Potencia

8th International Conference on Power Electronics - ECCE Asia
[PLE1-3] May 30-June 3, 2011, The Shilla Jeju, Korea
5/19/11
Role of Power Electronics in

Role of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems
Renewable Energy Systems Outline:
1. Texas A&M University - Introduction
by
2. Renewable energy projections
3. Role of power electronics in wind
Dr. Prasad Enjeti energy conversion
Texas A&M University
4. Role of power electronics in solar
College Station, USA energy conversion
Email: enjeti@tamu.edu 5. Fuel cell power conversion
6. Conclusions
Prepared by: Dr. Prasad Enjeti Texas A&M University Prepared by: Dr. Prasad Enjeti Texas A&M University
Power Electronics & Power Quality Research Laboratory http://enjeti.tamu.edu Power Electronics & Power Quality Research Laboratory http://enjeti.tamu.edu
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Texas A&M University Texas A&M University

y
Established in 1876 as the first public college in the state.

Home of
Texas A&M is ranked nationally among the top 10

Academic year 2010 enrollment is approximately 45,000 students
studying for degrees in 10 academic colleges. Also starting in 2003
we have opened a branch campus (TAMU-Q) in Doha, Qatar
Power Electronics & Fuel Cell Power Systems Research Laboratory http://enjeti.tamu.edu Power Electronics & Fuel Cell Power Systems Research Laboratory http://enjeti.tamu.edu
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Global Energy Consumption
Global Energy consumption is on the rise

By 2030 the power sector could account for 45%
global carbon emissions
+9 hrs Investment choices made now will determine the
level of carbon emissions for decades
Renewable energy systems are therefore a great
choice
Power Electronics is KEY enabling

www.qatar.tamu.edu
technology for renewable energy
Prepared by: Dr. Prasad Enjeti Texas A&M University
Power Electronics & Power Quality Research Laboratory http://enjeti.tamu.edu
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
978-1-61284-957-7/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

5/19/11
Future Power Systems Wind Power Conversion
Power Electronics in PV DC to AC Converter Fuel cell Power System

y
1-phase or 3-phase
output
DC to AC
Converter
Power Conditioning Unit is an important component and
constitutes more than 1/3rd of the entire system
Power Electronics & Power Quality Research Laboratory http://enjeti.tamu.edu Power Electronics & Fuel Cell Power Systems Research Laboratory http://enjeti.tamu.edu
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Wind Power Basics Global Installed Wind Capacity

Wind Power
available is
proportional to the
cube of the speed
Also cold air is

denser 5% more
power is available
during winter
2
5/19/11
Current Installed Wind Power in US Current Installed Wind Power in US
Texas is
nearly of
the total
Prepared
Prepar
p ed by:
y Dr.
Dr Prasad
Prasad Enjeti
jje
ett
e Texas A&M
A&
A &M
&M University
Universi
Uniiv
U iversi
ive
ve ty Prepared by: Dr. Prasad Enjeti Texas A&M University
Power Electronics & Power Quality
Qua Labo
Research Laboratory http://enjeti
http://enjeti.tamu.edu
p j tamu edu Power Electronics & Power Quality Research Laboratory http://enjeti.tamu.edu
Wind Power Potential in Texas China Installed Wind Capacity

Texas has a large wind China became the largest wind energy provider worldwide, with the installed
potential Studies have wind power capacity reaching 41.8 GW at the end of 2010.
shown that 250,000 MW China has identified Wind Power as a key growth component of the country's
is available (this is 4 times the economy. With its large land mass and long coastline, China has exceptional
amount of electricity is being created
wind resources.
in Texas right now)
Good sites are those Researchers from Tsinghua University have found that China could meet all of
where average wind their electricity demands from wind power through 2030
speed is at least 12 mph
measured at a height of China has now become the worlds largest producer of wind energy equipment,
33 feet and components made in China are now starting to not only satisfy domestic
demand, but also meet international needs. Two Chinese companies, Sinovel
Unlike coal fired plants
and Goldwind, were already among the worlds top five turbine manufacturers
wind turbines are in 2009
modular & can be
In 2005 Texas legislators revised the installed rapidly
Other Asian countries with new capacity additions in 2010 include Japan (221
goal to install 5000MW by 2015 and Average cost is still $1M MW, for a total of 2.3 GW), South Korea (31 MW for a total of 379 MW) and
10,000MW by 2025 of new renewable to $2M per MW to build a Taiwan (83 MW for a total of 519 MW).
energy. wind farm.
India Installed Wind Capacity Wind Power Conversion Basics
India is third - behind China and the USA in terms of new installed capacity
during 2010 at 2,139 MW, taking total capacity up to 13.1 GW
3
5/19/11
Wind Power Conversion Doubly-fed Induction Generator
Large diameter for higher power

3.6 to 6 MW prototypes operational
2 MW WTs seem to be the best sellers Wound rotor Induction generator; Variable pitch variable
speed; +/- 30% slip, power converter in rotor circuit
Direct Conversion Sync Gen Direct Power Conversion PM Gen
IGBT PWM rectifier / Inverter Rectifier / Boost-Conv / Inverter

Variable pitch variable speed with or without gear box Variable pitch variable speed with or without gear box
Advance Wind Power Conversion -Concepts Wind Power Conversion - Concepts

Direct Conversion Small Wind Turbines
Modular Wind Generator Modular Converters
WTG Variable frequency DC Constant Frequency Single Phase
IG PWM Converter Link
PWM Converter
utility
+
+ Idc -
Idc
1 3 Vdc Lo
2 - a
Wind Gear AC b
Wind Box G.
+ VUG
4 6 c
5 Vdc
-
Modular Modular
Wind Converters
Utility
Generator Lower switch count
Unity input/output power factor
4
5/19/11
Off Shore Wind Power Conversion Advance Wind Power Conversion Concepts
Medium Frequency
Transformer Isolation
Emerging concepts: Current Source & Voltage Source DC Link
Medium frequency AC-DC DC DC
transformer interconnected
DC-DC converter design &
insulation is critical
AC-DC DC DC
Several series connected WTG

outputs form HVDC
HVDC voltage may vary in

certain range to accommodate AC-DC DC DC
variable power output of each Vdc
WTG
Sub-sea
HVDC cable
Onshore HVDC station
DC-AC
Inverter
a b c
Advance Wind Power Conversion Concepts Advance Wind Power Conversion Concepts
Collection Grid HVDC station HVDC cable
Offshore Onshore WTG #1
+35kV High frequency
Multi-Level
Multi-Level
isolation
Converter
Converter
transformer +150kV
WT WT WT
35kV
MVDC
-35kV
To shore
150kV
DC HVDC
Onshore th th nth
/ WTG n n converter converter
DC Grid +35kV
DC
Multi-Level
Multi-Level
Converter
Converter
/
AC
DC
/
-150kV
DC
-35kV
Multi-string series connected WTGs to form 35kV DC High voltage (4kV) WTG & DC-DC converter to output 35kV DC
Multilevel 35kV DC to 150kV DC converter Multilevel 35kV DC to 150kV DC converter
Staying connected during a grid fault Staying connected during a grid fault
Up to 7-8 years ago wind turbines were only required to
disconnect during a grid fault
With the increased capacity of wind power over the years, such
disconnection can result is voltage & frequency fluctuations.
A fault ride-through during a grid fault is therefore necessary
Each country has a different requirement for low voltage ride-
through (LVRT)
Fault durations vary from 100ms (Denmark) to 625ms (US, Ireland, Canada)
Voltage drop levels vary from 25% o even 0%
Denmark code requires grid connection during successive grid faults
5
5/19/11
dv/dt and Common mode Voltage Stresses dv/dt and Common mode Voltage Stresses
Common mode voltage Issues Common Mode - Filter
PWM Rectifier PWM Inverter
Motor
VSA LS iA Cd1 ia im1 Vm1
VA
iB o Va ib im2 Vm2
VB Vd Vb Long
M
Cable
iC Vc ic im3 Vm3
VC Cd2 +
n
Vc ,m
_
ic ,m
f
Wind Gen,
Frame to GND
Capacitance
R C Filters reduce the common mode voltage and hence the

Circulating HF leakage current path due high dv/dt IGBT circulating current
switching
Wind generator bearing failures due to electrostatic discharge currents
Stress on Gen / Trans insulation & nuisance tripping of GFI are reduced
Wind Power
er Conversion - Concepts Wind Power Conversion - Concepts
Current Developments Current Developments
p
Prepared by: Dr. Prasad Enjeti Texas A&M University Prepared by: Dr.
Dr Prasad Enjeti Texas A&M University
U
Power Electronics & Power Quality Research Laboratory http://enjeti.tamu.edu Power Electronics & Power Quality Qual
Q
Qua ity Research Laboratory
Labo atory
y http://enjeti
http://enjeti.ta
p j ta
http://enjeti.tamu.edu
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Department
Depart
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Wind Power Conversion - Concepts

Off Shore Wind Farms
Power Electronics in
Solar Energy Conversion
In 2002 the worlds largest offshore wind farm

was constructed at the Danish west coast.
The Horns Rev wind farm is sited 14-20 km
into the North Sea
6
5/19/11
Power Electronics in Solar Energy Conversion
Residential Space
Commercial
Public Utility Agriculture
Performance of CdTe Thin Film Modules Utility Scale PV Installations
Central Inverter with Multiple Strings

System Shading Scenarios
Most common of power
electronics used 1 String
g Inverter ACPV
PV modules wired in series 1
up to 600V of open-circuit
1
Multiple strings within the
array in parallel 1
1
1-phase or 3-phase 1
output
1
Note: MPPT is implemented 1
at the central inverter
1
1
Inverter
1
2928W
1724W
2727W
2526W
2125W
1924W 1
2928W
2341W
2830W
2732W
2536W
2439W
2928W
2727W
2526W
2125W
1924W
1724W 2927W
2830W
2732W
2536W
2439W
2341W
1 PowerMeter
2Power PowerMeter
2Power
A failure in the central inverter results in complete loss of output
Meter Meter
1
56
421Modules
Modules
Modules
ModuleObstructed
Obstructed
Obstructed
ObstructedPower
Power
Power
PowerGain:
Gain:
Gain:
Gain:35.8%
19.4%
26.7%
3.8%
8.1%
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Fall 2010 Robert S. Balog 42
7
5/19/11
Plug & Play DC-DC Converters

String Inverter: I-V, P-V Curves
Each PV module is
connected to a DC-DC
Converter
Series / parallel
configurations
MPPT at the PV module
level
If high voltage DC-DC

converters are used then all
PV modules can be
connected in parallel in plug
& play fashion
A failure in the central inverter results in complete loss of output
Six
One
All PV
PVmodules
module at 0300
600
1000
W/m 2 2 2 irradiance
W/m
W/m Prepared by: Dr. Prasad Enjeti Texas A&M University
Fall 2010 Robert S. Balog 43 Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Microinverter Concept plug & play AC

System Shading Scenarios 120V / 240V
AC
1 Stringg Inverter ACPV
1
1
1
1 A microinverter is directly
integrated with a PV panel
1 No exposed DC enhances safety
1 MPPT at the PV module level
1
1
1
Inverter
1
2928W
1724W
2727W
2526W
2125W
1924W 1
2928W
2341W
2830W
2732W
2536W
2439W
2928W
2727W
2526W
2125W
1924W
1724W 2927W
2830W
2732W
2536W
2439W
2341W
1 PowerMeter PowerMeter Utility pole mounted
2Power 2Power Solar-Bridge Pantheon PV - Microinverter
Meter Meter
1 Microinverter
56421Modules
Modules
Modules
ModuleObstructed
Obstructed
Obstructed
ObstructedPower
Power
Power
PowerGain:
Gain:
Gain:
Gain:35.8%
19.4%
26.7%
3.8%
8.1%
Fall 2010 Robert S. Balog 45 Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Microinverter Concept plug & play AC Microinverter Concept plug & play AC
Modular Solution
Vsp Db
Single panel MPPT Process
High manufacturing volume
potential
Q1 Q3
Filter AC
output
Qb Q2 Q4
H-Bridge
Flyback DC-DC SPWM
20 V 60 V
(BCM) Inverter
Many possible topologies
A flyback DC/DC converter with HF isolation & a H-Bridge
PWM inverter offers a simple two stage solution
Resonant reset & other ZVS schemes can be used to
improve efficiency
8
5/19/11
Microinverter Concept plug & play AC

ACPV: I-V, P-V Curves
MPPT implementation on DC/DC converter

PLL to grid tie
Six
One
All PV
PVmodules
module at 600
300
0
1000
W/m 2 2 2 irradiance
W/m
W/m
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Fall 2010 Robert S. Balog 50
Residential Photovoltaic Systems - Cost PV Inverter - Concerns?

If solar cells were free, still not at grid parity! Electrolytic capacitors are NOT
Must address total lifetime system cost, not just initial PV module cost. reliable:
PV
Replacement costs over 30 or more years Module ~ Inverters require many electrolytic capacitors
Commoditization pressure on 45%
system Have fundamental wear-out mechanisms that
solar cells and modules cost are exacerbated with thermal, voltage, and
Labor cost continue to rise current stresses
Power electronics solutions
ns
When a capacitor fails short, the inverter
Failed
Increases energy harvest stops working electrolytic cap
Higher reliability components When a capacitor fails open, it causes other

capacitors in the circuit to fail more quickly
Longer MTBF
Solar America Initiative (2009) conventional inverter (electrolytic caps)
Reduce job-site labor costs
couldmanufacturers
(Inverter) not reach 15 years feel that designing inverters for longer than 15 years is not practical
generally
Reduce LCOE (Electrolytic) capacitors available on the market are not suited for PV inverter applications
Lifetime Cost Typ. installed cost per Watt (2kW 5kW)
LCOE =
Lifetime Energy Production Source: A review of PV Inverter Technology Cost and Performance Projections, NREL
Fall 2010 Robert S. Balog 51 Fall 2010 Robert S. Balog 52
PV Inverter Concerns Utility Scale PV Installations
Higher DC bus voltage allows for lower

capacitance value & size
A compromise between capacitor size &
device ratings needs to be made
9
5/19/11
Conventional Utility Scale PV Installations

Series-parallel combination of PV
panels 1 MW each
480 V 13 kV
MPPT DC-AC
1 DC-DC Inverter
First Solar Inc Y-
10 MW
to
utility
MPPT DC-AC
2 DC-DC Inverter
First Solar Inc Y-
MPPT DC-AC
10 DC-DC Inverter
First Solar Inc

Y-
Medium Voltage Utility Scale PV System

Series-parallel
combination of
PV panels
Line Frequency
Transformer
DC-AC 4160 V 13 kV
2 kV
DC-DC
N
P
2 kV
Converter
& MPPT
C Y-
Design PV Inverters Without Electrolytic
Capacitors to achieve longer life times
Inverter
Series-parallel
combination of
PV panels
Line Frequency
DC-AC Transformer
2 kV
DC-DC 4160 V 13 kV
N
P
C
Converter
2 kV & MPPT Y-
Inverter
10
5/19/11
DC side active filter design Ripple port concept

H-bridge forward converter High-frequency ac-ac converter
ac port:
60Hz AC
to filter
and line
ripple port:
Bi- 120 Hz
DC side active filter eliminates the electrolytic capacitor. directional energy
Therefore a film capacitor can be employed converter storage
Higher dc-bus voltage reduces the size of the dc side active
filter
Ripple port operating voltage can be selected
to reduce the converter size
Smart Grid Interactive Solar System
Fuel Cell Power

Systems
Power line communications allows for individual monitor & control of
each PV-Microinverter module
Enables remote management & control of a large, geographically
dispersed AC module population: VAR control, Energy gen monitoring
etc.
Fuel cell Power System

y Introduction
Fuel cells have been recognized as one of the most promising clean
energy sources for power generation.
High temperature fuel cells such as solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and
molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) have been shown to be over 60%
efficient at 500kW rating and above.
Since the voltage produced by each cell is around 0.6 V DC many
cells need to be stacked in series
Power Conditioning Unit is an important component and

constitutes more than 1/3rd of the entire system DFC 3000, 2MW Fuel Cell Plant
Fuel Cell Energy Inc.
Prepared by: Dr. Prasad Enjeti Texas A&M University 66
Fuel Cell Power Systems Laboratory
Power Electronics & Fuel Cell Power Systems Research Laboratory http://enjeti.tamu.edu
Department of Electrical Engineering Texas A&M University
11
5/19/11
Multi Stack Fuel Cell Systems & Associated Power Electronics: Multi Stack Fuel Cell Systems & Associated Power Electronics:
With 480V, 60Hz Isolation Transformer Without 50/60 Hz Isolation Transformer
Conclusions
Future is bright for Power

Electronics Engineers

Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
12

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8th International Conference on Power Electronics - ECCE Asia

[PLE1-3] May 30-June 3, 2011, The Shilla Jeju, Korea

Role of Power Electronics in

Texas A&M University Texas A&M University

Established in 1876 as the first public college in the state.

Texas A&M is ranked nationally among the top 10

Global Energy Consumption

Global Energy consumption is on the rise

Power Electronics is KEY enabling

978-1-61284-957-7/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

Future Power Systems Wind Power Conversion

Power Electronics in PV DC to AC Converter Fuel cell Power System

Wind Power Basics Global Installed Wind Capacity

Also cold air is

Current Installed Wind Power in US Current Installed Wind Power in US

Wind Power Potential in Texas China Installed Wind Capacity

India Installed Wind Capacity Wind Power Conversion Basics

Wind Power Conversion Doubly-fed Induction Generator

Large diameter for higher power

Direct Conversion Sync Gen Direct Power Conversion PM Gen

IGBT PWM rectifier / Inverter Rectifier / Boost-Conv / Inverter

Advance Wind Power Conversion -Concepts Wind Power Conversion - Concepts

Several series connected WTG

HVDC voltage may vary in

R C Filters reduce the common mode voltage and hence the

Wind Power Conversion - Concepts

In 2002 the worlds largest offshore wind farm

Power Electronics in Solar Energy Conversion

Public Utility Agriculture

Performance of CdTe Thin Film Modules Utility Scale PV Installations

Central Inverter with Multiple Strings

Plug & Play DC-DC Converters

If high voltage DC-DC

Microinverter Concept plug & play AC

Microinverter Concept plug & play AC

MPPT implementation on DC/DC converter

Residential Photovoltaic Systems - Cost PV Inverter - Concerns?

Higher reliability components When a capacitor fails open, it causes other

PV Inverter Concerns Utility Scale PV Installations

Higher DC bus voltage allows for lower

Conventional Utility Scale PV Installations

First Solar Inc

Medium Voltage Utility Scale PV System

DC side active filter design Ripple port concept

Smart Grid Interactive Solar System

Fuel Cell Power

Fuel cell Power System

Power Conditioning Unit is an important component and

Future is bright for Power

Prepared by: Dr. Prasad Enjeti Texas A&M University

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