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Article history: Wind power is generating interest amongst many countries to produce sustainable electrical power. It is
Received 14 December 2014 well known that the main drawback of wind power is the inherent variable behavior of wind speed.
Received in revised form Signicant research has been carried out to improve the performance of the wind turbines and establish
18 May 2015
the power system stability. As power output is proportional to the cubic power of the incident airspeed,
Accepted 20 May 2015
Available online 4 July 2015
any small increase in the incident wind yields a large increase in the energy output. One of the more
promising advanced concepts for overcoming the inherent variable behavior of wind speed is the DAWT
(diffuser-augmented wind turbine). The diffuser or anged diffuser generates separation regions behind
Keywords:
Ducted wind turbine
it, where low-pressure regions appear to draw more wind through the rotors compared to a bare wind
Shrouded wind turbine turbine. Thus, the output power of the DAWT is much larger than for a unshrouded turbine. To estimate
Diffuser augmented wind turbine rotor performance of the diffuser-augmented wind turbine, this paper constructed a process which
Neuro-fuzzy simulates the power output, torque output and rotational speed of the rotor in regard to diffuser effect
ANFIS and wind input speed with ANFIS (adaptive neuro-fuzzy) method. This intelligent estimator is imple-
mented using Matlab/Simulink and the performances are investigated.
2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.05.126
0360-5442/ 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
V. Nikolic et al. / Energy 89 (2015) 324e333 325
terms of direction and speed [26,27], because of the presence of physical process as a precondition for its application. Thus ANFIS
buildings and other adjacent obstructions. To yield a reasonable integrates the FIS with a back-propagation learning algorithm of
power output from a wind turbine located in this turbulent envi- neural network.
ronment the turbines have to improve their energy capture [28,29]. The key goal of this investigation is to establish an ANFIS for
This means that turbines need to be specically designed to work estimation of the wind turbine rotor performances, power output,
effectively in low and turbulent wind resource areas [30,31]. torque output and rotor rotational speed in regard to diffuser effect
In this study is an analyzed diffuser effect on wind turbine rotor and wind input speed. The basic idea behind the soft computing
performance. Since the using of CFD (computational uid dy- methodology is to collect input/output data pairs and to train the
namics) for the ducted wind turbine performance analyzing could proposed network from these data. This technique gives fuzzy logic
be very challenging and time consuming, soft computing tech- the capability to adapt the membership function parameters that
niques are preferred. It is attempted to estimate the rotor perfor- best allow the associated FIS to track the given input/output data
mance with diffuser for different number of blades and for different [39e41]. A CFD simulation is carried out to extract the training and
wind input speed by soft computing methodology i.e. ANFIS checking data for the ANFIS network.
(adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system). As the rotor performance,
power output, torque output and rotor rotational speed of the rotor 2. Materials and methods
are tracked. Cp (power coefcient) and Ct (torque coefcient) are
used as the measure for power output and torque output 2.1. Diffuser augmented wind turbines
respectively.
ANFIS is one of the most powerful types of neural network The power in wind is proportional to the cubic power of the
system [32]. ANFIS shows very good learning and prediction ca- wind velocity approaching the wind turbine:
pabilities, which makes it an efcient tool to deal with encountered
uncertainties in any system. ANFIS, as a hybrid intelligent system 1 2 3
that enhances the ability to automatically learn and adapt, was used
P rr pu h (1)
2
by researchers in various engineering systems [33e35]. So far, there
are many studies of the application of ANFIS for estimation and where the air density is represented by Refs. r, rotor radius is r, u is
real-time identication of many different systems [36e38]. FIS the wind velocity and h is the efciency of the wind turbine. The
(fuzzy inference system) is the main core of ANFIS. FIS is based on ratio of captured power to available power is referred to as the
expertise expressed in terms of IFeTHEN rules and can thus be power coefcient Cp. Equation (1) shows that a small amount of
employed to predict the behavior of many uncertain systems. FIS acceleration leads to a large increase in the energy output. Fig. 1
advantage is that it does not require knowledge of the underlying illustrates an overview of the present DAWT (diffuser
augmented-wind turbine system). A ange generates a large sep-
aration behind it, where a very low-pressure region appears to
draw more wind compared to a diffuser with no ange. Owing to
this effect, the ow coming into the diffuser can be effectively
concentrated and accelerated. In this system, the maximum ve-
locity is obtained near the inlet of diffuser and thus a wind turbine
is located there as shown in Fig. 1.
The goal of this research is to determine the diffuser effect on
wind turbine performances (power output, torque output and
rotational speed) by ANFIS methodology.
Zr0 Zr0
vUi 1 n 2 o
0; T dT r Ux ru2 CL sin b CD cos bncrdr
vxi 2
rh rh
Zr0 n o
1 2
rUx CL sin b CD cos b 1 ru=Ux 2 ncrdr
( ! ) 2
vUi vP v vUi vUj rh
pUj pv rui uj Fi ; (2)
vxj vxi vxj vxj vxi Zr0
1
r Ux2 Ch 2pr 2 dr (5)
2
where denotes a Reynolds-averaged value. In the equations, r, P, rh
Ui, ui and v respectively denote the density, mean static pressure,
mean velocity, turbulent uctuation and kinematic viscosity. In where r0 and rh denote the radius of blade and hub, respectively. Ch
Equation (2) Fi is the body-force term imposed for the represen- is rotation coefcient since it merges drag and lift coefcient and it
tation of a load. is dened as [2]:
The computational conditions are shown in Fig. 2. In Fig. 2, L, D, n o
f and h respectively denote the diffuser length, diffuser diameter at ncCL sin b CD cos b 1 ru=Ux 2
the throat, diffuser opening angle and height of ange used in the Ch (6)
2pr
present experiment. The subscripts 0, 1, 2 and b in the Fig. 2 denote
values at the inlet (free stream), in front of the load (approaching), Therefore, the total torque coefcient generated by the blades
behind the load and at the exit of the diffuser, respectively. can be expressed as [2]:
In this study, the load inside the diffuser was represented by the
Zr0 Zr0
following general expression [2]: T 1 1
Ctrq 1 1 2 dT Ch K 2 2pr 2 dr; (7)
2 rU 2 AD
0 2 rU 0 AD
AD
rh rh
Ctrq 1 where Ap(D/2)2 and K U2/U0 is the acceleration factor. The po-
Fx rUx jUx j; Fr 0; (3)
D 2 wer coefcient is estimated as follows [2]:
where Ux is the stream wise velocity. In Equation (3) Ctrq and D are Zr0 Zr0
the loading coefcient and its stream wise width imposed, Tu u 1 ru
Cp 1 1 2 dT Ch K 2 2pr 2 dr: (8)
respectively. In this study, Ctrq was determined by use of a disk- 2 rU 2A
0 2 rU0A
A Ux
rh rh
loading method in the two-dimensional cylindrical (xr) coordi-
nate as follows [2]:
Rule 1 : if x is A and y is C and z is E then f1 p1 x q1 y r1 z s1 is used here as it has the best abilities for the generalization of
Rule 2 : if x is A and y is C and z is F then f2 p2 x q2 y r2 z s2 nonlinear parameters:
Rule 3 : if x is A and y is D and z is E then f3 p3 x q3 y r3 z s3
Rule 4 : if x is A and y is D and z is F then f4 p4 x q4 y r4 z s4
Rule 5 : if x is B and y is C and z is E then f5 p5 x q5 y r5 z s5 1
m 2b (11)
Rule 6 : if x is B and y is C and z is F then f6 p6 x q6 y r6 z s6 xc
1
Rule 7 : if x is B and y is D and z is E then f7 p7 x q7 y r7 z s7 a
Rule 8 : if x is B and y is D and z is F then f8 p8 x q8 y r8 z s8
(9) where {a,b,c} is the variable set. The bell-shaped function varies
accordingly as the values of the variables change, therefore mani-
The parameters {p, q, r, s} are premise paremters in the ANFIS festing different types of membership functions for fuzzy sets
model. These parameters should be optimized during trianing A, B, C, D, E and F . The bell-shaped function depend on three pa-
procedure of the ANFIS network. rameters a, b, and c. The parameter b is usually positive. The
The rst layer consists of input variables membership functions parameter c located the center of the curve as it is shown in Fig. 4.
(MFs). This layer just supplies the input values to the next layer. In The second layer (membership layer) checks for the weights of
the rst layer every node is an adaptive node with a node functions each MFs. It receives the input values from the 1st layer and acts as
O1,i (i1,2,3,4,5,6): MFs to represent the fuzzy sets of the respective input variables.
Every node in the second layer is non-adaptive and this layer
O1;1 mA x; multiplies the incoming signals and sends the product out like
O1;2 mB x;
O1;3 mC y;
(10) O2;1 w1 mA xmC y;
O1;4 mD y;
O1;5 mE z; O2;2 w2 mB xmD y;
(12)
O1;6 mF z O2;3 w3 mC ymE z;
O2;4 w4 mD ymF z
where x or y or z is the input to node i (i1,2,3,4,5,6) and A or B or C
Each node output represents the ring strength of a rule or
or D or E or F is an associated linguistic label (such as small or
weight.
large). In other words, O1,i is the membership grade of a fuzzy sets
The third layer is called the rule layer. Each node (each neuron)
A, B, C, D, E and F . It stipulates the extent to which the specied
in this layer performs the pre-condition matching of the fuzzy
input x or y or z satises the quantiers A or B or C or D or E or F. In
rules, i.e. they compute the activation level of each rule, the number
this instance, the membership function for can be any suitable
of layers being equal to the number of fuzzy rules. Each node of
parameterized membership function. The generalized bell function
these layers calculates the weights which are normalized. The third
layer is also non-adaptive and every node calculates the ratio of the
rule's ring strength to the sum of all rules' ring strengths like
w1
O3;1 w1 ;
w1 w2
w2
O3;2 w2 ;
w1 w2
(13)
w3
O3;3 w3 ;
w3 w4
w4
O3;4 w4
w3 w4
The outputs of this layer are called normalized ring strenghts
or normalized weights.
The fourth layer is called the defuzzication layer and it pro-
vides the output values resulting from the inference of rules. Every
Fig. 3. ANFIS structure with three inputs. node in the fourth layer is an adaptive node with node function
328 V. Nikolic et al. / Energy 89 (2015) 324e333
(17) Table 1
Training data for the ANFIS network: (a) input parameters, (b) output parameters.
(a)
Fig. 10. Increasing of the maximal rotational speed of rotor RPM in percentage for
Fig. 7. ANFIS prediction maximal rotational speed of turbine RPMmax. different number of blades and different wind input speed.
330 V. Nikolic et al. / Energy 89 (2015) 324e333
Fig. 11. Scatter plots of actual and ANFIS predicted values of (a) Cpmax, (b) Ctmax and (c) RPMmax.
Table 2 Table 4
Comparative performance statistics of the ANFIS Cpmax predictive model. Comparative performance statistics of the ANFIS RPMmax predictive model.
RMSE R2 r RMSE R2 r
the points fall along the diagonal line for the ANFIS prediction (genetic programming) [45e47] and SVM (support vector machine)
models. Consequently, it follows that prediction results are in very [48e50]. Conventional error statistical indicators i.e. RMSE, r and R2
good agreement with the actual values of the wind turbine char- were used for comparison. Tables 2e4 summarize the prediction
acteristics. This observation can be conrmed with very high value accuracy results for two analyzed models.
of coefcient of determination. The number of either overestimated Fig. 12 presents ANFIS prediction results in comparison with
or underestimated values is limited. It is obvious that the predicted experimental results for Cpmax, Ctmax and RPMmax.
values enjoy high level precision.
In order to demonstrate the merits of the proposed ANFIS
approach on a more denite and tangible basis, ANFIS models 4. Conclusion
prediction accuracy was compared with other soft computing
methodologies like which were used as a benchmark. These Diffuser-augmented wind turbines are capable of concentrating
benchmark models are ANN (articial neural network) [42e44], GP the energy in the wind and permits more power to be extracted
from the wind. Since wind power is well known to be directly
proportional to the cube of wind speed approaching a wind turbine
Table 3
it leads that with a slight acceleration in wind speed, it will cause a
Comparative performance statistics of the ANFIS Ctmax predictive model.
large increase in the wind power output. It is important issue that a
RMSE R2 r wind power generation is improved to raise the efciency as one of
ANFIS 0.018587 0.9537 0.976557 natural energy sources in order to promote the usage of sustainable
ANN 0.020435 0.9444 0.971799 energy. According to the background, the wind turbine with a
GP 0.020628 0.9436 0.971414 diffuser shroud is developed as one of high performance wind
SVM 0.019195 0.9555 0.975075
turbines. In particular, the diffuser augmented-wind turbines can
V. Nikolic et al. / Energy 89 (2015) 324e333 331
Fig. 12. ANFIS prediction results in comparison with experimental results for (a) Cpmax, (b) Ctmax and (c) RPMmax.
generate electric power even in low velocity wind since the diffuser Acknowledgment
shroud increases the wind velocity at rotor.
In this study was analyzed diffuser effect on wind turbine rotor This paper is supported by Project Grant 35005 00 Research and
performances. The impact of the diffuser and wind input speed on development of new generation wind turbines of high-energy ef-
the rotor performance was investigated. As the parameters of the ciency (2011e2014) nanced by Ministry of Education, Science
rotor performance, power output (power coefcient Cp), torque and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia.
output (torque coefcient Ct) and rotational speed of the rotor were
used. A Simulink model was developed in MATLAB with the ANFIS
network for the diffuser effect estimation. Simulations were run in
MATLAB and the results were observed on the corresponding Appendix
output blocks. The main advantages of the ANFIS scheme are:
computationally efcient, well-adaptable with optimization and There are 6 ANFIS networks in the block diagram since three
adaptive techniques. ANFIS can also be used with systems handling ANFIS networks estimate cases when the diffuser is active as it
more complex parameters. Another advantage of ANFIS is its speed shown in Fig. 13. The other three ANFIS networks estimate cases
of operation, which is much faster than in other control strategies; when the diffuser is inactive. As can be seen wind input speed range
the tedious task of training membership functions is done in ANFIS. is from 10 m/s to 20 m/s. This approach is very useful for fast
The main contribution of the investigation is numerical results. estimation of the diffuser effect for the DAWT project since
Further analyzing should include experimental verication of the computational uid dynamics simulations could be very chal-
numerical results. Also the ANFIS network is data-driven method lenging and time consuming. As can be seen in the SIMULINK block
which indicates that the method is dependable on training data diagram outputs give percentage of power coefcient, torque co-
selection. In this investigation was examined different training data efcient amd rotational speed increasing after implementation of
combination to conrm the results. However for further investi- diffuser. Fig. 8 shows a case for 3 blades and wind input speed
gation other soft computing method should be examined also for 15 m/s. For the case power coefcient is increased 132.1%, torque
this topic. coefcient is increased 108% and rotational speed of rotor is in-
crease 12.8%.
332 V. Nikolic et al. / Energy 89 (2015) 324e333
Fig. 13. Simulink block diagram for estimation of diffuser effect on power coefcient Cp, torque coefcient Ct and rotational rotor speed RPM.
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