to 1st person)
give to him/them /ter!/
rd
(directed to 3 person)

For the verb /peh-k/ to do, the negative form of the imperative is /mah-be!/
and not */mah-peh!/ as the regular form would be.
In the dictionary these irregular forms are given in the grammar note of the
corresponding verb stem.

12. Examples for verb stems marked with voiceless suffix

It is interesting to note that in the Eastern dialect this group of verb stems includes
only verb stems with the front vowels /i/ and /e/. (But it does not comprise all
the verb stems with front vowels). In the Western dialect the verb /koh-k/-g/
shows exceptional behaviour in that we have sometimes voiceless suffixes after a
non-front vowel. (See section 4 above).
The verb stems marked with /-k/, even though they end with a vowel, require
voiceless suffix initials in all forms. As a consequence, these initials never become
eligible for fricativization, deletion, or semi-vowel replacement. (See section 2 and
3.1 above). The verb stem itself also does not undergo any changes in vowel
836 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

quality or length for the verb stem perfect base. (See section 10 above). Thus these
verbs have only one verb stem base. (This is also the case for all the verb stems
ending in a consonant or a long vowel.)

/pi-k/ to take off (e.g. clothes)

/pi-ke(n)/ intentional present
/mih-pi/ same meaning, negative
/pi-ti!/ expressive past
/pi-sin/ neutral past
/mah-pi/ same meaning, negative
/pi-to!/pi!/ imperative
/mah-pi!/ same meaning, negative
/pi-te/ desiderative

/e-k/ to tell
/e-ku 'du/ I see, (he) is telling (it)!
/e-ko 'yeh/ (he) is telling (them)
/e-tu/ let (him) tell
(Compare these examples with the examples given in section 10, where we find
two verb stems marked with "voiced suffix". (The letter /-g/ after the stem stands
for voiced suffix, and the letter /-k/ for voiceless suffix.)

13. The negative prefix

The negative morpheme is prefixed to the verb stem or to the perfect base of the
verb stem (vsperf.), and has basically two forms:
/meh-/ occurs with non-past tenses,
/mah-/ occurs with past tenses and the imperative.
These prefixes show morphophonemic changes in vowel quality and vowel length,
depending to what kind of verb stem they are prefixed to.
Appendix 7 Morphophonemic processes 837

13.1 Change in vowel quality

/meh-/ /mih/ before bases with the high vowels /i/ and /u/.
/mah-/ shows no change in vowel quality.
In the following examples we give first the basic form of the verb stem, and then
the present tense, where we can observe the change in vowel quality (in the last
four examples), and after that the past tense, where the vowel of the negative
prefix remains constant.
/ter-/ /ah-gi meh-ter./ I wont give it.
/ah-gi mah-ter./ I didnt give it.

/e-k/ /ah-gi meh-e./ I wont tell it.

/ah-gi mah-e./ I din't tell it.'

/'lo-/ /ah-gi meh-'lo./ I wont search through it.

/ah-gi mah-'lo./ I didnt search through it.

/ta-/ /ah-gi meh-ta./ I wont send it.

/ah-gi mah-ta./ I didnt send it.

/'ti-/ /ah-gi mih-'ti./ I wont spread it out.

/ah-gi mah-'ti./ I didnt spread it out.

/'i-k' /ah-gi mih-'i./ 'I won't drive him out.'

/ah-gi mah-'i./ 'I didn't drive him out.'
/'pu-/ /ah-gi mih-'pu./ I wont spill it.
/ah-gi mah-'pu./ I didnt spill it.

/su-/ /'kho-gi mih-su./ 'He doesn't watch.'

/'kho-gi mah-su./ 'He didn't watch.'

13.2 Transfer of stem vowel length

In all forms and environments, the negative prefix becomes long when it is
prefixed to a verb stem base with a long vowel, and the base itself becomes short.
838 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

That is, the base vowel length is transferred to the negative prefix. This applies
also to those verb-stem-perfect bases in which a long vowel has been introduced
through morphophonemic change. That is, we first have to choose the appropriate
verb stem base, and then prefix the negative.
In the following examples, we give only the translation of the basic form of the
verb stems. The meanings of the other forms can be derived from the headings of
the columns. (Verb stems with a final consonant do not occur with long vowels,
and therefore we have not included any examples of these here.)
With verb stems which have a short vowel and are followed by voicless suffixes no
lengthening of the verb base takes place; therefore here the negative prefix occurs
in its unlengthend form everywhere. (This can only be observed for verb stems
with /i/ and /e/ quality.)

verb stem expressive past neg. past neg. present &

neg. imperative
/thi-k/ /thi-ti!/ /mah-thi./ /mih-thi./
join together /mah-thi!/

/phre-k/ /phre-ti!/ /mah-phre./ /meh-phre./

scratch /mah-phre!/

/ih-k/ /ih-ti!/ /mah-'ih/ /mih-'ih./

pull /mah-'ih!/

/teh-k/ /teh-ti!/ /mah-'teh./ /meh-'teh./

sit, stay /mah-'teh!/

With verb stems which have long vowels we can observe the transfer of the vowel
length to the negative prefix.
Appendix 7 Morphophonemic processes 839

Verb stems with long vowels and high register:

verb stem expressive neg. past neg. present &

past neg. imperative
/taa-/ /taa-di!/ /maah-ta./ /meeh-ta./
fasten /maah-ta!/

/'sii-/ /'sii-di!/ /maah-'si./ /miih-'si./

save up /maah-'si!/

/'ruu-/ /'ruu-di!/ /maah-'ru./ /miih-'ru./

gather in /maah-'ru!/

/nee-/ /nee-di!/ /maah-ne./ /meeh-ne./

think, seem /maah-ne!/

/oo-/ /oo-di!/ /maah-o./ /meeh-o./

disturb, irritate /maah-o!/

Verb stems with long vowels and low register:

/yaah-/ /yaah-di!/ /maah-yah./ /meeh-yah./

bring forth fruit /maah-yah!/

/iih-/ /iih-di!/ /maah-ih./ /miih-ih./

arrange /maah-ih!/

/yuuh-/ /yuuh-di!/ /maah-yuh./ /miih-yuh./

wander around /maah-yuh!/

/'dee-/ /'dee-di!/ /maah-n-'de./ /meeh-n-'de./

touch /maah-n-'de!/

/looh-/ /looh-di!/ /maah-loh./ /meeh-loh./

return /maah-loh!/
840 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

With verb stems which have short vowels followed by voiced suffixes the
lenthening of the vowel can be observed in the expressive past, (i.e. before the
suffix /-di/), and consequently the vowel length of the stem is transferred to the
negative prefix in the negative form of the past. Note, however, that in the
imperative negative of these verbs no vowel lengthening occurs.

Verb stems with short vowels and high register:

verb stem expressive neg. past neg. present &

past neg. imperative

/'lha-/ /'lhee-di!/ /maah-'lhe./ /meh-'lha./

knit /mah-'lha!/

/phi-g/ /phii-di!/ /maah-'phi./ /mih-'phi./

be late /mah-'phi!/

/phu-/ /phii-di!/ /maah-phi./ /mih-phu./

blow /mah-phu!/

/tse-g/ /tsee-di!/ /maah-'tse./ /meh-'tse./

play /mah-'tse!/

/'po-/ /'pee-di!/ /maah-'pe./ /meh-'po./

pour /mah-'po!

Verb stems with short vowels and low register:

/sah-/ /seeh-di!/ /maah-seh./ /meh-sah./

eat /mah-sah!/

/ih-g/ /iih-di!/ /maah-'ih./ /mih-'ih./

ask /mah-'ih!/

/pruh-/ /priih-di!/ /maah-'prih./ /mih-'pruh./

write /mah-'pruh!/
Appendix 7 Morphophonemic processes 841

verb stem expressive neg. past neg. present &

past neg. imperative

/teh-g/ /teeh-di!/ /maah-'teh./ /meh-'teh./

care /mah-'teh!/

/yoh-/ /yeeh-di!/ /maah-'yeh./ /meh-'yoh./

buy /mah-'yoh!/

13.3 Tonal behaviour of the negative prefix and the following verb
stems
So far we have seen that the negative prefix alternates phonologically between
/meh-/ and /mih-/, and that in certain morphological environments it changes
to /mah-/. Further we have seen that these forms become long when they are
prefixed to a verb stem base with long vowel; and that consequently, the prefixed
verb stem base becomes short.
As to the tonal behaviour of these composites, we observe that the general rules
for compounding apply. That is, each component retains its original register and
contour tone, but in the second component the dimensions of the contrast are
reduced.
To my15 astonishment this is also true for stems which have become short because
of the vowel length transfer. Such stems also retain their original register and
contour. This shows that the tone contrasts and vowel length contrasts are
independent of each other.
Following are sets of four verbs; each set illustrates the fourfold contrast for voice
quality and contour in different phonological environments.

15
In this phonological description I (Anna Maria Hari) have mainly used 'we' when
referring to the author, because without my various assistants I could not have gained
the knowledge expounded in this description. But for some more personal discoveries 'I'
seems to be more appropriate.
842 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

verb stem meaning expressive negative past negative

past present

/ka-/ fill, v.t. /ka-di!/ /mah-'ka./ /meh-'ka./

/am-/ spread, v.t. /am-di!/ /mah-am./ /meh-am./

/ahm-/ spread, v.i. /ahm-di!/ /mah-ahm./ /meh-ahm./

/kah-/ fill, v.i. /kah-di!/ /mah-'kah./ /meh-'kah./

/tap-/ sow /tap-ti!/ /mah-'tap./ /meh-'tap./

/pap-/ take down /pap-ti!/ /mah-pap./ /meh-pap./

/pahp-/ shake, v.i. /pahp-ti!/ /mah-pahp./ /meh-pahp./

/tahp-/ fall /tahp-ti!/ /mah-'tahp./ /meh-'tahp./

/kaa-/ obstruct /kaa-di!/ /maah-'ka./ /meeh-'ka./

/paa-/ dip up /paa-di!/ /maah-pa./ /meeh-pa./

/paah-/ step on /paah-di!/ /maah-pah./ /meeh-pah./

/'gaa-/ get stuck /'gaa-di!/ /maah-'ga./ /meeh-'ga./

/ma-/ say /mee-di!/ /maah-'me./ /meh-'ma./

/ta-/ look /tee-di!/ /maah-te./ /meh-ta./

/pah-/ bury /peeh-di!/ /maah-peh./ /meh-pah./

/kah-/ please,v. r. /keeh-di!/ /maah-'keh./ /meh-'kah./

Appendix 7 Morphophonemic processes 843

verb stem meaning expressive negative past negative

past present

/'il-/ 'wrap around' /'il-di!/ /mah-'il./ /mih-'il./

/kyil-/ surround /kyil-di!/ /mah-kyil./ /mih-kyil./

/ihm-/ 'twist threads' /ihm-di!/ /mah-ihm./ /mih-ihm./

/'ihl-/ roll up /'ihl-di!/ /mah-'ihl./ /mih-'ihl./

/tip-/ overripen /tip-ti!/ /mah-'tip./ /mih-'tip./

/tip-/ sink into, v.t. /tip-ti!/ /mah-tip./ /mih-tip./

/tihp-/ drive into /tihp-ti!/ /mah-tihp./ /mih-tihp./

/yihp-/ hide, v.i. /yihp-ti!/ /mah-'yihp./ /mih-'yihp./

/ii-/ undo, v.t. /ii-di!/ /maah-'i./ /miih-'i./

/ii-/ arrange neatly /ii-di!/ /maah-i./ /miih-i./

/ii-/16 match /ii-di!/ /maah-n-i./ /miih-n-i./

/iih-'/ become undone /iih-di!/ /maah-'ih./ /miih-'ih./

/i-k/ drive out /i-ti!/ /mah-'i./ /mih-'i./

/pi-k/ pull out /pi-ti!/ /mah-pi./ /mih-pi./

/pih-k/ fall out /pih-ti!/ /mah-pih./ /mih-pih./

/ih-k/ pull /ih-ti!/ /mah-'ih./ /mih-'ih./

16
Note that morpheme-initial voiced stops, affricates, and fricatives are always followed
by low register. Thus we do not need to mark the low register after these sounds.
844 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

verb stem meaning expressive negative past negative

past present

/u-/ undoe /ii-di!/ /maah-'i./ /mih-'i./

/tu-/ dip up /tii-di!/ /maah-ti./ /mih-tu./

/uh-/ weep /iih-di!/ /maah-ih./ /mih-uh./

/uh-/ present s.th. /iih-di!/ /maah-'ih./ /mih-'uh./

/em-/ get caught /em-di!/ /mah-'em./ /meh-'em./

/ken-/ put on, v.dt. /ken-di!/ /mah-ken./ /meh-ken./

/kehn-/ put on, v.t. /kehn-di!/ /mah-kehn./ /meh-kehn./

/kyehn-/ dress up /kyehn-di!/ /mah-'kyehn./ /meh-'kyehn./

/khyer-/ take along /khyer-ti!/ /mah-'khyer./ /meh-'khyer./

/ter-/ give /ter-ti!/ /mah-ter./ /meh-ter./

/sehr-/ fray /sehr-ti!/ /mah-sehr./ /meh-sehr./

/'yehr-/ grumble /'yehr-ti!/ /mah-'yehr./ /meh-'yehr./

/tee-/ arrange /tee-di!/ /maah-'te./ /meeh-'te./

/ee-/ know /ee-di!/ /maah-e./ /meeh-e./

/ee-/ burn, v.i., hon' /ee-di!/ /maah-e./ /meeh-e./

/keeh-/ crack /keeh-di!/ /maah-'keh./ /meeh-'keh./

/'se-k/ kill /'se-ti!/ /mah-'se./ /meh-'se./

/e-k/ tell /e-ti!/ /mah-e./ /meh-e./

/peh-k/ do /peh-ti!/ /mah-be./ /meh-be./

/seh-k/ hold out /seh-ti!/ /mah-'seh./ /meh-'seh./

Appendix 7 Morphophonemic processes 845

verb stem meaning expressive negative past negative

past present

/kol-/ boil, v.t. /kol-di!/ /mah-'kol./ /meh-'kol./

/tol-/ pierce, v.t. /tol-di!/ /mah-tol./ /meh-tol./

/tohl-/ pierce,v.i. /tohl-di!/ /mah-tohl./ /meh-tohl./

/bol-/ wind in cramps /bol-di!/ /mah-'mbol./ /meh-'mbol./

/top-/ batter s.th. /top-ti!/ /mah-'top./ /meh-'top./

/rop-/ break, v.t. /rop-ti!/ /mah-rop./ /meh-rop./

/rohp-/ break, v.i. /rohp-ti!/ /mah-rohp./ /meh-rohp./

/tohp-/ get dented /tohp-ti!/ /mah-'tohp./ /meh-'tohp./

/'poo-/ uproot /'poo-di!/ /maah-'po./ /meeh-'po./

/tsoo-/ pierce, v.t. /tsoo-di!/ /maah-tso./ /meeh-tso./

/tsooh-/ 'be finished' /tsooh-di!/ /maah-tsoh./ /meeh-tsoh./

/'pooh-/ get uprooted /'pooh-di!/ /maah-'poh./ /meeh-'poh./

/'so-/ raise /'see-di!/ /maah-'se./ /meh-'so./

/yo-/ cook /yee-di!/ /maah-ye./ /meh-yo./

/'o-/ 'milk' /ee-di!/ /maah-e./ /meh-o./

/zo-/ build, make /zee-di!/ /maah-'ze./ /meh-'zo./

13.4 Nasal insertion in negative verb phrases

In negative verb phrases involving verb stems beginning with a voiced stop or
affricate, a nasal element is inserted between the prefix and the stem. This nasal
element takes the following phonetic forms:
846 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

If the prefix is realized with a short vowel, the nasal element takes the form of
a nasal segment which assimilates its point of articulation to the following stop
or affricate.
If the prefix is realized with a long vowel, the nasal element is realized as
vowel nasalization which is usually followed by a short nasal transition with
the same point of articulation as the following consonant. (This is the normal
behaviour of a long vowel followed by a nasal segment. See appendix 6,
section 8).

Representation of the inserted nasal:

The most simple and phonologically adequate representation would be to write
/n/ everywhere, and let the rules given above take care of the phonetic
realization. However, in the orthographic representation we find it more congenial
to write the assimilated forms where the phonemes are available, that is, we write
/m/ before bilabials, // before velars, and /n/ elsewhere. This also applies to the
Devanagari transcription.
In the examples below, we give first the orthographic representation and beneath
it the phonetic realization of the forms.

verb stem meaning present negative past negative

/goo-/ crawl /meeh--go/ /maah--go/

[me: go] [ma: go]

/'go-/ stick to /meh--'go/ /maah--'ge/

[me%#o]
[ma: ge]

/gom-/ jump over /meh--gom/ /mah--gom/

[me%#om] [ma%#om]

/gyur-/ change /mih--'gyur/ /mah--'gyur/

[mi% r] [ma% r]
Appendix 7 Morphophonemic processes 847

verb stem meaning present negative past negative

/'dii-/ be afraid /miih-n-'di/ /maah-n-'di/

[m&': di] [ma: di]

/'dip-/ suck /mih-n-'dip/ /mah-n-'dip/

[mind ip] [mand ip]

/'dzaa-/ climb /meeh-n-'dza/ /maah-n-'dza/

n n
[me: dza] [ma: dza]

/dzi-/ quarrel /mih-n-dzi/ /mah-n-dzi/

[mindzi%] [mandzi%]

/ii-/ match /miih-n-i/ /maah-n-i/

n
[m&': i] [ma: i]

/'up-/ set' (of sun) /mih-n-'up/ /mah-n-'up/

[mi "up] [ma "up]

/'dee-/ touch /meeh-n-'de/ /maah-n-'de/

n n
[me: de] [ma: de]

/dam-/ choose /meh-n-dam/ /mah-n-dam/

[mendam] [mandam]

/bii-/ sprout /miih-m-bi/ /maah-m-bi/

m m
[m&': bi] [ma: bi]
848 Yohlmo - Nepali - English Dictionary

verb stem meaning present negative past negative

/'bol-/ writhe /meh-m-'bol/ /mah-m-'bol/

[membol] [mambol]

Note that before the voiced sibilant fricatives no nasal insertion takes place:

verb stem meaning present negative past negative

/zu-/ catch /mih-zu/ /mah-zu/

[mizu%] [mazu%]

/'zo-/ build /meh-'zo/ /maah-'ze/

[mezo] [ma:ze]

/'zii-/ see' (hon.) /miih-'zi/ /maah-'zi/

[mi:zi] [ma:zi]

/'a-/ build' (hon.) /meh-'a/ /mah-'a/

[me j%] [ma j%]

/o-/ milk /meh-o/ /maah-e/

[me j ] [ma: e]

/'aa-/ put; keep /meeh-'a/ /maah-'a/

[me: j] [ma: j]