10/2/2015

Industrial Ventilation
Industrial Ventilation - important method for reducing
employee exposures to airborne contaminants.
Ventilation - used to reduce or remove contaminates from
employees
fresh air - introduced; ventilated air - removed from an
occupied space
Aim of ventilation - preserve the qualities of air
comfortable working environment for workers, avoid
various invisible health hazards in buildings and work
places - Efficient ventilation, proper maintenance of
ventilation system

Purposes of Ventilation

Provide sufficient supply of air/oxygen for the physiological needs

of human beings
Remove the products of respiration and bodily odour of human
occupants
Remove contaminants or harmful chemicals generated by
processes or from building materials
Remove heat generated by people, lighting and equipment inside
the occupied space
Create some degree of movement which is essential for feelings
of freshness and comfort
To maintain the temperature and humidity within an acceptable
range that is appropriate to the activities on the premises

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Methods of Ventilation
Dilution Ventilation (general ventilation)
To keep the working conditions at acceptable comfort levels
To keep contaminants in the air within safe limit
Characteristics
Reduces the concentration of flammable or combustible gases,
vapors - flame or combustion will not occur in the presence of
an ignition source
Prior to investing in this type of ventilation - cost, effectiveness
and risk must be studied
May move contamination to locations that are not contaminated
Not an appropriate system - removal of highly toxic or very
flammable vapors, fumes, gases that present non-uniform
concentrations
Can be used for systems where concentration generation is
uniform and the rate of generation is low

Favourably Considered for

Emission sources contains relatively less toxic materials
Emission sources are primarily vapours or gases
Emissions occur uniformly in time
Emissions are widely spread and low levels of air
contaminates are released
Emissions do not occur in proximity to workers

Advantages
Usually lower equipment and installation costs
Require less maintenance
Effective control for small amounts of low toxicity chemicals
Effective control for flammable or combustible gases or
vapors
Best ventilation for small dispersed contaminant sources or
mobile sources

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Disadvantages
Does not completely remove contaminants
Cannot be used for highly toxic chemicals
Ineffective for dusts or metal fumes or large amounts of gases
or vapors
Requires large amounts of heated or cooled make up air

Local Exhaust Ventilation

Capturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of
emission
Prevents the transmission of contaminant to worker
Factors
Hazardous Contaminants
High emission levels
Location of the employee in the immediate vicinity of the emission
Emissions that are intermittent or emission rates which vary with time
Emission sources that are relatively fixed
Legislation requirements
Favourably Considered for
Minimises employee exposure to contaminants
Less volume of exhaust air
Collected contaminant - disposal or recovery
Equipment in the workplace - protected from heat and corrosive
substances
Employees may not have to wear respiratory protection

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Advantages
Captures contaminant at source and removes it from the work
place
Removal of high toxic airborne chemicals, dusts, metal fumes
Less energy costs since make up air to heat or cool

Disadvantages
Higher cost for design, installation and equipment
Requires regular cleaning, inspection and maintenance

Sources of Ventilation
Natural ventilation
Air movement within a work area due to wind, temperature
differences between the exterior and interior of a building
Adequacy of air inlets and outlets
controlled natural ventilation intentional displacement of air
through openings, controlled to some extent by occupants
Infiltration uncontrolled random flow of air through unintentional
openings driven by natural forces across the building envelope

Advantages
Sustainable and does not contribute to pollution
Higher air velocities enhance cooling sensation
Cost effective
Air is free and it saves space

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Disadvantages
Difficult to control
Outdoor air conditions and acoustics are unacceptable
Fluctuations of indoor conditions. Air flow rates varies with
outdoor conditions
Mechanical Ventilation
By means of mechanical devices, such as fans
to provide either supply, extract or balanced ventilation for an
occupied space

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Industrial Roofs

Shell curved surface, small thickness compared to radius and

other dimensions
Shells of revolution plane curve is rotated about the axis of
symmetry
Shells of translation one curve moves parallel to itself along
another curve, the planes of two curves being at right angles to
each other

Cylindrical shells straight line generator moving along a specified

directrix

Multiple Cylindrical shells series of parallel cylindrical shells

Continuous cylindrical shells longitudinally continuous over the
traverses
North light shells cylindrical shells with two springings at different
levels

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Butterfly shells two parts of cylindrical shell are joined together at their
lower edges

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Folded Plates
Simple shuttering involving straight planks
Movable formwork can be used
Simple diaphragms
Design computations are simple
Light reflecting geometry and pleasing outlines