Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF
by
John Brun
Celal N. Kostem
FRtTZ ENGINEERif~G
LABORATOF?Y LIBRARY
Lehigh University
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
August, 1986
ABSTRACT 1
1. INTRODUCTION 2
1.1 Problem Statement 4
2. FRAME-SHEAR WALL SYSTEM 5
2.1 Analysis andDesign 5
2.2 Selection of Shear Wall Dimensions 6
2.3 Approximate Methods to Check Shear Wall Adequacy 6
2.4 Scope of the Investigation 8
2.5 Solution Methodology 9
2.6 Summary of Activities and Objectives 10
3. ANALYSIS OF FRAME-SHEAR WALL SYSTEMS USED TO FORM THE DATA BASE 12
3.1 Description of the Data 12
3.2 Description of the Frames 12
3.3 Frame-Shear Wall Configuration 13
3.4 Analysis 14
3.5 Material Properties 15
3.6 Modeling Assumptions 15
4. RESULTS OF THE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS 17
4.1 Summary of the Data Preparation 17
4.2 Data Evaluation -17
4.3 Resulting Data 18
5. TIP DEFLECTION PREDICTION 19
5.1 Summary of Objectives 19
5.2 Description of Analysis 19
5.3 Definition of Variables 20
5.4 Determination of the Independent Variable 21
5.5 Regression Analysis 23
5.6 Regression Analysis Results 25
5.7 Observations 27
5.8 Tip Deflection Prediction Conclusions 28
6. DEFLECTION PROFILE PREDICTION 31
6.1 Summary of Objectives 31
6.2 Applicability of Deflection Profile Values 31
6.3 Definition of Variables 33
6.4 Regression Analysis 34
6.5 Coordinate Function Expressions for Variables 35
6.6 Regression Analysis Results 36
6. 7 Deflection rofile Prediction Conclusions 37
7. CONCLUSIONS 39
7.1 Summary 39
7.2 Future Research 40
TABLES 41
.
i
FIGURES 61
REFERENCES 94
APPENDIX A 98
APPENDIX B 118
APPENDIX C 128
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 132
ii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
4 FRAME lR 45
DEFLECTION PROFILE DATA
(MODIFIED VALUES) FRAME lR
6 FRAME 2R 46
DEFLECTION PROFILE DATA
7 FRAME 3R 47
DEFLECTION PROFILE DATA
8 POLYNOMIAL COEFFICIENTS 48
RESULTS OF POLYNOMIAL ANALYSIS
2 .
9 (R) VALUES FOR EACH DEGREE OF POLYNOMIAL 49
10 DEFLECTION PREDICTIONS so
TEST CASES - FRAME lR
11 DEFLECTION PREDICTIONS 51
TEST CASES - FRAME 2R
12 DEFLECTION PREDICTIONS 52
TEST CASES - FRAME 3R
13 FRAME lR 53
DEFLECTION PROFILE VALUES
14 FRAME 2R 54
DEFLECTION PROFILE VALUES
15 FRAME 3R 55
DEFLECTION PROFILE VALUES
"
iii
LIST OF TABLES (CONT.)
TABLE PAGE
17 FRAME lR 58
DEFLECTION PROFILE VALUES
BASED ON TRUNCATED POLYNOMIAL COEFFICIENTS
18 FRAME 2R 59
DEFLECTION PROFILE VALUES
BASED ON TRUNCATED POLYNOMIAL COEFFICIENTS
19 FRAME 3R 60
DEFLECTION PROFILE VALUES
BASED ON TRUNCATED POLYNOMIAL COEFFICIENTS
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
v
LIST OF FIGURES (CONT.)
FIGURE PAGE
20 SCATTER DIAGRAM 79
TIP DEFLECTION VS. SHEAR WALL AREA
21 SCATTER DIAGRAM 80
TIP DEFLECTION VS. SHEAR WALL LENGTH
22 SCATTER DIAGRAM 81
1
TIP DEFLECTION/(BLDG. HT.)
vs. 1
SHEAR AREA/(BLDG. HT.)
23 SCATTER DIAGRAM 82
2
TIP DEFLECTION/(BLDG. HT.)
vs. 2
SHEAR AREA/(BLDG. HT.)
24 SCATTER DIAGRAM 83
2
TIP DEFLECTION/(BLDG. HT.) 6
vs. 2 6
SHEAR AREA/(BLDG. HT.) .
25 SCATTER DIAGRAM 84
2
TIP DEFLECTION/(BLDG. HT.)
vs. 2
SHEAR AREA/(BLDG. HT.)
WITH POLYNOMIAL CURVE FIT DEGREE 1
26 SCATTER DIAGRAM 85
2
TIP DEFLECTION/(BLDG. HT.)
vs. 2
SHEAR AREA/(BLDG. HT.)
WITH POLYNOMIAL CURVE FIT DEGREE 2
27 SCATTER DIAGRAM 86
2
TIP DEFLECTION/(BLDG. HT.)
vs. 2
SHEAR AREA/(BLDG. HT.)
WITH POLYNOMIAL CURVE FIT DEGREE 3
vi
LIST OF FIGURES (CONT.)
FIGURE PAGE
28 SCATTER DIAGRAM 87
2
TIP DEFLECTION/(BLDG. HT.)
vs. 2
SHEAR AREA/(BLDG. HT.)
WITH POLYNOMIAL CURVE FIT DEGREE 4
29 SCATTER DIAGRAM 88
2
TIP DEFLECTION/(BLDG. HT.)
vs. 2
SHEAR AREA/(BLDG. HT.)
WITH POLYNOMIAL CURVE FIT DEGREE 5
30 SCATTER DIAGRAM 89
2
TIP DEFLECTION/(BLDG. HT.)
vs. 2
SHEAR AREA/(BLDG. HT.)
WITH POLYNOMIAL CURVE FIT DEGREE 6
31 FRAME lR 90
FINITE ELEMENT VS. REGRESSION
EQUATION PREDICTION
32 FRAME 2R 91
FINITE ELEMENT VS. REGRESSION
EQUATION PREDICTION
33 FRAME 3R 92
FINITE ELEMENT VS. REGRESSION
EQUATION PREDICTION
vii
ABSTRACT
structural system's response before final shear wall dimensions are used
evaluation. process. 'lb.e data base for the study is the same as that
1
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
provide resistance to lateral forces due to wind and, in many cases, due
resistance, but when sway due to wind controls the design, the rigidity
of the frame may not be adequate. Introduction of shear walls to
paramount.
the deflection of the wall and the frame to be identical. To force the
2
walls and the frame into the same deflected shape requires the
each. Thus, the frame pulls the wall back in the upper stories ana the
wall pushes the frame back in the lower stories. These internal
interactive forces are shown in Fig. 4.
load. The frame-shear wall system also reduces the shear deflections of
the columns. Thus, the great advantage of the system lies with the
realized. The end result of the use of the shear wall is the
elimination of the need to employ a very heavy frame. In short, a more
cases, the frame can accept additional moments due to lateral loading
3
1.1 Problem Statement
mid-height buildings.
analysis.
4
Chapter 2
built over the past decades. The nature of the frame-shear wall
system.
analysis portion that is the most time consuming. In the past, many
The frame-shear wall design process can be divided into four parts
(Ref. 5). The first is the conceptual stage when different criteria are
are checked and modifications are made to comply with the strength and
5
code requirements. Finally, detailed design computations and plans are
finalized.
performance.
wall structures exist. Some such methods require graphs and charts as
Khan and Sbarounis (Ref. 11) have prepared charts, which conceptually
6
reduce the structure to a single frame and shear wall. Then, the
corresponding chart was entered for the type of lateral loading, such as
forces which are resisted by the frame at every level and can be
shapes for the in.teractive system given various stiffness ratios between
shear wall and column for dirferent lateral load configurations (Fig.
6). From the known deflected shape, the forces associated with the
flexibility than the Khan and Sbarounis charts, but lacks accuracy if
the wall is more flexible than the frame. The main assumption is that
the frame takes constant shear. Because of this assumption, the frame
of the structure (Fig. 7). Essentially, this point load is nothing more
loading conditions.
7
As can be seen, these methods above as well as those tabulated in
computer analysis is one of the many problems facing the engineer in the
1 im1 ta tiona.
8
behavior. The advantage lies in streamlining the computational effort
as computer time.
employed:
9
3. Location of the shear wall was predetermined
4. The structures were analyzed
The- basic steps listed above are performed and described in more
be obtained.
The second portion of the study utilizes the data obtained from
10
statistical concepts. These concepts, properly applied, approximate, by
select few variables decided upon once the raw data is reduced and
examined.
11
Chapter 3
size shear walls provided the data for this investigation. The shear
walls vary in thiclmess and length, but are attached to the reinforced
and design loads for this frame are shown in Table 2 and member sizes
2R. The pertinent dimensions and working loads are shown in Table 2,
12
The third frame is a three-bay, twenty-story frame taken from the
report by Clougb and Benuska, "FHA Study of Seismic Design Criteria for
3R. The working loads, dimensions, and member sizes are shown in Table
All three rigid concrete frames are designed to carry dead and live
Frames 2R and 3R are designed not only for dead and live loads, but also
for earthquake loads. The resistance to lateral forces for each frame
Frames 1R, 2R and 3R are each linked to five different shear walls
is placed adjacent to the last column line, the concrete columns are
13
3.4 Analysis
The frame-shear wall models are analyzed using different shear wall
A 10 X 72
B 10 X 96
c 10 X 120
D 10 X 144
E 10 X 1b8
A 12 X 96
B 12 X 120
c 12 X 144
D 12 X 168
E 12 X 192
A 1b X 144
B 16 X 168
c 1b X 192
D 16 X 216
E 1b X 240
All the frame-shear wall structures are analyzed for wind, dead and
live loads. The analysis for wind, dead and live loads are considered
14
are computed. The study included the following six load cases:
columns and shear walls is assumed to be 4000 psi strength. The modulus
of elasticity for beams, columns, and shear walls is computed using the
following formula from the 1977 ACI Code Section 8.5 .1, E0 = 57000
psi, while the columns and shearwalls have an E0 value of 3,604,997 psi.
15
5. Column to foundation, as well as shear wall to foundation
connections, are rigid, i.e. have non-yielding supports.
16
Chapter 4
wall models were analyzed with varying size shear walls in order to
obtain the data base required. Once the data base is prepared,
frame-shear wall models. Six load cases for each model were analyzed,
but the values of load case number six (wind load only) were used in the
both tabular and graphical form. Tabular form of the finite element
4 .2 Data Evaluation
with shear wall was more flexible than either Frames 2R or 3R with their
Section 2.2. This section states Frames 2R and 3R were designed for
17
earthquake loads. This fact would account for the increased stiffness
structures are much less than if they were designed for dead, live and
due to their additional design for earthquake loads. This fact, coupled
with the additioll -or the shear wall makes these structures even more
laterally stiff than Frame 1R. This disparity could have some affect on
the utilization of the data to determine the mathematical model for tip
for each floor of the building. Once the ratios were known, they were
applied to the Frame 1R model to reduce the wind load values used in the
within the range of compatibility with the other frames. Both the
18
Chapter 5
concern for the structural engineer. Not only does drift affect a
Since the problem has been defined and a data base created, the
next steps are to define the variables associated with the problem, and
19
Since a relationship was found to exist between two (or more)
25, 26).
follows:
1. Stiffness of frame
2. Stiffness of shear wall
3. Shear area of shear Wall
4. Type of lateral loading
a. Wind load
b. Earthquake
5. Distribution of wind load
20
a. Uniform
b. Triangular
c. Parabolic
d. Stepped
deflection.
examination of the data, that only one independent variable will be the
21
of the combinations are listed below and numbers three and four are
The ten:n gaps is used to denote the disparity in the magnitude of the
Several variables were tried as the non:nalizing value, but the one
variables were narrowed down to two. These two variables were Tip
the power N ranging from 1 to 3. All trial plots are listed and shown
in Appendix A.
Figures 22, 23, and 24 show the effect of varying the value N. The
22
examination of these figures illustrates that the best clustering of
independent variable.
of some sort exists for the set of data. Examination of the data set
function used as the regression model, the next step is to decide on the
follows:
The order of the model examined is from degree one to degree six
23
The two variables involved in the analysis are:
mathematical model are the proper units of measure associated with the
independent variable (X), since both (Shear Area) and (Bldg. Ht.)
units (Length)
for the analysis was known as BMDP (BMPD Statistical Software, Inc.)
(Ref. 28). This package was available through the Lehigh University
Computing Center for the Cyber 730 system. This program provides the
24
polynomial regression program. The program fits and plots polynomials
provided.
and Y.
25
used as an estimator for the standard deviation from which confidence
degree. The numerator sum of squares for each of these tests is the sum
the denominator sum of squares is the residual sum of squares from the
values for some test cases. The test cases were obtained utilizing the
three basic frame-shear wall configurations and varying the shear wall
lengths. The results are tabulated in Tables 9 through 11. The tables
list the polynomial curve fit fran order one to order six and their
predicted tip deflection values and compare them with the finite element
results.
26
5.7 Observations
Despite the fact that a polynomial model was chosen, there exists
other types of approximating curves which could have been utilized. For
1) Straight line y
= B0 +B 1X
2) Polynomial y
= B0 +B 1X+B 2X2+B 3X3+ BnX n
3) Exponential y X
= BoB1
4) Hyperbolic y
=
Bo+B 1X
y
5) Logarithmic = B0 +B 1LOG(X)
y
6) Geometric (Power) = B0 XB1
7) Harmonic y
= B0+~(Bncos(nx)+nsin(nx))
need for the rigorous nature of the harmonic curve fit. The straight
line fit is nothing more than a special case of the polynomial model
which was used. Other models indicate the possibility that a better fit
and hyperbolic models. Any one of these approximating curves could have
been used to best describe the data at hand, but various constraints
27
5.8 Tip Deflection Prediction Conclusions
Examination of the R-squared values in .Table 8 indicate that slight
to the raw data points. Examination of these curves also shows no real
defined as degree one through six, while .higher order polynomials are
tip defiection, for shear area values greater than 1000 in2 , are best
degree one being the most accurate. The ten-story structure shows that
for shear area's between 1200 in2 and 2000 in2 lower order polynomials
once again yield good results (upper bound solution), with the third
28
degree polynomial being the most accurate. The twenty-story structure
indicates that for shear areas. between 2880 in2 and 3600 in2 lower
bound solution), with degree three being the most accurate. Lower bound
solutions result using high or low order polynomials for the eight-story
structure with shear areas less than 1000 in2 , ten-story structure with
shear areas greater than 2000 in2 , and lastly in the twenty story
lower order polynomials are much better than utilizing higher order
well as by inspecting the test case values. All show lower order
29
In conclusion, the following trends have been noted during the
30
Chapter 6
The deflection profile can be used within the framework of the analysis
schemes utilized by the various codes such as UBC, ATC-3, and SEAOC
(Refs. 7, 8, 9).
various cri.tical dynamic parameters, but all codes state that based on
the properties of the seismic resisting system more exact values may be
31
1. Direct Integration (of the equations of motion) (Step-by-step
procedure)
2. !bdal Analysis
powerful but also the most expensive to carry out. Response spectrum
modal analysis usually can provide the desired order of accuracy for
is usually made by using only the first few modes in order to save
computation time.
shape, and this deflected shape is adjusted iteratively until the true
32
6.3 Definition of Variables
Fran the knowledge gained in the previous chapter about the inter-
the deflection profile of the frame-shear wall system involves more than
that the magnitudes of all three parameters are in the same range. The
story number. Variable (3) was normalized with respect to the tip
33
these points should not be far frau this plane known as the
was that of least squares and the remaining procedures for development
of the regression program were obtained from Reference 27, and modified
Variable) while all other variables are kept constant. The assembly of
function to the given data points for various sets of the other
( 6.1)
34
With a coordinate function established for each variable the terms
of the final series shown in Eq. (6.2) contains products of the terms of
(6.2)
Finally the unknown coefficients {Bi} are found by the solution of a set
35
Variable (3) = (1 + Z) - Total No. of Stories
The rationale for the choice of the above function was arbitrary
for the third variable. For the first variable it was based on the
curve fit of data in part one, where the tip deflection and shear area
fourth order terms are present; therefore, the fourth order polynomial
(symbols). For the sake of clarity, the graphs begin their plots at the
3b
this form of the equation are presented in Tables 1b through 19.
program calculates the R-squared value for each particular case input as
Figures 31 through 33 also confirm this trend. The R-squared values are
always in the neighborhood of .99. So, the model is able to explain 99~
term equation, the results are reasonably reliable. Even the version of
true deflection value, one needs only to multiply by the tip deflection
for the structure, since the actual values were normalized with respect
37
the equations developed in Chapter 5.
lower bound solution, but examination of the data would seem to indicate
terminology simply states that the regression model yields values equal
to or slightly higher than the actual values determined from the finite
element analysis.
38
Chapter 7
CONCLUSIONS
7.1 Summary
This report presents a methodology for use in estimating the tip
equation. The following conclusions are summarized from this first part
of the study :
39
7.2 Future Research
40
T AB L E S
41
t 1 I I
' '
TABLE 1
I
. . . . . .
TABLE 2
WIND LOAD
25 P.S.F. 25 P.S.F. 25 P.S.F.
<UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION)
DEAD LOADS
ROOF 155 P.S.F. 155 P.S.F. 155 P.S.F.
TYPICAL FLOOR 145 P.S.F. 145 P.S~F~ 145 P~S~F~
LIVE LOADS
ROOF 20 P~S~F~ 20 P~S~F. 20 P~S~F~
TYPICAL FLOOR . 50 pI sl FI 50 P.S~F~ 50 P.S~F~
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
CONCRETE STRENGTH
COLUMNS 4000 pIs I I. 4000 pIs I I. 4000 pIs I I.
BEAf1S 3000 pIs I I. 3000 pIs I I. 3000 pIs. I.
MODULUS OF EL~STICITY
COLUMNS 3., 604) 997 'pIs I I. 3J604J997 P~S. I. 3 604 997 pI s I I.
J J
2 2 2 2 2
SHEAR AREA 720 in 960 in 1200 in 1440 in 1680 in
STORY BLDG,
NO, HT I (IN I) DEFLECTIONS (INCHES)
8
. 1140 2.19 1.64 1.19 .846 .605
4~
TABLE 4
DEFLECTION PROFILE DATA CMODIFIED)
FRAME lR
SHEAR WALL THICKNESS 10 CINCHES)
6'-0 8'-0 10'-0 12'-0 14'-0
SHEAR WALL LENGTHS 72" 96" 120" 144" 168"
2 2 2 2 2
SHEAR AREA 720 in 960 in 1200 in 1440 in 1680 in
STORY BLDG.
NO. DEFLECTIONS (INCHES)
HT (IN)
I
4?
TABLE 5
DEFLECTION PROFILE DATA
FRAME 2R
SHEAR WALL THICKNESS 12 CINCHES)
8'-0 10'-0 12'-0 14'-0 16'-0
SHEAR WALL LENGTHS 96" 120" 144" 168" 192"
2 2 2 2 2
SHEAR AREA 1152 in 1440 in 1728 in 2016 in 2304 in
STORY BLDG,
NO. HT (IN)
I
DEFLECTIONS (INCHES)
46
TABLE 6
DEFLECTION PROFILE DATA
FRAME 3R
SHEAR WALL THICKNESS 16 CINCHES)
12'-0 14'-0 16'-0 18'-0 20'-0
SHEAR WALL LENGTHS 144" 168" 192" 216" 240"
2 2 2 2 2
SHEAR AREA 2305 in 2688 in 3072 in 3456 in 3840 in
STORY BLDG,
DEFLECTIONS (INCHES)
NO, HT I (IN I)
47
. . . .
TABLE 7
RESULTS OF REGRESSION
COEFFICIENTS
TABLE 8
I
I
I REGRE$SION CURVE FIT
:. STATISTICS .
DEG. OF POLY. R - SQUARED VALUES F - STATISTIC
DECIMAL FORM PERCENT FORM
1 .9264 92.64% 19.71
3 .9448 94.48% 1. 07
4 .9554 95.54% . 83
i
8 : .9718 97.18% .16
i: .
9 !' I' .9726 '
97.26% .13
11
!t
' . I
,.
,,
'
. .
TABLE 9
;
''TEST CASES
TIP DEFLECTION VALUES
i
FRAME iR <8 STORY STRUCTURE)
SHEAR WALL THICKNESS 10 11
TABLE 10
'
:
,,
;i
,I
TEST CASES
TIP DEFLECTION VALUES
f
FRAME 2R ClO STORY STRUCTURE)
SHEAR WALL THICKNESS 12"
.TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT 1488"
9'-0 11'-0 13'-0 15'-0
SHEAR WALL LENGTHS 108" 132" 156" 180"
SHEAR AREA 2 2 2 2
1296 in 1584 in 1872 in 2160 in
1 TABLE 11
TEST CASES
TIP DEFLECTION VALUES
FRAME 3R (20 STORY STRUCTURE)
.
SHEAR WALL THICKNESS 16"
TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT 2916"
13'-0 13'-6 15'-0 17'-6 19'-0
SHEAR WALL LENGTHS 156" 162" 180" 210" 228"
2 2 2 2 2
SHEAR AREA 2496 in 2592 in 2880 in 3360 in 3648 in
DEGREE TIP DEFLECTION (INCHES)
OF
\11
POL YN0~1 I AL
6 !:::.
POLY, F,E,M.
6
POLY. F,E,M,
b 6 -~
POLY, F,E,M.
6 6
F,E,M,
6 ~
1\) POLY POLY. F.E.M,
1 3.45 3.84 3.42 3.73 3.33 3.41 3.18 2.93 3.09 2.68
2 3.52 3.84 3.49 3.73 3.38 3.41 3.20 2.93 3.09 2.68
3 3.63 3.84 3.58 3.73 3.41 3.41 3.16 2.93 3.02 2.68
4 3.70 3.84 3.61 3.73 3.37 3.41 3.07 3.93 2.93 2.68
5 3.71 3.84 3.60 3.73 3.32 3.41 3.02 2.93 2.90 2.68
6 3.70 3.84 3.57 3.73 3.28 3.41 3.01 2.93 2.91 2.68
'
. . . . '
TABLE I2
EXPANDED FORM OF THE REGRESSION EQUATION
6 = ~BI + B3S2 + B4S3)* (1)
B2S + + <Bs B6S + B7S2 ~ BgS 3)* <Z>] *X
+
+
[<Bg + BioS + BIIS 2 + BI s 3)* <I> 2 3
2 + <BI3 + BI4S + BI5S + BI6S )* <Z>] *x2
+
~<Bil + BigS + BigS 2 + B s 3)* (I) 2 3
20
+ <B2I + B22S + B23S + B24S )* <z>] *X3
+
D<B25 2 3
+ B25S + B27S 2 + B2gS 3)* (I) + <B29 + B3oS + B3IS + B32S )* <Z>] *X4
REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS
U1
w .
BI B2 B3 B4 Bs B5 B7 Bg
-.415603 -2.35553 9.63049 -8.29273 2.97520 -3.91031 -4.33127 6.81431
Bg Bio B1I BI2 BI3 BILJ BI5 BI6
-5.40671 4.59172 43.9108 -52.7253 29.8911 -84.7171 55.4532 11.5515
BI7 BI8 Big B2o B2I B22 B23 B24
10.5224 3.16167 -98.2501 104.718 -53.1244 134.469 -65.3597 -38.7485
B25 B26 B27 B28 B29 B3o B3I B32
-3.69381 -5.45472 44.7800 -43.7121 20.2444 -45.6904 13.9968 20.4802
. . . .
TABLE '13
i
'
'
i
DEFLECTION PROFILE VALUES
j
I
.<NORMALIZED)
i FRAME lR (8-STORY STRUCTURE)
i
STORY NUMBER
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SHEAR NORMALIZED DEFLECTION VALUES
AREA
2 6_F.E.M. .138 .279 .425 .565 .692 .804 .906 1. 00
720 in
2 ~ REGRES~ .138 .275 .423 .564 .693 .804 .904 1. 00
R =.999
SHEAR
AREA 6_F.E.M. .107 .228 .363 .501 .634 .761 .882 1.00
2
960 in
2 6_REGRESS .113 .231 .366 .503 .637 .761 .881 1.00
R =.999
SHEAR
AREA 6 F .E.M. .098 .207 .336 .473 .605 .742 .871 1. 00
2
1200 in
2
R =1.00 6 REGRESS .099 .208 .336 .471 .608 .740 .870 1. 00
SHEAR
AREA 6_ F.E.M. .093 .198 .324 .456 .593 .731 .863 1. 00
2
1440 in '.
2
R =.999 6 REGRESS .092 .198 .324 .460 .598 .734 .867 1. 00
' SHEAR.
AREA
6_F.E'.M. .092 .192 .315 .446 .585 .723 .862 1. 00
2
1680 il)
.R 2 =.999 6_REGRESS .090 .196 .323 .460 .600 .736 .869 .999
. . . .
TABLE 14
1
SHEAR i
I
AREA ! ~F.E.M. .051 .130 .229 .338 .454 .560 .681 .789 .896 1.00
2.
2304 in i
R2 =. 999 i ~REGRESS .052 .129 .'].67 .335 .450 .566 .680 .789 .895 1.00
I
. . I : I
TABLE 15
:
DEFLECTION PROFILE VALUES
(NORMALIZED)
i I FRAME 3R (20-STORY STRUCTURE)
I
i
SHEAR I STORY NUMBER
11\REA
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
R2
NORMALIZED DEFLECTION VALUES
2304
~ .121 .187 .254 .320 .381 .440 .496 .553 .604 .655 .704 .757 .797 .841 .883 .922 .961 1.00
F.E.M .022 .065
~
.999 REGR. .036 .078 .128 .187 .249 . 314 .379 .442 .505 .564 .620 .672 .719 .764 .805 .844 .883 .921 .962 1.00
2688 6 .019 .053 .101 .158 .218 .279 .337 .395 .453 .511 .566 .619 .671 .724 .773 .820 .867 .912 .956 1.00
F.E.M
.999 ~
REGR. .027 .061 .103 .154 .208 .266 .325 .384 .445 .503 .560 .613 .665 .715 .763 .809 .856 .903 .953 1.00
3072 ~
F.E.M .016 .046 .088 .138 .193 .249 .306 .364 .421 .480 .536 .592 .645 .701 .754 .804 .854 .903 .953 1.00
.999 ~
REGR. .022 .051 .090 .137 .188 .244 .301 .359 .419 .478 .536 .592 .646 .699 .749 .800 .850 .899 .950 1.00
3456 ~ .014 .041 .079 .124 .175 .228 .283 .340 .396 .453 .512 .5()8 .625 .681 .737 .789 .842 .895 .947 1.00
F.E.M
.999 ~ .018 .045 .082 .127 .176 .230 .287 .345 .405 .464 .523 .580 .636 .691 .744 .795 .847 .898 .950 1.00
REGR.
I
3840 ~ !
F.E.M .014 .038 .073 .115 .163 .214 .268 .323 .380 .438 .494 .554 .610 .669 .725 .781 .837 .892 .948 1.00
i
.999 ~
.016 .041 .074 .114 .160 .210 .263 .319 .375 .435 .494 .551 .608 .666 .722 .777 .834 .889 .945 1.00
REGR. I
'
I I e
I 1 I
TABLE 16
EXPANDED FORM OF THE REGRESSION EQUATION
TABLE 17
DEFLECTION PROFILE VALUES
'
<BASED ON TRUNCATED POLYNOMIAL COEFFICIENTS)
'
FRAME lR (8-STORY STRUCTUR~)
STORY NUMBERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SHEAR NORMALIZED DEFLECTION VALUES
AREA
720 in
2 ~F.E.M. .138 .279 .425 .565 .692 .804 .906 1.00
2
R =.9995 ~REGRESS .137 .272 .418 .560 .687 .797 .896 .992
SHEAR
AREA ~F.E.M. .107 .228 .363 .501 .634 .761 .882 1.00
2
U1
(X)
960 in
2 LREGRESS .112 .229 .362 .499 .631 . 754 .873 .992
R =.9997
SHEAR
AREA LF.E.M. .098 .207 .336 .473 .605 .742 .871 1.00
2
1200 in
2 LREGRESS .097 .205 .332 .467 .602 .733 .862 .991
R =.9996
SHEAR
AREA LF.E.M . .093 .207 .336 .473 .605 .742 .871 1.00
2
1440 in
2
R =.9998 LREGRESS .091 .195 .320 .455 .592 .726 .859 .991
SHEAR
AREA LF.E.M. .092 .192 .315 .446 .585 .723 .862 1.00
2
1680 in
2 LREGRESS .089 .193 .319 .455 .593 .728 .860 .990
R =.999G
1'
TABLE 18
DEFLECTION PROFILE VALUES
:
i
<BASED ON TRUNCATED POLYNOMIAL COEFFIIENTS)
I
'
:i
FRAME 2R (10-STORY STRUCTURE)
! :1
l) STORY NUMBER
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SHEAR NORMALIZED DEFLECTION VALUES
AREA
2 LF.E.M. .083 .201 .330 .458 .578 .688 .785 .869 .940 1.00
1152 in
2
R =.9995 LREGRESS. .087 .197 .323 .453 .577 .688 .782 .860 .928 .991
SHEAR
AREA LF.E.M. .070 .175 .295 .417 .537 .650 .753 .845 .927 1.00
2
1440 in
2
R =.9975 LREGRESS. .073 .168 .282 .401 .520 .632 .734 .825 .909 .990
SHEAR
AREA LF.E.M. .062 .154 .266 .383 .501 .617 .723 .822 .914 1.00
2
1728 in
2 .064 .151 .258
R =.9985 LREGRESS. .372 .489 .602 .708 .805 .898 .990
SHEAR
AREA LF.E.M. .055 .139 .244 .357 .473 .588 .701 .805 .906 1.00
2
2016 in
2 . 058 .140 .241
R =.9993 LREGRESS .353 .469 .582 .691 .793 .892 .989
SHEAR
AREA LF.E.M. .051 .130 .229 .338 .454 .560 .681 .789 .896 1.00
2
2304 in '
2
R =.9992 LREGRESS. .051 .126 .223 .330 .444 .558 .671 .778 .883 .989
. . . .
I'
I
TABLE 19
'
' '
!
DEFLECTION PROFILE VALUES
I
~; <BASED ON TRUNCATED POLYNOMIAL COEFFICIENTS)
I
FRAME 3R (20-STORY STRUCTURE)
SHEAF STORY NUMBER
AREA
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
R2 NORMALIZED DEFLECTION VALUES
2304 ~
F.E.M .022 .065 .121 .187 .254 .320 .381 .441 .496 .553 .604 .655 .704 .753 .797 .841 .883 .922 .961 1.00
.9963 ~
REGR. .095 .076 .125 .183 .244 .308 .371 .434 .496 .553 .608 .659 .705 .749 .789 .827 .864 .901 .942 .985
2688 ~
~.E.M .019 .053 .101 .158 .218 .229 .337 .395 .453 .511 .566 .619 .671 .724 .773 .820 .867 .912 .956 1.00
0'1
0 .9987 ~ .026 .059 .100 .150 .203 .260 .318 .376 .435 .491 .547 .599 .650 .699 .745 .791 .837 .882 .931 .982
!REGR.
3072 ~ .016 .046 .088 .138 .193 .249 .306 .364 .421 .480 .536 .592 .645 .701 .754 .804 .854 .903 .953 1.00
IF.E.M
. 9971 ~ .020 .049 .087 .132 .182 .237 .293 .350 .409 .466 .523 .577 .630 .682 .731 .780 .829 .877 .927 .979
IREGR.
3456 ~ .014 .041 .079 .124 .175 .228 .283 . 340 .396 .453 .512 .568 .625 .681 .737
IF.E.M .789 .842 .895 .947 1.00
.9956 ~ .017 . 044 .079 .122 .170 .223 .278 .335 .393 .451 .508 .564 .618 .672 .724 .774 .825 874 .925 .977
IREGR.
..
3840 ~ .014 .308 .073 H15 .163 .214 ?68 .323 .380 .438 .494 .554 .610 .669 .725 .781 .837 892 .948 1.00
IF.E.M
I
.9987 ~ 015 ~038 .070 ~109 .153 .203 .254 .308 .365 .421 .478 . 534 .590 .646 .700 .754 .809 863 .919 .975
~EGR. l.
F I GU R E S
61
80
1'-----------
70 1-
60 1-----------
"'-
Ill
50
0~
...."'
0
40
Ill .
z
;:) 30 -
20
Ei
......................
~
~.~..~.~..~..r:M.Ia
Ill
10 n~
~mllB~
62
.
...
..
FIG. 2 RIGID FRAME DEFORMATION
63
- ~
.,.
~-
. 64
FIG. 4 FRAME-SHEAR WALL INTERACTION
65
;I
~ 0.61-1
:;,
"i 0.81-1
,,e...,..\.\~\' . - s~; s,
: ;,-.,
~ 0 6H ,.-+--/---r.~~~~;.__---::;;~,.-::;--
._,c.~ ,,i!/ 0~ :Rj,~'-.--~._:..
~'"-
-
:..
"~ - - - - ~s s,.
= 0.4H H~~~~#i::.------- _. 0 I . .
s~
66
-Lnk 8ars
Total
I.OOd
w jH ! W
!
'
.1.
, -Frome
'-Shear Wall
LY,eld"Q Suooor~
(a) STRUCTURE (b) INTERACTION (t) FRAME MOOEI.EO
AT TOP ONI.Y BY SPRING
FIG. 7 CREF. 9)
La ad
Equation C
condition
NOTATION
i
! 3
I
p
1+--
4-y..,
W = total applied load
Point load - = P = interaction force at top
at top iW 3 K..,
I
l + - +-- I.., = .noment of inertia of wall
4-y.., K1
! H = total height
I K1 = point load at top of frame to cause unit
~ +1_)
l deflection in its line of action
I
'
.p "Yw 31..,
Uniformly
distributed
---
!W
Kw = lfl(with constant/w)
3 K..,
1+-+-
I 4-yw Kr . K8 =rotational stiffness of shear wall support
I K8 H -- -- -~-
I II
-+--
l "Yw = 4Ewfw
Triangular -=
p 20 2-y..,
top deflection ~= % . -- ------- --
(earthquake) w 3 Kw f
1+ -+-
4-y.., K1
FIG. 8 CREF. 9)
67
. . . . .
I
,A ...,
......
I
l
,. I
I I
Optimum Design
/ I I
0\
(X)
~
rl
s;::
~
~
Premium for wind
I
I
I
I
Q)
p,
I I
Q)
~
/
~
~
u / I I
~
~
v
Ul
/ I I
'H ~
0
v
Ul
0
u For gravity loads
No. of stories
.,_ 1-
-
I!
E
co
z ~
:r::
(!) -
(.!)
w 1n
-d
w z
z II
<l
X
<t
:E
69
FIG. 11
FRAME 1R
MEMBER
DIMENSIONS
(INCHES)
BEAMS
MK SIZE
<U@ ~ ~ @[t> 0
0 16xl6
G) 14xl5
~ ~ D> ~
0 g
C0 0 C0 15xl7
0 0 0 0
- I COLUMNS
Ll"\
0\
~
MK SIZE
cQJ B> [P
0 C0 0 & 13xl3
4 ~ B> 0D>
m. 14xl4
0 0 ill 15xl5
ill.
...-l
19xl9
)I~ /) '7 l,i ,. l" ; '
14--20' -0 24'-0 -1 20'-0~
70
FIG. 12
FRAME 2R
@
MEMBER
~@ ~ @ 8> @[P DIMENSIONS
(INCHES)
BEAMS
~@ ~ @ [t> @[P
MK SIZE
B> G)
cq]0 <%]
0 0[P> 17x34
~G) q]
G) It> G)D> 0
I
& 24x24
-~ - ... ------
tp & 28x28
G) ----
<(]
0 G)~
ill 30x30
--~---. ---
<Z] [P
T &
- -- . - -- -
~
32x32
~
0
I
------ 6 34x34
;;d~ ,~ ~,. ~ ..
1--25'-o I 30'-o 1-- 25'-o---1
71
FIG. 13
(i) (i) G) FRAME 3R
~" ~~~[}>
"U> MEMBER
DIMENSIONS
-4]" ~~~G> "U> (INCHES)
BEAMS
<tJ(D <UG)8> CDU>
MK SIZE
~0 <808> 0B>
CD 2lx21
~" <9~~[3> JIG>
0 23x23
~II <8~~G> liB> G) 25x25
cQ}~~[9 JIG>
Kl" 0 26x26
Kl II ~~~(}> "B> COLU~1NS
~G)
- I
&
~0D> G)G> 14xl4
JIG> ~ 19xl9
~" ~~~~
& 22x22
~II <a~~~ "[9
2lx21
~0 <Q] 0B> Q)G> ~ 24x24
&
0
~ -
I
~ ~ -~ l f'l
.-f
3lx31
~~ "~ ~~ ~~
j--20'-o--~ 20'-o+2o'-o--f
72
FIG. 14
FRAME-SHEAR WALL CONFIGURATION
TYPICAL
R/C FRAME
~
REINFORCED
CONCRETE
SHEAR WALL
'
/
--
/
-- --
---.
-------- ---
______..,.., _______ -- . ------ ------ ------ --
..
-
--- -
73
FIG. 15
TYPICAL FINITE ELEMENT DISCRETIZATION
I"'
v '/.
"'-. PLANE STRESS
ELEMENTS COMPOSE
SHEAR WALL
-- ~ -.
4 ELEMENTS PER
FLOOR - ASPECT
RATIO APPROX,
2:3 ..
- - ----
i\ NODAL POINTS
~I
- -- --
..
-- ---.
BOUNDARY-
ELEMENTS
.M
~~
... ~
<::~
~
~~
l ..
~~
~
l ..
.
~~
l .
fl"
~r~
~
l
~
l
-'(-J'
74
0
FIG. 16
0
0
0
.
C\J
0
0
I{)
FRAME lR
....
~"'-
0
0
0
....
I{)
0
0
I{)
.
....
C\J
fJ)
_J
w
> 0
w
_J
0
0
>-
a: 0....
a
-~
fJ)
0
0
INCREASING SHEAR WALL LENGTHS
I{)
1"'--
0
0
0
I{)
0
0
I{)
C\J
.
0
0
0
0
0
tn
....... FRAME lR
~
(MODIFIED VALUES)
0
0
0
tn
.
~
0
0
tn
C\J
~
U)
..J
UJ
> 0
UJ 0
..J 0
r o
CC ~
a
.1-
U) 0 INCREASING SHEAR WALL LENGTHS
0
tn
.......
0
0
0
tn
.
0
0
tn
C\J
.
0
0
0
FRAME 2R
0
0
0
10
"
0
0
10
C\J
.
(J) "
_J
w
> 0 INCREASING SHEAR WALL LENGTHS
w
~
0
_J 0
>- 0
a: "
0
1-
(J)
0
0
10
.
I'
0
0
0
10
0
0
10
C\J
0
0
0
0
0
LO
,...... FRAME 3R
~
0
0
0
...
LO
0
0
LO
C\1
.
~
CJ)
_j
w
> 0
w
_j
0
0
. >- 0
~
a:
0
~
CJ)
0
0
LO
.
,......
0
0
0
LO
0
0
LO
C\1
0
0
0
0
0
U1
(T')
.
[!]
0
0
0
(T')
.
[!]
-
CJ)
UJ
0
0
:r:
u
U1
C\J
. [!]
z
-z
H
0
0 0
H
I-
0
.
u C\J
UJ
_j
LL.
UJ
0 0
0
a..
H
U1
~
.
I-
0
0
0
~
0
0
U1
+
+
0
+
0
0
+ +
0
0
t.n .
crJ
[!]
0
0
0
crJ
.
[!]
-ewn 0
0
:::c t.n
u C\J
z
-z
H
0
0 0
H
~
u
0
.
. UJ
C\J
.....J
lJ..
w
a 0
0
0..
H
t.n
~
.
~
0
0
0
~
0
0
t.n .
+
+
0
+
0
0
+ +
1
.000 4.000 8.000 12.000 16.000 20.000 24. OOOX10
SHEAR WALL LENGTH (INCHES)
SCATTER DIAGRAM
80
..
I
0
X
... FIG. 22
....
I!)
...
('f'l
0
C!J-20
~-10
STORY
STORY
+- 8 STORY
...... l!l
0
l!l
-.
1-
I en
(.!)
. 0
0
Cl
...J
-'z
CD
aJ
0
l!l
0
H
0
.
1-
(.J
lJ.J
...J
IJ..
lJ.J lO
Cl 0
0
a..
H
1-
~ &
0
0 +
+
C\1
0
0 +
+
+
0
0
0
...
0
X FIG. 23
0
10
0
~
~
[!] l!l- STORY
20
0
A-1o STORY
[!]
+- 8 STORY
CD
(T)
0
. [!]
+
-
N
t-
.
...
:::r: (T)
0
(.!)
a_J [!] &.
-z co
' 0
H
10
C\1
0
.
&.
+
t- &.
u
w
_J
IJ..
a
w ...
Cl
0
+
a..
H
t-
...
(T)
0 +
+
(D
0
0
0
0
0
SCATTER DIAGRAM
82
"0
I
....
X
0
FIG. 24
lO
0
(T)
l!')
0 + STORY
[!]- 20
~-10 STORY
+- 8 STORY
l!')
-.:r
0
CD
-.
(\J
t-
:::c (T)
CD
0 +
(!]
(.!)
Cl
_J
CD (!]
........ 0
z (T)
(!]
0 0
H
t-
u +
w
_J
(!]
1..1..
w (T)
C\J
(!]
Cl 0
Cl.
H
t-
+
l!')
~
CD
0
0
0
0
0
SCATTER DIAGRAM
83
It)
I
...
0
X FIG. 25
0
It]
0
[!]-20 STORY
~
l!l ~ -10 STORY
~
0
+- 8 STORY
l!l
aJ
C"l
0
.
+
C\1-
.
I-
:c ... l!l
(.!)
. C"l
0
a l!l 4h
POLYNOMIAL DEGREE 1
-
...J
CD
........ It]
z C\J
0
~
0
.
I-
u
lJJ
...J
u.. m
lJJ
a 0 ...
ll.
~
I-
...
C"l
0
tO
0
0
0
0
0
[!]
CD
(T)
0
.
+
-.
N
1-
:r: ~
[!]
(T)
C.!)
. 0
0 [!] ~
_J POLYNOMIAL DEGREE 2
-z CD
......... tn
C\J
0
H
0
.
1-
(J
w
_J
LL.
w en ~
0 0
D..
H
1-
(T)
~
+
lO
0
0
0
0
0
SCATTER DIAGRAM
85
In
I
0
.-1
X FIG. 27
0
I!)
0
CD
C'l
0
+
-
(\J
~
'J: .-1
C'l
0
(!)
Cl
..J POLYNOMIAL DEGREE 3
-CD
..........
z
I!)
N
0 0
1-t
~
u
w
..J
u.
w Ol
.-1
Cl 0
D-
1-t
~
C'l
.-1
0
tD
0
0
0
0
0
SCATTER DIAGRAM
86
It)
I
0
.-1
X
0
FIG. 28
It)
0
CD
(I')
0
+
-
N
1--
I .-1
(I')
0
(.!)
a
_J
POLYNOMIAL DEGREE
-
CD
..........
z
It)
C\J
4
0 0
H
1--
u
UJ
_J
1..1...
UJ 01
a .-1
0
a.
H
1--
(I')
".
0
!D
0
0
0
0
0
------~-- ---------- --------
SCATTER DIAGRAM
87
10
I
0
.-t
X
0
FIG. 29
10
0
II)
(T)
0
+
-
N
1-
.....
:r: (T)
0
(.!)
0
...J POLYNOMIAL DEGREE 5
-
CD
.........
z 10
C\J
0 0
H
1-
u
w
...J
lL.
w (J)
.....
0 0
Cl.
H
1-
(T)
.-t
0 +
to
0
0
0
0
0
- ---- -------------
SCATTER DIAGRAM
88
It)
I
0
~
X
0 FIG. 30
In
0
CD
(Y')
0
.
+
-
(\J
I-
I ~
(Y')
0
(!)
0
...J POLYNOMIAL DEGREE 6
-z
CD
......... In
C\J
0 0
H
1-
u
w
...J
lJ...
w en
0 ~
0
a..
H
1-
(Y')
~
0
U)
0
0
0
0
0
----~---~ ----------~-------~------ ----------- ---
SCATTER DIAGRAM
89
----------------
0 FIG. 31
0
tO
.
'" SYMBOL SHEAR AREA
(INCHES) 2 FRAME lR
0
0
":f - F,E,M,_
'" + 720 RESULTS
X 960 + SYMBOLS -
PREDICTED
0
0
VALUES FROM
C\J
. ):i{ 1200 EQUATION
'"
1440
en
z 0
0
*
$ 1680
0
1-t
0
.
1-
CJ '"
UJ
__J
IJ..,
UJ 0
0 0
Cl
IX)
.
IJ.I
N
1-t
__J
<(
0
X 0
a: tO
.
0
z
0
0
":f
.
0
0
C\J
.
0
0
0
90
0
FIG. 32
0
c.c
...
SYMBOL SHEAR AREA
FRA~1E 2R
(INCHES)
0
0
....
~
.+ 1152 - F,E,M .
RESULTS
X 1440 + SYMBOLS -
PREDICTED
0
0
VALUES FROM
EQUATION
....
C\J )I( 1728
2026
en
z
0
H
0
0
0
...
*
Xi! 2304
1-
u
lJJ
....J
u..
lJJ 0
Cl 0
Cl
CD
.
lJJ
N
t-1
....J
<(
0
~ 0
a: c.c
0
z
0
0
~
0
0
C\J
0
0
0
91
0
FIG. 33
0
....
tO
3456
CJ)
z
0
0
0 *$
.... 3840
0
H
1-
u
UJ
_J
lL
UJ 0
Cl 0
ID
Cl
UJ
N
H
_J
<(
0
~ 0
a: tO
0
z
0
0
~
0
0
ru
0
0
0
---------------~-~---=-~-=-~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~-=-=-~---~--
.000 .200 .400 .600 .800 1.000 1.200
NORMALIZED BLDG. HT.
92
0
0
FIG. 34
tO
.
PREDICTED DEFLECTION PROFILES
0 FROM REGRESSION EQUATION
0
~
.
0
0
C\J
0
Cl 0
UJ
N
0
.-t
.
H
_J
<(
~
a:
0 0
z 0
ID
.
r-
:I:
(.!)
0
Cl 0
.....J
CD
tO
.
0
0
~
0
0
C\J
.
0
0
0
93
REFERENCES
94
13. ACI Committee 435, "Allowable Deflections", ACI Journal,
Proceedings, 65(31), 433-444, June 1968.
95
24. American Concrete Institute Standards, "Building Code
Requirements for Reinforced Concrete", ACI-318-77, Detroit,
1977.
25. Devore, J. L., Probability & Statistics~ Engineering And
~ Sciences, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Monterey,
California, 1982.
26. Draper, N. R. and Smith, H., Applied Regression Analysis,
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1968.
96
AP P E ND I C E S
97
APPENDIX A
show the plots for the 15 data points used. The points are designated
as follows:
1. GJ 20-Story Structure
2. ~ 10-Story Structure
3. + 8-Story Structure
98
tO
m
0
. FIG. A.l
~
~
al
U'l
(T)
. t!l-2 0 STORY l!l
~-10 STORY
C\J
+- 8 STORY
".
0
(T)
[!]
-
en
IJJ
:I:
0
tO
U'l
.
[!J
u C\J
z
-
H
z
o al
~
H
.....
u
0
C\J
.
IJJ
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~
IJJ
a tO
(T)
a.
H
U'l
~
.
1-
~
C\J
....
0
C\J
~
.t.
U'l
. ~
~
+ ~
~
+
0 +
0
0
. ~
99
tO
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0
.
'"=' 1!1
[!]
-- ----- -- -
C\J
f'
I!J
0
.
('I')
-
en
UJ
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0
tO
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.
1!1
tJ C\J
z
-
.....
z CD
[!]
0
H '"='
I-
0
.
u C\J
UJ
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lL.
UJ
a tO
('I')
a.
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H
1-
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C\J
0
...
...
C\J
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+
+
+
+
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0
0
-------- ... --~--- - --- - --------- -- -- --------
0
0
tn .
('I")
0
0
0
.
-
CJl
lJJ
~
0
0
tn . C!l
CJ
z C\J
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......
0
0
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1-
(.J
0
C\J
.
UJ
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lJ..
lJJ
a 0
0
.....
a. tn
......
1-
0
0
.....
0
0
0
tn
+
+
0
+
0 + +
0
.
------------...ojf=-===-....,-------.-----.,...-----,....--"'""'=-=-~-;;.;.;--------.or ----
0
0
0
~
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It)
+
+
0
+
0 + +
0
1
.000 . 4. 000 8.000 12.000 16.000 20.000 24.000X10
SHEAR WALL LENGTH (INCHES)
SCATTER DIAGRAM
102
....
I
0
~
X
...
In
0
FIG. A.5
...
('I')
0
I!J
......
I!J
0
I!J
-.
t-
en
::t:
I!J
. 00 .
(.!)
a
_J
-z
CD
........ CD
0
I!J
0 0
H
t-
u
UJ
_J
lJ..
UJ ID
a 0
0
a..
H
t-
~
0
0 +
+
C\J
0
0 +
+
+
0
0
0
-------- . - -----------t------,-----..-----"""T"""'-----,-----..-----~- ---------
.000 .333 .666 .999 1.332 1.665 1.998
1
SHEAR AREA/ (BLDG. HT. )
SCATTER DIAGRAM
103
C\1
I
...
0
X
0
,.... FIG. A.6
0
.
...
t.O
0
('I')
U1 [!]
0
.
---. [!]
1-
J: ~
(.!)
. . ~
0
[!]
a
...J
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CD
[!]
'0
H
U1
('I')
0
1-
u
UJ
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lJ..
UJ t.O
Cl C\J
a.
0
.
1-f
1-
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CD
0
+ .t.
.t.
+
en .t.
0
0 +
+
+
0
0
0
4 --------
...
0
X
0
(T')
0
FIG. A.7
105
C\1
I
0
.-4
X
...
(T)
0 FIG. A.8
.....
.....
0
I!]
0
....
0
.
~
-.
1-
I!]
J: <II
(!)
. 0
0
I!]
Cl
...J
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0
0
1-f
0
.
1-
u
w
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u..
w Ill
0
Cl 0
0..
......
1-
' ..:h
..:h
(T)
0 + ..:h
0
.
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+
C\J
0
0 +
+
0
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0
-------- -- ---------- --- --------~-~--=~----T----..----....,.....------T--~'"="-=--=-- -=--=--=- ---
.000 .150 .300 .450 .600 .750 .90(
3
SHEAR AREA/ (BLDG. HT.) 1.
SCATTER DIAGRAM
106
(f'J
I
X
...
0
0
co
0
FIG. A.9
C'1
In 1!1
0
1!1
In
-.:t
0
. 1!1
-.
r- 1!1
:t: aJ
C'1
(!)
. 0
0
....J 1!1
-z
OJ
........ 0
C'1
0 0
H
r-
u
w
....J
LL.
w C'1
C\1 +
0 0 &.
a.
H
r-
....
In +
0
+
aJ
0
0 +
+
0
0
0
~~----,-----.,....----~-----,---......;==,-..===--=--. ~----------~ -- -
.000 .015 .030 .045 .060 .075 .090
4
SHEAR AREA/ (BLDG. HT. )1.
SCATTER DIAGRAM
107
"'
I
...
0
X
0
C"'
0
FIG, A.lO
U)
N
0
C"'
N
0
. 1!1
-
I()
~
1- [!)
J: m
....
(.!)
. 0
a [!)
....J
-z
CD
........
....
U1
[!)
0
1-1
0
.
1-
u
w
....J
IJ...
w
a 0....
... +
~
a.
1-1
1- ~
~
CD
0
+ ~
0
.
~
+
o:f
0
0 +
+
0
0.
0
+-------r----,-----"""T"'""------r----r------,. -------
.000 .030 .060 .090 .120 .150 .180
5
SHEAR AREA/ (BLDG . HT . )1.
SCATTER DIAGRAM
108
....I
...
0
X
0
~
FIG. A.ll
0
U1
('t}
0
(!]
0
('t}
0
. (!]
"',._
-
1-
(!]
I: U1
N
t!)
. 0
(!]
a
--'
CD
........
z 0
N
(!]
+
0 0
H
1-
u
.UJ
-'
lJ..
UJ
a ...
U1
0
.!.
a. + .!.
H
1-
...
0
0
+
+
U1
0
0
+
0
0
0
- . ----~---------
~-------T--------~------~-------T--------~----~
.000 .013 .027 .040 .053 .067 . 080X10 -t
75
SHEAR AREA/ (BLDG. HT. )1.
SCATTER DIAGRAM
109
.,
I
...
0
X
..,
0
0
FIG. A.l2
In
('I')
0
0
C"'
0
.
-.
CD
1-
:::c In
C\J
(.!)
. 0
Cl
..J
-
Ill
........
z 0
C\J
!!I
H
0 0
.
1-
u
w !!I
..J
lJ..
w In
~ !!I
Cl
a..
0
.
H
1-
...
0
0
+
In
0
0
+
+
0
0
0
SCATTER DIAGRAM
110
~
I
0
~
X
0
~ FIG. A.l3
0
m
0
0
fl
+
0
0
0
0
0
-------------+-------r----,......----""""T""""------r----,......----....,..----------------
.000 .005 .009 .014 .018 .023 . 027X10 -i
19
SHEAR AREA/ (BLDG. HT.)
SCATTER DIAGRAM
111
It)
I
...
0
X
0
tn
FIG. A.l4
0
~
~
l!l
0
(!]
a:J
(T')
0
. (!]
+
-.
N
1-
... (!]
J: (T')
. 0
(.!)
a (!] ~
...J
-z
CD
......... tn ~
0
C\J
0 +
......
1- ~
u
UJ
...J
lJ..
UJ
a ...
01
0 +
Cl.
......
1-
...
(T')
0 +
+
CD
0
0
0
0
0
~==~--~--------~------~------~----~~---~--~--~--=-~- ----------
.000 .003 . 005 . 008 . 010 .013 .015X10 -t
2
SHEAR AREA/ (BLDG . HT . )
SCATTER DIAGRAM
112
...
0
X FIG. A.l5
...
C\1
0
......
0 +
C)
0
0
.
-.
\I)
C\i
(!]
~
~ CD
(!)
. 0
0 (!] +
Cl
-
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CD (!]
........... tO
z 0 ~
0
..... 0
. (!]
t- ~ +
u
UJ C!l
_J
lL.
UJ tn
Cl 0
0
~
t-4
t-
+
"'.
0
0
C\1
0
0
0
0
0
SCATTER DIAGRAM
113
....I
...
0
X
0
~
FIG. A.l6
0
+
1.()
C"'
0
0
C"'
&n
0
.
ID
-.
N
1-
:::I: 1.()
+
N
0
(!]
(.!)
Cl
...J
-z
co
......... 0
N
(!]
4!.
0 0 !!l
~ +
1- .!.
u (!]
UJ
...J
IJ..
UJ
Cl
...
1.()
0
(!]
0..
~
1- +
...
0
0
.
+
1.()
0
::-0
0
0
0
SCATTER DIAGRAM ~
114
,...
I
...
0
X
0
(!')
0 FIG. A.l7
tD
N
0
+
(!')
N
0
-.
C\1
1-
:I: ...
m
(!)
0
+
a &.
- ...
....J
CD [!J
.......... In
z [!J
0 0
1-t
1-
u [!J +
UJ
....J
u.
UJ
a ......
0
[!J
a.. [!J
1-t
1-
+
CD
0
0
"=t
0
0
.
0
0
0
SCATTER DIAGRAM
115
,...
I
...
0
X
0
C\J
FIG. A.l8
0
+
...
aJ
0
...
It)
It)
0
.
'"":
N
-.
1- +
::c "'...
0
(.!)
a
-'z ...
...J
co [!]
0
0 0 [!]
~
1-
+
u [!]
UJ
...J
lJ.. [!]
UJ aJ
a 0
0
a.. [!]
~
1- +
It)
0
0
+
"'00
0
0
0
~--.~- .. -
SCATTER DIAGRAM
116
=
I
...
0
X
0
~
FIG. A.l9
0.
I{)
(T')
0
0 +
(T')
0
-.
rt)
1-
I{)
:l:
(.!)
. C\J
0
Cl
_J
-'z
co
0
C\J
+
a 0
H &
1-
u
UJ &
_J
LJ..
UJ I{)
+
&
a ~
0
1!1
a. &
H I!J
1-
(!]
0
~
(!] +
0
(!]
+
I{)
0
0
.
0
0
0
.
.000 .002 .004 .007 .009 .011 . 0 13X10 - 4
3
SHEAR AREA/ (BLDG. HT. )
SCATTER DIAGRAM
117
APPENDIX B
The two statistics presented are the standard error value and the
obtained.
118
. '
TABLE B.l
POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION
STATISTICS
DEGREE OF POLYNOMIAL ONE
.....
.....
\0
.
'
TABLE B.2
I
POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION
I
STATISTICS .
DEGREE OF POLYNOMIAL TWO
l . i i i I I
I
'I
TABLE B.3
I
POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION
STATISTICS
DEGREE OF POLYNOMIAL THREE
I ! I I I
i
.I
TABLE B.4
POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION
:
STATISTICS
DEGREE OF POLYNOMIAL FOUR
.....
1\)
B2 .66963E+01 .36346E+01 1.84
1\)
B4 .16525E+07 .10701E+07 l. 54
) ! ' , I
TABLE B.S
;
i
POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION
STATISTICS
DEGREE OF POLYNOMIAL FIVE
TABLE B.6
'
POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION
STATISTICS
DEGREE OF POLYNOMIAL SIX
,, '
' ! I : ~
''
'
TABLE B.7
POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION
I
;
STATISTICS .
DEGREE OF POLYNOMIAL SEVEN
1\)
1.11
.
B3 .13883E+07 .95088E+06 1.46
Bl .176206E+l8
l '
.10920E+l8 1.61
' I ; i '.'
..
------------------------~---------------------------------------
TABLE B.8
POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION
STATISTICS
DEGREE OF POLYNOMIAL EIGHT
COEFFICIENTS STANDARD ERROR T - STATISTIC
.....
B2 -.11080E+04 .13803E+04 -.80
1\)
0'\
Bg I ' ! ..,.
I .
.,41;542E+21
' ' II
.47218E+21 -.46
-~
. i
TABLE B.9
;
POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION
STATISTICS
DEGREE OF POLYNOMIAL NINE
......
B2 -.36292E+04 .70387E+04 -.52
1\)
-.:!
Bg -:-748247+22
. 1 ' . .19834E+23 -.38
Bg .10923E+25 .29803E+25 37
APPENDIX C
constant. The assembly of the kij terms of the series for this one
approximation to the given data points for various sets of the other
(C.1)
of the final series are shown in Equation (C.2). The equation contains
128
The final coordinate function is obtained as a direct product of
W{ B } = R (C.3)
Where W = uTu
129
I'
and x2 is carried out. Assume each coordinte function to have the
illustrated as follows:
(C.6)
the terms of these individual coordinate function with the total number
n =2 X 3 =6
therefore,
n = (n1 = 2 ) ( n2 = 3) ( n3 = 2) = 12 (C.8)
130
one row of the U matrix equation (C.3). The number of rows of U r
(which is also the number of points must be at least equal to the number
131
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Walsh, who typed the manuscript, and Ms. Cathy Robertson for her
for the conduct of the reported research, and for providing con-
136