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ABSTRACT: A 6.1 m high cantilever basement retaining wall of a proposed multi-storeyed structure failed during
heavy rains caused by tropical storm Neelam on November 3, 2012 at Dwarakanagar, Visakhapatnam. The
retaining wall was designed by a structural engineer analogous to a framed structure using incorrect backfill
properties and was constructed with inadequate weep holes. The walls on all four sides of the boundary eventually
yielded in, with severe cracking at the corners. To investigate into the failure, samples of the backfill are collected
and analysed in the laboratory for its properties. Based on the properties obtained, the retaining wall is redesigned
for the expected lateral earth pressure and thereafter compared comprehensively with the design given by the
structural engineer. The causes for failure of the retaining wall are determined and suitable measures are suggested
to prevent the possible recurrence of such failures in the future.
INTRODUCTION
Most of the failures of retaining walls are due to 6.1 m high and is of cantilever type. The retaining
adoption of incorrect design parameters, improper wall was designed by a structural engineer of a
execution/construction or a combination of both. private firm, similar to a framed structure using
Although the design of retaining walls is incorrect backfill properties. During the site visit, it
considered to be the job of structural engineers, is observed that insufficient weep holes are
geotechnical engineers play a significant role with provided in the retaining wall and the walls on all
regard to selection of appropriate backfill, design four sides of the boundary yielded in with severe
of wall for surcharge loads and suggestion of cracking at the corners (Fig. 1).
measures for drainage of the backfill if suitable
materials are unavailable. Increased land costs and
lack of sufficient space has resulted in construction
of many multi-storeyed structures with
underground retaining walls to facilitate cellar and
sub-cellar parking. The construction of these
retaining walls needs proper attention if they had
been initially designed akin to a framed structure,
i.e., in conjunction with beams, columns and slab. Crack at corner
The present paper deals with the failure of a
basement retaining wall of a proposed multi- Fig. 1 Failure of retaining wall with crack at corner
storeyed building at Dwarakanagar,
Visakhapatnam. The failure occurred on November To investigate into the failure, samples of the
3, 2012 after the onset of tropical storm Neelam. backfill are collected and analysed in the
The building consists of eight storeys laboratory for its properties. The retaining wall has
accommodating two basement floors, one stilt floor been redesigned based on these properties and
with five upper floors and is proposed to be used thereafter compared comprehensively with the
partly for residential purpose and partly for design given by the structural engineer. The causes
commercial establishments. The retaining wall is for failure of the retaining wall are determined and
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S.V. Abhishek, V. Tarachand & C.N.V. Satyanarayana Reddy
specific measures are suggested to prevent the Based on the particle size distribution and
possible recurrence of such failures in the future. plasticity characteristics, the backfill is classified
as clayey sand (SC) as per Indian Standard Soil
SUBSOIL PROFILE Classification System. For an in-situ density of
Prior to construction of the retaining wall, field 2.16 g/cc and natural moisture content of 18.2%,
investigation in the form of standard penetration the in-situ dry density of the backfill works out to
test was conducted in five boreholes by a private be 1.83 g/cc. The in-situ density is treated as
soil exploration agency in Visakhapatnam. Core saturated density since the natural moisture content
drilling using double core barrels was carried out is greater than liquid limit. The shear parameters
on encountering rocky strata and rock cores were reported in Table 1 correspond to the saturated
obtained. In general, the subsoil profile at the site state of the backfill.
consisted of yellowish brown clayey sand in the
top 4.5 m with Standard Penetration Resistance (N) DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL
of 12, overlying a 2.0 m thick layer of soft
disintegrated rock (SDR) with N>100. About 3.0 m Retaining Wall Designed as Framed Structure
of soft rock with Core Recovery (CR) of 53% lies Figure 1 shows the cross section of the retaining
below the SDR layer. This in turn is underlain by a wall and the detailing of reinforcement according
thick layer of hard rock having Core Recovery of to the structural engineers design. The retaining
62% and Rock Quality Designation (RQD) of 33%. wall was designed considering the friction angle
The ground water table was not encountered within and unit weight of the backfill as 370 and 19 kN/m3
the depth of exploration. respectively. Bending moments in the retaining
wall were calculated using STAAD software and
Properties of Backfill the area of reinforcement was fixed accordingly.
During investigation of failure of the retaining Maximum bending moment at the base of the stem
wall, samples of the backfill are collected and was 40 kNm.
laboratory tests are conducted as per IS:2720 [1].
The properties of the backfill obtained are
presented in Table 1.
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Case study of failure of retaining wall at Dwarakanagar, Visakhapatnam
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S.V. Abhishek, V. Tarachand & C.N.V. Satyanarayana Reddy
CONCLUSIONS
A combination of various factors such as improper
interpretation of backfill properties, absence of
proper weep holes and alteration in the behaviour
of the wall due to delay in progress of work, are
considered to be responsible for failure of the
retaining wall. It is desirable to design and
construct a basement retaining wall as a
conventional, distinct retaining wall rather than
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