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Research Onion
Pragmatism Philosophy
Presentation by: Afshan Chishti
Audience: PhD fellows
Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar - Pakistan
Which Philosophical paradigm?
What questions?
Which methods?
BECAUSE
the purpose is to develop knowledge in a particular
field
Presentation by: Afshan Chishti
Presentation by: Afshan Chishti
Ontology:What is out there?
the nature of reality and the way the world operates.
objectivism. This portrays the position that social entities exist in reality external
to social actors concerned with their existence.
subjectivism, holds that social phenomena are created from the perceptions and
consequent actions of those social actors concerned with their existence.
Axiology:
how valuables and opinions impact the collection and analysis of a research.
Interpretivism
an ideology or proposition is true
if it works satisfactorily.
Pragmatism
Presentation by: Afshan Chishti
developed by Saunders et al. (2007)
RESEARCH ONION
Positivism
Philosophies
can be scientifically verified
or is capable of logical or
mathematical proof. Deductive
Aims at testing a theory, begins Approaches
a "reality"
withofhypothesis,
material objects, and possibly of
emphasizes
abstract concepts,
causality, exists
mostly in an external
associated with world Realism
independently of our minds
quantitative and perceptions.
studies.
socialAims
worlds cannot be studied
at generating in the same way as
new theory,
physical phenomena
begins with RQs,as complexity
exploring newneeds to be
takenphenomenon,
into account mostly associated
with qualitative studies.
Interpretivism
an ideology or proposition is true
if it works satisfactorily. Inductive
Pragmatism
Presentation by: Afshan Chishti
developed by Saunders et al. (2007)
RESEARCH ONION
Positivism
Philosophies
can be scientifically verified
Experiment
or is capable of logical or
mathematical proof.Survey
Deductive
Aims at testing a theory, begins
Case of
Approaches
a "reality"
withofhypothesis,
material objects, and possibly
emphasizes
abstract concepts,
causality, exists
mostly Study
in an external
associated with world Realism
independently of our minds
quantitative and perceptions.
studies.
Check the Action Strategies
Handout for
socialAims
worlds
at cannot be studied
generating new in Research
the same way as
theory,
explanation
physical phenomena
begins with RQs,as complexity
exploring newneeds to be
takenphenomenon,
into account mostly associated
Grounded
with qualitative studies.theory
Interpretivism
an ideology or proposition is true
if itArchival Ethnography
works satisfactorily. Inductive
Research
Pragmatism
Presentation by: Afshan Chishti
developed by Saunders et al. (2007)
RESEARCH ONION
Positivism
Philosophies
can be scientifically verified
Experiment
or is capable of logical or
mathematical proof.Survey
Mono methods Deductive
Choices Aims at testing a theory, begins Approaches
a "reality"
withofhypothesis,
material objects, Case of
and possibly
emphasizes
abstract concepts,
causality, exists
mostly Study
in an external
associated with world Realism
independently of our minds
quantitative and perceptions.
studies.
Mixed
methods
Action Strategies
socialAims
worlds cannot be studied
at generating in Research
the same way as
new theory,
physical
beginsphenomena
with RQs,as complexity
exploring newneeds to be
takenphenomenon,
into account mostly associated Grounded
with qualitative studies.theory
Multi methods Interpretivism
an ideology or proposition is true
if itArchival Ethnography
works satisfactorily. Inductive
Research
Pragmatism
Presentation by: Afshan Chishti
developed by Saunders et al. (2007)
RESEARCH ONION
Positivism
Philosophies
can be scientifically verified
Experiment
or is capable of logical or
mathematical proof.Survey
Mono methods Deductive
Choices Aims at testing a theory, begins Approaches
a "reality"
withofhypothesis,
material objects, Case of
and possibly
emphasizes
Cross-sectional Study Realism
Time abstract concepts,
causality, exists
mostly in an external
associated with world
Horizon independently of our minds
quantitative and perceptions.
studies.
Mixed
methods
Action Strategies
socialAims
worlds cannot be studied
at generating in Research
the same way as
new theory,
physical
beginsphenomena
with RQs,as complexity
exploring newneeds to be
Longitudinal
taken into account mostly associated
phenomenon, Grounded
with qualitative studies.theory
Multi methods Interpretivism
an ideology or proposition is true
if itArchival Ethnography
works satisfactorily. Inductive
Research
Pragmatism
Presentation by: Afshan Chishti
developed by Saunders et al. (2007)
RESEARCH ONION
Positivism
Philosophies
can be scientifically verified
Experiment
or is capable of logical or
mathematical proof.Survey
Mono methods Deductive
Choices Aims at testing a theory, begins Approaches
a "reality"
withofhypothesis,
material objects, Case of
and possibly
emphasizes
Cross-sectional Study Realism
Time abstract concepts,
causality, exists
mostly in an external
associated with world
Horizon independently of our minds
Data quantitative and perceptions.
studies.
Mixed
Collection
methods
Action Strategies
Techniques & data
social worlds
Aims
analysis cannot be studied
at generating in Research
the same way as
new theory,
& Procedures physical phenomena
begins with RQs,as complexity
exploring newneeds to be
Longitudinal
taken into account mostly associated
phenomenon, Grounded
with qualitative studies.theory
Multi methods Interpretivism
an ideology or proposition is true
if itArchival Ethnography
works satisfactorily. Inductive
Research
Pragmatism
Presentation by: Afshan Chishti
developed by Saunders et al. (2007)
Presentation by: Afshan Chishti
Pragma:
(Greek word): work/Action. Refers to workability, do-ability,
functionality.
As per pragmatism,
An ideology or proposition is true if it works satisfactorily, that the
meaning of a proposition is to be found in the practical consequences of
accepting it, and that unpractical ideas are to be rejected.
Originators:
Charles Sanders Peirce William James John Dewey
(1839-1914) (1842-1910) (1859-1952)
Pragmatism received philosophical expression in the critical group
discussions of the Metaphysical Club in the 1870s in Cambridge.
Peirce, philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist, presented
his classic papers The Fixation of Belief (1877) and How To Make Our
Ideas Clear (1878)..
James, psychologist and a physician, published a paper in
1878,Spencers Definition of Mind as Correspondence with his
pragmatic beliefs.
Two decades later, in 1898, James introduced pragmatism to the public
in a lecture Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results, delivered
at the University of California. He fully credited Peirce with the idea.
Dewey, psychologist, and educational reformer, related pragmatism to
an increased importance to the environment. According to him, learning
is dependent on the context of the time, place and circumstance.
Though some early Greek philosophers had some proto-evolutionary notes but their work wasnt
systematically developed.
The intellectual world, in nineteenth centaury, was starting to think less in terms of timeless absolutes
and were more thinking in terms of process and change (e.g. Dorwins theory of Evolution in 1858-9).
Pierce and James were at the point of their intellectual development, where the world is seriously
thinking in evolutionary terms.
Change or No absolute
No fixed Evolution is
process is Conditions
environment open ended
fundamental
2. Epistemology: SKEPTICISM
pragmatists endorse Skepticism (the theory that certain knowledge is impossible) which
changes the way they think about knowledge.
Consequences of SKEPTICISM
Uncertain,
Open Observation
willing to
mineded is a fallible
change
process
TRUTH is RELATIVE
Presentation by: Afshan Chishti
TRUTH
Logical reasoning about TRUTH in Pragmatism:
TRUTH is RELATIVE
Presentation by: Afshan Chishti
TRUTH
Logical reasoning about truth in Pragmatism:
Democratic process not as a political practice, but as social debate for social
consensus to determine what is TRUE for society, or what should be the social and
political structure of a society for the next period.