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1, JANUARY 2009
TABLE I
LEAKAGE INDUCTANCE TESTS FOR A THREE-WINDING TRANSFORMER
(1)
(5)
III. DUALITY MODEL
Duality models are obtained from the geometrical arrange- Accordingly, the duality model wrongly accounts for the
ment of windings in the transformer window. No attention is leakage inductance between the internal and the external wind-
paid to the terminal-leakage measurements and, therefore, there ings. is short by
is frequently an inconsistency between duality models and ter-
minal-leakage measurements. Duality models have been largely (6)
discussed in the literature; see, for example, [11], [12], and [15].
The easiest way to build a duality model is to establish the flux Compare the magnetic flux distribution (for the region of )
paths in the transformer window and assign an inductance to between the test for and with the one for in
each one [11]. The process is illustrated in Fig. 5. Fig. 4. The flux in the center winding when computing
The magnetizing flux is represented by the nonlinear induc- is smaller than that for . This explains why a duality
tances ( , , and ) and the leakage flux by the two derived model does not properly account for . One can also
linear inductances ( and ). The values of these two induc- see that the fluxes and share a common path in the re-
tances match the measured leakage inductances and . gion of the central winding. Thus, and are magneti-
However, there is no match for the leakage inductance . In cally coupled.
DE LEN AND MARTINEZ: DUAL THREE-WINDING TRANSFORMER EQUIVALENT 163
Fig. 6. New duality derived model for a three-winding transformer. Fig. 7. Duality-derived model for a three-winding transformer, including mag-
netizing branches and winding resistances.
TABLE II
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE MODEL (FIG. 7) LEAKAGE INDUCTANCES
AND RESISTANCES TO THOSE OBTAINED FROM TERMINAL TESTS
(14)
When the transformer is tall and slim with a small leakage in-
magnetizing inductance and one resistance are deter-
ductance, then . As an extreme case, we can assume
mined from the measurements.
that . Consequently, the flux length path for ,
From Fig. 7, one can see that during an open-circuit test, the
, , and is 4/3 while the flux length path for
three magnetizing branches are in parallel since the voltage drop
and is 1/3 . When the transformer is short and wide with
in the leakage inductances , and are negligible. Then,
a large leakage inductance, then . As the other ex-
the relationship between the measured magnetizing values (
treme, consider that . Now, the length of the flux
and ) and the model values is given by
path for , , , and is 7/3 while it is 4/3 for
and . Table II summarizes the standard, maximum,
and minimum values for the magnetizing inductances and
(11) resistances as a function of and .
Fig. 10. Model derived from the principle of duality for three-winding core-type transformers matching-terminal-leakage measurements.
TABLE III
TEST TRANSFORMER DATA
(16)
Fig. 12. Equivalent circuit of the three-winding transformer without negative Fig. 15. Equivalent circuit for the study of numerical stability.
inductance.
Therefore, the state matrix is stiff, but not singular. Since all
eigenvalues are real and negative, the circuit is always stable, as
previously noted with the simulations.
VIII. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a solution to a long-standing problem with
models for three-winding transformers has been found, uni-
fying the two available modeling methodologies. On one hand,
there are models obtained from terminal measurements that pay
no consideration to the physical meaning of the inductances
Fig. 13. Stable voltage at the low-voltage terminals (13.8 kV). and frequently rely on a negative inductance. On the other hand,
there are duality-derived models which pay no attention to the
terminal-leakage measurements, and mismatches with terminal
measurements frequently occur.
The new equivalent circuit, proposed in this paper, is a du-
ality-derived model applicable to single-phase and three-phase
transformers. The proposed circuit matches with terminal-
leakage measurements and does not have negative inductances.
Each element can be identified with a leakage flux path and
can be computed from the geometrical information of the
windings and the terminal-leakage measurements taking two
windings at a time. Therefore, the model of this paper is useful
to transformer designers and to system analysts as well. Addi-
tionally, the model can be built with readily available elements
Fig. 14. Equivalent circuit for the study of numerical stability. in EMTP-type programs.
421 H, 168 H. The derivation of the state equation for the APPENDIX
circuit of Fig. 14 is given in the Appendix. The five eigenvalues STATE EQUATION FOR THE CIRCUIT OF FIG. 14
are
Fig. 15 shows the circuit of Fig. 14 in a suitable shape for an-
alytical investigation. Applying Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL)
(17) to each parallel magnetizing branch, we have
(18) (21)
DE LEN AND MARTINEZ: DUAL THREE-WINDING TRANSFORMER EQUIVALENT 167
For the leakage portion of the model, we can write Substituting (19), (23), (21), (25), and (27) in (31) and (32), we
obtain
(22)
(33)
(23)
(34)
(24)
(25)
where
(35)
(26)
From (20), we obtain Equations (33), (34), (28), (27), and (30) comprise a set of state
linear equations of the form
(27)
(36)
Substituting (23) in (19), (26) in (20), and (25) in (21), we obtain With
the differential equations for the magnetizing inductances as
(37)
(28)
one can build the state matrix as shown in (38) at the bottom of
the page where
(29)
(39)
(30)
(38)
168 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 24, NO. 1, JANUARY 2009