Pharyngeal (branchial)
apparatus component
Branchial arch 1: mandibular arch
Branchial arch 2, hyoid arch
Branchial arch 3
Branchial arch 4/6
Branchial pouch, groove, and
membrane 1
Branchial pouch 2
Branchial pouch 3
Branchial pouch 4
Floor of pharynx
Embryologic structures involved in orofacial development
Name of structure
Frontonasal prominence
Intermaxillary segment
Intermaxillary process
Globular process
Maxillary prominence
Maxillary process
Mandibular prominence
Mandibular process
Lateral palatine process
Palatine shelves
Palatal shelves
Lateral lingual swellings
Distal tongue buds
Tuberculum impar
Median tongue bud
Hypobranchial eminence
Copula
Adult derivative
Muscles of mastication
Meckels cartilage serves as the guide for the formation of the mandible
mainly by intramembranous ossification
Trigeminal nerve, cranial nerve V
Mandibular prominences form: lower lip, lower face, mandible
Maxillary prominences form: middle face, upper lip sides, secondary
palate, maxilla
Tuberculum impar (median tongue bud) AND lateral lingual swellings
(distal tongue buds) form anterior 2/3 of tongue
Lateral palatine processes (palatine shelves) form secondary palate
Muscles of facial expression
Reicherts cartilage forms hyoid bone
Facial nerve, cranial nerve VII
Glossopharyngeal nerve, cranial nerve IX
Copula (hypobranchial eminence) forms posterior 2/3 of tongue
Vagus nerve, cranial nerve X
Structures of the ear
Palatine tonsils
Inferior parathyroid glands and thymus
Superior parathyroid glands
Ultimobranchial body becomes parafollicular cells of thyroid
Thyroid gland begins as thyroid diverticulum
Descends to neck connected via the thyroglossal duct
Adult remnant is the foramen cecum of the tongue
Derivatives Origin
Upper 1/3 of face NOT of pharyngeal arch origin
Mesenchyme/neural crest
Philtrum of lip, dorsum of nose, Frontonasal prominence,
primary palate embryologically merging of medial nasal
Premaxilla in adult prominences
Middle 1/3 of face First pharyngeal arch
Maxilla
Lower 1/3 of face First pharyngeal arch
Mandible
Secondary palate embryologically Maxillary prominences, first
Maxilla in adult pharyngeal arch
Anterior 2/3 of tongue, oral tongue First pharyngeal arch
Line of merger called median
lingual sulcus
Merges with lateral lingual swellings First pharyngeal arch
to form anterior 2/3 of tongue
Posterior 1/3 on tongue, base or Third pharyngeal arch
root of tongue, pharyngeal tongue
Line of merger with anterior 2/3 is
called the sulcus terminalis
1
 Meckels cartilage Guides formation of mandible, but First pharyngeal arch
does not contribute to formation of
mandible except for endochondral
ossification of the condyle

Stage or structure associated with Function or characteristic

odontogenesis
Dental lamina Ectoderm derived, forms enamel organ, ameloblasts, crown
enamel
Vestibular lamina NO tooth derivatives, forms lining of the vestibule of the oral
cavity
Successional lamina The dental lamina of succedaneous teeth, ectoderm derived
Ectomesenchyme Mesoderm (mesenchyme) of pharyngeal arch 1 plus cranial
neural crest cells. Forms all tissues of the tooth and periodontium
EXCEPT for enamel
Dental papilla Ectomesenchyme, forms dentin and pulp
Dental follicle (sac) Ectomesenchyme, forms periodontal ligament, cemenum,
alveolar bone
Inner enamel (dental) epithelium Cells of enamel organ, become ameloblasts, secrete enamel
Stratum intermedium Cells of enamel organ, lots of alkaline phosphatase, contribute to
enamel mineralization
Stellate reticulum Cells of enamel organ, lots of extracellular matrix between cells
Outer enamel (dental) epithelium Between enamel organ and dental follicle
Enamel knot Cluster of inner enamel epithelial cells, determines crown shape
and cusp number
Morphodifferentiation The physiological or functional process of the determination of the
shape of the enamel organ, and thus the tooth crown
Histodifferentiation The physiological or functional process of the differentiation of
ameloblasts, odontoblasts, etc. from precursor cells of the tooth
germ
Apposition The successive deposition of the mineralized tissues dentin and
enamel during formation of the crown of the tooth
 Dentin cell or structure Function or characteristic
Odontoblast

Derived from dental papilla

Needs inner enamel epithelium for odontoblasts to form
In the erupted vital tooth, there is a single row of columnar odontoblasts that
are active as long as the tooth is healthy
Cell bodies located in the pulp
Cell processes are within dentinal tubules that may run from DEJ or CEJ to
the tooth surface

Pre-dentin The organic fibrillar matrix of dentin that contains collagen type I fibers
Dentin Contains hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals at 70% average
Pattern of dentin formation
Dentin secretion is called apposition, the crown stage of odontogenesis
Dentin formation starts at the occlusal or incisal surface of a crown and
proceeds apically (cervically)
Once crown dentin is formed, root dentin formation begins
Dentin under cusps is the oldest dentin in a tooth

Dentinal tubules

Contain an odontoblastic process, an axon, dentinal fluid, collagen

Primary curves (S-curves) reflect the migration of odontoblasts as they
secreted dentin
Primary curves are more numerous and have a greater curvature in the
crown compared to the root
Dentinal tubules impart a porosity to dentin, may allow bacteria to get to the
pulp

Primary dentin
Closest to the enamel or cementum, dentin formed first
Odontoblasts are highly secretory during formation of primary dentin

Mantle dentin Primary dentin closest to the enamel or the cementum

Secondary dentin
Physiological dentin, dentin formed after the tooth erupts and comes into
occlusion
Odontoblasts secrete dentin continuously throughout the life of a tooth, but
at a slow rate
Histologically, the interface between primary and secondary dentin can be
seen because the angle of the dentinal tubules changes here

Circumpulpal dentin
All dentin that is NOT mantle dentin, includes both primary and secondary
dentin, represents the bulk of dentin in an erupted vital tooth

Intertubular dentin Dentin around and between dentinal tubules

Peritubular OR intratubular Dentin lining the dentinal tubules

dentin MOST HIGHLY mineralized type of dentin (hypermineralized)
 Sclerotic dentin
Deposition of minerals within the dentinal tubules, leading to the complete
blocking or occlusion of the tubules, results in transparent dentin
May be a phenomenon to protect dentin from bacterial invasion

Globular dentin
Dentin in the form of calcospheres or globules, the form of dentin at the
beginning of mineralization, located at the mineralization front between pre-
dentin and dentin

Interglobular dentin
Regions of hypomineralized dentin between globular dentin
Most likely to be located at boundary of mantle and circumpulpal dentin, or
in dentin formed during periods of vitamin D deficiency or high fluoride
exposure

Tertiary dentin
General term for the dentin formed in an erupted tooth that has been
damaged, infected, or subjected to restoration proceedures
Reactive dentin
Tertiary dentin formed by pre-existing odontoblasts that were not killed by
the damage done to the tooth
Reparative dentin
Tertiary dentin formed by NEW odontoblasts, most likely from the
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells found in the pulp

Tomes granular layer Histological feature of dentin located beneath the dentinocementum junction
Dead tracks
Histological feature of dentin seen only in ground tooth sections
Represent empty dentinal tubules that are filled with air, appear black

Incremental lines of von Histological feature of dentin, represent 5 day increments of odontoblast
Ebner activity and secretion of dentin
Contour lines of Owen
Histological feature of dentin, represent physiological alterations in dentin
formation while tooth was still in the oral cavity (not erupted)
Neonatal line
An exceptionally prominent contour line of Owen in the crown dentin
Represents a disruption in odontoblast activity during birth
 Enamel cell or structure
Enamel organ
Inner enamel epithelial cells
Morphogenic stage of ameloblasts
Organizing stage of ameloblasts
Formative stage of ameloblasts
Secretory stage of ameloblasts
Maturation stage (maturative
stage) of ameloblasts
Protective or desmolytic stage of
ameloblasts
Enamel matrix
Enamel
Enamel formation
Bands of Hunter-Schreger
Enamel cross striations
Striae of Retzius
Function or characteristic
Derived from dental lamina (ectoderm), forms crown enamel
Part of the enamel organ, differentiate into ameloblasts under the
influence of dentin and odontoblasts
Inner enamel epithelial cells touching basement membrane
between enamel organ and dental papilla become preameloblasts
Cells become columnar and polarize secretory end near the
basement membrane and nucleus away from it
Aprismatic enamel is secreted at the basement membrane, forms
the dentinoenamel junction
The Tomes process is formed at the end of the ameloblast near the
dentinoenamel junction
Enamel rods and interrod enamel is formed
Rod and interrod enamel differs only in the orientation of HAP
crystals
No enamel matrix is secreted, the existing matrix is mineralized to
96% by the cyclic removal of water and proteins and the addition of
calcium and phosphate to form HAP crystals
Ameloblasts shrink in size, and all four cell layers of the enamel
organ collapse and flatten on to the surface of the enamel to form
the reduced enamel epithelium (REE). REE remains with the tooth
for the rest of development, then forms the initial junctional
epithelium via its fusion with oral epithelium during eruption.
Contains enamelins, amelogenins, and ameloblastin
NO collagen in enamel matrix
Immediately mineralized to about 30%
96% HAP crystals
NO collagen
Enamel is first formed at the occlusal or incisal region of the crown
and proceeds cervically to the cervical loop
Histological feature of enamel, alternating dark and light bands with
polarized or reflected light. Represent the orientation of enamel
rods during the preparation of the ground tooth sections
Histological feature of enamel that represents the daily elongation
of HAP crystals
Histological feature of enamel that represents 7-9 days of HAP
crystal (enamel crystal) elongation
Neonatal line
A broad striae of Retzius in enamel, represents a physiological
distruption in enamel formation because of birth
Enamel lamellae or cracks
An enamel defect that begins at the enamel surface and which may
extend all the way through the enamel into dentin
They may contain enamel proteins, salivary protein, or debris

Enamel tufts
Fan-shaped hypomineralized structures that are attached to the
DEJ and extend into enamel
Enamel spindle
Represent odontoblastic processes that start at the DEJ and extend
a short distance into the enamel. Enamel mineralizes around the
processes

Gnarled enamel A region of twisted enamel rods at the tooth cusps

Perikymata
Represent the surface manifestations of striae of Retizus. They are
seen as linear, parallel surface depressions
Fluorapatite Fluoride ion can substitute for the hydroxyl groups in
hydroxyapatite, forming fluorapatite. Fluroapaptite is more resistantto
acid solubilization

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 Cementum cell or structure Characteristic or Function
Cementoblasts Cuboidal cells located on the surface of cementum facing the PDL
Cementocytesq Cells surrounded by mineralized cementum.
Cells reside in lacunae and have cell processes within canaliculi
Canaliculi are polarized towards the PDL for nutrient support
Pre-cementum or cementoid Organic fibrillar cementum matrix, contains collagen type I and many
proteins similar to bone
Cementum Mineralized with HAP crystals to 45-65%, using an average of 50%
results in cementum with the mineral content closed to bone
Intrinsic fibers Collagen type I fibers secreted by cementoblasts
Extrinsic fibers Collagen type I fibers, also called Sharpeys fibers. Secreted by PDL
fibroblasts. These are the fibers found in the PDL that insert into the
cementum
Acellular extrinsic fiber Covers cervical 2/3 of the root. The function is to anchor the root of
cementum (AEFC) the tooth to the PDL via the Sharpeys fibers of the PDL
Cellular intrinsic fiber cementum Located at tooth furcation, apical portion of root, old resorption
(CIFC) lacunae, root fracture sites. Not as important in tooth attachment as
AEFC, but can form quickly to repair cementum damage
Cementum distribution Cementum is thickest apically
It is deposited slowly throughout the life of the tooth, mainly as
cellular cementum
Cellular cementum compensates for occlusal wear
Incremental lines Indicate the periodic appositional growth of cementum
Reversal lines Indicate the resorption of cementum, site of deposition of new
cementum
Cementoenamel junction Cementum overlaps enamel at the CEJ in 60% of sections examined
Cementum and enamel form a butt joint or meet end to end in 30%
There is a gap between enamel and cementum in 10%
Cementicles A globular mass of cementum found free in the PDL, attached to the
cementum surface or embedded in cementum
Hypercementosis Excessive deposition of cementum on the root surface
 HERS cell or structure Function or characteristic
HERS = Hertwigs epithelial root A bilayer of inner enamel epithelium and outer enamel
sheath epithelium growing from the cervical loop following the
completion of crown enamel and dentin formation
Root dentin formation The inner enamel epithelium of HERS induces the formation of
odontoblasts from dental papilla
Root cementum formation Following root dentin formation, HERS degenerates
Cells of the dental follicle contact the root dentin, become
cementoblasts, and form cementum
Epithelial rests of Malassez Islands of HERS cells that do not degenerate
Remain in the PDL in the erupted tooth
May form periapical cysts
Root length HERS determines the length of the root by continual
proliferation of inner and outer enamel epithelium
Number of roots Determined by the epithelial diaphgram of HERS
Results from unequal proliferation of the cells of the diaphragm
Dilaceration An extreme bend in a root, caused by dislocation of HERS from
the developing root surface
Accessory root canal Results from a disruption in HERS prior to the formation of root
Lateral canal dentin leading to exposed pulp
Exposed root dentin Results from a lack of HERS degeneration, so cementoblasts
cannot contact the forming root to secrete cementum on the
dentin
Enamel pearl Ectopic deposition of enamel along the root by inner enamel
epithelial cells of HERS

Alveolar bone Characteristic or Function

structure/TMJ
Alveolar process Alveolar bone proper, Cancellous bone, Cortical plate
Basal bone Cancellous bone and cortical plate that supports the alveolar process
Alveolar bone proper The compact bone immediately surrounding the tooth, bone of the alveolar socket
Lamina dura Radiographic term for alveolar bone proper, radiopaque line around the root
Bundle bone Histological term for alveolar bone proper, site where Sharpeys fibers of the PDL
insert into the tooth
Cribriform plate Anatomical term for alveolar bone proper, refers to the foramina in the bone that
allow blood vessels and nerves to pass through to the tooth
Alveolar bone Bone is remodeled more frequently and more easily than cementum
remodeling Pressure or compression results in bone resorption
Tension results in bone formation
Mandible formation The majority of the mandible forms around Meckels cartilage by
intramembranous ossification, the condyle continues to form by endochondral
ossification because it is a secondary hyaline cartilage until about age 30
TMJ Articulating surfaces are covered by dense fibrous connective tissue especially in
aged persons
In persons under age 30 hyaline cartilage will be present
The most vascular and highly innervated region of the articular disc is the
bilaminar zone
 Pulp component or cell
Embryological derivation
Major cell type
Pulp cell: odontoblast
Undifferentiated mesenchymal
cell
Dentin-pulp complex
Brannstroms hydrodynamic
theory of dentin sensitivity
A delta (AS) fibers
C fibers
Pulp stones or denticles
PDL component or cell
Embryological derivation
PDL fibroblasts
Extracellular matrix
PDL principal fiber groups
Oblique group
Mechanoreceptors
Characteristic or Function
Dental papilla, ectomesenchyme
Fibroblast, functions to produce the extracellular matrix
Collagen type I fibers predominate
Pulpal fibrosis is accumulation of collagen fibers
Odontoblast cell bodies are at the dentin-pulp interface
Odontoblasts form reactive dentin (tertiary dentin) if a minor injury
occurs to tooth that does not expose pulp
Odontoblasts continually produce secondary dentin
Can become odontoblasts and form reparative dentin (tertiary dentin)
following a severe tooth injury that exposes pulp and kills the
preexisting odontoblasts
Nerves enter from apical foramen
Form the subodontoblastic plexus (of Rashkow) under odontoblasts
Axons travel within dentinal tubules
Based on the movement of fluid in dentinal tubules
All sensations are perceived as pain
Myelinated and fast-conducting axons
Sharp, well-localized pain that goes away when the stimulus is
removed
Unmyelinated and slow-conducting axons
Dull, poorly localized, throbbing pain that may be associated with
inflammation
Calcified tissue in pulp formed by odontoblasts
True, false, attached, and free pulp stones
Characteristic or Function
Dental follicle (sac), ectomesenchyme
Produce collagen type I fibers of the principal fiber groups
Produce extrinsic fibers (Sharpeys fibers) that insert into bone and
cementum to anchor the PDL principal fiber groups
Collagen type I fibers mainly, also collagen type III
Oxytalan fibers, a type of elastic fiber
Alveolar crest group: Cementum to bone
Horizontal group: Cementum to bone
Oblique group: Cementum to bone
Apical group: Cementum to bone
Interradicular group: Cementum to bone
Transseptal group: Cementum to cementum
Most numerous PDL principal fiber group, so most important for PDL
anchorage of tooth to alveolar bone
Ruffini encapsulated nerve ending is the primary mechanoreceptor
 Gingiva component or cell
Marginal gingiva
Attached gingiva
Interdental gingiva
Sulcular epithelium
Crevicular epithelium
Oral epithelium
Junctional epithelium
Epithelial attachment
Embryological origin
Gingivodental group of fibers
Circular group
Dentogingival group
Dentoperiosteal group
Alveologingival group
Characteristic or Function
Free gingiva, free gingival margin, free marginal gingival
Gingiva nearest the surface of the tooth, but not attached to the tooth
Gingiva firmly attached to alveolar bone and tooth cementum
Extends from free gingival groove to the mucogingival junction
Gingiva that fills the interdental spaces
Stratified sqamous parakeratinized or nonkeratinized epithelium
Relatively nonpermeable epithelium lining one side of the gingival
sulcus
Main function is protection
Stratified squamous orthokeratinized or parakeratinized epithelium
On oral side of both marginal and attached gingival
Main function is protection
Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
Basal cells attach to external basal lamina on lamina propria side with
hemidesmosomes
Suprabasal cells attach to the tooth surface with inner basal lamina
and hemidesmosomes
Very permeable epithelium allowing for bidirectional movement of
fluids, cells, bacteria and cell/bacterial secretions
Internal basal lamina plus hemidesmosomes, the structures that
function to attach the junctional epithelium to the tooth
Junctional epithelium arises from ectoderm initially as the reduced
enamel epithelium as it peels back along the sides of the erupting
tooth. This is called initial junctional epithelium
Oral and sulcular epithelium arise from ectoderm
Location
Gingival fibers located coronal to the PDL transseptal fibers that run in
a circumferential or semicircular manner around the teeth. They
encircle the teeth.
Fibers that are inserted into cementum of the root surface as Sharpeys
fibers and then fan out from the root surface subjacent to the junctional
epithelium and coronal to the alveolar crest into the gingival tissues
Fibers that are inserted into cementum of the root surface, run over the
alveolar crest, and insert into the periosteum of alveolar bone
Fibers that arise at the alveolar crest and fan out into the free and
attached gingiva
Oral cavity Classification Salivary gland Other characteristics
Inner lip Lining mucosa Labial mixed minor Transition from skin (orthokeratinized)
Labial mucosa glands to labial mucosa (nonkeratinized) is the
red or vemillion border
Cheek Lining mucosa Buccal mixed minor
Buccal mucosa glands
Floor of mouth Lining mucosa Areas in the oral cavity with a lining
Ventral tongue Lining mucosa Lingual mucous mucosa allow for uptake or absorption
minor glands at the of some medications because the
base of the tongue epithelium and lamina propria is
relatively thin
Alveolar mucosa Lining mucosa None
covering alveolar
bone
Soft palate, oral Lining mucosa Minor mucous
surface palatine (palatal)
glands
Gingiva Masticatory None Sulcular epithelium is parakeratinized
mucosa or nonkeratinized
Oral epithelium is ortho or
parakeratinized
Junctional epithelium is nonkeratinized
Hard palate Masticatory Minor mucous
Mucoperiosteum: The epithelium with
mucosa palatine glands in the
underlying lamina propria is directly
glandular zone,
attached to the bones of the palate with
adipose tissue in the
no intervening muscle
fatty zone
Dorsal tongue Specialized Minor lingual mucous Specialized mucosa is keratinized
mucosa glands at the base of stratified squamous epithelium with
the tongue papillae and taste buds

Lining mucosa means the epithelium is stratified squamous nonkeratinized

Masticatory mucosa means the epithelium is stratified squamous parakeratinized or
orthokeratinized
Specialized mucosa means the epithelium has papillae and is keratinized
Serous means the gland contains cells that secrete a watery protein-rich product
Mucous means the gland contains cells that secrete mucins that hydrate to mucus in the oral
cavity
Mixed means the gland contains cells that secrete both a serous and a mucus product

Major salivary gland component Function or characteristic

Parotid gland All serous-secreting, main duct is Stensens duct
Accumulates fat with age
Submandibular gland Mixed gland with a predominance of serous cells, main duct is
Whartons duct, major contributor to unstimulated saliva
Most commonly affected by sialolithiasis
Sublingual gland Mixed gland with a predominance of mucous cells, ducts are ducts
of Rivinius or Bartholin
Intercalated duct Simple cuboidal epithelium, first to receive secretions from salivary
duct cells
Striated duct Simple columnar epithelium with basal striations, modifies saliva
Removes Na and Cl ions from saliva, adds potassium and
bicarbonate saliva
Salivary flow rates determine the concentrations of these ions
Myoepithelial cells Contractile properties function to squeeze products from cells

29
Tongue component Function or characteristic
Filiform papillae On dorsal surface of anterior 2/3 of tongue
Most numerous, spikes of keratinized epithelium pointing towards
the pharynx, no taste buds
Fungiform papillae Anterior 2/3 of tongue between the filiform papillae
Blood vessels close to surface impart red color
Some taste buds
Taste bud innervation: Facial nerve
Foliate papillae Anterior 2/3 of tongue, on lateral aspect
Some taste buds
Taste bud innervation: Facial nerve
Circumvallate papillae Largest in size and fewest in number
At the sulcus terminalis, junction of anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of
tongue
Many taste buds, innervation of taste buds is the glossopharyngeal
Serous glands of von Ebner are associated with these papillae
The only purely serous minor salivary gland
Base of tongue No lingual papillae
Lingual minor salivary glands are all mucous
Lymphatic tissue as nodules
Ventral tongue No papillae or taste buds
Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

Gland Classification Location Method of secretion

Salivary Exocrine Oral cavity Eccrine or merocrine
Compound tubuloalveolar
Sweat Exocrine Dermis of skin Eccrine or merocrine
Simple coiled tubular
Exocrine
Sebaceous With hair follicles Holocrine
Simple acinar
von Ebner Exocrine Lamina propria of Eccrine or merocrine
Compound tubuloalveolar circumvallate
papillae