Draft Fort Drum Joint Land Use Study Background Report

BACKGROUND REPORT
PUBLIC DRAFT
NOVEMBER 2017
This study was prepared
under contract with
Development Authority of
the North Country, New
York, with financial support
from the Office of Economic
Adjustment, Department
of Defense. The content
does not necessarily reflect
the views of the Office of
Economic Adjustment.
PUBLIC DRAFT BACKGROUND REPORT
Prepared for:
Development Authority of the North Country

Dulles State Office Building
317 Washington Street
Watertown, New York 13601
Prepared by:
November 2017

This study was prepared under contract with the Development Authority of the North Country, New York, with financial support from the
Office of Economic Adjustment, Department of Defense. The content reflects the views of the Development Authority of the North Country
and the jurisdictions, agencies, organizations, and other stakeholders involved in the development of this study and do not necessarily
reflect the views of the Office of Economic Adjustment.

TheFortDrumJointLandUseStudy(JLUS)wasdevelopedthroughacollaborativepartnershipof
representativesfromvariedstakeholdersincludinglocalcommunities,conservationgroups,industrial
windenergydevelopers,FortDrum,andotherregionalentities.TwoJLUScommitteestheSteering
CommitteeandtheTechnicalWorkingGroupprovideddirectionandtechnicaloversightonthe
documentandwerecomposedofrepresentativesfromthestakeholdergroups.WhiletheFortDrum
JLUSwasdevelopedthroughacollaborativeeffort,notallofthestakeholdersagreedwitheach
individualfindingwithinthedocument.Thefollowingpagesidentifytheindividualsthatformally
participatedinthedevelopmentoftheFortDrumJLUS.
Steering Committee
TheSteeringCommittee(SC)servedanactiveandimportantroleinprovidingpolicydirectionduring
thedevelopmentoftheFortDrumJLUS.TheSCwascomposedofthefollowingindividuals:
ScottAllen,TownSupervisor StephenJennings,Councilman
TownofPamelia CityofWatertown
JoelBartlett,TownSupervisor COLBryanLaske,FormerGarrison
TownofWatertown Commander
FortDrum
MichaelCappellino,TownSupervisor
TownofFowler DavidParow,TownSupervisor
TownofDiana
MaryCorriveau,Chair
FortDrumRegionalLiaisonOrganization FranzPhillipe,FormerPlans,Analysis,
andIntegration
GaryEddy,TownSupervisor
FortDrum
TownofRutland
LTCToddPolk,Plans,Analysis,andIntegration
BruceFerguson,TownSupervisor
FortDrum
TownofChampion
RobertRitchie,TownSupervisor
JulieHalpin,PublicAffairsOffice
TownofGouverneur
FortDrum
JohnShaw,TownSupervisor
COLKennethDeanHarrison,
TownofAntwerp
GarrisonCommander
FortDrum PaulH.Smith,TownSupervisor
TownofWilna
KurtHauk,PublicWorks
FortDrum RonTaylor,TownSupervisor
TownofLeRay
CherylHorton,TownSupervisor
TownofPhiladelphia HarryTurnbull,TownSupervisor
TownofRossie
SteveHunt,RegionalDirector,NorthCountry
EmpireStateDevelopment EricWagenaar,Deputytothe
GarrisonCommander
FortDrum
Technical Working Group

TheTechnicalWorkingGroup(TWG)servedakeyroleinthedevelopmentoftheFortDrumJLUS.Theyprovided
theoveralltechnicalsupport,review,andguidanceofthestudy.TheTWGwascomposedofthefollowing
individuals:
BrianAshley,ExecutiveDirector PeggyMurray,FarmBusinessManagement
FortDrumRegionalLiaisonOrganization Educator
CornellCooperativeExtension
MichaelBourcy,DirectorofPlanning
JeffersonCounty AndyNevin,SeniorPlanner
JeffersonCounty
JennyBriot,Manager,Renewables
DevelopmentNY&NE MikeNuckols,EnvironmentalCompliance
AvangridRenewables BranchChief
FortDrum
LindaGarrett,ExecutiveDirector
TugHillTomorrowLandTrust DougOsborne,GISManager
FortDrum
JessicaJenack,CommunityDevelopment
Coordinator FrankPace,DirectorofPlanning
TownofLeRay LewisCounty
KristopherJohnson,RegionalNetwork JasonPfotenhauer,DeputyDirectorofPlanning
InfrastructureDivisionChief St.LawrenceCounty
FortDrum
BobQuinn,Chairman
DerekKallen,AirTrafficManager TugHillTomorrowLandTrust
FortDrum
EdQuates,Archaeologist
DaveKalynycz,LMRAdministratorand FortDrum
SeniorEngineer
CarrieTuttle,DirectorofEngineering
FortDrum
DevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountry
PeterLister,MaintenanceManager
JenniferVoss,SeniorPlanner
ReEnergy
CityofWatertown
KatieMalinowski,ExecutiveDirector
JasonWagner,NaturalResourcesBranchChief
TugHillCommission
FortDrum
JimMiller,PublicWorksEnvironmental
JeanWaterbury,SeniorPlanner
DivisionChief
TugHillCommission
FortDrum

Development Authority of the North Country
TheDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountry(DANC)servedastheoverallJLUSprojectmanagementagency
andtheadministratoroftheOfficeofEconomicAdjustmentgrantthathelpedtofundthestudy.
JamesW.Wright,ExecutiveDirector

MichelleCapone,DirectorofRegionalDevelopment
HartleyBonisteelSchweitzer,CommunityPlanner,RegionalDevelopment
JLUS Consultant / Technical Advisors

MatrixDesignGroup,Inc.wastheprojectconsultanthiredtoconducttheJLUSprojectthroughcoordinationwith
andassistancefromDANC,theSC,theTWG,thepublic,andotherstakeholders.
MikeHrapla,ProjectManager BrenCox,AICP,LeadPlanner
CelesteWerner,AICP,DeputyProjectManager KurtWaldier,Planner
Special Appreciation
TheDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountrywishestorecognizeandthankalltheresidents,propertyowners,
communityleaders,andotherstakeholdersfortheirparticipationintheworkshopsandpublicmeetings.
Pleaseseethenextpage.
Acronyms............................................................................................................................v
1 Introduction.............................................................................................................. 1-1
1.1. What Is a Joint Land Use Study? ...................................................................... 1-3
1.2. Why Prepare a Joint Land Use Study?.............................................................. 1-4
1.3. JLUS Study Area ............................................................................................... 1-4
1.4. Why is it Important to Partner with Fort Drum? .................................................. 1-7
1.5. Public and Stakeholder Outreach ...................................................................... 1-8
1.6. JLUS Implementation ...................................................................................... 1-13
1.7. JLUS Organization .......................................................................................... 1-13
2 Community Profiles ................................................................................................. 2-1

2.1. Regional Overview ............................................................................................ 2-2
2.2. Study Area Growth Trends ................................................................................ 2-7
2.3. Regional Economy .......................................................................................... 2-17
2.4. Current Development Overview Around Fort Drum ......................................... 2-21
2.5. Study Area Transportation ............................................................................... 2-22
3 Military Profile .......................................................................................................... 3-1

3.1. Fort Drum History .............................................................................................. 3-2
3.2. Economic Impact ............................................................................................... 3-2
3.3. Installation Setting ............................................................................................. 3-3
3.4. Military Operations ............................................................................................. 3-7
3.5. Non-Military Use of Fort Drum ......................................................................... 3-13
3.6. Units at Fort Drum ........................................................................................... 3-13
3.7. Military Operations Footprints .......................................................................... 3-16
4 Compatibility Tools ................................................................................................. 4-1

4.1. Federal .............................................................................................................. 4-2
4.2. Fort Drum / New York Army National Guard ................................................... 4-12
4.3. State of New York ............................................................................................ 4-16
4.4. JLUS Partner Community Planning Tools ....................................................... 4-18
4.5. Jefferson County ............................................................................................. 4-20
4.6. City of Watertown ............................................................................................ 4-21
4.7. Towns of Champion and Wilna, and Villages of Carthage and
West Carthage................................................................................................. 4-21
4.8. Town of LeRay ................................................................................................ 4-22
4.9. Town of Philadelphia ....................................................................................... 4-24
4.10. Town of Watertown .......................................................................................... 4-24
4.11. Lewis County ................................................................................................... 4-25
4.12. Town of Diana ................................................................................................. 4-25
4.13. St. Lawrence County ....................................................................................... 4-25
4.14. Tug Hill Commission ........................................................................................ 4-25
4.15. Development Authority of the North Country ................................................... 4-26
4.16. Other References ............................................................................................ 4-26
November2017 PublicDraft Pagei

5 Compatibility Assessment ................................................................................................................ 5-1
5.1. Compatibility Assessment ..............................................................................................................5-2
5.2. Air Quality (AQ) ............................................................................................................................5-19
5.3. Anti-Terrorism / Force Protection (AT)..........................................................................................5-20
5.4. Biological Resources (BIO) ..........................................................................................................5-21
5.5. Communication / Coordination (COM) .........................................................................................5-27
5.6. Cultural Resources (CR) ..............................................................................................................5-29
5.7. Dust / Smoke / Steam (DSS) ........................................................................................................5-31
5.8. Energy Development (ED)............................................................................................................5-34
5.9. Frequency Spectrum Capacity (FSC) ...........................................................................................5-59
5.10. Frequency Spectrum Impedance / Interference (FSI) ..................................................................5-60
5.11. Housing Availability (HA) ..............................................................................................................5-61
5.12. Infrastructure Extensions (IE) .......................................................................................................5-63
5.13. Land / Air / Sea Space (LAS) .......................................................................................................5-65
5.14. Land Use (LU) ..............................................................................................................................5-71
5.15. Legislative Initiatives (LEG) ..........................................................................................................5-80
5.16. Light and Glare (LG) .....................................................................................................................5-85
5.17. Marine Environments (MAR) ........................................................................................................5-90
5.18. Noise (NOI) ..................................................................................................................................5-91
5.19. Public Services (PS) ................................................................................................................... 5-107
5.20. Public Trespassing (PT) ............................................................................................................. 5-108
5.21. Roadway Capacity (RC) ............................................................................................................. 5-109
5.22. Safety (SA)\ ................................................................................................................................ 5-112
5.23. Scarce Natural Resources (SNR) ............................................................................................... 5-120
5.24. Vertical Obstructions (VO) .......................................................................................................... 5-121
5.25. Vibration (V) ............................................................................................................................... 5-130
5.26. Water Quality / Quantity (WQQ) ................................................................................................. 5-132

Tables and Figures
Table 1-1 JLUS Sponsor Responsibilities and Participants ............................................................................1-9

Table 1-2 JLUS Steering Committee (SC) Responsibilities and Participants ...............................................1-10
Table 1-3 JLUS Technical Working Group (TWG) Responsibilities and Participants ...................................1-10
Table 2-1 Population Change 2000-2015 for the Fort Drum JLUS Study Area ..............................................2-8
Table 2-2 Future Population Projections ........................................................................................................2-9
Table 2-3 Median Housing Value 2000, 2010, and 2015..............................................................................2-14
Table 2-4 Median Gross Rent 2000, 2010, and 2015 ...................................................................................2-15
Table 2-5 Fort Drums 2015 BAH Rates .......................................................................................................2-16
Table 2-6 Three-County Region Top 24 Employers in 2015 .......................................................................2-19
Table 2-7 Median Household Income 2000, 2010, and 2015 ....................................................................... 2-20
Table 3-1 Fort Drum Ranges and Operations ................................................................................................3-9
Table 3-2 Military Training Route Information for Segments in the JLUS Study Area .................................3-27
Table 3-3 Military Operating Area Hours of Operation, Floors, and Ceilings ................................................3-32
Table 3-4 Restricted Airspace Floors and Ceilings .......................................................................................3-33
Pageii PublicDraft November2017

Table 4-1 JLUS Partner Community Planning Tools Inventory.................................................................... 4-19
Table 5-1 Air Quality Standards and Ozone Pollution Levels ........................................................................ 5-4
Table 5-2 Fort Drum Basic Allowance for Housing Rates ............................................................................ 5-10
Table 5.18-1 General Compatibility for Land Use Categories in Small Arms Noise Zones .............................. 5-95
Table 5.18-2 General Compatibility for Land Use Categories in Demolition and Large Arms Noise Zones ....5-100
Table 5.18-3 General Compatibility for Land Use Categories in Aviation Noise Zones ...................................5-102
Table 5.18-4 Land in WSAAF Noise Zones outside Fort Drum .......................................................................5-103
Table 5.22-1 General Compatibility for Land Use Categories in Airfield Accident Potential Zones .................5-113
Figure 1-1 Fort Drum Regional Location ......................................................................................................... 1-2

Figure 1-2 Fort Drum JLUS 30-mile Study Area ............................................................................................. 1-5
Figure 1-3 Fort Drum JLUS 60-mile Study Area ............................................................................................. 1-6
Figure 2-1a Population Density, 2000 ............................................................................................................. 2-10
Figure 2-1b Population Density, 2000 (Zoom In) ............................................................................................ 2-11
Figure 2-2a Population Density, 2010 ............................................................................................................. 2-12
Figure 2-2b Population Density, 2010 (Zoom In) ............................................................................................ 2-13
Figure 2-3 Residential Unit Building Permits 2006-2015 .............................................................................. 2-17
Figure 2-4 Unemployment Rates 2006 2015 ............................................................................................. 2-18
Figure 2-5 Fort Drum JLUS Study Area Transportation ................................................................................ 2-23
Figure 3-1 Fort Drums Direct Economic Impact, 2000 to 2016 ...................................................................... 3-3
Figure 3-2 Fort Drum Installation Setting ........................................................................................................ 3-4
Figure 3-3 Fort Drum Land Use ...................................................................................................................... 3-6
Figure 3-4 Training Areas and Ranges ........................................................................................................... 3-8
Figure 3-5 Consolidated Fort Drum Mission Footprint .................................................................................. 3-17
Figure 3-6 Small Caliber (Fixed Point) Noise Contours ................................................................................ 3-20
Figure 3-7 Medium / Large Caliber Weapons and Demolition Noise Zones ................................................. 3-21
Figure 3-8 WSAAF Noise Zones ................................................................................................................... 3-23
Figure 3-9 WSAAF Safety Zones .................................................................................................................. 3-24
Figure 3-10 Aviation Routes ........................................................................................................................... 3-26
Figure 3-11 Part 77 Compliance Areas ........................................................................................................... 3-28
Figure 3-12 BASH Relevancy Area ................................................................................................................ 3-31
Figure 3-13 Special Use and Restricted Airspace .......................................................................................... 3-34
Figure 3-14 Fort Drums Army Radar Approach Control Operational Area ..................................................... 3-35
Figure 3-15 KTYX Weather Surveillance Radar Impact Zones ....................................................................... 3-36
Figure 4-1 Fort Drum ACUB Priority Areas ................................................................................................... 4-13
Figure 5-1 Aviation Routes Over Sensitive Areas ......................................................................................... 5-13
Figure 5-2 Low Level Flight Areas ................................................................................................................ 5-14
Figure 5.4-1 Bat Conservation Area on Fort Drum .......................................................................................... 5-24
Figure 5.8-1 Wind Potential at 80 Meters Above Ground Level ....................................................................... 5-39
Figure 5.8-2 Wind Potential at 110 Meters Above Ground Level ..................................................................... 5-40
Figure 5.8-3 Wind Potential at 140 Meters Above Ground Level ..................................................................... 5-41
Figure 5.8-4 Existing Wind Energy Projects Near Fort Drum ........................................................................... 5-44
Figure 5.8-5 Proposed Wind Energy Projects Near Fort Drum ........................................................................ 5-45
Figure 5.8-6 Average Annual Snowfall in Northern New York (1981-2010 Normals) ...................................... 5-51
Figure 5.8-7 KTYX Weather Surveillance Radar Impact Zones ....................................................................... 5-52
November2017 PublicDraft Pageiii

Figure 5.8-8 Screen shot of KTYX radars readings showing Maple Ridge Wind Farm impacts to radar .........5-54
Figure 5.8-9 Current Effects of Base Reflectivity by Wind Turbines at Maple Ridge Wind Farms I & II ...........5-55
Figure 5.13-1 Basic Weapon Danger Zone Profile .............................................................................................5-65
Figure 5.13-2 Training Areas that Allow Maneuvers ...........................................................................................5-69
Figure 5.14-1 Fort Drum ACUB Priority Areas ....................................................................................................5-74
Figure 5.14-2 Location of Potential Missile Defense Agency Site.......................................................................5-79
Figure 5.16-1 Fort Drum Potential Light Impacts ................................................................................................5-88
Figure 5.18-1 Example of Typical Noise Levels ..................................................................................................5-93
Figure 5.18-2a Fort Drum (Fixed Point) Small Caliber Noise Compatibility with Existing Land Use .....................5-96
Figure 5.18-2b Fort Drum (Fixed Point) Small Caliber Noise Compatibility with Existing Land Use .....................5-97
Figure 5.18-3 Fort Drum (Fixed Point) Small Caliber Noise Compatibility with Town of LeRay Zoning ..............5-99
Figure 5.18-4 Fort Drum Medium / Large Caliber and Demolition Compatibility with Existing Land Use.......... 5-101
Figure 5.18-5 Fort Drum Aircraft Noise Compatibility with Existing Land Use .................................................. 5-104
Figure 5.18-6 Fort Drum Aircraft Noise Compatibility with Town of LeRay Zoning ........................................... 5-106
Figure 5.21-1 WJCTC Urban Area Boundary ................................................................................................... 5-111
Figure 5.22-1 Fort Drum Safety Zone Compatibility with Existing Land Use .................................................... 5-114
Figure 5.22-2 Fort Drum Safety Zone Compatibility with Town of LeRay Zoning ............................................. 5-116
Figure 5.22-3 No-Build Zone Around KTYX Weather Radar ............................................................................ 5-119
Figure 5.24-1 Cell Tower Locations .................................................................................................................. 5-124
Figure 5.24-2 Proposed Wind Energy Projects Near Fort Drum with Aviation Routes ..................................... 5-126

Pageiv PublicDraft November2017

A
AB AssemblyBill
ACS AmericanCommunitySurvey
ACUB ArmyCompatibleUseBuffer
ADNL Aweighteddaynightaveragesoundlevel
AFI AirForceInstruction
AGL abovegroundlevel
AGM airtogroundmissile
AIRFA AmericanIndianReligiousFreedomAct
AMC ArmyMaterialCommand
AP3 ArmyPowerProjectionPlatform
APZ AccidentPotentialZone
APZI accidentpotentialZoneI
APZII accidentpotentialzoneII
APZ2 AccidentPotentialZone2
APZs AccidentPotentialZones
AQ AirQuality
AQI AirQualityIndex
AR ArmyRegulation
ARAC ArmyRadarApproachControl
ASOS AirSupportOperationsSquadron
ASP AmmunitionSupplyPoint
AT AntiTerrorism/ForceProtection
AT/FP AntiTerrorismForceProtection
ATC airtrafficcontrol
EMS ArmyEnvironmentalManagementSystem
BAH BasicAllowanceforHousing
BASH Bird/WildlifeAircraftStrikeHazard
BEA BureauofEconomicAnalysis
BHWG BirdHazardWarningGroup
BIO BiologicalResources
BLS BureauofLaborStatistics
BO BiologicalOpinion
BRAC BaseRealignmentandClosure
BWG BASHWorkingGroup
November2017 PublicDraft Pagev

C

CAA CleanAirAct
CDNL Cweighteddaynightaveragesoundlevel
CEDS ComprehensiveEconomicDevelopmentStrategy
CES CleanEnergyStandard
CFR CodeofFederalRegulations
COM Communication/Coordination
CR CulturalResources
CWA CleanWaterAct
CZ clearzone
CZs clearzones
PM10 coarseparticles

D

DASR DigitalAirportSurveillanceRadar
DASR11 FortDrumsDigitalAirportSurveillanceRadar
dB decibel
dBP dBPeak
DD DevelopingDistrict
DEC NewYorkDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation
DES DirectorateofEmergencyServices
DMV DepartmentofMotorVehicles
DNL daynightaveragesoundlevel
DNL daynightaveragesoundlevel
DOD DepartmentofDefense
DOE DepartmentofEnergy
DPTMS DirectorateofPlans,Training,Mobilization&Security
DSS Dust/Smoke/Steam

E

EA EnvironmentalAssessment
ED EnergyDevelopment
EIS EnvironmentalImpactStatement
EMS ArmyEnvironmentalManagementSystem
EPA USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency
ESA EndangeredSpeciesAct

Pagevi PublicDraft November2017

F
FAA FederalAviationAdministration
FCC FederalCommunicationsCommissions
FDRHPO FortDrumRegionalHealthPlanningOrganization
FDRLO FortDrumRegionalLiaisonOrganization
FES FireandEmergencyServices
FICUN FederalInteragencyCommitteeonUrbanNoise
FONSI FindingofNoSignificantImpact
FSC FrequencySpectrumCapacity
FSI FrequencySpectrumImpedance/Interference
FY fiscalyear
PM2.5 fineparticles
geographicinformationsystem(GIS
GroundbasedMidcourseDefense(GMD
GuideBombUnit(GBU
HousingandUrbanDevelopment(HUD
HousingAvailability(HA
ICRMP IntegratedCulturalResourcesManagementPlan
ICUZ InstallationCompatibleUseZone
IE InfrastructureExtensions
IED improvisedexplosivedevice
IFR InstrumentFlightRules
INRMP IntegratedNaturalResourceManagementPlan
INRMPs IntegratedNaturalResourcesManagementPlans
IR instrumentroute
ITAM IntegratedTrainingAreaManagement
ITC InvestmentTaxCredit
IWFMP IntegratedWildlandFireManagementPlan
JLUS JointLandUseStudy

November2017 PublicDraft Pagevii

K

km kilometer
KTYX 18thWeatherSquadronWSR88Dweatherradar

L

LAS Land/Air/SeaSpaceCompetition
LEG LegislativeInitiatives
LG LightandGlare
LI LightInfantry
LU LandUse
LUPZ LandUsePlanningZone

M

MAR MarineEnvironments
MDA MissileDefenseAgency
MED MixedEconomicDevelopmentDistrict
MEDDAC USArmyMedicalDepartmentActivity
mm millimeter
MOA militaryoperatingarea
MOAs memorandumsofagreement
MOAs MilitaryOperatingAreas
MOG MaximumontheGround
MOUT militaryoperationsinurbanterrain
MPO MetropolitanPlanningOrganization
MRT MitigationResponseTeam
MSA metropolitanstatisticalarea
MSL meansealevel
MTRs militarytrainingroutes
MW megawatts
MWR Morale,Welfare,andRecreation

N

NAAQS NationalAmbientAirQualityStandards
NACo NationalAssociationofCounties
NEC NetworkEnterpriseCenter
NEXRAD NextGenerationRadar
NGOs nongovernmentalorganizations
NHPA NationalHistoricPreservationAct
NLR noiselevelreduction
NM NauticalMiles
NMFS NOAAMarineFisheriesService
NOAA NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration
Pageviii PublicDraft November2017

NOI Noise
NOx nitrogenoxides
NPDES NationalPollutantDischargeEliminationSystem
NREL NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory
NVG nightvisiongoggles
NWS NationalWeatherService
NYARNG NewYorkArmyNationalGuard
NYDOT StateofNewYorkDepartmentofTransportation
NYSDEC NewYorkStateDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation
OE/AAA ObstructionEvaluation/AirportAirspaceAnalysis
OEA OfficeofEconomicAdjustment
ONMP OperationalNoiseManagementPlan
OTC OzoneTransportCommission
PAO PublicAffairsOffice
PIF DODPartnersinFlight
PILOT PaymentsinLieuofTaxes
PM ParticulateMatter
ppb partsperbillion
PS PublicServices
PT PublicTrespassing
PTC ProductionTaxCredit
PV photovoltaic
RC RoadwayCapacity
REPI ReadinessandEnvironmentProtectionIntegration
ROC RadarOperationsCenter
ROD RecordofDecision
RPTL RealPropertyTaxLaw
SRM SustainableReadinessModel
SA Safety
SARNAM SmallArmsRangeNoiseAssessmentModel(
SB SenateBill
SC SteeringCommittee
SDWA SafeDrinkingWaterAct
November2017 PublicDraft Pageix

SHPO NewYorkStateHistoricPreservationOffice
SJA USArmyStaffJudgeAdvocate
SNR ScarceNaturalResources
SR StateRoutes
SRP SustainableRangeProgram
STARS StandardTerminalAutomationReplacementSystem
SUA SpecialUseAirspace

T

TBD tobedetermined
THTLT TugHillTomorrowLandTrust
TWG TechnicalWorkingGroup

U

UAS UnmannedAerialSystems
UAV unmannedaerialvehicle
UFC UnifiedFacilitiesCriteria
US UnitedStates
USFWS UnitedStatesFishandWildlifeServices
USFWS USFishandWildlifeService

V

V Vibration
VFR VisualFlightRules
VO VerticalObstructions
VOCs volatileorganiccompounds
VR visualroutes

W

WJCTC WatertownJeffersonCountyAreaTransportationCouncil
WQQ WaterQuality/Quantity
WSAAF WheelerSackArmyAirfield
WSR88D KTYXWeatherSurveillanceRadar1988Doppler
WWA WeatherWatches,WarningsandAdvisories

Pagex PublicDraft November2017

1.1. WhatIsaJointLandUseStudy?.......................................................................................13
1.2. WhyPrepareaJointLandUseStudy?...............................................................................14
1.3. JLUSStudyArea.................................................................................................................14
1.4. WhyisitImportanttoPartnerwithFortDrum?..............................................................17
1.5. PublicandStakeholderOutreach......................................................................................18
1.6. JLUSImplementation......................................................................................................113
1.7. JLUSOrganization............................................................................................................113
Militaryinstallationsarecriticaltolocaleconomies,generatingthousandsofjobsandmillionsof
dollarsineconomicactivityandtaxrevenueannually.Thegrowthofincompatibledevelopment
aroundmilitaryinstallations,oftenreferredtoasencroachment,hasbeenaleadingfactorinthe
lossoftrainingoperationsatmilitaryinstallationsacrossthecountryandhasresultedin
realignmentofmissioncriticalcomponentsbetweenmilitaryinstallations.Existinglevelsand
typesofencroachmentarekeyfactorsthatareevaluatedbytheDepartmentofDefenseand
federalgovernmentwhenconsideringfuturemissionsandrealignmentofassetsfromone
installationtoanother.Toprotectthemissionsofmilitaryfacilitiesandthehealthofeconomies
andindustriesthatrelyonthem,encroachmentmustbeaddressedthroughcollaborationand
jointplanningbetweeninstallationsandlocalcommunities.ThisJointLandUseStudy(JLUS)
attemptstomitigateexistingissuesandpreventfutureissueswhilestrengtheningcoordination
betweenFortDrumandthesurroundingcommunities.
FortDrumissituatedinnorthcentralNewYork,sevenmilesnortheastofdowntownWatertown
androughly40milesfromtheCanadianborder(seeFigure11).Theinstallationcomprises
108,733acresofland,primarilyinnortheastJeffersonCounty,withasmallportioninnorthwest
LewisCounty.St.LawrenceCountybordersFortDrumsnortheasternedge.
Thereare14communitiessurroundingFortDrumthatparticipatedaspartnersinthisJLUS.In
total,thereare113municipalitiesinthethreecountiesofJefferson,Lewis,andSt.Lawrence.The
14localcommunitiessurroundingFortDrumthatparticipatedintheJLUSaretheCityof
Watertown,andtownsofAntwerp,Philadelphia,LeRay,Pamelia,Rutland,Champion,
Watertown,andWilna;theTownofDianainLewisCounty;andthetownsofRossie,Gouverneur,
Pitcairn,andFowlerinSt.LawrenceCounty.AlthoughtheTownofPitcairnparticipatedinthe
JLUS,theydidnothavestaffresourcesavailabletoserveasamemberontheTechnicalWorking
GrouporSteeringCommittee.ThisJLUSwasdevelopedasameanstopromoteandcoordinate
thecompatibilityoffuturegrowtharoundFortDrumwithmilitarymissionactivitiesthroughan
organizedcommunicationeffortbetweenFortDrum,thepartnercommunities,andother
stakeholderentitiesthatownormanagelandand/orresourcesintheregion.
TheFortDrumJLUSadvocatesaproactiveapproachtoencourageincreasedcommunication
aboutdecisionsrelatingtolanduseregulation,conservationandnaturalresourcemanagement
issuesaffectingboththecommunityandthemilitary.Thisstudyseekstoavoidconflicts
previouslyexperiencedbetweentheUnitedStates(US)militaryandlocalcommunitiesinother
areasoftheUSandthroughouttheworldbyengagingthemilitaryandlocaldecisionmakersina
collaborativemultiagencyplanningprocess.
November2017 PublicDraft Page11
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County County 370

Lake 46
233
291
29A

89

Canastota Oneida

Utica
690
481
Little 316
840
790
Lyons

414

90
31

Falls

290 5 167 29
Newark Fairmount

Montgom ery
12B 171 5S
S e n e c a C o u n ty

Auburn Syracuse M a d i s o n
321 174 175
County
County 315
Legend
Fort Drum Interstate Water Body
County Boundary US Highway Stream / River
City / Village / Hamlet State Highway
Railroad
Source: Fort Drum 2016. Development Authority of the North Country 2016.
Figure 1-1
0 5 10
Miles
Fort Drum Regional Location
Page12 PublicDraft November2017

1.1. What Is a Joint Land Use Study?
AJLUSisaplanningprocessaccomplishedthroughthecollaborativeeffortsofacomprehensivelistofstakeholders
inadefinedstudyareatoidentifycompatiblelandusesandgrowthmanagementpracticesincommunitiesnear
activemilitaryinstallations.Thesestakeholdersincludelocalcommunities,state,andfederalofficials,residents,
businessowners,propertyowners,nongovernmentalorganizations,andthemilitary.Thegeneralpublicalsoplays
avitalroleinthedevelopmentandreviewoftheJLUS.
Theintentoftheprocessistoestablishand
Encroachmentreferstothedevelopmentofconflicting encourageaworkingrelationshipamongmilitary
usesofland,air,water,andotherresourcesthatmay installationsandtheirneighboringcommunitiesto
individuallyorcumulativelyimpactthemilitarys workasateamtopreventand/orreduce
abilitytocarryoutitstestingandtrainingmission. encroachmentissuesassociatedwithfuture
missionexpansionandlocalgrowth.
ThisJLUSeffortisfundedthroughagrantfromtheDOD,OfficeofEconomicAdjustment(OEA),andcontributions
bytheDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountry.WhileOEAprovidesthegrantfunding,thecontentofthe
JLUSisproducedbyandforthelocalstakeholders.TheDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountryistheproject
managemententityfortheFortDrumJLUS.
AJLUSresultsinasetofrecommendationsorpotentialstrategiesthatcanbeimplementedbyidentified
stakeholderstopromotecompatibledevelopmentandrelationshipsbetweenthemilitaryandneighboring
communitiesforthepresentandfuture.Assuch,aJLUSmaybecomeanadoptedplanforestablishingcompatible
landuseregulations,butdoesnotitselfenactanynewregulationsorpolicies.
JLUS Goal
ThegoaloftheFortDrumJLUSistoprotecttheviabilityofcurrentandfuturetrainingoperationsatFortDrum,
whilesimultaneouslyguidingcommunitygrowth,sustainingtheenvironmentalandeconomicvitalityoftheregion,
andprotectingpublichealth,safety,andwelfare.
JLUS Objectives
Tohelpmeetthisgoal,threeprimaryJLUSobjectiveswereidentified.
1. Understanding.Convenecommunityandmilitaryrepresentativestoidentify,confirm,and
understandthecompatibilityissuesinanopenforum,takingintoconsiderationbothcommunityand
FortDrumperspectivesandneeds.Thisincludespublicawareness,education,andinputaspartofa
cohesiveoutreachprogram.
2. Collaboration.EncouragecooperativelanduseandresourceplanningbyFortDrumandsurrounding
communitiessothatfuturecommunitygrowthanddevelopmentarecompatiblewiththetrainingand
operationalmissionsatFortDrum,whileatthesametimeseekingwaystoreducemilitaryoperational
impactsonadjacentandnearbylandsintheStudyArea.
Actions.Provideasetofmutuallysupportedtools,activities,andstrategiesthatlocaljurisdictions,
agencies,andFortDrumcanimplementtoavoidandreducecompatibilityissues.Theactions
proposedincludebothoperationalmeasurestomitigateinstallationimpactsonsurrounding
communities,andlocalgovernmentandagencyapproachestoreducecommunityimpactsonmilitary
operations.Theseactionswillhelpdecisionmakersresolvecompatibilityissuesandprioritizeprojects
withintheannualbudgetingprocessoftheirrespectiveentity/jurisdiction.

1.2. Why Prepare a Joint Land Use Study?
Althoughmilitaryinstallationsandnearbycommunitiesareseparatedbyafenceline,theyoftensharenaturaland
manmaderesourcessuchasland,airspace,water,andinfrastructure.Sincesomanyresourcesareshared
betweencommunitiesandthemilitary,theactivitiesoractionsofoneentitycanposeunintendednegative
impactsonanother,resultinginconflicts.Ascommunitiesdevelopandexpandinresponsetogrowthandmarket
demands,landusedecisionscanpotentiallyresultinthelocationofincompatibledevelopmentclosertomilitary
installationsandoperationalareas.Thiscouldgeneratenew,orexacerbateexisting,landuseandother
compatibilityissues,suchasencroachment,whichcanhavenegativeimpactsonsafety,qualityoflife,and
economicdevelopmentofthesurroundingcommunityandalsocausethreatstothesustainmentofmilitary
activitiesandreadiness.Encroachmentofnewdevelopmentintoareasimpactedbyorusedformilitaryoperations
andtheresultingpotentialthreattomilitaryreadinessiscurrentlyoneofthemilitarysgreatestchallenges.
Recognizingthecloserelationshipthatmustexistbetween
installationsandadjacentcommunities,theOEA TheFortDrumJLUSisaproactiveapproachto
implementedtheJLUSprogramtohelpmitigateexistingand encourageincreasedcommunicationand
futureconflictsandenhancecommunicationand fosterrelationshipsamongallJLUS
coordinationamongallaffectedstakeholdersandthepublic. stakeholdersandpartners.
Thisprogramaimstohelppreservethesustainabilityoflocal
communitieswithintheJLUSStudyAreawhileprotecting
currentandfutureoperationalmissionsatFortDrum.
ThisJLUSiskeytopreservinglongtermlandusecompatibilitybetweenFortDrumandthesurrounding
jurisdictionsandtobetterprotectthehealth,safety,andwelfareofsurroundingcommunitiesandthecivilianand
militarycommunityatFortDrum.ThisJLUSwillbenefitbothcommunitiesandFortDrumby:
Protectingthehealthandsafetyofproximateresidentsandworkers;
PreservinglongtermlandusecompatibilitybetweencommunitiesandFortDrum;
Endorsingcomprehensivecommunityplanningthatpromotessoundplanningpracticesandaddresses
compatibilityissues;
EnhancingacooperativespiritbetweencommunityofficialsandFortDrum;and
Coordinatingsurroundinglocaljurisdictiongrowthpolicyplanswiththeinstallationsplans.
1.3. JLUS Study Area

TheFortDrumJLUSStudyAreaisdefinedastheland,water,andairareasnearFortDrumthatcanimpactcurrent
orfuturemilitaryoperations(duetotheiruse)orbeimpactedbymilitaryoperations.Detailedinformationabout
population,economics,andactivitiesthatoccurintheStudyAreaisincludedinChapter2(CommunityProfile)and
Chapter3(MilitaryProfile)ofthisBackgroundReport.
TheJLUSStudyAreaencompasseslandwithina30mileradiusaroundtheFortDrumIraqiFreedomGate,and
extendstoadistanceof60milestoassessalternativeenergydevelopmentimpacts.The60mileradiusisto
accountforWheelerSackArmyAirfieldsairtrafficcontrolradaroperatingarea.TheStudyAreaonlyincludesland
withintheUnitedStatesanddoesnotextendintoCanada.Figure12illustratestheFortDrumJLUS30mileStudy
AreaandFigure13illustratesthe60mileStudyArea.

Morristown Oswegatchie
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io Harbor Watertown
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Castorland
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Lowville

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Lowville
Ellisburg Lorraine
Ellisburg Worth
Montague rCr e e k
Martinsburg O tte
Mannsville
Le w i s
12 Greig

11
Boylston
C ou n t y
Turin
Os w eg o
Lacona C ou n t y Turin Lyons
Sandy Creek Lyonsdale
Redfield Falls
West Turin
Richland Osceola
Port Leyden
Orwell Su gar Ri
Pulaski ve Forestport
r
Albion Lewis Leyden Boonville
Legend
30-mile Study Area Interstate Water Body
Fort Drum US Highway Stream / River
County Boundary State Highway
Town Railroad
City / Village / Hamlet
Figure 1-2
0 5 10
Miles
Fort Drum JLUS 30-mile Study Area

Massena Bombay Fort
Covington
Massena
Louisville
Brasher
Waddington Moira
Waddington Norfolk
Brasher
Norfolk Falls-Winthr
A

37
Madrid
Norwood Stockholm Lawrence
Dickinson
D Ogdensburg
A
C
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N Ogdensburg Lisbon Potsdam

11B Waverly
Oswegatchie
Morristown Heuvelton Canton

11
Parishville Hopkinton
Morristown De Canton
Peyster St Lawrence
Pierrepont

58
De Kalb
Hermon
County
Hammond Colton
Hammond Macomb Richville Russell
Alexandria Hermon Tupper
Gouverneur
St. Lawrence
River
Bay
Redwood
Rossie
Gouverneur Edwards
Clare

56 Lake
Edwards
Alexandria
Fowler
Clayton Orleans
Antwerp
Theresa Antwerp Clifton

3 Piercefield
Clayton Pitcairn
Cape

180
Theresa
Philadelphia
Star
In d
r
Vincent ive Harrisville Lake
i an R
Depauville

12E Lyme
Chaumont Pamelia
Le Ray
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Diana Fine
Chaumont Brownville
Bay

781
Deferiet Wilna
Bridge

812
Champion Long Lake
Sackets Watertown Croghan
Harbor Rutland
Je f fe r so n Hounsfield Watertown Denmark Croghan
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New
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Bremen Webb
Lak
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Cree k Rodman
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177 Lewis
Watson
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Lowville
Sa Lorraine County Inlet
Ellisburg
Worth
Ellisburg
Mannsville
Montague Martinsburg

12 Greig
28 H a m i l to n
Boylston County
Sandy TurinLyons
Lyonsdale
Wa yn e Oswego County Creek West Turin Falls
Redfield Port Leyden
C o u n ty Richland
Orwell Osceola Constableville H e rk i m e r

3 11
Altmar
Leyden County
Oswego
Scriba New
Mexico 81
Haven Mexico

Albion
Williamstown
Lewis

Boonville
26
Boonville Forestport Ohio
Oswego Parish
Parish
13 Florence Ava
Steuben Morehouse

104
MinettoVolney O n e i d a C o u n ty Remsen

Fair Haven

48
Palermo
West
Hastings Monroe
Amboy Camden
Camden Lee
Western Remsen
Prospect
8
Arietta
Wolcott Sterling Hannibal 481

Schroeppel
Constantia
Constantia
Annsville
Vienna
Floyd Russia
Trenton Cold Brook
Salisbury
Huron Red Creek
Wolcott Victory
Ira
Granby
Lysander Brewerton Oneida 49
Clay Lake

Rome 365 Poland Norway
Deerfield Newport

Stratford
Cicero Marcy F u l to n
Rose
Butler Cato 370

O n o n d a g a C o u n ty Sullivan 31
Verona

Whitestown
Newport
C ounty

Conquest Cato
Savannah

Van
Buren Salina De

Lenox
90 M a d i s o n
Westmoreland 790
Middleville
Schuyler Fairfield

29

Ephratah
Clyde
Galen
Mentz 34 Elbridge Geddes
Solvay
Witt
Manlius County
Sherrill
Vernon
5 Utica
New Hartford Falls
Oppenheim
Herkimer LittleManheim
Montezuma Brutus Camillus Onondaga Lincoln Stockbridge Kirkland Paris Frankfort Ilion Little Falls St Johnsville
Legend
60-mile Study Area Interstate Water Body
30-mile Study Area US Highway Stream / River
Fort Drum State Highway
County Boundary Railroad
Town
0 5 10 20
Figure 1-3
Miles
Fort Drum JLUS 60-mile Study Area

1.4. Why is it Important to Partner with Fort Drum?
FortDrumisanimportanteconomicengineintheNorthCountryregion,whichencompassesClinton,Essex,
Franklin,Hamilton,Jefferson,Lewis,andSt.Lawrencecounties.Itemployedover18,000fulltimepeopleand
supportedatotalpopulationofmorethan72,000militarypersonnel,familymembers,civilians,andretireesin
fiscalyear(FY)2016.Thereareover39,000militaryretireeslivingwithinNewYorkState,andFortDrumprovided
supporttoapproximately15,000retireesandtheirdependentsinFY2016.FortDrumseconomicbenefittolocal
communitiesinFY2016wasjustunderthan$1.2billion.
Inadditiontobeingasignificanteconomicgeneratorfortheregion,FortDrumisastrategicassetinthenations
defense.ThehostunitatFortDrumisthe10thMountainDivision.Thebaseprovidescompletetrainingand
supportto11statesandpartsofCanada.
FortDrumengagesinadiversesetoftrainingactivities,including:
Infantrysmallarms
Lightandheavyartillery
Airoperations
Droneandunmannedaircrafttraining
Nighttraining
FortDrumengagesinmanypublicoutreacheffortstomaketheinstallationpartofthelocalandregional
community,includingFortDrumpersonnelspeakingatcommunityevents,ColorGuarddemonstrations,Military
WorkingDogdemonstrations,bandperformances,paradeparticipation(bandandemergencyvehicles),toursof
FortDrumandtheairfieldforcivilians,supporttofirepreventionorganizationswithtrainingtrailerand
demonstrations,Chaplainsupport,andstaticdisplays.TheGarrisonCommanderatFortDrumparticipatesasa
militaryliaisonfortheFortDrumRegionalLiaisonOrganizationandtheGreaterWatertownNorthCountry
ChamberofCommerce.TheUSArmyMedicalDepartmentActivity(MEDDAC)FortDrumCommanderservesasa
militaryliaisontotheFortDrumRegionalHealthPlanningOrganization,CarthageHospital,SamaritanMedical
Center,andRiverHospital.
DuetothesizeofFortDrum,andmeasuresthatweretakenduringitsgrowthinpopulationtointegrateintothe
localcommunity,FortDrumreliesonthecommunityforavarietyofservices,includingschools,hospitalsand
healthcare,housing,andretailshopping.Aspartofthis,FortDrummaintainsmemorandumsofunderstanding
andagreementswithregionalcommunitiesforavarietyofservices,suchasmutualaidagreements,education,
andemergencyservices.
SomeofthemajoreventsthatFortDrumhostsforthecommunity,orthatthecommunityhostsforFortDrum
personnel,areasfollows:
FortDrumhostsMountainfest,whichisfreeandopentothepublic.Thiseventfeatureschildrensgames,
Militaryequipmentdisplays,AmeriCUSalutetotheTroopsTributeConcert,andfoodandbeverage
concessions.AllowingthepublictocomeonbaseenablesthecommunitytoseewhatFortDrumisdoing
andfostersstrongerrelationshipswithcommunitymembers.
FortDrumhoststheExtremeColdWeatherSymposiumduringevenyears(FortWainwright,Alaskahosts
theeventduringoddyears).FortDrumistheonlymilitarybaseoutsideoftheStateofAlaskatohostthis
eventduetotheharshwintersintheNorthCountry.Thissymposiumattractsexpertstothelocalarea
fromacrossthecountry,aswellasCanada.

BusinessAfterHoursisaneventheldatFortDrumthatbringslocalbusinessesandothercommunity
memberstogethertointeractandnetwork.
RiverfestisanannuallocaleventcosponsoredbyFortDrumMorale,WelfareandRecreationand
NorthernNewYorkFortDrumChapteroftheAssociationoftheUnitedStatesArmythatisoffered
offinstallationinAlexandriaBay.Thisannualeventincludesapicnicandaboatridethroughthe
ThousandIslandsforFortDrumsoldiersandtheirfamilyandfriends.
TakeaSoldierFishingisanannualeventwherevolunteerstakesoldiersouttoOneidaLakeforafishing
competition.
1.5. Public and Stakeholder Outreach

Ashighlightedintheobjectivesstatedpreviously,theJLUSprocesswasdesignedtocreatealocallyrelevantstudy
thatbuildsconsensusandobtainssupportfromthevariousstakeholdersinvolved.ToachievetheJLUSgoaland
objectives,theJLUSprocessincludedastakeholderandpublicoutreachprogramthatprovidedavarietyof
opportunitiesforinterestedpartiestocontributetoitsdevelopment.
Stakeholders
Anearlystepinanyplanningprocessistheidentificationofstakeholders.Informingorinvolvingthemearlyinthe
projectisinstrumentalintheidentificationoftheirmostimportantcompatibilityissuestoaddressandresolve
throughthedevelopmentofintegratedstrategiesandmeasures.Stakeholdersincludeindividuals,groups,
organizations,andgovernmentalentitiesinterestedin,affectedby,oraffectingtheoutcomeoftheJLUSproject.
StakeholdersidentifiedfortheFortDrumJLUSincluded,butwerenotlimitedto:
Localjurisdictions(City,townsandcounties)
DODofficials(includingOEAandArmyrepresentatives)andFortDrumpersonnel
Local,regional,andstateplanning,regulatory,andlandmanagementagencies
Federallandholdingandregulatoryagencies
Thepublic(includingresidentsandlandowners)
Environmentaladvocacyorganizations
Nongovernmentalorganizations(NGOs)
Otherspecialinterestgroups
AweeklongsitevisitwasconductedbetweenOctober31,2016andNovember4,2016tocollectdataand
interviewstakeholders.ThissitevisitoccurredduringthestartoftheJLUSprocessandalsoservedtointroduce
stakeholderstotheJLUSprocessandobtaintheirinputoncurrentlevelsofcoordinationbetweenthemilitaryand
thecommunitiesandidentifyexistingorpotentialcompatibilityissues.Thestakeholdersthatwereinterviewed
were:
AdirondackParkAgency
CityofWatertown
DevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountry
FortDrum
FortDrumRegionalLiaisonOrganization
JeffersonCounty
JeffersonCountyIndustrialDevelopmentAgency
LewisCounty

NewYorkDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation,Region6
RiverAreaCouncilofGovernments
St.LawrenceCounty
TownofAntwerp
TownofDiana
TownofFowler
TownofGouverneur
TownofLeRay
TownofPamelia
TownofPhiladelphia
TownofRutland
TugHillCommission
TugHillTomorrowLandTrust
Steering Committee and Technical Working Group

ThedevelopmentoftheFortDrumJLUSwasguidedbytwocommittees,comprisingstafffromlocalgovernments,
FortDrum,federalandstateagencies,resourceagencies,andotherstakeholders.Thetwocommitteeswerethe
SteeringCommittee(SC)andtheTechnicalWorkingGroup(TWG).
JLUSSteeringCommittee:TheSCconsistedofelectedofficialsanddecisionmakersfromparticipating
jurisdictions,militaryinstallationleadership,andrepresentativesfromotherinterestedandaffectedagencies.The
SCwasresponsibleforguidingthedirectionoftheJLUS,preparingandapprovingthestudydesign,approving
policyrecommendations,andapprovingthedraftandfinalJLUSdocuments.
JLUSTechnicalWorkingGroup:TheTWGwasresponsibleforidentifyingandstudyingtechnicalissues.
Membershipincludedrepresentativesfromlocaljurisdictions,agencies,andFortDrumwithtechnicalexpertisein
oneormoreofthecompatibilityfactorslistedinChapter5,CompatibilityAssessment.TheTWGidentifiedand
addressedtechnicalissues,providedfeedbackonreportdevelopment,andassistedinthedevelopmentand
evaluationofimplementationstrategiesandtools.
TheSCandTWGservedasliaisonstotheirrespectivestakeholdergroups.SCandTWGmemberswerecharged
withconveyingcommitteeactivitiesandinformationtotheirorganizationsandconstituenciesandrelayingtheir
organizationscommentsandsuggestionstobothcommitteesforconsideration.SCmemberswereencouragedto
setupmeetingswiththeirorganizationsand/orconstituenciestofacilitatethisinput.Theresponsibilitiesandlist
ofparticipantsfortheJLUSsponsors,theSC,andtheTWGareidentifiedinTables11,12,and13,respectively.
Table11. JLUSSponsorResponsibilitiesandParticipants
Responsibilities Participants
Coordination DevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountry
Accountability OfficeofEconomicAdjustment
Grantmanagement
Financialcontribution

Table12. JLUSSteeringCommittee(SC)ResponsibilitiesandParticipants
Policydirection CityofWatertown
Studyoversight EmpireStateDevelopment
Monitoring FortDrum
Reportadoption FortDrumRegionalLiaisonOrganization
TownofAntwerp
TownofChampion
TownofDiana
TownofFowler
TownofGouverneur
TownofLeRay
TownofPamelia
TownofPhiladelphia
TownofRossie
TownofRutland
TownofWatertown
TownofWilna

Table13. JLUSTechnicalWorkingGroup(TWG)ResponsibilitiesandParticipants
Identifyissues CityofWatertown
Provideexpertisetoaddresstechnicalissues CornellCooperativeExtensionofLewisCounty
Evaluateandrecommendimplementationoptions FortDrum
totheSC FortDrumRegionalLiaisonOrganization
Providedraftandfinalreportrecommendationsto AvangridRenewables
theSC JeffersonCounty
LewisCounty
ReEnergy
St.LawrenceCounty
TownofLeRay
TugHillCommission
TugHillTomorrowLandTrust

CommitteemeetingswereheldthroughouttheJLUSprocesstoensuretheissueswereidentifiedandaddressed.
Themeetingsconductedarehighlightedasfollows:
ProjectKickOff/Meeting#1(September20,2016):Theprojectkickoffmeetingwasheldasajoint
meetingwithboththeSteeringCommitteeandTechnicalWorkingGroup.Thepurposeoftheproject
kickoffmeetingwastooutlinetheJLUSprocessandgoals,educateallstakeholdersabouttheFortDrum
JLUSandtheirrolesandresponsibilitiesintheprocess,andidentifypreliminarycompatibilityissues.
AdditionaltopicsdiscussedincludedtheprojectStudyArea,refinementoftheprojecttimeline,andreview
lessonslearnedfromotherJLUSprojects.

Meeting#2(TWG,March29,2017;SC,March31,2017):Thesecondsetofmeetingsconductedwiththe
SCandTWGincludedareviewofpotentialdatagaps,reviewofissuesidentifiedtodate,andpresentation
draftoffindings.Anyadditionalissueswereaddedandsummarizedalongwithgeneralnotesonissues,
goals,andconcernsidentifiedtodate.
TWGMeeting#3(August25,2017):thethirdTWGmeetingfocusedonthedevelopmentofstrategiesto
addresstheidentifiedcompatibilityissues.Adraftsetofstrategieswasdevelopedpriortothemeeting
andwasimprovedupon,addedto,andrevisedduringthecourseofthemeetings.Thesestrategieswere
furtherrefinedafterthemeeting.
TWGMeeting#4/SCMeeting#3(October12,2017):Thissetofcommitteemeetingshadtwomain
purposes.ThefirstonewastoreviewtheDraftJLUSReportbasedoncommitteecommentsandrevisions.
ThesecondwastosolicitinputfromtheSCandTWGmembers.
SCMeeting#4(December18,2017):Duringthismeeting,allpubliccommentsthatwerereceivedduring
thepubliccommentperiod(November625,2017)werereviewedandfinalchangesfortheJLUS
documentswereagreedupon.ThefinalJLUSandBackgroundReportwereapprovedduringthismeeting.
Lastly,themeetingincludedadiscussionofthenextstepsaftertheJLUSprocessandoptionsfor
implementingtheJLUSstrategies.
Public Workshops
InadditiontotheSCandTWGmeetings,aseriesofpublicworkshopswereheldthroughoutthedevelopmentof
theJLUS.Theseworkshopsprovidedanopportunityfortheexchangeofinformationwiththegreatercommunity,
assistedinidentifyingtheissuestobeaddressedintheJLUS,andreceivedinputontheproposedstrategies.Each
workshopincludedatraditionalpresentationandafacilitatedexerciseprovidingahandson,interactive
opportunityforthepublictoparticipateinthedevelopmentofthestudy.Thepublicworkshopsconductedare
highlightedasfollows:
PublicWorkshop#1(March28,2017attheEvansMillsFireHall,8615LerayStreet,EvansMills,NY
13637;andMarch29,2017atLowvilleAcademyCentralSchool,7668NStateStreet,Lowville,NY
13367):ThefocusoftheseworkshopswastoexplainthepurposeandfunctionoftheJLUS,providean
overviewofthemilitaryoperationsatFortDrum,introduceprojectparticipants,sharetheJLUSapproach
anddiscusstheJLUSgoals.Theformatoftheseworkshopsincludedapresentationtothepublicfollowed
byaninteractiveworkingsessionwhereattendeeswereencouragedtosharetheirinputonpotentialJLUS
issues.TheJLUSOverviewFactSheetwasdistributedatthisworkshoptoprovidethepublicatoolin
completingacompatibilityissuesexercise.Participantswereabletoprovideinputthroughaninteractive
audienceresponsesystemthatallowedforimmediateresponseviewingandtracking.Duringthis
exercise,participantswereaskedvariousquestionsrelatingtocompatibilitytogetagaugeofwhatsome
ofthecompatibilityissuesarefromapublic/resident/propertyownerviewpoint.Theworkshopended
withaquestionandanswerperiodforattendeestoaskquestionsorgivecommentsontheprojector
compatibilityissues.
PublicWorkshop#2(October10,2017attheLowvilleAcademyElementary,7668NStateStreet,
Lowville,NY13367;andOctober11,2017atWatertownHighSchool,1335WashingtonStreet,
Watertown,NY13601):Thesecondsetofpublicworkshopsprovidedachancetoreviewandcomment
onthecompatibilityissuesthathavebeenidentifiedforevaluationaspartoftheJLUSandprovideinput
ontheimportanceoftheissuesidentified.Theissuesthatwerepresentedweredevelopedbasedon
inputsfromtheSCandTWGandpublicinputsprovidedatthefirstpublicworkshop.

PublicWorkshop#3(November13,2017attheLowvilleAcademyElementary,7668NStateStreet,
Lowville,NY13367;andNovember14,2017atWatertownHighSchool,1335WashingtonStreet,
Watertown,NY13601):ThethirdandfinalsetofpublicworkshopswasheldduringthePublicDraft
reviewandcommentperiod.AttendeesoftheworkshopweregivenabriefsummaryoftheJLUSprocess
andwereprovidedwithabreakdownoftheJLUSReportandBackgroundReportchaptersandhowthe
compatibilityissueswereaddressed.AfocusoftheworkshopswastheJLUSImplementationPlan
(Chapter6oftheJLUSReport),howthestrategiesweredeveloped,andhowtoreadthestrategies.The
processforsubmittingcommentsonthedraftwasexplainedandallattendeeswereencouragedtoreview
thedocumentsandprovideanycommentsorconcernstheyhave.
Public Review Period

Congruentwiththethirdsetofpublicworkshops,thepublicandinterestedstakeholderswereencouragedto
providefeedbackeitherduringthemeetingviacommentcards,orsubmissionofcommentsviatheproject
webpage.ThePublicDraftwasavailableforreviewandcommentontheprojectwebpagefromNovember6
through25,2017.
Public Outreach Materials

JLUSOverviewFactSheet:AtthebeginningoftheJLUSproject,a
JLUSOverviewFactSheetwasdevelopedthatdescribestheJLUSprogram,
objectives,anoverviewofthe25compatibilityfactorsthatwereanalyzed
throughouttheproject,andtheproposedFortDrumJLUSStudyArea.This
FactSheetwasmadeavailableatthepublicworkshops,committee
meetings,andpostedontheprojectwebpagefordownload.
StrategyToolsBrochure:The
StrategyToolsBrochurewas
preparedforthesecondpublic
workshop.JLUSstrategies
constituteavarietyofactionsthat
localgovernments,military
installations,agencies,andother
stakeholderscantaketopromote
compatiblelanduseplanning.Thisbrochureprovidesanoverviewofthe
strategytypesthatcouldbeappliedtoaddresscompatibilityissuesaround
FortDrum.

ProjectWebpage:Aprojectwebpagewasdeveloped
andmaintainedbytheDevelopmentAuthorityofthe
NorthCountrytoprovidestakeholders,thepublic,
andmediarepresentativeswithaccesstoproject
information.Thiswebpagewasmaintainedforthe
entiredurationoftheprojecttoensureinformation
waseasilyaccessible.Informationonthewebpage
includedprogrampointsofcontact,documents,
maps,publicmeetinginformation,andalistofSCand
TWGmembers.Theprojectwebpageaddressthat
wasusedtoprovideinformationduringtheJLUS
processwashttp://www.danc.org/ftdrum_jlus.
1.6. JLUS Implementation

ItisimportanttonotethatoncetheJLUSprocessiscompleted,thefinaldocumentisnotanadoptedplanbutaset
ofrecommendedstrategiestobeusedbylocaljurisdictions,agencies,andorganizationsintheFortDrumJLUS
StudyAreatoguidetheirfuturecompatibilityefforts.Acceptanceofthestudybystakeholders(e.g.jurisdictions,
agencies,etc.)willconfirmtheircollectivesupportforidentifiedimplementationefforts.Forinstance,local
jurisdictionsmayusetherecommendedstrategiestoguidefuturechangesinsubdivisionregulations,zoning
updates,andtoassistinthereviewofdevelopmentproposalsintheStudyArea.FortDrumcanusetheJLUSto
guideitsinteractionwithlocaljurisdictionsonfutureprojectsandmanageinternalplanningprocesseswitha
compatibilitybasedapproach.
1.7. JLUS Organization

ThefollowingisabriefoverviewoftheorganizationoftheFortDrumJLUS,includingthecontentsofthemain
JLUSReport,eachchapteroftheBackgroundReport,andtheExecutiveSummarybrochure.
JLUS Report
TheJLUSReportisacondensedportfolioofthekeyissuesandstrategiesidentifiedthroughtheFortDrumJLUS
process.ThereportincludesauserfriendlyreferenceoftheJLUSthatisaccessibleandeasytouseforall
stakeholders.ThisreportprovidesabriefdiscussiononthepurposeandobjectivesofaJLUS,describesthebenefit
ofaJLUS,andprovidesanoverviewofthevariousJLUSpartnersthatassistedindevelopingtheFortDrumJLUSto
beausefultoolforallpartnerstakeholders.Finally,thisdocumentoutlinestherelevantcompatibilityissues
accompaniedbyapplicablestrategiesidentifiedintheImplementationPlanandprovidessummariesofthe
strategiesseparatedbystakeholder.
Background Report
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter1providesanintroductionandoverviewoftheFortDrumJLUS.Thischapterdescribesthestrategicand
localimportanceofFortDrum,theworkingrelationshipsbetweenFortDrumandlocalcommunities,the
backgroundandintentoftheJLUS,theStudyArea,theobjectivesusedtoguidedevelopmentoftheJLUS,the
stakeholdersinvolvedindevelopingtheJLUS,publicoutreachmethods,implementationpremise,andthe
organizationofthedocument.

Chapter 2: Community Profile
ThischapterintroducesthecommunitiesthatarewithintheJLUSStudyAreaandgivesanoverviewoftheirhistory
andcurrentstatistics,includingpopulation,housingcharacteristics,economicoutlook,andpast,present,and
futuretrendsofgrowthanddevelopment.Thechapteralsodiscussesanoverviewofthetransportationsystem
withintheJLUSStudyArea.
Chapter 3: Military Profile

TheMilitaryProfilechapterprovidesanoverviewofFortDrumanditsoperationalfacilities,discussesthe
installationsmissionandunits,thestrategicandlocalimportanceofFortDrum,facilityandtrainingcapabilities
andoperations,andpotentialfuturemissions.Thischapteralsodiscussestheinstallationsettingincluding
housing,itseconomicimpactonthecommunityandhistorytoprovidethemilitarybaselinecontextfortheJLUS.
Thechapterfurtherprovidesinformationonthemilitaryfootprint.Themilitaryfootprintistheareasoutsidethe
militaryfacilitiesthatimpactorinfluencetheseareas.Examplesincludesafetyzones,noisecontours,and
approachanddeparturecorridors.
Chapter 4: Existing Compatibility Tools

Thischapterprovidesanoverviewofrelevantplans,programs,andstudiesthataretoolstoaddresscompatibility
issuesintheJLUSStudyArea.Theapplicabletoolsarereviewedinordertosetabaselineoutlineforthe
evaluationoftheeffectivenessofeachexistingplanorprogramrelativetoaddressingthecompatibilityissuesthat
areidentifiedanddescribedinChapter5.
Chapter 5: Compatibility Assessment

Compatibility,inrelationtomilitaryreadiness,canbedefinedasthebalanceorcompromisebetweencommunity
needsandinterestsandmilitaryneedsandinterests.Thischapterpresentsthecompatibilityissuesidentifiedfor
theFortDrumJLUS.TheseissueswereidentifiedbasedoninputfromtheSCandTWG,membersofthepublic,
existingplansandtechnicalreports,andevaluationbytheprojectteam.Thischaptercategorizestheissuesinto
thefollowing25compatibilityfactors:
AirQuality(Section5.2)
Antiterrorism/ForceProtection(Section5.3)
BiologicalResources(Section5.4)
Coordination/Communication(Section5.5)
CulturalResources(Section5.6)
Dust/Smoke/Steam(Section5.7)
EnergyDevelopment(Section5.8)
FrequencySpectrumCapacity(Section5.9)
FrequencySpectrumImpedance/Interference(Section5.10)
HousingAvailability(Section5.11)
InfrastructureExtensions(Section5.12)
Land/Air/SeaSpaces(Section5.13)
LandUse(Section5.14)
LegislativeInitiatives(Section5.15)
LightandGlare(Section5.16)
MarineEnvironments(Section5.17)
Noise(Section5.18)
PublicServices(Section5.19)
PublicTrespassing(Section5.20)

RoadwayCapacity(Section5.21)
SafetyZones(Section5.22)
ScarceNaturalResources(Section5.23)
VerticalObstructions(Section5.24)
Vibration(Section5.25)
WaterQuality/Quantity(Section5.26)
JLUS Executive Summary Brochure

AnExecutiveSummarybrochurewaspreparedinconjunctionwiththeFinalJLUSReport.Thisbrochureprovidesa
briefoverviewoftheJLUSprojectandprocessandhighlightsthemajorcompatibilityissuesandrecommended
strategiestoaddressthem.ItalsoincludesFortDrumoperationalfootprintmapsanddescriptionsofeach
footprint.


2.1. RegionalOverview............................................................................................................22
2.2. StudyAreaGrowthTrends................................................................................................27
2.3. RegionalEconomy...........................................................................................................217
2.4. CurrentDevelopmentOverviewAroundFortDrum.......................................................220
2.5. StudyAreaTransportation..............................................................................................221
Thischapterprovidesinformationaboutthesurroundingcommunitiesthatparticipatedinthe
FortDrumJointLandUseStudy(JLUS).Capturinganddescribingcertaindemographic
characteristicsofthesecommunitiesprovidesabaselinecontextfromwhichinformeddecisions
canbemadewhenassessingcompatibilitystrategies.Thegoalistoprovideinformationthat
enablesstakeholderstounderstandpopulationanddevelopmenttrendsthathavethepotential
toaffectFortDrumsfuture.Thisinformationisintendedtobeconsideredwithotherfactorsto
helpdecisionmakersgeneratecoherent,informedplanningpoliciesanddecisionsaboutfuture
developmentandeconomicgrowthofthecommunitiestheyrepresentbeforecompatibility
issuesarise.
Informationpresentedinthischapterincludespopulationgrowth,housing,economic
development,andtransportationwithintheregiontobetterunderstandtheimpactsonandfrom
FortDrum.
ThischapterisalsointendedtoinformFortDrumaboutthetypesofactivitiesoccurringoutside
thefencewhenconsideringfuturemissionsandoperations.

2.1. Regional Overview
ThischapterprovidesabriefdescriptionofthecommunitiesthatparticipatedintheFortDrumJLUS.These
communitiesarethecountiesofJefferson,Lewis,andSt.Lawrence;theCityofWatertown;thetownsofAntwerp,
Champion,Diana,Fowler,Gouverneur,LeRay,Pamelia,Philadelphia,Pitcairn,Rossie,Rutland,Watertown,and
Wilna;andthevillagesofCarthageandWestCarthage.
TheJLUSStudyAreaislocatedinthenorthcentralportionofNewYork,directlyeastofwheretheSt.Lawrence
RiverflowsoutofLakeOntarioanddirectlywestoftheAdirondackMountainsandTugHillPlateau.Thisregionis
wellknownforitsscenicplacesandoutdoorrecreationalactivitiesduetothevaststateownedconservationland
andnaturalfeatures.
Theregionalclimateseeshumidsummersandlongcoldwinters.Theaveragetemperaturerangesfrom22to
69degreesFahrenheit,withtemperaturesoftenfallingbelowfreezingduringwintermonths.Theregionsmean
annualprecipitationisapproximately41inches,andtypicallyreceivesover100inchesofsnowannually.
Source:FortDrumIntegratedNaturalResourcesManagementPlan,2011
TheregionsterrainisheavilyforestedandthetopographyrangesfromgeneralflatvalleystotheAdirondack
foothillsandmountains.
Jurisdictions
Jefferson County

YearIncorporated: 1805
2015EstimatedPopulation: 118,947
Projected2040Population: 130,677
MajorIndustries: Military,StateandLocal
Government,RetailTrade,and
Agriculture

JeffersonCountyislocatedinnorthcentralNewYork,covering1,293squaremiles.ItisborderedbyCanadaand
St.LawrenceCountytothenorth,LewisCountytotheeast,OswegoCountytothesouth,andLakeOntariotothe
west.ThemajorityofFortDrumislocatedwithinJeffersonCounty.JeffersonCountycontains23,350acresofstate
andcountyforest,plusanadditional17,121acresofwildlifemanagementareasthatofferoutdoorrecreational
opportunitiesthroughoutthecounty.
Thecountyhashaddeepagriculturalrootssinceitwasfirstsettledinthelate1700s.DuringtheIndustrial
Revolution,theBlackRiverscurrentsupportednewmillsandotherindustrialmanufacturingopportunities
throughoutthecounty,creatingatradingcenterbetweentheUnitedStatesandCanada.Althoughthe
manufacturingindustryisstillprevalentinJeffersonCounty,thecountysresidentscontinuetoembracetheir
agriculturalroots,andnowhasagrowingtourismindustrysupportedbytheoutdoorrecreationalamenities
locatedwithinthecounty.
TheCityofWatertownisthecountyseatandmostpopulousmunicipalityinthecountywithapopulationof
27,250peopleasofthe2015AmericanCommunitySurvey(ACS).Thetowns,villages,andcitythatmakeup
JeffersonCountyareshownasfollows(an*designatesatownthatwasontheSteeringCommitteeforthe
FortDrumJLUS).

Towns Villages City
Adams Lorraine Adams Ellisburg Watertown*

Alexandria Lyme AlexandriaBay EvansMills
Antwerp* Orleans Antwerp GlenPark
Brownville Pamelia* BlackRiver Herrings
CapeVincent Philadelphia* Brownville Mannsville
Champion* Rodman CapeVincent Philadelphia
Clayton Rutland* Carthage SacketsHarbor
Ellisburg Theresa Chaumont Theresa
Henderson Watertown* Clayton WestCarthage
Hounsfield Wilna* Deferiet
LeRay* Worth Dexter
JeffersonCountyisgovernedbyaBoardofLegislatorsthatdeveloppoliciesandlegislationforcountyoperations
andadministration.Thisboardconsistsof15electedofficials,oneofficialperdistrict.Eachlegislatoriselected
throughapopularvoteandservesatwoyeartermuponwinningtheelection.TheBoardofLegislatorsappointsa
CountyAdministratortooverseedaytodayoperationsofthecountygovernmentanddepartments.
Themedianhouseholdincomecountywidein2015was$48,613,severalthousanddollarslessthanNewYork
State($59,269)andtheUnitedStates($53,889)average.
Interstate81travelsnorthsouththroughJeffersonCounty.Thiscorridorisalsoaprimaryaccesspointbetween
theUnitedStatesandCanadaonthecountysnorthernborder.UnitedStates(US)Route11travelsnorthsouth
throughthecounty,connectingJeffersonCountywithSt.LawrenceCountytothenorthandOswegoCountytothe
south.TheothermajorroadsthattravelthroughJeffersonCountyareStateRoutes(SR)3,12,26,and177.
Lewis County
MajorIndustries: StateandLocalGovernment,
Manufacturing,RetailTrade,and
Agriculture
LewisCountyislocatedinnorthcentralNewYork,covering1,270squaremiles.LewisCountyisdirectly
eastofJeffersonCounty,withbothJeffersonCountyandOswegoCountyformingitswesternborder.
St.LawrenceCountybordersLewisCountytothenorth,withHerkimerCountyandOneidaCountybordering
LewisCountytotheeastandsouthrespectively.AsmallportionofFortDrumlayswithinLewisCountysborders
onthenorthwestedge.
LewisCountywasfoundedin1805followingtheconstructionofthetransportationrouteknowntodayasNew
YorkSR26.AdditionaltransportationsystemscontinuedtohelpLewisCountygrowthroughthe1800s,including
railroads.TheBlackRiverCanalwascompletedin1855andconnectedLewisCountytotheErieCanalintheCityof
Rome.Thiscanal,alongwithitslocationneartheBlackRiver,supportedagriculturalandmanufacturingindustries.

Althoughtheagricultureindustryhasbeensteadilyincreasingoverrecentyearsfrom838employeesin2006to
924employeesin2015,themanufacturingindustryhasbeenslightlydecreasingduringthistimeframefrom
1,421employeesin2006to1,234employeesin2015.Reforestationeffortsbeganinthe1930sandhavehelped
supportatourismeconomybasedaroundoutdoorrecreation.Naturalfeaturesintheregionincludethe
TugHillPlateau,BlackRiverValley,andAdirondackPark.
Source:LewisCountyComprehensivePlan,2009
Over50percentofthelandinLewisCountyisdesignatedasWild/Forest.Agriculturalisthesecondlargestland
usethroughoutthecounty,utilizingnearly20percentoftheland.
Source:UpdatedComprehensiveEconomicDevelopmentStrategy,2012
TheMapleRidgeWindFarmislocatedwithinLewisCounty,about15milesfromFortDrumsborder.This
industrialwindenergydevelopmentcontains195turbines,andhasthecapacitytoproduce322megawattsof
cleanenergy.Eachturbinestandsroughly350feettall.
TheVillageofLowvilleisthecountyseatandthemostpopulousmunicipalityinthecountywith3,506peopleasof
the2015ACS.ThetownsandvillagesthatmakeupLewisCountyareshownasfollows(an*designatesatown
thatwasontheSteeringCommitteefortheFortDrumJLUS).
Towns Villages
Croghan Martinsburg Castorland
Denmark Montague Constableville
Diana* NewBremen Copenhagen
Greig Osceola Groghan
Harrisburg Pinckney Harrisville
Lewis Turin Lowville
Leyden Watson LyonsFalls
Lowville WestTurin PortLeyden
Lyonsdale Turin

LewisCountyisgovernedbyaCountyBoardofLegislators.Thisboardconsistsof10electedofficials,oneofficial
perdistrict.Eachlegislatoriselectedthroughapopularvoteandservesatwoyeartermuponwinningthe
election.TheBoardofLegislatorsappointsaCountyManagertooverseedaytodayoperationsofthecounty
governmentanddepartments.
Themedianhouseholdincomecountywidein2015was$46,990,lessthanNewYorkState($59,269)andthe
UnitedStates($53,889)average.
TherearenointerstatehighwaysthattraverseLewisCounty.Themajorhighwaysthattravelthroughthecounty
consistofSR12andSR26,whichintersectinLowvilleandconnectLewisCountytoJeffersonCounty.Stateroutes
177and812bothbegininLowville.StateRoute177travelswesttowardsInterstate81inJeffersonCounty,and
SR812travelsnorthintoSt.LawrenceCounty.StateRoute3crossesthenorthernportionofthecounty.

St. Lawrence County
MajorIndustries: StateandLocalGovernment,RetailTrade,
Manufacturing,Agriculture,andPost
SecondaryEducation
St.LawrenceCountyislocatedinnorthcentralNewYork,andisthelargestcountyintheStatecoveringatotalof
2,822squaremiles.St.LawrenceCountyissituatedjustnorthofbothJeffersonCountyandLewisCounty,aswell
asHerkimerCountyandHamiltonCounty.TheSt.LawrenceRiverseparatesSt.LawrenceCountyfromCanada,and
forms70milesofthenorth/northwestborder.FranklinCountyformsSt.LawrenceCountyseasternborder.
FortDrumdoesnotextendintoSt.LawrenceCounty,butdoesshareitsnortherborderwiththecountyssouthern
edge.
St.LawrenceCountywasfoundedin1802whenitseparatedfromClintonCounty.Thelandthattodaymakesup
St.LawrenceCountywashistoricallypartofseveralothercountiesbeforeSt.LawrenceCountywasfinally
established.Theareaservedsettlersasitgrew,andwhenSt.LawrenceCountywasestablished,Ogdensburgwas
thecountyseat.Asthecountycontinuedtogrow,residentsinthecentralandsouthernpartscomplainedabout
thedistanceandsafetyrisksoftravelingtoOgdensburg,sothecountyseatwasmovedtoCantonin1828andhas
remainedsincethen.
TheSt.LawrenceRiverdrawsmanyvisitorsandtouriststothecountyforbothitsnaturalbeautyandhistory.
Supportingthetourismandoutdoorrecreationaleconomyistheabundanceoflakesandstateparks,notably
AdirondackStatePark,whichispartlylocatedalongSt.LawrenceCountyseasternedge.
ThemostpopulousmunicipalitywithinthecountyistheCityofOgdensburgwithapopulationof10,996asofthe
2015ACS;however,thecountyseatistheVillageofCanton.Thetowns,villages,andcitythatmakeup
St.LawrenceCountyareshownasfollows(an*designatesatownthatwasontheSteeringCommitteeforthe
FortDrumJLUS).

Towns Villages City
Brasher Louisville Canton Ogdensburg
Canton Macomb Gouverneur
Clare Madrid Hammond
Clifton Massena Heuvelton
Colton Morristown Massena
DeKalb Norfolk Morristown
DePeyster Oswegatchie Norwood
Edwards Parishville Potsdam
Fine Piercefield RensselaerFalls
Fowler* Pierrepont Richville
Gouverneur* Pitcairn Waddington
Hammond Potsdam
Hermon Rossie*
Hopkinton Russell
Lawrence Stockholm
Lisbon Waddington

St.LawrenceCountyisgovernedbyaBoardofLegislatorsthatdeveloppoliciesandlegislationforcounty
operationsandadministration.Thisboardconsistsof15electedofficials,oneofficialperdistrict.Eachlegislatoris
electedthroughapopularvoteandservesafouryeartermuponwinningtheelection.TheBoardofLegislators
appointsaCountyAdministratortooverseedaytodayoperationsofthecountygovernmentanddepartments.
Themedianhouseholdincomecountywidein2015was$44,454.Thisisthelowestincomeinthethreecounty
FortDrumJLUSStudyArea.ItisalsolessthanNewYorkState($59,269)andtheUnitedStates($53,889)average.
TherearenointerstatehighwaysthattravelthroughSt.LawrenceCounty.USRoute11isthehighesttrafficked
corridorthroughthecounty,connectingittoJeffersonCountytothesouthandFranklinCountytotheeast.Three
stateroutestravelthroughthecounty:SR3,37,and812.StateRoute3crossesthesouthernportionofthecounty
andgoesthroughAdirondackStatePark.StateRoute37followstheSt.LawrenceRiver.StateRoute812travels
throughSt.LawrenceCounty,totheSt.LawrenceRiverandtoanaccesspointwithCanada.
City of Watertown

Projected2040Population: N/A
MajorIndustries: Military,StateandLocalGovernment,and
RetailTrade*

*Source:BureauofEconomicAnalysis:WatertownFortDrumMetropolitanStatisticalArea

TheCityofWatertownisthemostpopulatedmunicipalityinJeffersonCountyandintheFortDrumJLUSStudy
Area.Thecityisoverninesquaremilesinarea,locatedalongtheBlackRiveraboutfivemilessouthwestof
FortDrum.
TheCityofWatertownisgovernedbyaCityCouncil.Thiscouncilconsistsoffourelectedcouncilmembersandone
electedmayor.Eachcouncilmemberandmayoriselectedthroughapopularvoteandservesafouryearterm
uponwinningtheelection.
Thecitywasincorporatedin1816asanindustrialtownpoweredbytheBlackRiver.Watertownquicklybecame
knownthroughoutthenationforitspapermanufacturingindustry.Whilemuchofthemanufacturingindustryisno
longeroperational,thecityhasretainedsomeofthehistoricfabricthatgivesthecityitscharacter.Watertown
experienceditspeakpopulationfollowingWorldWarII,withroughly34,500people,butsteadilydecreaseduntil
1984whentheDepartmentofDefensedecidedtoreactivatethe10thMountainDivisionatFortDrum.This
decisionhasledtonewgrowthinWatertown,bothinpopulationandhousing,andthecityishometomany
personnelwhoworkatFortDrum.AsthelargestcityintheFortDrumJLUSStudyAreaandthecountyseatof
JeffersonCounty,theCityofWatertownhasbecomeahubfornotonlygovernmentactivity,butalsofinancial
bankingandhealthservicesintheNorthCountry.
Source:CityofWatertownLandUsePlan,1987
Interstate81bypassesthecityalongitswesternedge,andtravelsnorthtotheUSborderwithCanadaandsouth
toSyracuse.USRoute11travelsnorthsouththroughWatertownsdowntown.StateRoute3andSR12bothtravel
eastwestthroughdowntownWatertown.StateRoute3thenturnsnorthtoFortDrum.
2.2. Study Area Growth Trends

ThefollowingsectionprovidesaprofileoftheJLUSStudyAreastrendsconcerningpopulationchange,housing
stock,andeconomicdevelopment.Thisinformationestablishesaregionalcontextforhistoricalandprojected
growthanddevelopmentintheJLUSStudyAreawhileprovidingabroadunderstandingofgrowthpotentialfor
compatibilityanalysisbasedplanning.
Duetoitspopulationgrowththatexceeded50,000peopleidentifiedthroughthe2010Census,theUSCensus
BureaudeclaredtheWatertownFortDrumregionasanurbanizedareainOctober2012.Inearly2013,the
WhiteHouseOfficeofManagementandBudgetdeclaredtheWatertownFortDrumurbanizedareaasa
metropolitanstatisticalarea(MSA).AnMSAisageographicalregionthatcentersonarelativelyhighpopulation
densityandhascloseeconomictiesthroughoutitsarea.Throughthesedesignations,federalmandatesrequire
thecreationofaMetropolitanPlanningOrganization(MPO),developmentofaregionaltransportationplan,and
implementationofseparatemunicipalstormsewersystempermitstobeeligibleforcertainfederalfunding
programs.TheWatertownJeffersonCountyAreaTransportationCouncilwasestablishedastheMPOandis
responsiblefordevelopingandmaintainingaRegionalTransportationPlanandaTransportationImprovement
Program.ThesetwoplansarecurrentlybeingdevelopedatthetimethisJLUSwaswritten.Thedesignationsof
urbanizedareaandMSAwillalsochangethewayfederalfundingisreceivedsuchasthroughtheCommunity
DevelopmentBlockgrantprogramandfederalhousingfunding.Itislikelytohaveapositiveimpactfortheareato
bemoreattractiveandenticingtobusinesses,manufacturers,andothereconomicsectorstotakeadvantageof
theregion.

Population
Populationcomparisonsshowthegrowthordeclineinthenumberofpeopleinageographicalarea.Population
ultimatelysupportsemploymentandhousingopportunities.Thefollowinginformationprovidesacomparisonof
thechangesinpopulationintheFortDrumJLUSStudyAreabetween2000,2010,and2015.
ThepopulationfiguresrepresentthepermanentpopulationintheStudyArea,butdonotconsiderthetemporary
populationsurgesassociatedwiththetourismindustryandmigrationfromseasonalemploymentortransient
workerswithinthearea.
Table21showsthe2000and2010USCensuspopulationtotals,and2015ACSpopulationtotals.Thetablealso
compareseachjurisdictionspopulationchangefrom20002015.
Table21. PopulationChange20002015fortheFortDrumJLUSStudyArea
Number
Change PercentChange
Jurisdiction 2000 2010 2015 20002015 20002015
NewYorkState 18,976,457 19,378,102 19,673,174 696,717 3.7%
JeffersonCounty 111,738 116,229 118,947 7,209 6.5%
CityofWatertown 26,705 27,023 27,250 545 2.0%
TownofAntwerp 1,793 1,846 1,693 100 5.6%
TownofChampion 4,361 4,494 4,619 258 5.9%
TownofLeRay 19,836 21,782 22,385 2549 12.9%
TownofPamelia 2,897 3,160 3,194 297 10.3%
TownofPhiladelphia 2,140 1,947 1,786 354 16.5%
TownofRutland 2,959 3,060 3,156 197 6.7%
TownofWatertown 4,482 4,470 4,813 331 7.4%
TownofWilna 6,235 6,427 6,477 242 3.9%
LewisCounty 26,944 27,087 27,124 180 0.7%
TownofDiana 1,661 1,709 1,509 152 9.2%
St.LawrenceCounty 111,931 111,944 112,011 80 0.1%
TownofFowler 2,180 2,202 2,206 26 1.2%
TownofGouverneur 7,418 7,085 7,027 391 5.3%
TownofPitcairn 783 846 733 50 6.4%
TownofRossie 787 877 777 10 1.3%
Source:2000and2010USCensus,2015AmericanCommunitySurvey
Note:TheUSCensusisasurveyconductedevery10yearstoENCOMPASSallamericanstodeterminethenumberof
Congressionalappointeesforeachstate.TheAmericanCommunitySurvey(ACS)isamultiyearestaimationthatusesasampleof
thepopulationtomakeestimations.ACSinformationisusedduringtheyearsinbetweenthedecennialcensustoprovidean
estimationofpopulation,demographics,andothersocialinformation.
WhileLewisCountyandSt.LawrenceCountyhaveseenlittlegrowthsince2000,JeffersonCountyspopulation
increasedby6.5percentfrom2000to2015.JeffersonCountyspopulationinitiallydecreasedfrom2000to2004,
butstartedtoincreasebetween2004and2015.ThisisinlargepartduetoFortDrumsgrowth,expandingits
militaryandcivilianworkforce27%between2003and2015accordingtotheFY2015FortDrumEconomicImpact
Statement.ThetownsofLeRayandPameliahaveexperiencedthemostgrowthbetween2000and2015,dueto
theirproximitytoFortDrumandtheeffectsofincreasedconstructionandhousingtosupportpersonnelworking

attheinstallation.ThetownsofChampionandRutlandalsohadmoderatepopulationgrowth,likelyduetotheir
proximitytoadditionalgateslocatedonthesouthernportionofFortDrum.
Identifyingwhereclustersofpopulationareisalsoimportantinplanningforfuturegrowthanddevelopment.
Figure21aillustratesthepopulationdensitythroughouttheStudyAreain2000,whileFigure21bshowsazoom
inclosertothemorepopulatedareas,andFigure22aillustratesthepopulationdensityin2010,whileFigure22b
showsazoominclosertothemorepopulatedareas.
Future Population Projections

CornellUniversitysProgramonAppliedDemographicsprojectedpopulationgrowthforNewYorkStatecounties
through2040,whichareshowninTable22.Thepopulationprojectionsarebasedoffofthemostcurrent
USCensusBureaupopulationinformationandappliesawidelyusedpopulationprojectionmethodcalledthe
CohortComponentmethod.Thismethodisbasedonthepremisethatpopulationcanbesplitintoagesex
cohortsandchangesinthesizeofeachcohortcanbecategorizedintothreecomponents:births,deaths,and
migration(thoseleavingorcomingtothecommunity).Thecomponentmethodprojectsthesizeforeach
componentforagivenperiodoftimeandthenthepopulationiscalculatedattheendoftheperiodtogivethe
populationsize.
Table22. FuturePopulationProjections
Jurisdiction 2010Census 2040Est. NumberChangeEst. PercentChangeEst.
NewYorkState 19,378,102 19,623,506 245,404 1.7%
JeffersonCounty 115,885 130,677 14,792 12.8%
LewisCounty 26,944 23,148 3,796 14.1%
St.LawrenceCounty 111,931 99,887 12,044 10.8%
Source:CornellUniversityProgramonAppliedDemographics,September8,2011
JeffersonCountyisprojectedtocontinueincreasingintotheforeseeablefuture,approximately500peopleper
year.Thisequatestoatotalgrowthof12.8percentinthat30yearspan,fargreaterthanthatofNewYorkStateas
awhole.Ontheotherhand,bothLewisCountyandSt.LawrenceCountyareexpectedtodecreaseover10percent
inpopulationbytheyear2040.Thesetwocountiescombinedareprojectedtodecreaseinpopulationnearlyas
muchasJeffersonCountyisexpectedtoincreaseinpopulation,roughlyeveningouttheFortDrumStudyAreas
populationgrowthbytheyear2040towhatitistoday.
Theseprojectedpopulationsarenotexpectedtobeexact;however,theyareestimatedtohelpcitiesandcounties
todeveloplanduseprioritiestoreduceimpactsoffuturegrowthchallenges.

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County
ad River
Lyonsdale
Sandy Creek West Turin
r Creek
Pulaski
Osceola
Constableville

12D Port
e
Orwell Leyden
De
Sugar Riv

13 Richland
Albion Lewis
er Leyden
Boonville
Legend
Population Per Square Mile Fort Drum Interstate Water Body
0 - 500 County Boundary US Highway Streams
501 - 1,000 Town State Highway
1,001 - 2,000 City / Village / Hamlet Railroad
2,001 - 4,000
> 4,000
Source: US Census 2000. Fort Drum 2016. Development Authority of the North Country 2106.
Figure 2-1a
0 5 10
Miles
Population Density, 2000

Alexandria Fowler
La Fargeville Theresa Antwerp

26

411 Theresa
Ot ter C
r ee
k Antwerp
Orleans

180 Philadelphia
Black Creek
Depauville Philadelphia
k
tte Cree
Gille
Clayton Le Ray

11 Fort Drum r
r i ve
k
iv e I ndi a n R
ree
hR

37
C
e rc
P Diana
st
We
Evans Mills

81
Calcium
Natural
Pamelia

781
Bridge
Deferiet
Brownville

12

342
Black River

3A Wilna
Herrings
Glen Park Carthage
Brownville
12E

283
Great Bend
Black River

12F
3 West Carthage
Watertown Champion
Rutland

126

26 Croghan
Hounsfield

232 Watertown Denmark
eave
R iv
r
Castorland er
Copenhagen
New

11
Bremen
Adams Center

410
ek
Cre
Sand y

12
Adams G ulfSt r e am
Rodman
Pinckney Harrisburg
Lowville

812
ek

177 r Watson
ve
re Lowville
Ri
C
er
ey
e
nl
Lorraine Mill Cre e k

ru
Cree
G
y Worth
South k
S an d Abijah Creek Montague
Martinsburg
Legend
2,001 - 4,000
> 4,000
Figure 2-1b
0 2 4
Miles
Population Density, 2000 (Zoom In)

De Peyster Canton
Morristown

Elm
ek
812

12
Cr
ee
k

184
er
Cr
e
Cre
De Kalb
av
wa Hermon
ek
Be
pe Hammond
h ip
C Macomb Russell
Hammond
k
St Lawrence
r ee

37 County
dC
Richville Hermon
Crooke
A Alexandria
N AD Gouverneur
CA Bay Rossie

58
Edwards
Redwood
Gouverneur
Alexandria Edwards
Antwerp Fowler
Theresa

11
a
. L ve
en
wr r
ce k

81
Theresa
J e ff e r s o n
County
St Ri La Fargeville
ee
Clayton Antwerp
Cr
r

411 Pitcairn
ch
ve
Ri
n
Fort Drum
Fre
Cape Clayton t Orleans

on Philadelphia Harrisville
Vincent
a um
Bla ck
Depauville Ch r
Cape Vincent

180
Le Ray
Philadelphia
ian
R ive
Diana
Fine
re Ind
C
ek ek
sC
re Lyme Evans Mills
3
Ke
nt

12E Chaumont Brownville
Black River

iver
Pamelia 781 Natural

Black Deferiet Wilna
Chaumont B

R
ay
P er
ch Glen

342 River 3A Bridge
Park Calcium
Dexter
Brownville 12F

283 Great Bend Carthage
Watertown Champion Croghan
La
ke Sackets Mill Creek Rutland West Carthage
On
tar Harbor

812
io Hounsfield

232 Watertown
Copenhagen Denmark
126
Croghan
Beaver River
Adams Center
410 Castorland

Cr ek
ndy e New Bremen
Sa
Adams
Creek Crystal Cree
ny Henderson Rodman Pinckney

26 k
r
Harrisburg
Sto
ive
Lowville

R

3 178 Adams r

e
177
De
Watson
Lowville

89
2 South Sand y
Cr e ek
Ind Ri
ve
r
epe
ce
Roaring B rook nd en
Mud
Br ook

11
193
Lorraine Worth
Ott r

Cr e ek
e
Ellisburg Montague Martinsburg 12
Ellisburg Le w is Greig
Mannsville
County
Sandy
Blind Boylston Turin
Creek Creek
O s w e g o Redfield Turin Lyons Falls
Lacona
County
ad River
Lyonsdale
Sandy Creek West Turin
r Creek
Pulaski
Osceola
Constableville

12D Port
e
Orwell Leyden
De
Sugar Riv

13 Richland
Albion Lewis
er Leyden
Boonville
Legend
2,001 - 4,000
> 4,000
Figure 2-2a
0 5 10
Miles
Population Density, 2010

Alexandria Fowler
La Fargeville Theresa Antwerp

26

411 Theresa
Ot ter C
r ee
k Antwerp
Orleans

180 Philadelphia
Black Creek
Depauville Philadelphia
k
tte Cree
Gille
Clayton Le Ray

11 Fort Drum r
r i ve
k
iv e I ndi a n R
ree
hR

37
C
e rc
P Diana
st
We
Evans Mills

81
Calcium
Natural
Pamelia

781
Bridge
Deferiet
Brownville

12

342
Black River

3A Wilna
Herrings
Glen Park Carthage
Brownville
12E

283
Great Bend
Black River

12F
3 West Carthage
Watertown Champion
Rutland

126

26 Croghan
Hounsfield

232 Watertown Denmark
eave
R iv
r
Castorland er
Copenhagen
New

11
Bremen
Adams Center

410
ek
Cre
Sand y

12
Adams G ulfSt r e am
Rodman
Pinckney Harrisburg
Lowville

812
ek

177 r Watson
ve
re Lowville
Ri
C
er
ey
e
nl
Lorraine Mill Cre e k

ru
Cree
G
y Worth
South k
S an d Abijah Creek Montague
Martinsburg
Legend
2,001 - 4,000
> 4,000
Figure 2-2b
0 2 4
Miles
Population Density, 2010 (Zoom In)

Housing Trends
Housingtrendsareanimportantindicatorofeconomicvitalitybecausetheyshowpopulationgrowthordecline
relativetonewresidentialconstructionandcanindicatefuturetypesofresidentialandcommercialdevelopment.
Table23showsthemedianhousingvaluesfor2000,2010,and2015foreachJLUSjurisdiction.
Table23. MedianHousingValue2000,2010,and2015
Number Percent
Change Change
Jurisdiction 2000 2010 2015 20002015 20002015
NewYorkState $147,600 $303,900 $283,000 $135,400 91.7%
JeffersonCounty $66,100 $116,800 $141,000 $74,900 113.3%
CityofWatertown $64,100 $112,600 $125,500 $61,400 95.8%
TownofAntwerp $52,800 $96,300 $123,900 $71,100 134.7%
TownofChampion $62,500 $110,000 $128,100 $65,600 105.0%
TownofLeRay $67,800 $155,000 $166,700 $98,900 145.9%
TownofPamelia $79,600 $142,600 $164,200 $84,600 106.3%
TownofPhiladelphia $60,400 $112,500 $133,600 $73,200 121.2%
TownofRutland $63,600 $108,200 $138,700 $75,100 118.1%
TownofWatertown $78,400 $144,200 $171,000 $92,600 118.1%
TownofWilna $58,000 $95,500 $129,700 $71,700 123.6%
LewisCounty $63,300 $100,700 $117,300 $54,000 85.3%
TownofDiana $47,100 $89,100 $97,400 $50,300 106.8%
St.LawrenceCounty $59,100 $79,600 $87,600 $28,500 48.2%
TownofFowler $65,600 $96,300 $104,400 $38,800 59.1%
TownofGouverneur $48,300 $69,400 $87,000 $38,700 80.1%
TownofPitcairn $39,400 $66,300 $92,300 $52,900 134.3%
TownofRossie $50,800 $53,300 $77,100 $26,300 51.8%
Source:2000USCensus,2010and2015AmericanCommunitySurvey
Housingvalueshavesignificantlyincreasedineachjurisdictionbetween2000and2015.Althoughhousingprices
aremuchgreaterstatewide,thecommunitiessurroundingFortDrumhavecontinuedtoincreasetheirmedian
homevaluesfrom2010to2015,unlikeNewYorksdecreasedmedianhomevalueduringthatsametimeperiod.
EachJLUScommunityinJeffersonCountyhasexperiencedapercentageincreaseinhomevaluesbyarategreater
thanthatofNewYorkStateasawholebetween2000and2015.TheTownofLeRay,aswellashavingthemost
populationgrowth,hadthelargestincreaseinmedianhomevalue,atalmost150percentbetween2000and2015.
CommunitiesinSt.LawrenceCountyexperiencedtheleastamountofpercentageincreaseinmedianhomevalue,
withthecountyhavingthelowestpercentincreaseoftheJLUSStudyAreacommunitiesat48.2percent,andthe
TownofRossiehavingthelowestincreasefortownsat51.8percent.However,theTownofPitcairnincreasedtheir
medianhomevaluesbyover130percentfrom2000to2015.

Table24showsthemediangrossrentforeachjurisdictionparticipatingintheJLUS.Similartothemedianhousing
valueforeachcommunity,mediangrossrentsalsosteadilyincreasedbetween2000and2015.LewisCountyand
St.LawrenceCountyhadthelowestrentalrates,increasingataslowerpacethanNewYorkStateasawhole.
However,JeffersonCountyhadafarhighergrowthratecomparedtotherestoftheregionandstateatnearly
95percentbetween2000and2015.AlthoughJeffersonCountysgrossmedianrentin2015isstillnotasexpensive
astheaveragestatewide,itissignificantlyhigherthanbothLewisandSt.Lawrencecounties.TheTownofLeRay
increaseditsmediangrossrentby$729between2000and2015.Thismajorincreaseof133percentescalatedthe
townsmediangrossrentto$1,276,whichisgreaterthanthatofthestatewidemedian.TheTownofChampions
mediangrossrentincreasedthemost,over150percent,tobecomethesecondmostexpensivemunicipalityinthe
FortDrumJLUSStudyAreatorent.
Table24. MedianGrossRent2000,2010,and2015
Number Percent
Change Change
Jurisdiction 2000* 2010 2015 20002015 20002015
NewYorkState $672 $977 $1,132 $460 68.5%
JeffersonCounty $486 $769 $947 $461 94.9%
CityofWatertown $457 $663 $816 $359 78.6%
TownofAntwerp $456 $685 $771 $315 69.1%
TownofChampion $439 $799 $1,104 $665 151.5%
TownofLeRay $547 $1,078 $1,276 $729 133.3%
TownofPamelia $519 $678 $848 $329 63.4%
TownofPhiladelphia $394 $740 $670 $276 70.1%
TownofRutland $533 $807 $949 $416 78.0%
TownofWatertown $490 $811 $989 $499 101.8%
TownofWilna $437 $730 $906 $469 107.3%
LewisCounty $444 $595 $699 $255 57.4%
TownofDiana $432 $658 $713 $281 65.0%
St.LawrenceCounty $428 $610 $700 $272 63.6%
TownofFowler $482 $718 $957 $475 98.5%
TownofGouverneur $437 $638 $692 $255 58.4%
TownofPitcairn $517 $721 $615 $98 19.0%
TownofRossie $390 $612 $598 $208 53.3%

ThemedianmonthlyrentalratescomparedtoFortDrumsBasicAllowanceforHousing(BAH)ratesarecurrently
sufficientformeetingmilitarypersonnelhousingneeds.Table25showsFortDrumsBAHratesasoftheyear2015
basedmilitarypersonnelrank(grade)andwhetherornottheyhavedependents.
Table25. FortDrums2015BAHRates
Grade Rank WithDependent WithoutDependent
E1 Private $1,383 $1,038
E2 PrivateSecondClass $1,383 $1,038
E3 PrivateFirstClass $1,383 $1,038
E4 ArmySpecialistand $1,383 $1,038
Corporal
E5 Sergeant $1,476 $1,206
E6 StaffSergeant $1,677 $1,305
E7 SergeantFirstClass $1,827 $1,389
E8 MasterSergeantandFirst $1,992 $1,518
Sergeant
E9 SergeantMajorand $2,130 $1,596
CommandSergeant
Major
W1 $1,680 $1,347
W2 $1,896 $1,515
W3 $2,097 $1,599
W4 $2,142 $1,716
W5 $2,196 $1,866
O1E SecondLieutenant $1,863 $1,476
O2E FirstLieutenant $2,067 $1,563
O3E Captain $2,151 $1,677
O1 SecondLieutenant $1,497 $1,290
O2 FirstLieutenant $1,674 $1,446
O3 Captain $2,088 $1,605
O4 Major $2,217 $1,845
O5 LieutenantColonel $2,304 $1,941
O6 Colonel $2,325 $2,097
O7+ ArmyGenerals $2,349 $2,139
Source:www.dodhousingnetwork.com,2015

Figure23showstheresidentialunitbuildingpermitsissuedbyeachcountyandtheCityofWatertownbetween
2006and2015.Housingunitbuildingpermitsasaregionhavefluctuatedoverthepast10years,peakingin2007
priortotherecessionanddecliningsharplyin2008and2009.However,theregionstotallargelyreflectsthatof
JeffersonCounty,asithadthemostresidentialunitbuildingpermitsissuedinalloftheprevious10yearsexcept
for2015.Duringthisyear,housingunitbuildingpermitsdeclinedfromafiveyearpeakofover500unitstoa
10yearlowoflessthan150units.Likewise,theCityofWatertowndidnothaveanyresidentialbuildingpermits
issuedin2014or2015.

Figure 2-3. Residential Unit Building Permits 2006-2015
900
800
700
600
NUMBEROFUNITS
500
400
300
200
100
0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
YEAR
JeffersonCounty LewisCounty St.LawrenceCounty Total
Source:USDepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment(HUD)20062015
LewisCountysandSt.LawrenceCountysresidentialunitbuildingpermitshaveremainedrelativelyconsistent
throughoutthepast10years.Ontheotherhand,JeffersonCountyexperiencedamajordeclineinresidential
buildingpermitsbetween2007and2009,roughlyconsistentwiththenationalrecessionduringthattimeperiod.
Between2009and2012,thetotalnumberofbuildingpermitsremainedrelativelyconsistent,fluctuatingbetween
189and232permitseachyear.Thattotalmorethantripledbetween2012and2015,duringwhichthemost
buildingpermitswereissuedwithinthe10yearperiod(747).However,thefollowingyearin2016,thetotal
numberofbuildingpermitsissueddroppedtojustover100,theleastamountofbuildingpermitsissuedwithinthe
past10years.
2.3. Regional Economy

TheeconomyinthethreecountyregionsurroundingFortDrumhasremainedrelativelyconsistentbetween2006
and2015accordingtodataobtainedfromtheUSBureauofEconomicAnalysis(BEA).Stateandlocalgovernments
andthemilitaryaccountforthelargestpercentageofemployment(basedonnumberofemployees)withinthis
regionoverthepast10years.Theretailtradeindustryisthelargestnongovernmentalindustry,with12.4percent
ofthetotalemploymentin2015,followedbymanufacturingasthenextlargestnongovernmentalindustrywith
5.2percent.Employmenttotalsduringthis10yearperiodhaveremainedrelativelyconsistentbetween2006and
2011,fluctuatingbetween130,000and132,000.However,totalemploymentdecreasedeachyearbetween2011
and2015toa10yearlowoflessthan127,000in2015.Similarly,dataobtainedfromtheUSBureauofLabor
Statistics(BLS)showtheunemploymentratehasalsofluctuatedwithinthistimeperiod.Therewasaspikein
unemploymentratesfollowing2008,consistentwiththenationalrecession.However,theseunemploymentrates
havebeendecreasingfrom2012to2015.ComparedtotheStateofNewYork,thethreecountyregionhas
consistentlybeenroughlyonepercentto1.5percentgreaterthanthestatewideunemploymentaverage,asseen
onFigure24.

Figure 2-4. Unemployment Rates 2006 2015
UnemploymentRates
12.0%
10.0%
8.0%
6.0%
4.0%
2.0%
0.0%
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
JeffersonCounty LewisCounty St.LawrenceCounty Total NewYorkState
Source:BureauofLaborStatistics,20062015
Althoughitisaruralregionandalargeportionofthelandisdedicatedtofarming,agriculturecurrentlyonly
accountsforonlyaboutthreepercentoftheregionsemployment;however,thismaybemisleadingasitisoften
difficulttoaccuratelycaptureandaccountforagriculturalemploymentdata.Whileagriculturallandusesaccount
forlargeamountsofland,thenumberofemployeesisoftenmuchsmallerthanotherindustries,withsmaller
footprintsintermsoflandsize.ThegovernmentemploysthegreatestpercentofworkersintheFortDrumStudy
Areawithover30percentofthetotalemployees.Suchgovernmentjobsincludemilitarypersonnel,publicK12
teachers,andotherlocalandstategovernmentemployees.Twootherprominentsectorswithintheregioninclude
theretailtradeandthehealthcareandsocialassistanceindustries.
Source:USBureauofEconomicAnalysis2014
Countyeconomicdevelopmentagenciesidentifiedthethreecountyregionstop24employersin2015.FortDrum
isbyfarthetopemployer,comprisingnearly22,000employees.NewYorkState(includingregionalStateoffices
andcorrectionalfacilities)andSamaritanMedicalCenterarethenexttwolargestemployerswithintheregionwith
2,891and2,500employees,respectively.Table26liststhe25largestemployersinthethreecountyregion
surroundingFortDrum.

Table26. ThreeCountyRegionTop24
Employersin2015 Jefferson County
1 FortDrum 21,955 JeffersonCountyhasthehighestpercentageofgovernmental
2 NewYorkState 2,891 jobsofthethreecounties.AccordingtotheBEA,the
3 SamaritanMedicalCenter 2,500 governmentsectoraccountsforover40percentofjobsin
4 St.LawrenceHealthSystem 1,235 JeffersonCounty,24percentofwhicharemilitarypersonnel.
5 SUNYPotsdam 1,064
Theothertwoprominentsectorsaretheretailtradeindustry
6 St.LawrenceCounty 1,008
7 UnitedHelpers 928
with11.9percentandthehealthcareandsocialassistance
8 ClarksonUniversity 917 industrywith9.6percent.Eightofthetop10employersare
9 St.LawrenceLewisBOCES 865 eitherwithinthegovernmentsectororhealthcareandsocial
10 St.LawrenceUniversity 865 assistanceindustry.FortDrumisthelargestemployerinthe
11 JeffersonCounty 815 countywithnearly22,000employees.Thenextlargestis
12 Alcoa 800 SamaritanMedicalCenterwithapproximately2,500employees.
13 Convergys 800
14 ClaxtonHepburnHospital 748 ThemedianhouseholdincomeinJeffersonCountyincreased
15 IndianRiverSchoolDistrict 670 over45percentbetween2000and2015from$34,006to
16 LewisCountyGeneral 665
$49,505asshowninTable27.Althoughthemedianhousehold
Hospital
17 JeffersonRehabilitation 639 incomeincreasedninepercentmorethanthestatewide
Center average,itisstillnearly$10,000lessthanNewYorkStateasa
18 WatertownCitySchool 607 whole.LeRaywastheonlytowninJeffersonCountytoincrease
District theirmedianhouseholdincomeataslowerrate(34.4%)than
19 CarthageSchoolDistrict 591 thestatewideaverage(36.6%).TheTownofChampion
20 NewYorkAirBrake 550 experiencedthelargestincreaseinmedianhouseholdincome
21 JeffersonLewisBOCES 451
of77percent,andclaimedthehighestmedianhousehold
22 KraftHeinz 365
23 LewisCounty
incomeintheFortDrumJLUSStudyAreain2015.
290
24 LowvilleAcademy 250
Source:JeffersonCountyEconomicDevelopment Lewis County
Agency,WatertownDailyTimes,andLewisCounty In2015,LewisCountyhadthelargestportionofagricultural
EconomicDevelopment/IDA(2015) andmanufacturingjobsofthethreecountieswith9.2percent
and12.2percentrespectively.Thegovernmentsectoraccounts
forthelargestpercentageofjobswithover22percent,althoughthemajorityofthesejobsareassociatedwiththe
localgovernment.LewisCountycontainsthesmallestportionofmilitaryemployeesofthethreecounties.
AccordingtotheBureauofEconomicAnalysis,LewisCountyhad42militaryemployeesin2015.
ThemedianhouseholdincomeinLewisCountyincreased45percentbetween2000and2015from$34,361to
$49,819asseeninTable27.SimilartoJeffersonCounty,themedianhouseholdincomeinLewisCountyisseveral
thousanddollarslessthanthestatewidemedianhouseholdincome.Also,theLewisCountycommunitywithinthe
FortDrumJLUSStudyAreatheTownofDianaexperiencedamedianhouseholdincomeincreasepercent
increaseof22.9%,oneofthelowestincreasesintheStudyArea.
TheMapleRidgeWindFarmisalsoacontributortoLewisCountyseconomy.ConstructionoftheMapleRidge
WindFarmbroughtover$55millionintothelocaleconomythroughthepurchaseoflocalmaterialsandsupplies
foraccessroadandturbinefoundationconstruction(e.g.,gravel,stone,concrete,etc.).Inaddition,constructionof
theindustrialwindenergydevelopmentcreatedover400temporaryconstructionjobs,thevastmajorityofwhich
werefilledbyNewYorkbasedemployees.

Table27. MedianHouseholdIncome2000,2010,and2015
NumberChange PercentChange
Jurisdiction 2000* 2010 2015 20002015 20002015
NewYorkState $43,393 $55,603 $59,269 15,876 36.6%
JeffersonCounty $34,006 $43,410 $49,505 15,499 45.6%
CityofWatertown $28,429 $36,998 $41,414 12,985 45.7%
TownofAntwerp $34,250 $49,833 $57,727 23,477 68.5%
TownofChampion $34,875 $45,511 $61,792 26,917 77.2%
TownofLeRay $33,359 $37,378 $45,493 12,134 36.4%
TownofPamelia $37,500 $60,117 $61,058 23,558 62.8%
TownofPhiladelphia $31,250 $43,021 $47,031 15,781 50.5%
TownofRutland $36,417 $53,817 $51,875 15,458 42.4%
TownofWilna $29,103 $39,787 $45,208 16,105 55.3%
LewisCounty $34,361 $42,846 $49,819 15,458 45.0%
TownofDiana $33,900 $42,664 $41,667 7,767 22.9%
St.LawrenceCounty $32,356 $42,303 $44,705 12,349 38.2%
TownofFowler $35,844 $48,984 $46,923 11,079 30.9%
TownofGouverneur $27,701 $42,837 $33,503 5,802 20.9%
TownofPitcairn $30,089 $40,600 $50,083 19,994 66.4%
TownofRossie $27,566 $41,513 $41,563 13,997 50.8%
Operationoftheindustrialwindenergydevelopmenthascreatednearly35fulltimelocaljobsandbringsannual
revenuepaymentsofover$1milliontothelandownersinvolved.Forthefull322megawattsize,thetaxpayments
receivedbythemunicipalities,county,andschooldistrictsasaresultoftheindustrialwindenergydevelopment
areinthemillionsofdollarsannually,includingmorethan$2milliontothreelocalschools.
St. Lawrence County

St.LawrenceCountyalsohaditslargestshareofemploymentinthegovernmentsectorwith22.4percent,
primarilyfromstateandlocalgovernmentaljobs.Theothertwoprominentindustriesweretheretailtrade
industryandmanufacturingindustry.
ThemedianhouseholdincomeinSt.LawrenceCountyincreased38.2percentbetween2000and2015,similarto
thestatewidegrowthrate.However,ithadthelowestmedianincomeofthethreecountiesintheFortDrumStudy
Areaat$44,705in2015.TheTownofGouverneurexperiencedthesmallestincreaseinmedianhouseholdincome
atjustover20percentin2015,andhadthelowestmedianhouseholdincomewithintheFortDrumStudyAreaat
$33,503inthesameyear.

2.4. Current Development Overview Around Fort Drum
Northeast
NortheastofFortDrumsborderisprimarilyundevelopedforestandagriculturalland.Developmentinthisareais
withintheSt.LawrenceCountytownsofRossie,Gouverneur,Fowler,andPitcairn.Residentialdevelopmentis
sparsethroughoutthisarea,generallylocatedalongthemajorroadways.Thereareafewclustersofdevelopment,
thelargestbeingtheVillageofGouverneur,whichislocatedaboutsixmilesfromFortDrumsborder.TheVillage
ofGouverneurcontainsmostlyresidentialdevelopment,withsomelightcommercial,andschoolstosupportthe
residents.TheVillageofSpraguevilleisanothersmallclusterofdevelopmentsurroundingalargeindustrialsite
calledCookeSand&GravelInc.attheintersectionofSpraguevilleRoadandCountyLineRoad.
East
EastofFortDrumsborderismostlyundevelopedforest,includingtheFrankE.JadwinMemorialStateForest.
DevelopmentinthisareaiswithintheTownofDianainLewisCounty.Thelargestportionofdevelopmentis
clusteredintheVillageofHarrisville,whichislocatedaboutfivemileseastofFortDrumsborder.TheVillageof
Harrisvilleismostlyresidentialwithsomelightcommercialandschoolstosupporttheresidents.LakeBonaparteis
amajorfeatureandattractionintheregion,sharingabouttwomilesofshorelinewithFortDrumsborder.Itis
accessiblethroughMudLakeandTrainingArea19C.Thislakeisusedforrecreationalfishingandboating,aswellas
campingaroundthelakesshore.Thereissomeresidentialdevelopmentsurroundingthislake,aswellasalongthe
majorroadways.
South
Similartotheentireregion,thereisastrongagriculturalpresenceonthesouthsideofFortDrumsborder.
DevelopmentinthisareaiswithintheJeffersonCountytownsofWatertown,Wilna,Champion,andRutland.The
BlackRiverflowsthroughthisareasouthofFortDrumandseveralcommunitieswerecreatedalongit.TheCityof
Watertownisamongthesecommunities,aswellasthevillagesofBlackRiver,FeltsMills,GreatBend,Deferiet,
Carthage,andWestCarthage.Eachofthesecommunitiesisprimarilyresidentialandcontainsschoolstosupport
theresidents.TheCityofWatertownandvillagesofCarthageandWestCarthagehavelargercommercialcores
thantheothercommunitiessurroundingFortDrum.Outsideoftheurbanizedareas,theprimarylandusesare
agricultural,forest,andundevelopedland.TheMapleRidgeWindFarmislocatedabout15milessouthof
FortDruminthetownsofLowville,Martinsburg,andHarrisburgandcontains195windturbineswithinits
boundaries.
West
DevelopmentinthisareaiswithintheJeffersonCountytownsofPamelia,LeRay,Philadelphia,andAntwerp.Most
developmentisclusteredinthevillagesthatformedalongtheUSRoute11corridor.ThesevillagesareEvansMills,
Philadelphia,andAntwerp.Eachofthesevillagesconsistsofmostlyresidentialdevelopment,aswellassomelight
commercialandschoolstoservetheresidents.TheVillageofEvansMillsisintheTownofLeRay,andisabout
threemilesawayfromFortDrumsmaingate.TheVillageofPhiladelphiaislocatedintheTownofPhiladelphia,
abouttwomilesfromFortDrumsborder.TheVillageofAntwerpislocatedintheTownofAntwerp,andis
adjacenttoFortDrumsborder.Outsideofdensevillageareas,theprimarylandusesareagricultural,forest,and
undevelopedland.

2.5. Study Area Transportation
Road System
AsseenonFigure25,Interstate81isthemajornorthsouthcorridorthroughtheFortDrumJLUSStudyArea,
connectingJeffersonCountytoSyracusetothesouthandtheUnitedStatesCanadabordertothenorth.This
fourlaneinterstateisamajortruckingroutethroughthenortheasternUSandintoCanada.Interstate781isa
fivemileextensionfromInterstate81thatleadsdirectlytoFortDrumsnorthgate.USRoute11alsotravels
northsouththroughtheFortDrumJLUSStudyArea.ThisroutefollowsInterstate81fromSyracusetoWatertown,
butthenveersnortheastthroughSt.LawrenceCountyandalongthenorthernborderofNewYorktoLake
ChamplainandtheRichelieuRiver.USRoute11turnsnorthtowardsCanadaonceitreachesLakeChamplainand
theRichelieuRiver,andbecomesQuebecRoute223uponcrossingtheCanadianbordersouthofMontreal.This
routerangesinsizefromatwolanehighwayintheruralportionsofNewYorktoafourlanehighwayinurbanized
areassuchastheCityofWatertown.
TheStudyAreaistraversedbyseveralstatehighways,asshownonFigure25,includingSR3,12,26,and37;allof
whicharetwolanehighways.StateRoute3isamajoreastwestcorridorthatconnectsLakeOntarioto
Plattsburgh,NewYorknearthestatesnortheasternborder,travelingthroughtheCityofWatertown.StateRoute
3isalsopartofNewYorksOlympicTrailScenicBywaythattravelseastandwestfor170milesfromLake
ChamplaintoLakeOntario,passingthroughAdirondackPark.BothSR12andSR26travelnorthsouththroughout
thestatefromnorthernJeffersonCountytotheNewYorkPennsylvaniabordernearBinghamton,NewYork.State
Route37runsfromintheCityofWatertownandgenerallyfollowstheSt.LawrenceRiveruntilitmeetsUSRoute
11inMalone,NewYorknearthestatesnorthernborder.StateRoute812startsinLowvilleandtravelsnorth
throughSt.LawrenceCountytotheCanadianborderwhereitcrossestheOgdensburgPrescottInternational
BridgeandconnectstoHighway16inOntario.StateRoute812servesaspartofNewYorksBlackRiverTrail
ScenicByway.
NewYorkDepartmentofTransportationisplanningtoconstructabridgeoverSR26theroadwaythattraverses
FortDrum.ThisbridgewillconnecttheinstallationscantonmentareatoWheelerSackArmyAirfield,allowing
personnelwhohavealreadygonethroughsecuritytotravelacrossSR26withoutgoingthroughanadditional
securitycheck.ConstructionisexpectedtobecompletedbyAugust2018.
Bus
TheCityofWatertownhaspublictransportationavailablewithinthecitylimits,whichdoesnotconnectto
FortDrum.CitiBuscurrentlyhasfiveroutestraversingthecitybetween7:00amto6:15pm:
RouteA1:StateEastMain
RouteA2:Washington
RouteB:ArsenalMall
RouteC1:NorthsideLoop
RouteC2:CoffeenJCC
Rail
Therearecurrentlynopassengerrailservicesintheregion.ThereareseveralraillinesoperatedbyCSXfor
transportingagriculturalandmanufacturedgoods.ThesefreightraillinesconnecttoFortDrum,andtothe
surroundingcommunitiestotheinstallationsnorthwestandsoutheastborder.

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US Highway Fort Drum Streams
State Highway County Boundary
Other Road City / Village / Hamlet
Railroad
Source: Fort Drum 2016. DANC 2016.
0 2 4
Figure 2-5
Miles
Fort Drum JLUS Study Area Transportation

Air
ThereareseveralairportsorairfieldswithintheFortDrumJLUSStudyArea.Astudyoflocalairportsandairfieldsis
importantwhenconsideringtheflightoperationsatFortDrumsWheelerSackArmyAirfield.Thelargestairportin
theStudyAreaistheWatertownInternationalAirport,locatedafewmileswestoftheCityofWatertown.Brief
descriptionoftheairportsandairfieldswithintheStudyAreathatarelocatedwithintheUSareprovidedbelow.
ButtervilleAirport.ButtervilleAirportisasmall,privatelyownedgrassairfield.ItislocatedinAdams,
NewYork,approximately23milessouthwestofWheelerSackArmyAirfield.Thisairporthasoneunpaved
runwaythatisapproximately2,100feetlong.
CountrymansLandingStrip.CountrymansLandingStripisasmall,privatelyownedgrasslandingstrip.It
islocatedinCarthage,NewYork,approximatelysixmileseastofWheelerSackArmyAirfield.Thislanding
striphasoneunpavedrunwaythatisapproximately1,800feetlong.
DufloAirport.DufloAirportisasmall,privatelyownedairportinLowville,NewYork.Itisapproximately
20milessoutheastofWheelerSackArmyAirfield.Thisairporthasonepavedrunwaythatisapproximately
2,800feetinlength.
HendricksField.HendricksFieldisasmall,privatelyownedairportinGouverneur,NewYork.Itis
approximately26milesnorthofWheelerSackArmyairfield.Thisairfieldhasonerunwaythatis
approximately2,500feetinlength.
JohnGonzalesField.JohnGonzalesFieldisasmall,privatelyownedgrassairfield.Itislocatedin
CapeVincent,NewYork,approximately29mileswestofWheelerSackArmyAirfield.Thisairfieldhasone
unpavedrunwaythatisapproximately1,850feetlong.
MaxsonAirfield.MaxsonAirfieldisasmall,privatelyownedairfield.ItislocatedinAlexandriaBay,
NewYork,approximately19milesnorthwestofWheelerSackArmyAirfield.Thisairfieldhasonepaved
runwayapproximately4,280feetlong.
RitchieAirfield.TheRitchieAirfieldisasmall,privatelyownedairportinClayton,NewYork.Itislocated
about20milesnorthwestofWheelerSackArmyAirfield.Thisairfieldhasoneunpavedrunway
approximately2,000feetinlength.
WatertownInternationalAirport.TheWatertownInternationalAirportisapublicairportlocatedinand
operatedbyJeffersonCounty,NewYork.Itisapproximately15mileswestofWheelerSackArmyAirfield,
and14milessouthofRitchieAirfield.Thisairporthastwopavedrunways.Oneisapproximately6,000feet
inlengthandtheotherisapproximately5,000feetinlength.AmericanAirlinesistheprimaryairlinethat
servicesthisairport,andhastwodailytripstoandfromPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania.

3.1. FortDrumHistory.............................................................................................................32
3.2. EconomicImpact...............................................................................................................32
3.3. InstallationSetting............................................................................................................33
3.4. MilitaryOperations...........................................................................................................37
3.5. NonMilitaryUseofFortDrum.......................................................................................313
3.6. UnitsatFortDrum..........................................................................................................313
3.7. MilitaryOperationsFootprints.......................................................................................316
ThischapterprovidesanoverviewofthemilitaryhistoryandcurrentoperationsatFortDrum.
Identifyinganddescribingthevariousactivitiesperformedonthemilitaryinstallationprovides
valuableinsightintotheimportanceofFortDrumasastrongcommunitypartnerandnational
strategicasset.Thisinformationhelpsstakeholderstomakeinformeddecisionsregardingthe
futuredevelopmentandeconomicgrowthoftheircommunities,whichmaybeinfluencedby
installationactivitiesduetotheirrelativeproximitytoFortDrum.Thesedecisionspotentially
impactthecontinuedexistenceandfutureroleoftheinstallation.

3.1. Fort Drum History

PriortotheexistenceofFortDrumanditsprecedingmilitaryactivity(CampHughes,PineCamp,andCampDrum),
thelandwasknownasPinePlains.Thelocaleconomywasbasedaroundharvestingwoodintheforestandmining
ore,pigiron,andbogfortheironoreindustry.
PartofthelandcurrentlydesignatedasFortDrumwasoriginallyknownasCampHughesin1907,whichwas
establishedformodernmilitaryweaponrytraining.Thefollowingyear,UlyssesS.GrantsoldestsonGeneral
FrederickDentGrantbroughtseveralthousandsoldiersandmilitiamentoPinePlains.TheUSArmyestablished
thisasPineCampfortheNationalGuardtoconductsummertrainingoperations.In1935,trainingatPineCamp
expandedtoincludemaneuvertrainingtodefendagainstpotentialnortherninvasionfromCanada.Approximately
36,500soldiersparticipatedinthistraining.FollowingtheoutbreakofWorldWarII,PineCampexpandedfrom
9,000acrestoanadditional75,000acres.Between1941and1942,800buildingswereconstructedtofacilitate
trainingandhousemilitarypersonnel.
AnumberoftemporaryunitswerestationedatPineCamptotrain,takingadvantageofitsterrainandclimate.
FollowingtheoriginalNationalGuardunitsintheearly1900s,the45thInfantryDivision,4thArmoredDivision,and
5thArmoredDivisionwereactivatedatPineCampin1941.PrisonersofwarwerealsoheldatPineCampduring
WorldWarII.
PineCampwasrenamedtoCampDrumin1951afterLt.Gen.HughA.Drum,commanderoftheFirstArmyduring
WorldWarII.Afterthewar,the11th,82nd,and101stAirbornedivisionsconductedtacticalparachutedropsat
CampDrum.ApermanentgarrisonwasassignedtoCampDrumin1974,anditwasredesignatedasFortDrum.
Source:FortDrumGrowthManagementStrategy,2009;FortDrumStrategicPlan,2011
The10thMountainDivision(LI)movedtoFortDrumasitspermanenthomein1984,expandingthebasewithan
additional130buildings,35milesofroads,and4,272housingunitsbetween1986and1992.The10thMountain
Division(LI)hasbecomeoneofthemostdeployedunitswithintheUnitedStatesArmysince1990.FortDrumis
alsoamajortrainingcenterfortheNewYorkArmyNationalGuard,withseveralunitsstatewideusingFortDrum
facilitieseachweekendfortraining.
Source:http://www.drum.army.mil/AboutFortDrum/Pages/History_lv2.aspx
3.2. Economic Impact

Infiscalyear(FY)2016,FortDrumsupportedatotalpopulationofmorethan72,000people,includingsoldiers,
airmen,familymembers,civilians,andretirees.FortDrumemploysmorethan18,000fulltimepeople,both
militaryandcivilian.Althoughthetotalworkforcepopulationhasdecreased30%sinceitspeakinFY2011,itisstill
21%greaterthanwhatitwasinFY2003.FortDrumalsoprovidessupporttoapproximately15,000retireesand
theirdependents.
FortDrumisdesignatedasaRegionalCollectiveTrainingCenterbytheDepartmentoftheArmyandprovides
trainingandbaseoperationssupportto11states,aswellaspartsofCanada.Anadditional23,500Reserveand
NationalGuardmembersandpersonnelfromotherfederal,state,andlocalagenciesuseFortDrumfacilitiesfor
trainingannually.RegionallawenforcementandfiredepartmentunitsalsouseFortDrumfacilitiesfortrainingona
frequentbasis.

InFY2016,thetotaldirecteconomicimpactFortDrumhaduponitssurroundingcommunitieswas
$1,185,191,930,adecreaseofnearly$36millionfromFY2015andthelowestithasbeeninover10years.
However,asshownonFigure31,thedirecteconomicimpactuponitscommunityhasincreasedbymore
120percentfrom$529millionsinceFortDrumsexpansionin2003.Thishashelpedsupporthealthyand
sustainablelocaleconomiesthroughouttheStudyArea.
Figure 3-1. Fort Drums Direct Economic Impact, 2000 to 2016

$1,800,000,000
$1,600,000,000
$1,400,000,000
$1,200,000,000
$1,000,000,000
$800,000,000
$600,000,000
$400,000,000
$200,000,000
$0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Source:FortDrum,NewYorkEconomicImpactStatementFY2016
3.3. Installation Setting

FortDrumcomprises108,733acresinnorthwesternNewYorkState,asshownonFigure32.Themajorityofthe
installation,includingthecantonmentareaandairfield,islocatedinJeffersonCounty,whileasmallportioninthe
northeastofthebaseislocatedinLewisCounty.St.LawrenceCountyformsthenorthernedgeofthebase.
FortDrumissituatedaboutfivemilesnortheastoftheCityofWatertown,andisincludedinthe
WatertownFortDrum,NewYorkMetropolitanStatisticalArea.
FortDrumislocatedwithinfivedifferentecoregions:EasternOntarioPlains,St.LawrenceValley,Western
AdirondackTransition,IndianRiverTransition,andBlackRiverValley.TheEasternOntarioPlainsecoregioncovers
mostofFortDrumssouthernedge,andischaracterizedbyhillocksandsmallplainswithsandysoils.The
St.LawrenceValleyecoregionislocatedalongmostoftheinstallationswesternedge,andspreadstowardsthe
centeroftheinstallation.Thisecoregionischaracterizedbyauniquesiltcompositionwithpoordrainage.The
WesternAdirondackTransitionecoregioncoversnearlytheentirenorthernportionofFortDrum.Thisecoregion
hasahigherelevationthanotherswithintheinstallation,aswellasvastforestsandbedrockoutcroppingswith
steepdropoffs.TheIndianRiverTransitionecoregionincludesasmallportionalongFortDrumsnorthwestern
border,andischaracterizedbyitsclaybasedsoil.Lastly,theBlackRiverValleyecoregioncoversonlyasmall
portionofFortDrumssouthernborder.ThisecoregiondiffersfromthesurroundingEasternOntarioPlains
ecoregionbyitsGalenandArkportsoils.

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Cantonment Area Housing / Lodging Fort Drum Interstate
WSAAF Area Other Building County Boundary US Highway
Training Areas
_
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Airfield Surface City / Village / Hamlet Railroad

Stream
Note: Not to scale.
Source: Fort Drum 2016.
0 2 4
Figure 3-2
Miles
Fort Drum Installation Setting

FortDrumhassixgeneralentrygatesontotheinstallation.Themaingate,LTGPaulCerjanGate,islocatednear
theintersectionofInterstate781andUSRoute11andisoperational24hoursaday.TheMt.BelvedereGateon
thesouthsideofFortDrumandtheOneidaGate(alsoknownastheGasAlleyGate)andWheelerSackArmy
AirfieldGate(whichprovidesaccesstotheairfield)alongStateRoute26arealsoopen24hoursaday.FortDrum
isworkingwiththeNewYorkDepartmentofTransportationtoconstructanoverpassthatwillconnectthe
cantonmentareatoWheelerSackArmyAirfield(WSAAF)overStateRoute26sothatauthorizedpersonneldonot
haveleaveandreenterthroughthegatesandtoalleviatesometrafficcausedbymilitaryandcivilianinterface.
TheNashand45thInfantrygatesareoperationalonanasneededbasis.Entrythroughanyofthegatesrequires
propercredentialsandauthorization.
The108,733acresthatcomposeFortDrumaredividedintothreemainareas:thecantonmentarea,WSAAF,and
thetrainingarea.
Cantonment Area
ExceptforWSAAF,mostofthedevelopmentonFortDrumiscontainedwithinthecantonmentarea.FortDrums
cantonmentareaislocatedinthesouthwesternportionofthebase.Itcontainstheinstallationshousingand
lodgingunitsandsupportfacilities,includingtheGarrisonheadquarters,administrativebuildings,vehicle
maintenancefacilities,barracks,classroomsandeducationalamenities,andrecreationalfacilities.Figure33
illustratesthevarioustypesoflanduseinthecantonmentareaandatWSAAF.Thecantonmentareacontains
10,434acresofland,roughly3,600acresofwhicharelocaltrainingareas.Itcontains7,900barracksroomsand
3,863housingunits.
Wheeler-Sack Army Airfield

TheWheelerSackArmyAirfieldisanArmyPowerProjectionPlatform(AP3)andcontains1,930acresofland
immediatelynortheastofthecantonmentarea.Theairfieldwassignificantlyexpandedin1997aftertheDefense
BaseRealignmentandClosure(BRAC)CommissionrecommendedthedeploymentmissionatGriffissAirForce
BaseinRome,NewYorktoberealignedtoWSAAFatFortDrum.Theairfield,aviationranges,andsurrounding
airspaceareusedbytheArmy,AirForce,AirNationalGuard,MarineCorps,andNavyforvarioustrainingmissions.
Thisairfieldcurrentlyhasthreefixedwingrunways,andseverallocationsforrotarywingaircraft.Thethree
fixedwingrunwaysare3/21,15/33,and8/26.Runway3/21isthelongestrunwayat10,000feetinlengthby150
feetwideandiscapableofsupportinganyaircraftintheDepartmentofDefense(DOD)inventory.Runway15/33is
4,999feetlongandRunway8/26is4,482feetlong.ThereisalsoalaunchandrecoveryrunwayusedbyTactical
UnmannedAerialVehicles(UAV).Theairtrafficcontroltoweroperates24hoursaday,sevendaysaweekand
utilizesArmyRadarApproachControlforenhancedfunctionality.Theairfieldcansupportlargescaledeployment
activitywitha1,200Soldierpassengerterminal,alloftheaerospacegroundequipmentrequiredtosupportupto
sixwidebodyaircraft(suchasC5,C17,andB747aircraft)simultaneously,andcanparkatleastninelarge
framewidebodyaircraftatanygiventimewithoutimpactingtheoperationsofthe10thCombatAviationBrigade
andotheraviationoperations.Theairfieldcanoperateinallweatherconditionsandsupportsafullrangeof
aircraftservicescapabilities,includingfueling,deicing,andtransientalertfunctions.
Source:FortDrumInstallationCompatibleUseZoneStudy,April2016;andFortDrumGarrisonTrainingandAirfieldOperations
Update,September2015

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Land Use
Housing
Airfield Operations
Medical
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US Highway
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Cantonment Area
Barracks Training Area/Ranges Railroad
Fort Drum
Industrial Undetermined Stream / River
County Boundary
Administrative Airfield Surface
Figure 3-3
0 1
Miles
Fort Drum Land Use

AircraftpredominantlyoperatingatWSAAFandintheFortDrumairspaceinclude:
A10Warthog
AH64Apache
C130Hercules
C17Globemaster
C5AGalaxy
CH47Chinook
F16Falcon
UH60Blackhawk
UnmannedAerialVehicles,includingMQ9Reaper,MQ1GrayEagle,RQ7Shadow,RQ11Raven,and
RQ20Puma(WSAAFistheonlyUSArmyairfieldthatsupportsMQ9livebombtrainingandcontiguous
airtogroundbombingrangesupportedbyonsiteForwardOperatingLocation)
Training Area
Thetrainingareacomprises78,077acresofFortDrumnortheastofthecantonmentareaandWheelerSackArmy
Airfield.TheImpactAreacoversanadditional20,222acresandissurroundedbytrainingarea.Thereareatotalof
70trainingareasthroughoutFortDrum,withthecapabilitytosupportamultitudeoftrainingoperationsand
missionsfortheUSArmy,USAirForce,andNationalGuard.Thetrainingareaisdedicatedtothreeprimarytraining
functions:rangesforweapontraining;maneuverareastotrainonvaryingterrainandlandscapes;andbuiltup
areastotraininanurbanenvironment.FortDrumhas47ranges,195surveyedfiringpoints,40smallcaliber
weaponsfiringranges,70trainingareas,andoneImpactArea.Inaddition,thereisaFirstUSArmyConvoyLive
Fire,LiveFireShoothouse,severalMilitaryOperationsUrbanTerrain,CombinedArmsCollectiveTrainingFacility,
andaHomeStationTrainer.Figure34providesanillustrationofthetrainingareasandrangesonFortDrum
Source:FortDrumInstallationCompatibleUseZoneStudy,2016
3.4. Military Operations

FortDrumsprimarymissionstatementis:
TeamDrumgenerates,rapidlydeploysandsustainsreadyforcestomeetnationalsecurity
requirementswhilecaringforSoldiers,FamiliesandCivilians.
FortDrumisaRegionalCollectiveTrainingCenter(oneof27suchinstallationsinthecontinentalUS)withanarea
ofmorethan108,000acres,andsupportsawidevarietyoftrainingandmilitaryoperations.Itservesboththe
ArmyandNewYorkArmyNationalGuard,aswellasNationalGuardunitsfromotherstatesinthenortheasternUS,
locallawenforcementagencies,andotherfederalorganizations.ThepurposeofaRegionalCollectiveTraining
Capabilityistoenabletheoperatingforcetoexecutetheemergingsustainablereadinessmodel.FortDrumhosts
classroomandeducationalfacilities,includingdigitalandvirtualtraininginflightsimulators,airtrafficcontrol
towersimulation,AviationCombinedArmsTacticalTrainer,EngagementSkillsTrainer,MedicalSimulationTraining
Center,fiberopticconnectivity,andvariousothertypesoftraining.

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Philadelphia Bo La ke
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Carthage
Watertown
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812
River
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12 De e r R
Legend
Training Area Cantonment Area Interstate
Impact Area WSAAF Area US Highway
Military Range Fort Drum State Highway
Firing Site County Boundary Local Road
City / Village / Hamlet Railroad
Stream / River
Source: Fort Drum 2016. Airfield Surface
Figure 3-4
0 1 2
Miles
Training Areas and Ranges

FortDrumssizeandlandscapesupportmultifacetedtrainingoperationsforbothlandandair,includingtroopand
vehiclemaneuvertraining,liveandsimulatedweaponsfiring,aerialgunneryandbombing,brigadebattle
simulationexercises,andcompany/team/platoonsituationaltrainingexercises,mostofwhichoccurinthe
70trainingareasontheinstallation,asshownonFigure34.RoutinetrainingactivitiesatFortDruminclude:
Dayandnightsmallarmstargetpractice
Shellandbombdetonation
Supplydeliveryandrapiddeploymenttraining
Airtogroundbombingandgunnerytraining
Droneandunmannedaircraftflightsandmaneuvers
Aircrafttraining
Nighttrainingwithvarioustypesofweaponssystems
Source:JeffersonCountyPlanningPrimers:FortDrumCompatibility,2011
AbriefoverviewofthetypeofactivitythatoccursatthevariousrangesatFortDrumisprovidedinTable31.
Table31. FortDrumRangesandOperations
Range RangeOperation
LiveFireManeuverRanges(Reconfigurable)
MultipurposeRangeComplexLight(AerialGunneryRange/CavalryGunnery/Mounted
Range23
Gunnery)
Range24 InfantryPlatoonBattleCourse/LiveFireVillage
Range25 HeavySniperRange/TankStationaryGunneryRange
Range37 AntiArmorLiveFireRange
Range39 InfantrySquadBattleCourse
OffsetSquadDefensiveLiveFireRange
Range41A
25MZero(M4/M16)
Range44 MultipurposeTrainingRange/QualificationTrainingRange
MultipurposeTrainingRange:
Range48 AerialGunneryRange(RotaryWing)
BombingRange(UAV/FixedWing)
Range51 FireandMovementRangeInfantrySquadBattleCourse
Range52 FireandMovementRangeInfantrySquadBattleCourse
SingularPurposeLiveFireRanges
Range17 HandGrenadeFamiliarizationRange
Range19 LightDemolitionArea
Range31 LightAntiArmorWeaponsRange
Range32A SACONLiveFireShootHouse
Range32B LiveFireExerciseBreachFacility
Range33 MOUTAssaultCourse
Range50 EngineerQualificationArea

CloseInSmallArmsRanges
Range1 AllWeatherMarksmanshipFacility
Range2 AllWeatherMarksmanshipFacility
Range7 CoveredZero
Range8 BasicZero
Range9 CPQC
MultiPurposeSmallArmsComplex20
Range20A 9MMCPQC
Range22 ModifiedRecordFire(M4/M16)
Range22A CoveredZero
Range20C MG/MK19Qualification
Range20D M320/M203Qualification
TA14G SACONShootHousewithBreachFacility
MultiPurposeSmallArmsComplex35
Range35B MGQualification
Range35C AutomatedRecordFire(M4/M16)
Range35D M320/M203Qualification
Range35E CoveredZero
TA13A SACONShootHousewithBreachFacility
AdditionalSmallArmsFacilities
Range21 KDRange
Range41APistol 9MMCPQC
Range41B ModifiedRecordFire(M4/M16)
Range41C ModifiedRecordFire(M4/M16)
Range42 M320/M203Qualification
Range43 MGQualification&SACONShootHouse
ObservationPostMortarRanges
OP3 MortarRange
OP4 MortarRange
OP5 MortarRange
OP5A MortarRange
OP6 MortarRange
OP7 MortarRange
OP8 MortarRange
OP9 MortarRange

UrbanTrainingFacilities
TA5C SterlingvilleMOUTCTF
TA11E SwiftRoadMOUTCTF
CombinedArmsCollectiveTrainingFacility
TA13A PANTHERDropZone
BelvedereFlightLandingStrip
TA17C AfghanVillageMOUTCTF
TA8B/C ThirdWorldVillages
OP6 MilitaryCompound
UrbanTrainingRanges
TA3A NBCFacility
TA4A ConfidenceCourse&BayonetAssaultCourse
Route29 AdvancedDriversTrainingCourse
TA6C FloatingBridgeSite
TA7F EFMBTrainingandQualificationComplex
TA8A HardenedArtillerySite
TA12C CHUTEDropZone
TA16A AfterActionReviewFacility
TA18A ForwardAirRearmRefuelPoint
Source:FortDrumTrainingDivisionOverviewPresentation,November2016
FortDrumhasinteractiveurbanoperationsandtheaterbasedcombatsimulationareas.Therearemultiple
militaryoperationsinurbanterrain(MOUT)trainingvillages,thelargestofwhichisfullyinstrumentedtoscore
performanceandallowtheusertoreviewtheiractions,with33buildings,afunctionaltrainingsewer,andlivefire
andsimulatedweaponsusage.OthertheaterbasedtrainingamenitiesincludeBelvedereTacticalLandingStrip(as
shownonFigure34,a5,000footdirtrunwaywithparkingforuptosixC130aircraft,capableofsupportingC130
andC17aircraftfortakeoffandlanding,personnelloading,cargodeliverysystem,andequipmentdrops),
mosquesandhistoricandculturalawarenesssites,alivefireshoothouseandlivefirebreachfacility,a
22.2kilometer(13.8mile)convoylivefirelane,anaerialbombardmentrange,andanimprovisedexplosivedevice
(IED)CenterofExcellence.
Source:FortDrumGarrisonTrainingandAirfieldOperationsUpdate,September2015
FortDrumis328milesawayfromtheseaportofembarkationinPhiladelphia.Ithasextensiverailoperation
capabilitiesforthetransportationofequipmentandvehiclesfordeployment,withfourraillinesatthemain
loadingdockandasecondspurforloadingcontainers.Upto50railcarscanbeloadedwithoutblockingtraffic.
Therailhas24houroperationalcapabilitiesandmaterialscanbereadyformovementwithin12to48hours
dependingontheamountofequipment.
Source:FortDrumHomeofAmericasLightInfantryDivisionBriefing,FY17Q1

Aviation Activity
FortDrumoffersawiderangeofaviationtrainingopportunitiesatits14aviationtrainingareasandRange48(the
airtogroundrange),fromindividualaircraftthroughbattalion/squadronlevel.Flightmaneuvertrainingat
FortDrumandinthesurroundingmilitaryoperatingareasincludesnapoftheearth(lowlevelflightverycloseto
thegroundwhilefollowingthecontoursoflandfeatures),othertypesoflowlevelflight,aerialgunnery,strafing,
bombingactivities,andequipmentandpersonneldropsintheChuteandPantherdropzones.Theseaviation
areasareusedbyaircraftstationedatFortDrum,aswellasaircraftfromotherinstallationsaroundNewYorkand
thenortheasternUS,includingtheUSAirForceandArmyNationalGuard.
Source:JeffersonCountyPlanningPrimers:FortDrumCompatibility,2011
Range48istheprimaryaviationrangeusedatFortDrumforweaponstraining,suchasindividualpilotskillsand
collectivetraining.ItislocatedinthenortheasternpartofFortDrumneartheImpactAreaandismaintainedand
operatedbytheArmytosupportTotalArmyandJointForcetrainingrequirements.Itoffersimportanttraining
assetsforpilots,includinga300footscorablebombcircle,two2,000footstrafepanels,one3,000footstrafe
panel,andtacticaltargets.Therangeisusedbybothrotarywingandfixedwingaircraft,primarilybyAH64
Apache,UH60Blackhawk,A10Warthog,F16Falcon,F15Eagle,andMQ9Reaper(UAV)aircraft.Ammunition
typesusedatRange48include5.56mm,7.62mm,.50caliber,20mm,30mm,2.75inchrocket,practicebombs,
andMK82andMK84livebombs.
Source:FortDrumInstallationCompatibleUseZoneStudy,April2016
Future Missions
Missile Defense Agency

FortDrumiscurrentlyunderconsiderationbytheMissileDefenseAgency(MDA)foranewGroundbased
MidcourseDefense(GMD)system.GMDsystemstrack,intercept,anddestroyenemyattackmissilesonrouteto
theUS.TheMDAhasidentifieda1,000acresiteontheeastsideofFortDrum,whichwouldresultintheclosureof
Route3A.
TherearetwoothersitesthatwheretheMDAsitemaybedevelopedCampRavennaJointTrainingCenterin
OhioandFortCusterTrainingCenterinMichigan.ThePentagonwillrecommendoneofthesitestoCongressfor
Congressionalapprovalbeforeanydevelopmentbegins.
Source:NCPR,2016andFDRLOMissileDefenseSystemLikelyaLongtermProject
Wheeler-Sack Army Airfield

Atthistime,WheelerSackArmyAirfielddoesnothaveanyfinalizedandfundedplansfornewdevelopmentand
missionexpansion.However,accordingtotheWheelerSackArmyAirfieldDistrictAreaDevelopmentPlan,
FortDrumisenvisioningtoexpandandenhancetheairfieldwhichwouldpermitnewmissionsattheinstallationin
thefuture.PartofWheelerSackArmyAirfieldsfuturevisionincludes:
ExtendingRunway1533
ConstructinganewGrayEaglefacility
Expandingaprons
ConstructingIRDeIcefacility


Constructingextensionforrotarywingaircraft
BuildingUAVcomplexandhangers
Increasingbulkfuelstorage
Constructingbattleranges7,8,and9
3.5. Non-Military Use of Fort Drum

Approximately67,000acresofFortDrumslandisavailableforvarioustypesofrecreation,primarilyhunting.
FortDrumhasalargeamountofforestedareathatprovidesidealhuntingconditions.Theinstallationis
designatedasWildlifeManagementUnit6HintheNewYorkStateDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation
(NYSDEC)andhuntersmustabidebyallregulationsestablishedbytheDepartmentwhileonFortDrum.Hunting
seasons,baglimits,andshootingtimesmustbeinaccordancewithNYSDECregulations.Additionally,
recreationistsmustabidebyFortDrumRegulation4203,whichestablishesregulationsforhunting,fishing,
trapping,camping,andotheroutdooractivitiesontheinstallation.Anyonewishingtohuntorrecreateon
FortDrummustobtainaFortDrumRecreationalAccessPassbeforeenteringtheinstallation.Somepopulargame
andfowlspeciesthatcanbefoundonFortDrumincludewhitetaileddeer,blackbears,snowshoehare,cottontail
rabbit,Americanwoodcock,waterfowl,ruffedgrouse,andwildturkey.Otherrecreationalopportunitieson
FortDrumincludeboatingandcanoeing,hiking,biking,ATVriding,snowmobiling,harvestingberries/
mushrooms/leeks,dogtraining,andpicnicking.MoreinformationonhuntingandrecreatingonFortDrum,
includingmapsofareasavailableforhunting,canbefoundonlineatwww.FortDrum.iSportsman.net.
TherearealsoseveralotherculturalsitesatFortDrum,someofwhichpredatetheinstallation.TheLeRayMansion
islocatedonFortDrum,andwasbuiltintheearly1800s,andaddedtotheNationalRegisterofHistoricPlacesin
1974.ThemansiontodayismanagedbytheDirectorateofCommunityActivitiesandisusedforvisitorhousing.
Therearealso13cemeterieslocatedthroughoutFortDrum,withapproximately2,750peopleburiedinthem.
SomeofthesecemeteriesarehistoricallysignificantwithburialsdatingbacktotheWarof1812eraaccordingto
FortDrumhistoricalrecords.Privatecitizensmaybegrantedaccesstothesecemeteriesuponrequestingaccess
andreceivingapprovalfromFortDrumsPublicAffairsOffice(PAO).
3.6. Units at Fort Drum

FortDrumsmissionissupportedbymultipleunitsunderthedirectguidanceoftheFortDrumSeniorCommanding
Officerandtenantunits(unitsthatreporttootherorganizationsandutilizespaceorfacilitiesatFortDrum)that
enablethemissionstobeexecutedonadailybasis.Thefollowingpagesbrieflysummarizemajorunitsortenants
andtheirfunctionintheorganization,thoughthislistisnotcomprehensive.
10th Mountain Division Host Unit

The10thMountainDivisionisaversatileinfantrycombatunitthatcansupportawiderangeofinfantryintensive
missionsacrosstheglobe.DuetoFortDrumslocationandSustainedReadinessModel,the10thMountainDivision
providesthemilitaryaquickmobilizingunitthatistrainedinallterrainandclimates.Theyarethemostdeployed
divisionintheUSArmy,andhavebeendeployedworldwideinnumerouswartimeandpeacetimeefforts.Such
deploymentsinclude:
DesertShield/Storm
HurricaneAndrewRelief
OperationRestoreHope
OperationContinueHope
OperationUpholdDemocracy

OperationJoinGuard
TaskForceEagle
OperationEnduringFreedom
OperationIraqiFreedom
The10thMountainDivisionisdividedintoseveralsubunits,including:
1stBrigadeCombatTeam
2ndBrigadeCombatTeam
3rdBrigadeCombatTeam(locatedatFortPolk)
10thSustainmentBrigade
10thCombatAviationBrigade
LightFightersSchool
Tactical Units
91stMilitaryPoliceBattalion
The91stMilitaryPoliceBattalionmaintainscommand,control,andsupervisionoverallmilitarypolicing,aswellas
trainsmilitarypolicecompaniestoprepareanddeploythemworldwideforcombatandstabilityoperations.
Source:http://www.drum.army.mil/10thSBTB/Pages/91stMilitaryPoliceBn.aspx
63rdExplosiveOrdnanceDisposalBattalion
The63rdExplosiveOrdnanceDisposalBattalionisresponsibleforidentifyingandclearingexplosivematerial.This
BattalionalsohelpsclearanddisposeofexplosivematerialthroughoutNewYorkStateandseveralsurrounding
states.
Source:http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20120419/NEWS03/704199846
630thEngineerBattalion
The630thEngineerBattalionsupportscombinedmilitaryoperationsbysustainingcombatengineeringand
providingengineermissioncommand.
USAirForce20thAirSupportOperationsSquadron(ASOS)
TheUSAirForce20thASOSintegratesairandlandmaneuverswiththeArmyatFortDrum.Thisunitalsoplaysan
integralroleincoordinatingandmanagingjointairoperationswithalliedairforces.
Source:http://www.drum.army.mil/20thASOS/Pages/20thASOS.aspx
18thWeatherSquadron
The18thWeatherSquadronDetachment1operatesandmanagestheDopplerradarlocatedroughly25miles
southofFortDrum.ThissquadroncommunicatesweatherbasedontheirpredictionstobothFortDrumanda
34countyregionacrossNewYorkandVermont.Theweatherreportprovidedbythe18thWeatherSquadron
Detachment1facilitatesFortDrumstraining,particularlyeffortstoensurethesafetyofairoperations.
Source:http://www.twcnews.com/nys/watertown/news/2016/03/14/airforceweatherteamkeepsfortdruminformed.html
ArmyFieldSupportBattalion
TheArmyFieldSupportBattalionsmissionistoserveasthesinglefacetothefieldforUSArmyMaterial
Command(AMC)bysynchronizingacquisition,logistics,andtechnologywhileembracingcontinuousimprovement

toenhancethecombatreadinessofthe10thMountainDivision,18thAirborneCorps,aswellasReserve,and
NationalGuardforcesthatexecuteoperationsacrossaninestateAreaofResponsibility.
Source:http://www.drum.army.mil/AFSBN/Pages/Home.aspx
Reserve and Guard
NewYorkArmyNationalGuardMobilizationandTrainingEquipmentSite(MATES)
MATESprovidesstorageandmaintenancesupportatFortDrumforNewYorkArmyNationalGuardequipment.
99thRegionalSupportCommand
The99thRegionalSupportCommandoffersadministrative,financial,andpersonnelsupporttosoldiers,allowing
commanderstofocusontrainingoperationsandreadiness.Someservicesthe99thRegionalSupportCommand
offersinclude:
EducationAssistance
FamilyCarePlans
Mentor&EducationSoldiers
MilitaryHRSupport
Retirements
479thEngineerBattalionHeadquarters
The479thEngineerBattalionisheadquarteredatFortDrum.Thisbattalionprovidesrapidengineeringsupportto
missions,includingclearingroadsideexplosivesandconstructingpatrolbases.
174thAttackWing
The174thAttackWingoftheNewYorkAirNationalGuardisstationedatHancockFieldinSyracuse,NewYork,but
theunitregularlyusesWheelerSackArmyAirfieldandFortDrumforMQ9Reapertraining.Suchtrainingincludes
launching,landing,recovering,strafingandlivefirescenarios,andbombingtrainingrunswith500pound
ordnance.
Source:https://www.facebook.com/174thAttackWing/
Support Units
ThefollowingisalistofsupportunitsatFortDrum:
USArmyGarrison
USArmyMedicalDepartmentActivity
USArmyDentalActivity
USArmyVeterinaryCommand
CivilianPersonnelAdvisoryCenter
NetworkEnterpriseCenter(NEC)
LogisticsReadinessCenter
USArmyCorpsofEngineers
FederalInvestigativeService
DefenseLogisticsAgency
MissileDefenseAgency
925thCombatCommandBattalion&MissionandInstallationContractingCommandFortDrum
62ndMilitaryPoliceDetachmentCriminalInvestigationDivision

NoncommissionedOfficerAcademy
902ndMilitaryIntelligenceGroup
TrialDefenseService
DefenseFinanceAccountingOffice
Source:FortDrumHomeofAmericasLightInfantryDivisioncoreslides,FY17Q2
3.7. Military Operations Footprints

MissionandtrainingactivitiesatFortDrumgenerateanumberofimpactsthatcanaffectthehealth,safety,and
qualityoflifeofthegeneralpublicinsurroundingcommunities.Examplesofmissionimpactsincludenoiseand
vibrationfromdemolitionactivitiesorairborneoperations.
Conversely,themilitarymissionissusceptibletoimpactscreatedbynearbycivilianactivities,landuse
development,andenvironmentalconstraints.Understandingtheoverlappingspatialpatternsoftheseimpacts
aroundtheinstallationandrangesisessentialforpromotingcompatibleandfullycoordinatedlandusedecisions.
Theseoverlappingspatialpatternscreatethemissionfootprint,whichservesasacompatibilitytoolfor
surroundingcommunitiesinmakinginformedlandusedecisions.
ThemissionprofilecomprisesthemissionoperationalfootprintsthatextendbeyondtheboundariesofFortDrum.
Theseelementsareeithertangible,meaningtheyareeitherphysicallyseenand/orheard,orintangible,meaning
thattheyexistwithoutbeingseenorheard.
FortDrumsoveralloperationalfootprintiscomposedofthefollowingcomponents:
Noise
o SmallArmsNoiseZones
o Medium/LargeCaliberWeaponsandDemolitionNoiseZones
o AirfieldNoise
AirfieldSafetyZones
FlightRoutes
Part77VerticalObstructionCompliance
Bird/WildlifeAircraftStrikeHazardRelevancyArea(BASH)
SpecialUseandRestrictedAirspace
RadarViewshed
Figure35illustratesthecombinedoperationalfootprint,andthefollowingpagesdescribeeachindividual
footprintinmoredetail.

Norfolk Brasher

345 Falls-Winthr
Norwood
A
310
N
A
D Ogdensburg

11B
C
A
68 Potsdam

72

458
Heuvelton
Canton
Morristown Rensselaer
Falls

30

37

184
St Lawrence
F r a n k l in
Hermon
County
56
County
Hammond
Richville

86

186
Gouverneur Saranac
Alexandria Bay Edwards Lake
Redwood

11

58
3
Tupper
Je f fe r so n
Theresa C o u n t y Lake
Star
Fort Drum Harrisville
Philadelphia Lake

421

81 Evans
Mills
Natural
Calcium Bridge
Deferiet
Black River Great Bend E s se x
Glen Watertown
Carthage

28N
County
Park West Carthage 812

12

126
Croghan
Copenhagen
Castorland

177
Lowville
Lewis County
H e rk i m e r

28

26 County H a m i l to n
County

30
Lyons
Turin Falls
Port Leyden Speculator
Constableville
Oswego

12D
County
Boonville

294

13
8

69
Camden Remsen
46 365

10
Prospect
274
Legend
Military Training Route Noise Footprint Fort Drum Railroad
Restricted Airspace Footprint Airfield Safety County Boundary Water Body
Military Operations Area Zone Footprint City / Village / Streams
Footprint Hamlet
FAA Part 77 Footprint Interstate
5-mile BASH Relevancy Area US Highway
Source: Fort Drum 2016, Matrix Design Group 2017. State Highway
Figure 3-5
0 5 10
Miles
Consolidated Fort Drum Mission Footprint

Noise
TheprimarysourcesofnoiseatFortDrumincludetrainingforartillery,andmortarcrews;airtogroundgunnery
andbombingfromaircraft;detonationofdemolitionordnance;helicopterflights;fixedwingaircraftflight;small
armstraining;andheavyequipment,trackedvehicletraining,andothervehicularnoisesources.
Noise Zones
Daynightaveragesoundlevel(DNL)isusedtorepresentanaveragesoundexposureovera24hourperiod.During
thenighttimeperiod(10:00p.m.to7:00a.m.),averagesareartificiallyincreasedby10decibels(dB).This
weightingreflectstheaddedintrusivenessandthegreaterdisturbancepotentialofnighttimenoiseevents
attributabletothefactthatcommunitybackgroundnoisetypicallydecreasesby10dBatnight.Aweighted
daynightaveragesoundlevel(ADNL)decibelsarecommonlyusedbytheFAAandDODtorepresentaircraftnoise
levelsandCweighteddaynightaveragesoundlevel(CDNL)decibelsarecommonlyusedbytheDODtorepresent
largearmsanddemolitionsnoiselevels.Apeakunweighteddecibel(orLinearPeakDecibel),identifiedasdBP,isa
unitdesignationforthepeakunweighteddecibellevelandisusedtoidentifysmallarmsweaponsnoise.
TheArmyusesaseriesofnoisezonestoidentifynoiselevelsassociatedwithmilitaryoperationsandwhattypesof
landusesareeithercompatibleornotrecommendedwithinthespecificzones.ArmyRegulation(AR)2001lists
housing,schools,andmedicalfacilitiesasexamplesofnoisesensitivelanduses,whichareidentifiedaslanduses
thatareacceptablewithintheNoiseZoneI,normallynotrecommendedinNoiseZoneII,andnotrecommendedin
NoiseZoneIII.TheArmyutilizesfournoisezones:
NoiseZoneIIIisthezonelocatedclosesttothesourceofnoise.ItincludesPeakdecibel(dBP)greaterthan
104,ADNLgreaterthan75,and/orCDNLgreaterthan70.Nonoisesensitiveusesshouldoccurwithinthis
areaduetotheseverityofnoise.
NoiseZoneIIincludesareaswherethedBParebetween87and104,theADNLisbetween65and75,
and/ortheCDNLisbetween62and70.Althoughlocalconditionssuchasavailabilityofdevelopableland
orcostmayrequirenoisesensitivelandusesinZoneII,thistypeoflanduseisstronglydiscouragedonthe
installationandinsurroundingcommunities.Allviablealternativesshouldbeconsideredtolimit
developmentinZoneIItononsensitiveactivitiessuchasindustry,manufacturing,transportation,
agriculture,andresourceprotection.
NoiseZoneIreferstolandaroundanoisesourceandoutsideoftheZoneIIcontourwherenoisecanbe
heard,anddoesnothaveanestablishedboundary.Noisesensitivelandusesaregenerallyacceptablebut
militaryoperationsmaystillbeloudenoughtobeheard,orevenjudgedtobeloudonoccasion.
ThereisalsoaLandUsePlanningZone(LUPZ)attheupperendofNoiseZoneIandincludesareaswhere
theCDNLisbetween57and62ortheADNLisbetween60and65.ItdoesnotincludelandfordBP.This
zoneaccountsforvariabilityinseasonaloperationswherecertaintimesoftheyearmayincludegreater
thannormalfrequencyinoperations.Noisesensitiveusesaregenerallyacceptablewithinthisarea;
however,thismayvaryonacasebycasebasis.
SmallArmsNoiseZones
Smallarmsweapons(weaponsof.50caliberorless)typicallyrefertothosethatarehandheld,manportable,and
primarilyusedagainstpersonnelandlightlyarmoredorunarmoredequipment.Smallarmsweaponsusedat
FortDrumare5.56millimeter(mm)rifles,7.62mmmachineguns,9mmpistols,.45caliberpistols,and.50caliber
machineguns.Fixedpoint(meaningfromadesignatedfiringpoint)smallarmsweaponsfiringoccursinthree
separateareasonFortDruminthesouthwestMorale,Welfare,andRecreation(MWR)Complexnearthe
cantonmentarea;inthesouthernportionatranges7,8,and9neartheairfield;andinthenorthernportionwithin

manyoftheranges(20to50).NonfixedpointweaponsfiringoccursthroughoutFortDrum,butduetothenature
ofthistypeofactivity,noisezonescannotbemodeledforit.Noisefromnonfixedpointfiringisconsideredtobe
eithercontainedwithintheidentifiednoisezonesordoesnotextendoutsidetheboundaryofFortDrum.
WhilethemajorityofthenoisezonesremainwithintheboundaryofFortDrum,somedoextendoutsidethe
installationintotheneighboringcommunities(seeFigure36).NoiseZoneIIfortheMWRComplexextends
outsideFortDrumsboundaryintoEvansMillsandresidentialproperties.TheMWRComplexisnotusedonadaily
basisasitisforrecreationalpurposesanddoesnotsupportthemissionsatFortDrum.NoiseZoneIIforthe
northernranges(2050)extendsbeyondthesoutheasternboundaryofFortDrumoverscatteredresidencesnear
NaturalBridge,tothenorthoverthecommunityofSpragueville,andtothenorthwestovertheTownofAntwerp.
Medium/LargeCaliberWeaponsandDemolitionNoiseZones
Medium/largecaliberweaponsarethosethatfireammunitionlargerthan20mmandtypicallyincludemountable
weapons,rockets,andweaponsdesignedtopenetratevehicle,orstructuralarmor,andmayalsoincludeweapons
thatcauseexplosions.Medium/largecaliberweaponstrainingoccursonadailybasisatFortDrum.Weapons
usedincludeartillery,mortars,aerialgunnery,rockets,grenadelaunchers,andexplosivecharges.
NoiseZoneIIIisalmostentirelycontainedwithinFortDrumsboundary,butasmallportionofitextends
approximately125metersoutsidetheeasternboundary,northofNaturalBridge.NoiseZoneIIextends
approximately80metersoutsideFortDrumsnorthernboundaryandapproximately1,200metersoutsidethe
easternboundary,northofNaturalBridge.Themajorityofthelandwithintheseareasiscurrentlyforestland.The
LUPZextendsapproximately1,000metersoutsidethenortheasternboundarynearAntwerp,600metersoutside
thenorthwesternboundary,and3,700metersoutsidetheeasternboundarynearNaturalBridge.Thereissome
residentialwithintheLUPZ,particularlyinAntwerpandNaturalBridge,butthemajorityofthelandisforestland.
Figure37illustratesthenoisezonesformedium/largecaliberweaponsanddemolitions.
AirfieldNoise
Aircraftnoisecancomefromflightoperations(overflight,takeoffs,landings,touchandgooperations)andengine
maintenancerunups.TheArmyconsidershowitsoperationsimpactthelocalcommunitybycalculatingan
averageweightednoiselevelmeasuredasadaynightaverageAweightedsoundlevel(ADNL).TheFortDrum
InstallationCompatibilityZonePlanusestheDODNOISEMAPprogramtoproducenoisecontoursindicatingnoise
exposurelevelsfromaircraftoperationsusinganaverageofalltypesofaircraftatFortDrum.
Thecontourlinesdevelopedinthemodelrangefrom60decibel(dB)ADNLto75dBADNLandincreasein
incrementsoffivedB.The75dBDNListheloudestcontourlinecomputedandthe60dBDNListhequietest.
TheADNLmeasurehasbeendeterminedbytheFAAandDODtobeareliablemeasureofcommunitysensitivityto
aircraftnoiseandhasbecomeastandardmetricusedtomapaircraftnoiseimpacts.Chapter5Section5.18ofthis
reportcontainsamoredescriptiveexplanationofnoiseandcharacteristicsofsound.
NoisecontoursaretypicallygeneratedduringtheInstallationCompatibleUseZone(ICUZ)Planprocess.
FortDrumsmostrecentICUZwasupdatedinApril,2016toreplacetheFortDrumInstallationNoiseManagement
Plancompletedin2009,reflectingamoreaccuratepictureofactivitiesoccurringatWSAAF.AnupgradedNoise
Modelthatcapturesrotarywingaircraftbladeslaphasincreasedthenoisezonessizesincethe2009Installation
OperationalNoiseManagementPlan.

Macomb Gouverneur Hermon
Alexandria
Bay
Rossie Gouverneur
58
Alexandria
Redwood
St Lawrence

26 County
Fowler
Theresa
Theresa Antwerp Pitcairn


4 11
Ot t e r C
ree
k
Orleans
Philadelphia Bo L a ke
na p
Black Cree k
Philadelphia a rte
Je f fe r so n Fort Drum
reek County
tte C
Gille
Le Ray

11 Ri
ve
r Diana
k
ver

ree
Ri 37 In d ian
C
h
Per c
st
We

81 Evans Mills
Natural

3
Bridge
Pamelia 781

Black River

342

3A Wilna
Calcium Great
Brownville Bend
Glen
Black
River
26
Park

283
Carthage
Watertown Champion West

812
Carthage Croghan
Rutland
Lewis County
r
ve
Ri
Watertown Deer Black

12
Denmark
River

126
Bea e
v
r River Croghan
Copenhagen
Castorland
ek
y re
nd C New Bremen
Rodman Sa Pinckney
Harrisburg Lowville
G
u l f Str e
am
Legend
Noise Zone Fort Drum Interstate Airfield /
Runway
Noise Zone III ( > 104 dB Peak) County US Highway
Boundary
Noise Zone II ( 87-104 dB Peak) State Highway
Town
Railroad
City / Village /
Hamlet Streams
Source: Fort Drum Installation Compatible Use Zone Plan, April 2016.
Figure 3-6
0 2 4
Miles
Small Caliber (Fixed Point) Noise Contours

Alexandria Macomb Gouverneur Hermon
Bay

12 Rossie Gouverneur
58
Alexandria
Redwood
St Lawrence

26 County
Fowler
Theresa


4 11
Ot t e r C
ree
k
Orleans
na p
Black Cree k
Philadelphia a rte
reek County
tte C
Gille
Le Ray

11 Ri
ve
r Diana
k
ver

ree
Ri 37 In d ian
C
h
Per c
st
We

81 Evans Mills
Natural

3
Bridge
Pamelia 781

Black River

342

3A Wilna
Calcium Great
Brownville Bend
Black
River
26

12E

283
Carthage

812
Carthage Croghan
Rutland
Lewis County
r
ve
Ri

12
Denmark
River

126
Bea e
v
r River Croghan
Copenhagen Castorland
Rodman Sa
y re
nd C
ek

410
New Bremen
Pinckney
Harrisburg Lowville
G
u l f Str e
am
Legend
Noise Zone Fort Drum Interstate
Noise Zone III ( > 70 CDNL dB) County Boundary US Highway
Noise Zone II ( 62-70 CDNL dB) Town State Highway
LUPZ (57-62 CDNL dB) City / Village / Hamlet Railroad
Streams
Airfield / Runway
Figure 3-7
0 2 4 Medium / Large Caliber Weapons and
Miles
Demolition Noise Zones

ThenoisezonesprotrudingfromWSAAFduetoairoperationsextendbeyondFortDrumsboundaryandinto
surroundingcommunitiesinmostdirections,asseenonFigure38.Nearly25,000acresoutsideofFortDrums
propertyarewithinanoisezone,including327acreswithinZoneIIIand8,689acreswithinZoneII.Noisezones
thatextendnorthofFortDrumoverlaythecommunitiesofEvanMills,LeRay,andPhiladelphia.Noisezonesthat
extendsouthofFortDrumoverlaythecommunitiesofCarthage,WestCarthage,Wilna,andRutland.Noisezones
thatextentwestofFortDrumoverlaytheHamletofCalcium.
Noiseexposurecanalsobeaconcernforcertainsensitivebiologicalresourcesthatmayexistneartheairfield.In
reviewingnoisecontours,itshouldbenotedthattheseareannualaverages,andnoiseexposureatanygiventime
willvarybasedonanumberoffactorsincludingweather.
Ineffortstominimizenoiseforcitizensinsurroundingpopulatedcommunities,FortDrumhasestablishedNoise
SensitiveAreas.AccordingtoFortDrumRegulation951,townsandvillagesdesignatedasNoiseSensitiveAreas
shouldbeavoidedbyatleastonenauticalmilewhenaircraftisoperatingbelow500feetabovegroundlevel(AGL),
andavoidoverflightsofsuchareaswhileoperatinglowerthan1,000feetAGLwheneverpossible.Figure5.187in
Chapter5CompatibilityAssessment,Section5.18Noiseillustratestheoverflightavoidanceareas.Certain
communitiesdesignatedasNoiseSensitiveAreasincludethetownsandvillagesofAntwerp,Philadelphia,Natural
Bridge,EvansMills,Theresa,andDeferiet,aswellaslocationssuchasLakeBonaparteandSylviaLakeQuarry.
Source:FortDrumInstallationCompatibleUseZoneStudy2016
Airfield Safety Zones

WheelerSackArmyAirfieldhassafetyzonesassociatedwithitsrunwaystolimitandguidedevelopmentand
protectthesafetyofthepublicandaircrewswhilesimultaneouslyallowingforcontinuedeconomicgrowth.The
DODhascreatedsafetyzonesaroundrunwaysandlandingareasbasedonhistoricaldatawhereanaircraft
accidentismostlikelytooccur.Thesesafetyzonesareclearzones(CZ),accidentpotentialzoneI(APZI),and
accidentpotentialzoneII(APZII)andarebasedonthedimensionsoftherunway.Thesesafetyzonesare
illustratedonFigure39.
Withinthesezones,therearerestrictionsontypes,densities,andheightsoflanduses.Forsafetyreasons,CZs
shouldbeentirelyclearofanyobstructions,whethertheyaremanmadeornatural,unlesstheyarenecessaryfor
aircraftlanding.ItisgenerallytheDODspolicytoeitheracquirethelandoralongtermleaseoreasement,when
possible,topreventanydevelopmentorgrowthwithinthesezones.TheguidelinesfordevelopmentwithinAPZI
arelessstringentthanintheCZ,butdevelopmentshouldbelimited,andresidencesaregenerallynot
recommended.EachoftherunwaysatWSAAFhaveanassociatedCZ,APZI,andAPZII.Onlyrunways3/21and
15/33haveCZsandAPZsthatgobeyondtheboundariesofFortDrum.TheCZsandAPZsfortheserunwaysare
describedasfollows.
TheCZistheareawhereismostlikelyforanaircraftmishapismostlikelytooccur.ForWSAAF,theCZ
measures3,000feetlongfromtheendoftherunway,withawidthof1,000feet.Permittedlanduses
withinthiszonearesubstantiallylimitedandincludetransportation,communication,andutilities
infrastructurenecessaryforairfieldoperations,aswellasunoccupiedopenspaceandlimitedagricultural.

Alexandria Macomb Gouverneur Hermon
Bay

12 Rossie Gouverneur
58
Alexandria
Redwood
St Lawrence

26 County
Fowler
Theresa


4 11
Ot t e r C
ree
k
Orleans
na p
Black Cree k
Philadelphia a rte
reek County
tte C
Gille
Le Ray

11 Ri
ve
r Diana
k
ver

ree
Ri 37 In d ian
C
h
Per c
st
We

81 Evans Mills
Natural

3
Bridge
Pamelia 781

Black River

342

3A Wilna
Calcium Great
Brownville Bend
Black
River
26

12E

283
Carthage

812
Carthage Croghan
Rutland
Lewis County
r
ve
Ri

12
Denmark
River

126
Bea e
v
r River Croghan
Copenhagen Castorland
Rodman Sa
y re
nd C
ek

410
New Bremen
Pinckney
Harrisburg Lowville
G
u l f Str e
am
Legend
Noise Zone Fort Drum Interstate Water
Body
Noise Zone III ( >75 ADNL dB) County US Highway
Boundary Streams
Noise Zone II ( 65-75 ADNL dB) State Highway
Town Airfield /
LUPZ (60-65 ADNL dB) Railroad Runway
City / Village /
Hamlet
Figure 3-8
0 2 4
Miles
WSAAF Noise Zones

r
ve
n Ri Philadelphia
dia
In
B lack Creek

11
Le Ray

26
Fort Drum
Wilna
Blac k River

3A
Deferiet
Herrings

3
Great Bend

283
Rutland
Champion
Black
River

26
Legend
Safety Zone Fort Drum US Highway
Clear Zone Town State Highway
APZ I City / Village / Hamlet Road
APZ II Railroad
Streams
Airfield / Runway
Source: Fort Drum 2017
Figure 3-9
0 1
Miles
WSAAF Safety Zones

APZIislocatedadjacenttotheCZboundaryandextendsforalengthof5,000additionalfeet,withawidth
of1,000feet.Thisareatypicallyexperiencesfeweraccidentsthantheclearzone;andhaslessrestrictions.
Permittedlanduseswithinthiszonearelimitedtononoccupiedstructures,thusresidentiallandusesare
prohibited.
APZIIbeginsattheoutboundaryofAPZIandextendsforalengthof7,000feetwithawidthof1,000feet.
TheAPZIIiswheredevelopmentistheleastrestrictedduetothelowerriskofaccidentsasitisfurther
fromtherunway.Warehouseandmaintenancefacilitiesarepermittedwithinthefootprint,aswellas
singlefamilyresidentialpropertiesuptotwodwellingunitsperacremaximum,asrecommendedbyDOD
guidelinesforAPZII.
AllClearZonesextendingfromWheelerSackArmyAirfieldrunwaysarecompletelycontainedwithinFortDrum
boundaries.
Runway3/21ssouthernAPZIextendsslightlysouthoftheinstallationboundaryacrosstheBlackRiverandtheAPZ
IIisentirelyoutsidetheinstallationboundary.ThesouthernAPZIforRunway15/33extendspartiallyoutsideof
FortDrumandtheentireAPZIIisoutsidetheinstallation,overaportionofDeferiet.PartofRunway15/33s
northernAPZIIextendsoutsidetheinstallationboundary.
DuetothesizeandusageofRunway8/26,theCZsaremuchsmalleranditonlyhasAPZsI,allofwhichare
containedwithintheinstallationboundary.TheUAVrunwayalsohassmallerCZsandonlyAPZsI,whicharewithin
theinstallationboundary.
Flight Routes
TherearetwotypesofflightroutesusedbyaircrafttrainingatFortDrum.Thefirstisgeneralflightroutesthatare
usedtoaccessRange48andWSAAF.TheflightroutestoandfromRange48,whereaerialgunneryandbombing
occurs,enterandexitFortDrumonthenorthernportionoftheinstallationandincludedifferentloopingroutes
basedontheactivitythatisoccurring.SinceWSAAFhasthreerunways,therearemultipleingressandegress
pointstotheairfield,dependingonwhichrunwayisbeingused.Therunwaythatisusedisdeterminedbya
varietyoffactorssuchastypeofaircraft,wind/weatherconditions,andoperationofotheraircraftnearthe
airfield.FlightroutesatWSAAFalsoincludeclosedpatternroutes,whichareusedforcirclingandtouchandgo
operations.TheflightroutesforRange48andWSAAFareshownonFigure310.Thelocationsoftheseflight
routesareapproximate,asthepreciseflighttrackusedmayvarybasedonfactorssuchasweatherconditions,air
trafficcontrol,anddecisionsmadebythepilotthatvaryslightlyfromtherouteshownonthefigure.
Military Training Routes

MilitaryTrainingRoutes(MTRs)allowthemilitarytoconductlowlevel,highspeedtraining.Thepurposeof
developingandchartingMTRsonmapsistomakenonparticipatingaircraftawareofthepresenceofhighspeed
militaryairtrafficinthevicinity.AnMTRisadefinedvolumeofairspacedesignedforusebymilitaryaircraft.
AircraftinMTRsareauthorizedtoandusuallyexceedairspeedsof250knotsindicatedairspeed.MTRsarebroken
outintosegmentsandsometimesdifferentsegmentsofoneMTRhavedifferentoperationalallowances,suchas
flooraltitudesordifferentcorridorwidths.TheflooraltitudesofMTRsareidentifiedeitherinmeansealevel
(MSL)orabovegroundlevel(AGL)altitudes.

ve
leu
e F urent
e lieu
Ri iv i re
c
re
n -La
A St
aw ver
ch
R
D . L i
A St R
N Rouses
A
C Point
Massena
11
Clinton
plain
Waddington Brasher Malone
ke
Norfolk Falls-Winthr Lyon C o u n t y La a
m
Mountain h
F r a n k l in
C
Norwood
Ogdensburg County Morrisonville Plattsburgh
Potsdam
Canton 00
St Lawrence VR
18
9
County Au Sable
Forks
Saranac
Gouverneur Lake
VR
Redwood
1
72
80
IR 4
La Fargeville
Fort Star
Depauville VR Mineville-Witherbee
Lake
Drum 72
y ont
Calcium 5 E s se x C o u n t y
au m
Ch B a
Great Bend
Sackets
Harbor Watertown Carthage
Je f fe r so n
C o u n t y Adams
Center
Lewis
County

87
rge
Wa rr e n C o u n t y
Lake

eo
81 H a m i l to n
eG
Ontario
C o u n t y Speculator
Lak
Oswego County Warrensburg
Oswego Glens Falls

4

11
Camden VR 1801
North
West Glens Falls
H e rk i m e r Glens Falls
O neida Rome
La County S a ra t o g a
k F u l to n at Lake County

e

Sacand re
790 County ga
G
a
481

690
Syracuse
Oneida Sherrill
Utica

90
Gloversville
Saratoga
Springs
M o n t g o m e r y Amsterdam
Auburn Onondaga C o u n t y East Glenville
Madison
County
County
20 Mariaville Lake
Rotterdam
Schenectady
C a yu g a O t se g o C o u n ty Rensselaer
County C o rt l a n d Schoharie A l b a n y Troy
County
County County C o u n t y Albany
Legend
Aviation Route 30-mile Study Area Interstate Water Body
Instrument Route (IR) 801 Fort Drum US Highway
Visual Route (VR) 724 County Boundary State Highway
Visual Route (VR) 725 City / Village / Hamlet Railroad
Visual Route (VR) 1800
Visual Route (VR) 1801
Figure 3-10
0 10 20 30
Miles
Aviation Routes

TherearefiveMTRsaroundFortDrumthatareusedbyaircraftoperatingatorneartheinstallation.Fourofthe
MTRsarevisualroutes(VR)VR724,VR725,VR1800,andVR1801;andoneisaninstrumentroute(IR)IR801.
TheseMTRsareshownonFigure310.Figure310alsoshowswheretheMTRsextendoutsideoftheStudyArea
toprovideaframeofreferenceforhowfartheyextend.Theyextendfurthereastthanthefigureshowsaswell.
TheseMTRsconnecttootherairspaceorinstallationsoutsideoftheJLUSStudyArea.Table32identifies
informationaboutthesegmentsoftheMTRsthatarewithintheJLUSStudyArea.
Table32. MilitaryTrainingRouteInformationforSegmentsintheJLUSStudyArea
FloorElevation MTRCorridorWidth
MilitaryTrainingRoute (FeetMSLorAGL) HoursofOperation (NauticalMiles[NM])
SegmentsEH100AGL 8:00tosunsetdaily SegmentsEH3nmon
VR724(SegmentsEH)
eithersideofcenterline
VR725(NotinStudy N/A N/A N/A
Area)
SegmentsGH500AGL 8:00tosunsetdaily SegmentsGH5nmon
VR1800(SegmentsGH)
SegmentsGH300AGL 8:00tosunsetdaily SegmentsGH5nmon
VR1801(SegmentsGH)
SegmentO3,500MSL Continuous SegmentsOP5nmleft
SegmentsPQ200AGL and3NMrightof
SegmentR3,500MSL centerline
SegmentsST6,000MSL SegmentsPR4nmleft
IR801(segmentsOTand
SegmentV14,000MSL and3nmrightof
VZ)
centerline
SegmentW7,000MSL
SegmentsRTandVZ
SegmentsXZ17,000MSL
4nmoneithersideofthe
centerline
Source:DODFlightInformationPublication,AreaPlanning,MilitaryTrainingRoutes,NorthandSouthAmerica,National
GeospatialIntelligenceAgency,Effective25June2015
Part 77 Vertical Obstruction Evaluation

TheFederalAviationActwasenactedin1958toprovidemethodsforoverseeingandregulatingcivilianand
militaryuseofairspaceovertheUnitedStates.ItrequirestheSecretaryofTransportationtomakelongrange
plansthatformulatepolicyfortheorderlydevelopmentanduseofnavigableairspace.Theintentistoservethe
needsofbothcivilianaeronauticsandnationaldefense.TheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)wascreatedas
aresultoftheActforavarietyofpurposes,includingthemanagementofairspaceovertheUS.
AnotherimportantoutcomeoftheActisFAARegulationTitle14Part77commonlyknownasPart77,which
providesthebasisforevaluationofverticalobstructioncompatibility.Thisregulationprovidesinformationto
evaluatethepotentialforaverticalobstructionbasedontheelevationoftheairfield,theheightandresulting
elevationofthenewstructureorfacility,andthelocationofthestructureorfacilityrelativetotheairfieldin
question.Thisregulationdeterminescompatibilitybasedontheheightofproposedstructuresornaturalfeatures
relativetotheirdistancefromtheendsofarunway.Usingadistanceformulafromthisregulation,local
jurisdictionscaneasilyassesstheheightrestrictionsnearairfields.AdditionalinformationonPart77islocatedon
theFederalAviationAdministrationInternetsiteathttp://www.faa.gov/.

O t ter C r ee k

26 Antwerp
er
n Ri v
dia
In
Theresa
Philadelphia

37
Philadelphia
B
lack Creek
Le Ray
re
ke

11
tC
Je f fe r so n
es
W
County Fort Drum

781
Black River
Calcium
Deferiet

3A

3
Great Bend
Herrings
Black

342 River

283

26 Wilna
Pamelia
Carthage
Watertown Champion
Rutland
West
Carthage
Watertown
Croghan
Denmark

126 Lewis County
iver
rR
ee
Legend
FAA Part 77 Airfield / Runway Interstate Streams
Up to 200' @ 3NM Fort Drum US Highway
Up to 300' @ 4NM County Boundary State Highway
Up to 400' @ 5NM Town Road
Up to 500' @ 6NM City / Village / Hamlet Railroad
Source: Fort Drum 2016, Development Authority of the North Country 2016, Matrix Design Group 2017.
Figure 3-11
0 1 2
Miles
Part 77 Compliance Areas

Part77.17ismeanttoestablishstandardstodetermineobstructionswithinnavigableairspace,typicallywithina
certaindistancefromanairportorairfield.Itdefinesanobstructiontoairnavigationasanobjectthatisofgreater
heightthananyofthefollowingheightsorsurfacesinthefollowingmanner:
Aheightof499feetAGLatthesiteoftheobject.
Aheightthatis200feetAGLorabovetheestablishedairportelevation,whicheverishigher,within
3nauticalmilesoftheestablishedreferencepointofanairport,excludingheliports,withitslongest
runwaymorethan3,200feetinactuallength.Thisheightincreasesintheproportionof100feetforeach
additionalnauticalmileofdistancefromtheairportuptoamaximumof499feet;seeFigure311foran
illustrationofthisportionoftheFAAPart77VerticalObstructionCompliance.
Aheightwithinaterminalobstacleclearancearea,includinganinitialapproachsegment,adeparture
area,andacirclingapproacharea,whichwouldresultintheverticaldistancebetweenanypointonthe
objectandanestablishedminimuminstrumentflightaltitudewithinthatareaorsegmenttobelessthan
therequiredobstacleclearance.
Aheightwithinanenrouteobstacleclearancearea,includingturnandterminationareasofafederal
airwayorapprovedoffairwayroutethatwouldincreasetheminimumobstacleclearancealtitude.
Thesurfaceofatakeoffandlandingareaofacivilianairportoranyimaginarysurfaceestablishedunder
77.19,DepartmentofDefense(DOD):77.21,andheliports:77.2.However,nopartofthetakeoffor
landingareaitselfwillbeconsideredanobstruction.
Exceptfortraversewaysonornearanairportwithanoperativegroundtrafficcontrolservicefurnishedby
anairporttrafficcontroltowerorbytheairportmanagementandcoordinatedwiththeairtrafficcontrol
service,thestandardsofparagraph(a)ofthissectionapplytotraversewaysusedortobeusedforthe
passageofmobileobjectsonlyaftertheheightsofthesetraversewaysareincreasedby:
o 17feetforanInterstateHighwaythatispartofthe
NationalSystemofMilitaryandInterstateHighwayswhereovercrossingsaredesignedfora
minimumof17feetverticaldistance.
o 15feetforanyotherpublicroadway.
o 10feetortheheightofthehighestmobileobjectthatwouldnormallytraversetheroad,
whicheverisgreater,foraprivateroad.
o 23feetforarailroad.
Forawaterwayoranyothertraversewaynotpreviouslymentioned,anamountequaltotheheightofthehighest
mobileobjectthatwouldnormallytraverseit.
ProjectswhichtriggerPart77reviewarerequiredtoundergoanObstructionEvaluation/AirportAirspaceAnalysis
(OE/AAA),inwhichtheFAAreviewsaproposalandidentifiespotentialhazardstoaviation.WhereFAAidentifies
concerns,itmayrequireavoidanceorminimization,lighting,orothermeasurestoensureairspacesafetyfor
militaryandcivilianpurposes.Ifpotentialimpactstomilitaryoperationsareidentified,theprojectmustalso
undergoformalorinformalreviewbytheUSDepartmentofDefenseSitingClearinghouse,toevaluatethe
compatibilityoftheproposedprojectwithmilitarymissions.48USC44718(f);32CFRPart211(Mission

CompatibilityEvaluationProcess).ThePart77reviewprocessbylawrequiresthatmilitaryinterestsbeaddressedif
aproposedprojectmayimpactthem.
TheFAAPart77ObstructionEvaluationareasforWSAAFareindicatedonFigure311.
Bird / Wildlife Aircraft Strike Hazard Relevancy Area

Birdsandanimalscanpresentasignificanthazardtomilitaryflightoperations.Whilefatalaccidentshavebeen
limited,impactscanbeasafetyconcernandcausesignificantdamagetoaircraft.Between2001and2010,there
havebeen49reportedinstancesofaircraftwildlifestrikesduringWSAAFoperations.
BirdWildlifeAircraftStrikeHazard(BASH)constitutesasafetyconcernbecauseofthepotentialfordamageto
aircraft,property,andpotentialinjurytoaircrewand/orthegeneralpublicifacollisionoccurredinapopulated
area.Althoughaircraftmayencounterbirdsataltitudesof30,000feetAGLorhigher,mostbirdsflyclosetothe
ground,andover95percentofreportedbirdstrikesoccurbelow3,500feetAGL.Itisimportanttonotethat
helicoptersarelesslikelytoincurmajordamagefromBASHincidentsduetothelowerspeedsatwhichthey
operate.
TheprimaryrecommendationmadebytheFAAisaminimumseparationdistancebetweenanairfieldandwildlife
attractants.Theminimumseparationdistanceextendsfivemilesoutfromtheentireperimeteroftheairfield
operationsarea,includingpavedandunpavedareasassociatedwithaircraftmovementsuchasrunways,taxiways,
andaprons.
Thisnontangibleareawasdeterminedtoprotectapproach,departure,andcirclingairspace.Theminimum
separationdistancedoesnotincludeaheightrestrictionasitconcernsonlyterrestrialfeatures.
Certaintypesoflandusesattractbirdsandwildlife,suchasopenwaterareas,standingwater,andothernatural
areas.TheCantonmentAreahasexpandedtodeveloparoundWSAAF,howevertheairfieldisstillparty
surroundedbywoodlandsonthreesides.Additionally,thereareapproximately247acresofearlysuccessional
woodlandsandshrublandslocatedwithintheWSAAFperimeterswestside,alongwithroughly1,346acresof
grassland/rangelandareas.ThesenaturalareassurroundingWSAAFofferpotentialhabitatsforavarietyof
wildlife.
Source:FortDrumInstallationNaturalResourceManagementPlan
ABASHprogramhasalreadybeenadoptedbyFortDrumtoreducetheimpactofwildlifeonaircraftoperations.
Figure312showsafivemileradiusaroundtheWSAAFairfieldoperationsarea.BasedonFAAstatisticalanalysis,
thisistheprimaryareaofconcernforBASHincidentstooccur,andtheprimaryfocusofcompatibilityplanningfor
thisissue.
Special Use and Restricted Airspace

SpecialUseAirspace(SUA)istheairspacewheremilitaryactivityorunusualflightconditionsmayoccur.The
designationofSUAservestoalertnonparticipatingaircraft(civilianormilitary)tothepossiblepresenceofthese
activities.OfthevariousSUAtypes,MilitaryOperatingAreas(MOAs)andRestrictedAirspacearedesignatedwithin
theFortDrumJLUSStudyArea.

Antwerp
iver

26 nR
ia
Theresa In d
Philadelphia
Philadelphia

37 B
lack Creek
ek
e

Cr
11
Fort Drum
st
We
Evans
Mills
Le Ray

781
Black River

3A Wilna
Calcium

3
Great Bend
Herrings

283

342 Black
River
Je f fe r so n
County
Champion

26
Pamelia
Carthage
Watertown
Rutland
Watertown
West
Black
Carthage River
Denmark Croghan

126
Lewis County
Legend
5-mile BASH Relevancy Area Fort Drum Interstate Streams
Airfield Operations Area County Boundary US Highway Water Body
Airfield / Runway Town State Highway
City / Village / Road
Hamlet Railroad
Source: Fort Drum 2016, Development Authority of the North Country 2016, Matrix Design Group 2016.
Figure 3-12
0 1 2
Miles
BASH Relevancy Area

Military Operating Areas
AnMOAisairspacedesignatedtoseparateorsegregatecertainnonhazardousmilitaryactivitiesfromInstrument
FlightRules(IFR)trafficandtoidentifyforVisualFlightRules(VFR)trafficwheremilitaryactivitiesareconducted.
MilitaryOperatingAreasconsistofairspaceofdefinedverticalandlaterallimitsestablishedforthepurposeof
separatingcertainmilitarytrainingactivitiesfromIFRtraffic.ExamplesofactivitiesconductedinMOAsinclude,but
arenotlimitedto:
Aircombattactics
Airintercepts
Lowaltitudetactics
UAVoperations
FlightactivityintheMOAstypicallyoccursabove2,000feetabovegroundlevel,withthemajorityoftheactivity
takingplacebetween4,000and18,000feetabovegroundlevel,butcanoccuraslowas100feetindesignated
areas.
Thereare13MOAslocatedtothenorth,east,andsouthofFortDrum.TheseareAdirondackA,B,C,andD;
CarthageEastandWest;Cranberry;Drum;Lowville;andTupperCentral,East,West,andSouth.Thereisonemore
MOA(LakeOntarioR5203)locatedovertheSouthcentralLakeOntarioairspace.TheadjacentMOAsprovide
aircraftoperatingatFortDrumwithapproximately7,000squaremilesoftrainingairspace,withtheLakeOntario
MOAaddingapproximately4,000squaremilesofavailableairspace.
Table33identifiesthehoursofoperationandtheMSLoperatingfloorandceilingforeachMOAnearFortDrum.
Table33. MilitaryOperatingAreaHoursofOperation,Floors,andCeilings
MinimumAltitude MaximumAltitude
Military (FeetAbove (FeetAbove
OperatingArea HoursofOperation MeanSeaLevel) MeanSeaLevel)
AdirondackA 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 6,000 18,000
AdirondackB 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 2,500 18,000
AdirondackC 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 100 18,000
AdirondackD 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 5,000 18,000
CarthageEast 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 100 18,000
CarthageWest 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 6,000 18,000
Cranberry 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 500 6,000
Drum 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 500 5,000
Lowville 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 100 18,000
TupperCentral 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 8,000(May1Oct31)/6,000 18,000
TupperEast 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 10,000 18,000
TupperWest 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 8,000(May1Oct31)/6,000 18,000
TupperSouth 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 8,000(May1Oct31)/6,000 18,000
Source:FortDrum,2016

Restricted Airspace
RestrictedAirspacedesignatesareaswhereongoingorintermittentactivitiesoccurthatcreateusualandoften
invisiblehazardstoaircraft.Restrictedairspaceisspecificallydesignatedinareaswhereflightorgroundactivities
mustbeconfinedastheycouldbeconsideredhazardoustononparticipatingaircraft.Restrictedairspaceis
boundedbyafloor(minimumaltitudeaplanecanfly)andaceiling(maximumaltitudeaplanecanfly).Restricted
airspaceisdesignatedunder14CodeofFederalRegulations(CFR)Part73andisutilizedforhazardousflight
activityandaircrafttestingincludinghighspeedmaneuvering,abruptaltitudechanges,andotherdynamic,
nonstandardaircraftactivity.
TherearefourrestrictedairspaceareasatoraroundFortDrum.TheseareR5201,R5202A,R5202B,andR5203.
Table34identifiesthemeansealeveloperatingfloorandceilingofeach.
Table34. RestrictedAirspaceFloorsandCeilings
MinimumAltitude MaximumAltitude
RestrictedAirspace (FeetAboveMeanSeaLevel) (FeetAboveMeanSeaLevel)
R5201 0 23,000
R5202A 23,000 29,000
R5202B 6,000 29,000
R5203 0 500
Figure313illustratestheMOAsandrestrictedairspaceatandaroundFortDrum.
Radar Viewshed
TherearetwotypesofradarthatareoperatedatFortDrum.OneisoperatedbyWSAAFtomonitorand
coordinateairtrafficatFortDrumandintheairspacearoundtheinstallation.ThesecondistheNationalWeather
ServiceradarthatisoperatedbytheAirForces18thWeatherSquadron,locatedoffinstallationintheTownof
Montague,LewisCounty.Thetwofacilitieshaveverydifferentmissionsfromeachother,butbothrelyonhaving
clearunobstructedviewshedstooperateproperly,requiringclearlinesofsightinalldirectionssothattheycan
monitoraircraft,potentialthreats,andweatherconditions.Theequipmentineachradarisverysophisticatedand
canexperienceoperationalinterferencebyavarietyofobjectsincludingterrain,tallstructuresandtowers,and
windturbines,allbasedonelevationsandtopographydifferencesbetweenthelocationoftheradarandthe
potentialinterference.
FortDrumoperatesanArmyRadarApproachControl(ARAC),whichisoneofonlysixARACsinthecontinentalUS.
TheARACprovidesradarairtrafficcontrolwithinanapproximately40to60mileradiusaroundFortDrumfrom
groundleveltoanaltitudeof10,000feetmeansealevelandprovidesadvisories,sequencing,andseparationto
InstrumentFlightRulesaircraftandVisualFlightRulesaircraft.ItalsoallowsfortheintegrationoftheNational
AirspaceSystem,localmilitarytrainingairspace,andR5201,includingprovidingairtrafficservicestogeneral
aviationaircraftandcommercialaircarrierstraversingthroughitsareaofoperations.Figure314illustratesthe
ARACsoperationalarea.

A
D
Massena
11
A Malone
St Lawrence
C o u n t y Brasher Falls-Winthr
N Ogdensburg
Potsdam
Canton F r a n k l in
A ADIRONDACK
County
A MOA
TUPPER
C ADIRONDACK TUPPER EAST
B MOA WEST MOA
DRUM MOA MOA
La Fargeville ADIRONDACK
D MOA ADIRONDACK
Depauville R-5202B C MOA TUPPER
Calcium R-5201 CRANBERRY CENTRAL MOA
Great CARTHAGE MOA
Watertown H a m i l to n
Bend EAST MOA
County
Je f fe r so n Adams Center
Lewis
County CARTHAGE
WEST County
MOA LOWVILLE MOA TUPPER
SOUTH MOA
Oswego Speculator
County Pulaski
R-5203
Monroe
Wa yn e C o u n ty
Minetto
Oswego

81
County Fulton
H e rk i m e r
Irondequoit Brewerton Rome
County F u l to n
Rochester Brighton Baldwinsville County
Canastota
Batavia O n ta r i o
Lyons Fairmount
Syracuse
481

Oneida
Utica

90
Little Gloversville
Falls Johnstown
Auburn O n o n d a g a Amsterdam

20 County
Canandaigua
Seneca
Falls Melrose Park C o u n t y Madison

20 Mariaville
County
Warsaw

20A Geneva C a yu g a
Lake
County
Cobleskill
Ya te s O t se g o C o u n ty

390 C o u n ty Cortland West Cortland
C o rt l a n d C h e n a n g o
Northwest Ithaca Lansing C o u n t y County West Oneonta Preston-Potter
Allegany Steuben
County S c h u y le r To m p k in s End D e la w a r e Hollo

86
County
County C o u n ty
11

88
County
Delhi
Legend
Restricted Airspace Fort Drum Interstate Water Body
Military Operations Area County Boundary US Highway
City / Village / Hamlet State Highway
Railroad
Figure 3-13
0 10 20 30
Miles
Special Use and Restricted Airspace

Figure 3-14. Fort Drums Army Radar Approach Control Operational Area
The18thWeatherSquadronoperatesaDopplerweathersurveillanceradarabout25milessouthofFortDrumin
theTugHillregion.Theradarismountedona100foottoweronthetopofaridgewithagoodviewshedofthe
surroundingregiontotrackweathereventsnotonlyfortheArmy,butalsofortheNationalWeatherService.
TheNationalWeatherServiceRadarOperationsCenter(ROC)developedfourimpactzonesaroundweather
surveillanceradarstocommunicatetoindustrialwindenergydevelopmentdevelopersareaswherecertain
considerationsshouldbetakenwhensitingturbinestominimizeimpactstotheradar.Thesezonesvaryforeach
individualweatherradarandtaketerrain,distance,andthenumberofelevationanglesimpactedintoaccount.
Thezonesarenotenforceable,butaremeanttoprovideinformationtowinddevelopersonareaswherethe
NationalWeatherServiceshouldbeconsultedwhenproposingwindenergydevelopment.Thefourzonesare
shownonFigure315andareasfollows.
NoBuildZone.TheNoBuildZoneisafourkilometer(km)(2.5miles)radiussurroundingaweatherradar,
inwhichwindturbinedevelopmentcancausemechanicaldamagetotheradarandcompromisethe
radarsabilitytoaccuratelyforecasthazardousweather.Itmayalsoposeradiationhazardsforthose
constructingandmaintainingthesite.TheROCrequeststhatdevelopersdonotbuildanyturbinesinthis
area.
MitigationZone.TheMitigationZoneextendsbetweenfourand36km(2.5to22.4miles)fromaweather
radar.Windturbinesinthiszonecouldpenetratemultipleelevationanglesoftheradar,whichcouldcause
deflectionandinterferencethatsubstantiallyreducestheprecisionanddetectionofhazardousweather
events.TheROCwillworkwiththedevelopertogetdetailedprojectinformation,doathoroughimpact
analysis,anddiscusspotentialmitigationsolutions.Significantimpactsarelikelyinthisarea.

ConsultationZone.TheConsultationZoneextendsupto60km(37.3miles)fromaweatherradar.Wind
turbinesthatarebuiltwithinthiszonecanpotentiallycontaminateradarimagery.Duetotheincreased
potentialforimpacttooperationstheROCrequestsconsultationwiththedevelopertotracktheproject
andacquireadditionalinformationforathoroughimpactanalysis.Significantimpactsarepossibleinthis
area.
NotificationZone.TheNotificationZoneisbetween36and60km(22.4to37.3miles)fromaweather
radar.WindTurbinesbuiltinthiszoneareabletobedetected,andhavepotentialtointerferewiththe
radarsoperation.TheNationalWeatherService(NWS)RadarOperationsCenterrequestsnotificationsof
windenergydevelopmentwithinthiszone.Sinceimpactsaretypicallyminimalbeyond60kmand
workaroundsareavailableforpenetrationofonlyoneelevationangle,theROCrecommendsconsultation
optional;however,theNationalOceanicAtmosphericAssociationwouldstillliketoknowaboutthe
project.Significantimpactsarenotlikelyinthisarea.
Source:NationalWeatherServiceRadarOperationsCenter,https://www.roc.noaa.gov/WSR88D/WindFarm/
Analyses.aspx?wid=dev
Source:NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration,http://pikes.peakspatial.org/NOAA/ScreeningTool
Legend:Red=NoBuildZone,Orange=MitigationZone,Yellow=ConsultationZone,Green=NotificationZone
Figure 3-15. KTYX Weather Surveillance Radar Impact Zones

4.1. Federal.................................................................................................................................42
4.2. FortDrum/NewYorkArmyNationalGuard.....................................................................412
4.3. StateofNewYork...............................................................................................................416
4.4. JLUSPartnerCommunityPlanningTools...........................................................................418
4.5. JeffersonCounty................................................................................................................420
4.6. CityofWatertown..............................................................................................................421
4.7. TownsofChampionandWilna,andVillagesofCarthageandWestCarthage..................421
4.8. TownofLeRay....................................................................................................................422
4.9. TownofPhiladelphia..........................................................................................................424
4.10. TownofWatertown...........................................................................................................424
4.11. LewisCounty......................................................................................................................425
4.12. TownofDiana....................................................................................................................425
4.13. St.LawrenceCounty...........................................................................................................425
4.14. TugHillCommission...........................................................................................................425
4.15. DevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountry...................................................................426
4.16. OtherReferences...............................................................................................................426
Thischapterprovidesanoverviewofplanningandcompatibilitytoolscurrentlyused,applied,or
availableinevaluatingandaddressingcompatibilityissuesintheFortDrumJLUSStudyArea.
Relativetocompatibilityplanning,thereareanumberofexistingplansandprogramsthatareeither
designedtoaddresscompatibilitydirectlyorthatindirectlyaddresscompatibilityissuesthroughthe
topicstheycover.
Thissummaryprovidesanoverviewofkeyplansandprogramsthatimpactcompatibilityplanning
organizedbylevelofgovernment.Therearethreetypesofplanningtoolsevaluatedrelativetotheir
applicability:permanent,semipermanent,andconditional.Permanentplanningtoolsinclude
acquisitionprograms,eitherfeesimplepurchaseofpropertyorthepurchaseofdevelopmentrights.
Semipermanenttoolsincluderegulationssuchaszoningoradoptedlegislation.Examplesof
conditionaltoolswouldincludememorandumsofunderstanding,intergovernmentalagreements,
andotherpolicydocumentssuchascomprehensiveplansthatcanbeperiodicallymodified.This
reviewismeanttoprovideanoverviewofapplicableplanningtoolsanddeterminehoweachmay
applytocompatibilityaspresentedunderthecompatibilityfactorsdiscussedinChapter5,
CompatibilityAssessment.Theoverviewofkeyplansandprogramsisorganizedbylevelof
governmentinthefollowingorder:
Federal TownofPhiladelphia
FortDrum/NewYorkNationalGuard TownofWatertown
StateofNewYork LewisCounty
JLUSPartnerCommunityPlanningTools TownofDiana
JeffersonCounty St.LawrenceCounty
CityofWatertown TugHillCommission
TownsofChampionandWilna,and DevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountry
VillagesofCarthageandWestCarthage OtherResources
TownofLeRay

4.1. Federal
Federaltoolsauthorizefederal,state,andlocalentitiestoimplementregulatorymeasuresandpoliciestoprotect
themultipleresourcesthatareinvolvedinlanduseandmilitarycompatibilityplanning.Theintentofthese
regulatorymeasuresandpoliciesincludestheprotectionofthequalityoflifeandgeneralwelfareofthepublicand
preservationofmilitarytrainingareasformilitaryuse.Thesetoolsassistlandusedecisionmakersandplannersof
alllevelsofgovernmentinmakinginformeddecisionsthatenablecompatiblelandusedevelopmentbetween
militaryinstallationsandthecommunitiesthatexistaroundthem.Federalprogramsandpolicieswereevaluated
intheFortDrumJLUStoassistindeterminingwhereareasofimprovementcouldenablebetterlanduseplanning
atthelocallevel.
American Indian Religious Freedom Act

TheAmericanIndianReligiousFreedomAct(AIRFA)establishestherightsofNativeAmericanstoaccesssacred
sitesorsitesofreligiousimportance.Areligioussitemayormaynotcontainphysicalremains,objects,orother
elementsthatcouldidentifyitasanarchaeologicalsite.TheAIRFAdefinesobjectsasspecificitemsofusefor
religiouspracticesthathavespiritualorritualisticimportance.Theymayincludesacredobjects,nonsacred
objects,andobjectsofculturalpatrimony.Itdefinesareligioussiteasanyplaceorareaincluding,butnotlimited
to,anygeophysicalorgeographicalareaorfeature:
SacredtoNativeAmericanreligion;
WhereNativeAmericanpractitionersarerequiredbytheirreligiontogather,harvest,ormaintainnatural
substancesornaturalproductsforuseduringceremonies,rituals,orforspiritualpurposes;and/or
WhichisusedbyNativeAmericanreligiouspractitionersforceremonies,rituals,orotherspiritual
practices.
TheAIRFAisimportanttotheFortDrumJLUSStudyAreabecauseoftheNativeAmericanhistoryinthearea.
ThereareNativeAmericanreligioussiteslocatedwithinFortDrumsboundary.TheFortDrumIntegratedCultural
ResourcesManagementPlanforfiscalyears2011to2015identifiesthatfiveNativeAmericantribalgovernments
havepotentialculturalaffiliationstothelandwhereFortDrumislocated.ThesethreetribesaretheOneidaIndian
Nation,SovereignOneidaNationofWisconsin,OnondagaNation,St.RegisMohawkTribe,andWyandotteof
Kansas.MissionexpansionatFortDrumcouldencroachonNativeAmericanrightstoaccesslandsofsignificance.
Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards 385-64

TheDepartmentoftheArmyPamphlet38564detailstheArmyssafetycriteriaandstandardsforoperations
involvingammunitionandexplosives.Thepamphletincludesmandatoryproceduresandguidanceaswellas
preferredmethodsofaccomplishingthoseprocedures.Pertinentinformationinthepamphletincludes,butisnot
limitedto,explosivessafetytrainingstandards,explosivessafetymanagementprograms,safetyinspection
procedures,andguidanceforthecreationofinstallationammunition/explosivelocationmaps.FortDrum
personnelutilizethesestandardswhenpreparingfortrainingtoensuresafetymanagementisatoppriority.
Army Compatible Use Buffer Program

Title10,Section2684aoftheUnitedStatesCodeauthorizestheDODtopartnerwithnonfederalgovernments
andprivateorganizationstoestablishbufferzonesaroundcriticalactivemilitaryassets.WithintheDepartmentof
theArmy,thisiscalledtheArmyCompatibleUseBuffer(ACUB)program.ThroughtheACUBprogram,Army
installationscanworkwithorganizationpartners,suchaslandtrusts,toacquirelandordevelopmentrightsto
establishbufferzonesthatcanhelpprotecthabitats,sensitiveareas,andmilitarytrainingareaswithoutacquiring
anynewlandforArmyownership.Thepartnerorganizationistheentitythatacquiresandmanagesthelandor

landrights.FortDrumsACUBisdiscussedinmoredetailinSection4.3NewYorkArmyNationalGuard/
FortDrum.
Army Regulation 200-1, Environmental Protection and Enhancement

Thisregulationimplementsfederal,state,andlocalenvironmentallawsandDODpoliciesforpreserving,
conserving,andrestoringtheenvironment.Thisregulationshouldbeusedinconjunctionwith32CodeofFederal
RegulationPart651,whichprovidesArmypolicyonNEPArequirementsandsupplementalprogramguidance.
ThisregulationdefinesArmyEnvironmentalManagementSystem(EMS)frameworkandthefiveinterconnected
EMSareaswhichare:policy,planningandimplementation,programmanagementandoperation,checkingand
correctiveaction,andmanagementreview.
Asastewardforregionalendangeredspecies,FortDrumhascreatedaBatConservationAreawithinthe
CantonmentAreatoassistinthepreservationofboththeIndianaBatandNorthernLongEaredBat.
Bird / Wildlife Aircraft Strike Hazard

ABird/WildlifeAircraftStrikeHazard(BASH)planisdesignedtominimizewildlifeandbirdstrikedamageto
militaryaircraft.ABASHplanisdesignedtomanagebirdhabitatsandactivity,alertaircrewandoperations
personnel,andprovideincreasedlevelsofflightsafety,particularlyduringthecriticaltakeoffandlandingphases
offlight.ThepurposesofaBASHplanareto:
DesignateaBirdHazardWarningGroup(BHWG)andoutlineeachmembersresponsibilities.
Establishprocedurestoidentifyhighhazardsituationsandestablishaircraftandairfieldoperating
procedurestoavoidthesesituations.
Ensurethatallpermanentandtransientaircrewsareawareofbirdhazardsandtheproceduresfor
avoidance.
Developguidelinestodecreasetheattractivenessoftheairfieldtobirdsanddispersetheirnumberson
theairfield.
FortDrumsBASHPlanwaslastupdatedinSeptember2015andisincorporatedintotheWheelerSackArmy
AirfieldStandardOperationsProceduresmanual.
Clean Air Act

TheCleanAirAct(CAA)isthecomprehensivefederallawthatregulatesairemissionsfromstationaryandmobile
sourcesinordertocontrolairpollutionintheUS.UndertheCAA,theUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)
establishedlimitsonsixcriteriapollutantsthroughtheNationalAmbientAirQualityStandards(NAAQS).Standards
aresettoprotectpublichealthandpublicwelfare.TheCAAalsogivesEPAtheauthoritytolimitemissionsofair
pollutantscomingfromsourceslikechemicalplants,utilities,andsteelmills.Individualstatesmayhavestronger
airpollutionlaws,buttheymaynothaveweakerpollutionlimitsthanthosesetbyEPA.TheActrequireseachstate
todevelopaStateImplementationPlanthatoutlineshowitwillcontrolairpollutionundertheCAA.InNewYork,
authoritytoissuepermitsundertheCAAhasbeendelegatedtotheNewYorkStateDepartmentofEnvironmental
Conservation(NYSDEC).
SeveralexistingactivitiesatFortDrum,suchastheuseofboilers,paintspraying,andpetroleumstorage,are
subjecttoaTitleVairpermitissuedandenforcedbyNYSDEC,whichaidsinreducingtheimpactsofmilitary
activitiesonthesurroundingcommunities.Othertypesofdevelopment,suchasindustrialplantsandcertain

utilities,wouldrequireCAApermitsthatwouldplacerestrictionsontheirairemissionsintotheregional
environment,whichwouldaidinlimitingtheimpactofthoseactivitiesonthecommunityandonFortDrum,and
wouldassistinlimitingcompatibilityproblemsbetweenthoselanduses,otherlanduses,andmilitaryactivities.
Clean Water Act

TheCleanWaterAct(CWA)governsandprovidesguidanceforthemanagementofwaterresourcesandcontrols
andmonitorswaterpollutionintheUS.TheCWAestablishesthegoalsofeliminatingthereleaseoftoxic
substancesandothersourcesofwaterpollutiontoensurethatsurfacewatersmeethighqualitystandards.Inso
doingtheCWApreventsthecontaminationofnearshore,underground,andsurfacewatersources,includingthe
BlackRiver,LakeBonaparte,andregionalgroundwater.
InNewYork,administrationofmanyCWApermittingregimesaredelegatedto,andimplementedby,theNYSDEC
and/ortheUSArmyCorpsofEngineers.IfaproposeddevelopmentprojecttriggerstheCWA,oneorbothof
theseagencieswouldbeinvolvedinreviewingpotentialimpactsto,andensuringappropriateprotectionof,the
regionswaterresources.
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

PertheCWA,theNationalPollutantDischargeEliminationSystem(NPDES)permitprogramcontrolswater
pollutionbyregulatingpointsourcesthatdischargeintoUSwaters.Pointsourcesarediscreteconveyancessuchas
pipesormanmadeditches.AccordingtotheNPDES,individualhomesthatareconnectedtoamunicipalsystem,
useasepticsystem,ordonothaveasurfacedischargedonotneedanNPDESpermit;however,industrial,
municipal,andotherfacilitiesmustobtainpermitsiftheydischargedirectlytosurfacewaters.TheBlackRivers
waterqualityandecosystemdirectlybenefitfromtheNPDES,sinceFortDrummustcomplywiththestandardsand
regulationslaidoutintheCWA.
Department of Defense Conservation Partnering Initiative

In2003,CongressamendedTitle10U.S.C.2684aand2692a(P.L.107314),theNationalDefenseAuthorization
Act,togiveauthoritytotheDODtopartnerwithotherfederalagencies,stateandlocalgovernments,and
conservationbasednongovernmentalorganizationstosetasidelandsnearmilitarybasesforconservation
purposesandtopreventincompatibledevelopmentfromencroachingonandinterferingwithmilitarymissions.
Thislawprovidesanadditionaltooltosupportconservationandenvironmentalstewardshiponandoffmilitary
installations.ThisprogramcouldbeusedtoassistinprotectinglandaroundFortDrumtoserveasabufferto
minimizefutureencroachment.
Department of Defense Siting Clearinghouse

Section358ofthe2011NationalDefenseAuthorizationActpertainstostudyingtheimpactsofthedevelopment
ofnewenergyproductionfacilitiesonmilitaryoperationsandreadiness.Forexample,tallstructuresconstructed
forenergyproductionfacilitiesandtransmissionprojects,suchaswindturbinesandsolarpowertowers,aswellas
electricaltransmissiontowerssitedinorunderdesignatedlowaltitudemilitarytrainingroutesandspecialuse
airspacemaypresentaseriouscollisionhazardtomilitaryaircraftoperations.Additionally,windturbineslocated
nearmilitarytestandtrainingrangescanimpactairbornemilitaryradarcapability.
TheDODSitingClearinghouseservestocoordinatetheDODreviewofexistingapplicationsforenergy
projects.SeveralkeyelementsofSection358includedesignationofaseniorofficialandleadorganizationto
conductthereviewofenergyprojectapplications,aspecifictimeframeforcompletionofahazardassessment
associatedwithanapplication(30days),specificcriteriaforDODobjectionstoprojectsandarequirementto
provideanannualstatusreporttoCongress.Thislegislationfacilitatesproceduralcertaintyandapredictable
processthatpromotescompatibilitybetweenenergyindependenceandmilitarycapability.

TheDODSitingClearinghouseconductsaformalreviewwhenrequiredbySection44718ofTitle49intheUSCode
andforprojectswithinmilitarytrainingroutesorspecialuseairspace.Developersmustfileacompleted
applicationwiththeSecretaryofTransportationtobegintheformalreview.TheDODSitingClearinghousethen
submitstheapplicationtoanyDODcomponentsthatmaybeimpactedbythedevelopment.TheDOD
componentsthenmustprovidetheircommentsandrecommendationsnolaterthan20daysafterreceivingthe
application.Within30daysofreceivingtheapplicationtheDODSitingClearinghousemustevaluateallcomments
andrecommendationtodetermineiftheproposedprojectwilleitherhavenoimpact,anadverseimpactbutthe
impactissufficientlyattenuated,oranadverseimpactthatneedstobemitigated.
Whenadeterminationismadethattheproposeddevelopmentwillhaveanadverseimpact,theapplicantmust
discussthepossibilityofmitigationwithinfivedaysofreceivingthenotification.Ifanagreementisreachedthat
removesanyadverseimpactoftheproposedproject,theapplicationisamendedandresubmittedtotheSecretary
ofTransportation.IfanagreementtomitigatetheimpactsisnotreachedandtheDODSitingClearinghouse
determinesthattheproposedprojectwouldresultinanunacceptablerisktonationalsecurity,thenthat
recommendationissubmittedtotheseniorofficial.Iftheseniorofficialalsodeterminesanunacceptablerisk,that
recommendationissubmittedtotheseniorofficer.Iftheseniorofficerdeterminesanunacceptablerisk,the
seniorofficermustidentifywhichofthethreecriteriainSection211.3oftheUSCodecreatetheunacceptablerisk
tonationalsecurityandconveythatdeterminationtotheSecretaryofTransportation.
TheDODSitingClearinghousealsoprovidesaninformalreviewwhenrequested.Thisistypicallydonebya
developertoreceiveapreliminarydeterminationbeforefilingundertherequirementoftheUSCode.
Department of Defense Minimum Antiterrorism Standards for Buildings (UFC 4-010-01)

TheDODpublishedminimumsecuritystandardsforuseinfacilityandmasterplanningthroughUnifiedFacilities
Criteria(UFC)401001.Thepurposeofthesestandardsistoprovideappropriate,implementable,andenforceable
measurestoestablishalevelofprotectionagainstterroristattacksbasedontheneededlevelofprotectionspecific
toeachfacilityorinstallation.SecuritymeasuresarerequiredforfourcategoriesofDODbuildings:
Inhabitedbuildingsthatareroutinelyoccupiedby11ormorepersonnelatapopulationdensityofatleast
onepersonper430squarefeetofgrossarea
Primarygatheringbuildings,whichareinhabitedbuildingsroutinelyoccupiedby50ormorepersonnel.All
areasofsuchafacilitythatmeetthepopulationdensityrequirementforaninhabitedbuildingmustbe
treatedasprimarygathering
Billeting,inwhich11ormoreunaccompaniedpersonnelareroutinelyhoused
Highoccupancyfamilyhousing,whichhas13ormoreunitsperbuilding
Requiredsecuritymeasures,suchasallowablestandoffdistances,varyforfacilitiescontainedwithinacontrolled
perimeterandthosewithinanopeninstallation.AsdefinedbyUFC401001,acontrolledperimeterisaphysical
boundarythatpossessessufficientmeanstochannelvehiclestotheaccesscontrolpointandwherethereisa
demonstratedcapabilitytosearchforanddetectexplosives.Althoughacontrolledperimeteristypicallyinthe
formofaninstallationfence,naturalfeaturessuchasdenselywoodedterrainorothertopographicalfeaturesthat
assistinimpedingordenyingaccesstoanareamayqualifyasanAntiterrorism/ForceProtectionmeasure.For
example,FortDrumsMainCantonmentAreaandWheelerSackArmyAirfieldarebothenclosedbyafence,while
mostofFortDrumstrainingareaisnotenclosedbyafence,butratheritisidentifiedbysignageorenclosedby
denseforestterrain.

Department of Defense Partners in Flight Program
TheDODPartnersinFlight(PIF)programemployshabitatbasedmanagementstrategiestomaintainhealthy
landscapesandtraininglands.ThePIFrepresentativesassistnaturalresourcemanagersinimprovingthe
monitoring,management,andeducationprogramsinvolvingbirdsandbirdhabitat.ThePIFpublishedaStrategic
Planwhichidentifiesactionsthatsupportmissionactivitieswhileprotectingbirdpopulations.
ThePIFprogramnotonlyhelpstoensuremissioncriticalaviationactivityatFortDrumbutalsopromotesthe
protectionofimportantlocalbirdspecies.
Department of Defense Readiness and Environmental Protection Integration

TheDODestablishedtheReadinessandEnvironmentProtectionIntegration(REPI)programtoimplementthe
authorityprovidedbytheDODConservationPartneringInitiative.ThisinitiativeenablestheDODtoworkwith
stateandlocalgovernments,nongovernmentalorganizations,andwillinglandownerstolimitencroachmentand
incompatiblelandusebypreservingundevelopedland.Thislandpreservationcouldallowforbuffersaroundthe
installationtobeestablishedtohelpfurthertheinstallationmission.
REPIfundsareusedtosupportavarietyofDODpartnershipsthatpromotecompatiblelanduse.Byrelieving
encroachmentpressures,themilitaryisabletotestandtraininamoreeffectiveandefficientmanner.By
preservingthelandsurroundingmilitaryinstallations,habitatsforplantandanimalspeciesareconservedand
protected.FortDrumhasengagedREPIfundinginconjunctionwithitsarmyCompatibleUseBufferProgramto
preservelandsfromincompatibledevelopmentaroundFortDrum.
Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

TheUSDepartmentofEnergys(DOE)OfficeofEnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergyisresponsiblefor
developinganddeliveringmarketdrivensolutionsforenergysavinghomes,buildings,andmanufacturing;
sustainabletransportation;andrenewableelectricitygeneration.
TheDOEsWindProgramfundsresearchanddevelopmentinwindpowertechnologyandevaluatesmarket
barrierssuchasenvironmentalimpacts,projectsiting,permittingprocesses,andthepotentialeffectson
USairspaceandwaterways.Theprogramalsoassessesdomesticwindenergypotential,servesasatechnical
informationresource,assistsinthedevelopmentofwindplantsitingandpermittingguidelines,andhelpsto
developtestingcentersforwindenergyequipment.
TheDOEsSolarPowerProgramfundsresearchfordevelopinganddeliveringinnovativesolarpowertechnology
thatcancompetewithothersourcesofenergy.Muchoftheresearchsupportsphotovoltaic(PV)andsolar
thermaltechnologiesthatcanbeusedtoconvertthesunlightintoenergy.
ProjectsfurtheredbyDOEworkcouldaffectFortDrum.Windandsolarprojectshavetheabilitytoproduceheight
andglareissuesrespectively.Thisanencroachmentconcernsincethereareprojectscurrentlyproposedwithin
theFortDrumJLUSStudyArea.
Endangered Species Act

TheEndangeredSpeciesAct(ESA)in1973establishedaprogramfortheconservationofthreatenedand
endangeredplantsandanimalsandtheirhabitats.TheUSFishandWildlifeService(USFWS)andNationalOceanic
andAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA)aretheleadimplementingagenciesoftheESA.TheUSFWShasprimary
responsibilityforterrestrialandfreshwaterorganisms,whiletheresponsibilitiesofNOAAMarineFisheriesService
(NMFS)aremainlymarinewildlife.UndertheESA,speciesmaybelistedaseitherendangeredorthreatened.

Endangeredmeansaspeciesisindangerofextinctionthroughoutallorasignificantportionofitsrange.
Threatenedmeansaspeciesislikelytobecomeendangeredwithintheforeseeablefuture.
WhenaspeciesisproposedforlistingasendangeredorthreatenedundertheESA,USFWSmustconsiderwhether
thereareareasofhabitatbelievedtobeessentialtothespecies'conservation.Thoseareasmaybeproposedfor
designationas"criticalhabitat."Thedeterminationanddesignationofcriticalhabitatisoneofthemost
controversialandconfusingaspectsoftheESA.Acriticalhabitatdesignationdoesnotnecessarilyrestrictfurther
development;itisaremindertofederalagenciesthattheymustmakespecialeffortstoprotecttheimportant
characteristicsoftheseareas.
TheESArequiresfederalagencies,inconsultationwiththeUSFWSand/ortheNMFS,toensurethatactionsthey
authorize,fund,orcarryoutarenotlikelytojeopardizethecontinuedexistenceofanylistedspeciesorresultin
thedestructionoradversemodificationofdesignatedcriticalhabitatofsuchspecies.TheActalsoprohibitsany
actionthatresultsinatakingofanylistedspeciesofendangeredplant,fish,orwildlife.TheESAprovidesa
platformfortheprotectionofcriticalhabitatandspeciesthatmaybeatriskofextinction.
Onlyactivitiesthatinvolveafederalpermit,license,orfundingandarelikelytodestroyoradverselymodifythe
areaofcriticalhabitatwilltriggerreviewundertheESA.Ifthisisthecase,USFWSwillworkwiththefederalagency
and,whereappropriate,privateorotherlandownerstoamendtheirprojecttoallowittoproceedwithout
adverselyaffectingthecriticalhabitat.
Insomecases,presenceofathreatenedorendangeredspeciesmaycausereductionstoamissionprogram.There
aretwofederallylistedbatspeciesfoundatFortDrumtheIndianaBat(endangered)andNorthernLongEared
Bat(threatened).TheESAisimportantasitlimitstheactivitiesFortDrumcanperformiftheinstallationposesa
risktoeitherbatspecies.FortDrumestablishedtheBatConservationAreaintheCantonmentAreaoffsethabitats
impactedbyoperationsinthetrainingarea.
Federal Aviation Act

TheFederalAviationActwaspassedin1958toprovidemethodsforoverseeingandregulatingcivilianandmilitary
useofairspace.TheActrequirestheSecretaryofTransportationtomakelongrangeplansthatformulatepolicy
fortheorderlydevelopmentanduseofnavigableairspace.Theintentistoservetheneedsofbothcivilian
aeronauticsandnationaldefense.Militaryplanningstrivestoworkalongsidelocal,state,andfederalaviation
regulationsandpolicies,butsometimesmustsupersedetheseduetonationalsecurityinterests.TheFederal
AviationAdministration(FAA)wascreatedasaresultoftheActandservesavarietyofpurposes,includingthe
managementofairspaceovertheUS.TheprimeobjectivesoftheFAAaretopromoteairsafetyandtheefficient
useofthenavigableairspace.
AnotherimportantoutcomeoftheActisTitle14CodeofFederalRegulationPart77,commonlyreferredtosimply
asPart77,whichprovidesthebasisforevaluatingifaproposedstructureorobjectwillresultinavertical
obstructionorflighthazardtonavigableairspaceUsingadistanceformulafromthisregulation,localjurisdictions
canassesstheheightrestrictionsnearairfields.AdditionalinformationonPart77canbefoundontheFAAwebsite
athttp://www.faa.gov/.TheFAAusesitsObstructionEvaluation/AirportAirspaceAnalysistooltogenerate
DeterminationsofHazards/NoHazardsforproposedstructuresorobjects.
Part77establishesstandardstodetermineobstructionswithinnavigableairspace,typicallywithinacertain
distancefromanairportorairfield.Thelawdefinesanobstructiontoairnavigationasanobjectofgreaterheight
thananyofthefollowingheightsorsurfacesinthefollowingmanner:
Aheightof499feetAGLatthesiteoftheobject.

Aheightthatis200feetAGLorabovetheestablishedairportelevation,whicheverishigher,withinthree
nauticalmilesoftheestablishedreferencepointofanairport,excludingheliports,withitslongestrunway
morethan3,200feetinactuallength.Thisheightincreasesintheproportionof100feetforeach
additionalnauticalmileofdistancefromtheairportuptoamaximumof499feet.
Aheightwithinaterminalobstacleclearancearea,includinganinitialapproachsegment,adeparture
area,oracirclingapproacharea,whichwouldresultintheverticaldistancebetweenanypointonthe
objectandanestablishedminimuminstrumentflightaltitudewithinthatareaorsegmenttobelessthan
therequiredclearance.
Aheightwithinanenrouteobstacleclearancearea,includingturnandterminationareas,ofafederal
airwayorapprovedoffairwayroute,thatwouldincreasetheminimumobstacleclearancealtitude.
Thesurfaceofatakeoffandlandingareaofanairportoranyimaginarysurfaceestablishedunder77.19,
DOD:77.21,andheliports:77.23.However,nopartofthetakeofforlandingareaitselfwillbeconsidered
anobstruction.
Exceptfortraversewaysonornearanairportwithanoperativegroundtrafficcontrolservicefurnishedby
anairporttrafficcontroltowerorbytheairportmanagementandcoordinatedwiththeairtrafficcontrol
service,thestandardsofparagraph(a)ofthissectionapplytotraversewaysusedortobeusedforthe
passageofmobileobjectsonlyaftertheheightsofthesetraversewaysareincreasedby:
17feetforanInterstateHighwaythatispartoftheNationalSystemofMilitaryandInterstate
Highwayswhereovercrossingsaredesignedforaminimumof17footverticaldistance.
15feetforanyotherpublicroadway.
10feetortheheightofthehighestmobileobjectthatwouldnormallytraversetheroad,
23feetforarailroad.
Forawaterwayoranyothertraversewaynotpreviouslymentioned,anamountequaltothe
heightofthehighestmobileobjectthatwouldnormallytraverseit.
WhenFAAidentifiesconcerns,itmayrequireavoidanceorminimization,lighting,orothermeasurestoensure
airspacesafetyformilitaryandcivilianpurposes.Ifpotentialimpactstomilitaryoperationsareidentified,the
projectmustalsoundergoformalorinformalreviewbytheUSDepartmentofDefenseSitingClearinghouse,to
evaluatethecompatibilityoftheproposedprojectwithmilitarymissions.48USC44718(f);32CFRPart211
(MissionCompatibilityEvaluationProcess).ThePart77reviewprocessbylawrequiresthatmilitaryinterestsbe
addressedifaproposedprojectmayimpactthem.
TheFAAhasidentifiedcertainimaginarysurfacesaroundrunwaystodeterminehowstructuresandfacilitiesare
evaluatedandwhethertheyposeaverticalobstructioninrelationtotheairspacearoundarunway.Theimaginary
surfacesbuildupononeanotherandaredesignedtoeliminateobstructionstoairnavigationandoperations,
eithernaturalormanmade.Thedimensionorsizeofanimaginarysurfacedependsontherunwayclassification.

TheFederalAviationActhelpstoprotectareascriticaltoaviationactivityatFortDrum.Withoutregulationsthat
dictatestructureplacementnearapproachanddepartureareasofanairfield,certainusesmayencroachand
inhibitthefreeuseofnavigableairspace.
National Environmental Policy Act

TheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct(NEPA)of1969isafederalregulationthatestablishedaUSnationalpolicy
promotingtheprotectionandenhancementoftheenvironment.Itrequiresfederalagenciestoanalyzeand
considerthepotentialenvironmentalimpactoftheiractions.ThepurposeofNEPAistopromoteinformed
decisionmakingbyfederalagenciesbyprovidingdetailedinformationconcerningsignificantenvironmental
impactstoecologicalandnaturalresourcesandthehumanenvironment,suchascommunitycharacter,public
healthandsafety,andculturalresources.
Allfederalagencies,includingthemilitary,andprojectsreceivingfederalfundingrequireNEPAcomplianceand
documentationpriortoreceivingapermit,approval,orfunding.ForFortDrumspurposes,NEPArequiresthatthe
militaryreviewthepotentialimpactofproposedactionsontheenvironment,includingsurroundingcivilian
communities,andmeasurestoreduce,avoidormitigateidentifiedadverseenvironmentalimpacts.Notallfederal
actionsrequireafullEnvironmentalImpactStatement(EIS).Incaseswhereanactionmaynotcauseasignificant
impact,theagencywouldbeallowedtoproducealessdetailedEnvironmentalAssessment(EA)andmakea
FindingofNoSignificantImpact(FONSI).
ANEPAdocumentcanserveasavaluableplanningtoolforlocalplanningofficials.AnEAcanassistinthe
determinationofpotentialimpactsthatmayresultfromchangingmilitaryactionsoroperationsandtheireffecton
municipalpolicies,plansandprograms,andthesurroundingcommunity.IftheEAfindstherewillbenosignificant
impacts,aFindingofNoSignificantImpact(FONSI)willbeissued.IftheEAfindstheproposedchangestomilitary
actionsandoperationswillcreatesignificantimpacts,anEISwillbepreparedtofurtherdetailandoutlinethe
impactsupontheenvironmenttothepublic.AnEISwillresultinaRecordofDecision(ROD)thatexplainsthe
decisionmadebasedontheinformationpresentedintheEIS,describesthealternativesconsidered,andoutlines
mitigationandmonitoringplans.
NEPAhelpstoensurethatprojectsreceivingfederalfundingatFortDrumdonothaveadverseeffectsonthelocal
environment.However,thisalsolimitswhatprojectstheinstallationmaybeabletoimplement.Thepurposeof
NEPAistoidentifysignificantenvironmentalimpactsandinformthepublicofthefindings.Insomecasesa
statementofoverridingconcernmayallowapotentiallysignificantenvironmentalimpacttobeallowed.
National Historic Preservation Act

IssuesandrelatedstrategieshavebeendevelopedbasedonguidanceprovidedthroughtheNationalHistoric
PreservationAct(NHPA)of1966,whichrequiresfederalagenciestoconsidertheeffectsofaproposedprojecton
propertieslistedin,oreligibleforlistingin,theNationalRegisterofHistoricPlaces.Sincenospecificactionisbeing
proposedaspartofthisplanningprocess,thereviewofculturalresourcesisfocusedontheidentificationof
existingresourcesandnotpotentialeffectsthatwouldresultfromaspecificproposedaction.
FortDrumlastcompletedanIntegratedCulturalResourcesManagementPlan(ICRMP)in2011toestablish
complianceprocedurestoproperlymanagehistoricalresources.MoreinformationaboutFortDrumsICRMPis
discussedlaterinthischapter.

Noise Control Act of 1972
TheNoiseControlActof1972acknowledgedthatnoisenotadequatelycontrolledhasthepotentialtoendanger
healthandqualityoflifeandstatedthatallAmericansareentitledtoanenvironmentfreefromnoisethatcan
jeopardizetheirgeneralhealthandqualityoflife.AtthesametimetheActwasbeingdeveloped,military
installationswereexperiencingtheimpactsrelatedtoencroachingurbandevelopmentadjacenttotheir
boundariesandtheresultingcomplaintsregardingnoisefrommilitaryoperations.
TheNoiseControlActisimportantbecauseencroachingdevelopmentandincreasedpopulationnearmilitary
installationsoftencreatescompatibilityconcerns.Ascommunitiesgrow,itisimportantthatthemilitary
installation,developers,andtheaffectedcommunitiesworktogethertomitigatetheissueofnoiseanddevelop
waystocoexist.
Operational Noise Management Program

TheOperationalNoiseManagementProgramprovidesamethodologyforassessingimpactsofnoisegeneratedby
militaryoperationsonsurroundingcommunities.ThisprogramwasestablishedbytheDepartmentoftheArmyto
assistinstallationsandsurroundingcommunitiesdevelopguidelinesforlanduseplanningtomitigatenoiseand
otherhazardstothegeneralpublicwhileprotectingthepublicinvestmentintheinstallation.Thisprogram
encouragescompatibilitymeasuresforboththeUSArmyandsurroundingcommunitiesthroughthedevelopment
ofanOperationalNoiseManagementPlan(ONMP).TheOperationalNoiseManagementHandbook,completedin
November2005,providesguidanceforthedevelopmentofanONMP.
NoiseassessmentisthecornerstoneoftheONMP.Noiselevelsareclassifiedbyzone,basedonaverageandpeak
noiseemissionlevelsthatcanbeusedtodeveloplanduseplansandtoprotectthepublic.Thethreenoisezones
foraddressingnoisesensitivelandusesconsistentwithfederallaware:
ZoneINoisethatoccursinthisareaiscompatiblewithmostnoisesensitivelanduses,such
ashousing,schools,andmedicalfacilities.
ZoneIINoiseoccurringinthisareaisgenerallyincompatiblewithnoisesensitivelanduses.
ZoneIIINoiseoccurringinthisareaisincompatiblewithnoisesensitivelanduses.
Inadditiontothesethreezones,theONMPincludesafourthzoneknownastheLandUsePlanningZone(LUPZ).
TheLUPZisasubdivisionofZoneIthatactsasabuffertoZoneIIallowingforgreaternoiseimpactsthanZoneI,
butlessnoiseimpactsthanZoneII.Noisesensitivelandusesarestillgenerallyacceptablewithinthisarea.
Safe Drinking Water Act

TheSafeDrinkingWaterAct(SDWA)isafederallawthatensuresthequalityofdrinkingwaterintheUnitedStates.
TheSDWAauthorizestheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencytosetnationalhealthbaseddrinkingwaterstandards
toprotectagainstbothnaturallyoccurringandmanmadewatercontaminants.TheSDWAappliestoeverypublic
watersystemintheUS.
Areliableandcleanwatersourceisnecessaryforanypopulationcentertofunctionandgrow.Adecreaseinthe
qualityofthedrinkingwaterintheStudyAreamaydecreasetheamountofpeoplethatcanresideintheregion.If
areliableandcleanwatersourceisnotavailabletoFortDrum,itmayimpactmissionactivities.

The Sikes Act
TheSikesActrequirestheDODtodevelopandimplementIntegratedNaturalResourcesManagementPlans
(INRMPs)formilitaryinstallationsacrosstheUnitedStates.INRMPsarepreparedincooperationwiththeUSFWS
andstatefishandwildlifeagenciestoensureproperconsiderationoffish,wildlife,andhabitatneeds.TheSikesAct
requiresINRMPstobereviewedatleasteveryfiveyearswiththeUSFWSandstatefishandwildlifeagencies.Army
Regulation2001,EnvironmentalProtectionandEnhancement,andpolicymemorandaguidethe
implementationprocessoftheSikesAct.
FindingsfromanINRMPcouldimpactoperationsataninstallationbyidentifyingareaswherethemilitaryneedsto
bettermanagethenaturalresourcesontheproperty.Althoughthisenhancestheenvironmentforwildlife,
dependingonthemanagementactionrequired,thiscouldrendertheareaunusableforcertainactivitiessuchas
weaponsfiring.MoreinformationaboutFortDrumsINRMPisdiscussedlaterinthischapter.
Sustainable Range Program

EncroachmenttowardsArmytrainingandfiringrangeshasbecomeamajorconcerninrecentyears.Pressurefrom
urbanization,environmentalprotection,competitionforairspaceandelectromagneticfrequencies,andreduced
publicperceptionofnationalsecurityneedshavelimitedmissioncapabilitiesandoperationsatmultiple
installationsnationwide.Furthermore,openrangesareincreasinglybecomingislandsofbiodiversityamidst
urbandevelopment.Theseconcerns,inadditiontopublicnuisancessuchassmoke,noise,andlackofaccessibility
haveledtoapprehensionofthenatureanduseofmilitaryranges.
TheSustainableRangeProgram(SRP)istheArmysoverallapproachtoimprovingthedesign,operation,use,and
managementofitsrangestoensurethelongtermsustainabilityofthesefacilities.TheSRPscoreprogramsarethe
RangeandTrainingLandProgramandtheIntegratedTrainingAreaManagementProgram,whichfocusonthe
optimaluseandcapabilityoftheArmy'srangesandtrainingland.Inordertoensuretheaccessibilityand
availabilityofArmyrangesandtrainingland,theSRPcoreprogramsareintegratedwiththefacilitiesmanagement,
environmentalmanagement,munitionsmanagement,andsafetyprogramfunctionssupportingtheoptimaluse
andcapability.
Telecommunications Act of 1996 and the Federal Communications Commission

TheTelecommunicationsActof1996wasthefirstcomprehensiveupdatetoafederaltelecommunicationlawin
over60yearsandwasinlargepartintendedtoopenupthemarketplacetogreatercompetition.Changesinthe
meansthroughwhichinformationisproduced,accessed,stored,andsharedmadethefederalgovernment
responseimperative.Theincreasinguseanddevelopmentofpersonalmobilephones,satellitetransmission,high
speedfiberoptics,andotherrelatedfactorsareoftenpushingdemandbeyondthesystemcapacity.
NewtelecommunicationtowersitingrequirescompliancewiththeFederalCommunicationsCommissions(FCC)
environmentalreviewstandardsandprocedures,includingNEPAandESAcompliance,NHPAcompliance,
adherencetoanyapplicableFAArequirementsandstructureregistrationwiththeFCC.Theactualapprovalof
physicalinstallationsissubjecttostateandlocalpermitsandapprovals;however,stateandlocalauthorityis
limitedbyFCClaw.Forinstance,statesandlocaljurisdictionscannotbasetheirdecisionsonanypurported
environmentaleffectsofradiofrequencytransmissions.

4.2. Fort Drum / New York Army National Guard
TheFortDrum/NewYorkArmyNationalGuard(NYARNG)plansandprogramsprovideguidanceforlandusesand
developmentactivitiesspecifictoFortDrum.Thesetoolsgovernlandusedecisionsthatoccurinsidethefenceline
orwithintheboundaryoftheFortDrumoperationalfootprintinrelationtothemilitarymissions.
Thesetoolsprovideguidanceandestablishmeasuresforstandardoperatingproceduresduringcertainevents,
suchasweaponsfiring.Therearevariousinstallationtoolsthatareinstrumentalinassistingandguidinglanduse
decisionsastheyrelatetothemilitarymission.
Army Compatible Use Buffer

TheACUBProgrampermitsArmyInstallationstoworkwithotherorganizationpartners(e.g.,landtrusts)to
acquirelandordevelopmentrightstoestablishbufferzonesthatcanhelpprotecthabitats,sensitiveareas,and
militarytrainingareaswithoutacquiringanynewlandforArmyownership.TheTugHillTomorrowLandTrust
(THTLT)isaprimarypartnerorganizationoftheACUBProgramandtrackstheprogressofproposedACUBlandsfor
acquisition.AsofSeptember2015,FortDrumanditspartnershaveconducted27transactionsandpreserved
6,099acresoflandaroundtheinstallationwithinthepriorityareasidentifiedthroughtheACUBprogram.The
majorityofthishasbeenthroughpartnershipwiththeTHTLTtopreserveworkingfarmlandfromfuture
incompatibledevelopment.
WheelerSackArmyAirfield(WSAAF)isahighpriority,missioncriticalassettotheUnitedStatesArmy,and
protectingtheairfieldsaccidentpotentialzonesandclearzonesisthehighestpriorityintheACUBProgram.
Trainingoperationscanpotentialproduceexcessivenoise,makingtheseareasunsuitableforresidential
development.Thesecondhighestpriorityisprotectingthelandclosesttotheinstallationswesternborderto
minimizeandlimitincompatibleresidentialdevelopmentandprotecttrainingoperations.Muchoftheresidential
developmentinthesurroundingcommunityisoccurringalongtheRoute11corridorwestofFortDrumsborder.
Environmentalconsiderationsarethethirdpriority,andincludeacquiringareastohelpprotectthefederally
endangeredIndianaBat.
TheACUBProgramidentifiespriorityareasbasedfactorssuchaslandownershipconsiderationsandoptimalareas
topreservetoFortDrumsminimizeimpactsthatcouldresultfromincompatibledevelopmentwithFortDrums
missions.FortDrumhaspartneredwithvariousentitiessuchasTugHillTomorrowLandTrust,TugHill
Commission,JeffersonCounty,DucksUnlimited,DevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountry,Agricultural
DevelopmentCorporation,andNewYorkStateDepartmentofAgriculture&Marketstoidentifykeyparcelsthat
canbepreservedtoprovideabufferaroundtheinstallation.Figure41illustratesthecurrentFortDrumACUB
priorityareas,whichareidentifiedasfollows.
PriorityAreas1Aand1BadjacenttoFortDrumjustsouthofWSAAFaretoprotecttheaccidentpotential
zones.
PriorityAreas1Aand1CadjacenttoFortDrumswest/northwestborderaretoprotecttheinstallation
againstincompatibledevelopmentandincreasednoisecomplaints,whichmayaffectFortDrumstraining
operations.
PriorityArea1AtothesouthistoprotectfromwinddevelopmentthatcouldpotentiallyimpactWSAAFs
PriorityArea2istoprotecthighvaluehabitatfortheIndianabatwestofFortDrum.

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Fort Drum ACUB Priority Areas

PriorityAreas3aroundPriorityArea2istoenhancebathabitatprotectionandwasaddedtoinclude
targetsofopportunityforpropertiesthatareavailableandaffordable.
PriorityArea3nearLakeBonaparteistoprotectagainstincreasednoisecomplaintpotential.
PriorityArea3northeastofFortDruminSt.LawrenceCountyistoprotectaviationroutes.
Integrated Cultural Resources Management Plan

TheobjectiveoftheIntegratedCulturalResourcesManagementPlan(ICRMP)istobalancethemanagementof
historicandculturalresourceswithmissionreadinessatFortDrum.TheICRMPsupportsearlyidentificationof
culturalandhistoricresourcesanddefinesnecessaryactionsformanagingagenciestoensuretheprotectionof
resourcesduringmilitaryoperationsandnonmilitaryactivities.
TheICRMPestablishescomplianceprocedurestoproperlymanageculturalandhistoricalresources,establishing
existingconditionsandidentifyingthepotentialimpactsofFortDrumsmissiononthem.Italsoidentifiesimpacts
tomissionreadinesscausedbypreservation,maintenance,andrepairofbuildingsandthecontinueduseof
historicbuildings.Inaddition,theICRMPestablishesacoordinationprocessbetweentheinstallationandmany
stateorregionalagenciesincludingtheStateHistoricPreservationOffice,theAdvisoryCouncilonHistoric
Preservation,theNationalParkService,NativeAmericangroups,andtheinterestedpublic.Thisprocessissubject
toSection106oftheNHPA,whichestablishesaprocessforworkingwithfederalagenciesonhistoricpreservation
issues.
TheICRMPidentifiedthatFortDrumcontainstwotraditionalculturalpropertiesthatholdimportancetoNative
Americansorotherculturalgroups,fivedesignatedhistoricbuildings,onehistoriclandscape,thirteencemeteries,
andfivemonuments.ThemostprominenthistoricalresourcelocatedwithinFortDrumsboundariesisthe
LeRayMansionpropertyinthecantonmentarea.
Afederallysponsoredculturalaffiliationreportconductedin1998recognizedthatNativeAmericantribal
governmentsmayhavepotentialculturalaffiliationstothelandwhereFortDrumislocated.Thereportidentified
fivetribalgovernmentsashavingpotentialculturaltiestolandthatFortDrumoccupies,includingaboriginal
huntingandfishingareas.ThesetribesaretheOneidaIndianNation,SovereignOneidaNationofWisconsin,
OnondagaNation,St.RegisMohawkTribe,andWyandotteofKansas.TheCommandingGeneralofthe
10thMountainDivisionin2002invitedthechiefsofthesenationsandallotherFederallyRecognizedNative
AmericanNationsinNewYorktoenterintoconsultationwithFortDrumregardingculturalresourceissuesand
concerns.OnlythreenationsacceptedtheinvitationsandtodayFortDrumhasofficialconsultationpartnerships
withtheOneidaIndianNation,OnondagaNation,andSt.RegisMohawkTribe.
Source:IntegratedCulturalResourcesManagementPlan,FiscalYears20112015
Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan

AsrequiredbytheSikesAct,anIntegratedNaturalResourcesManagementPlan(INRMP)providestheopportunity
fortheproperinventorying,cataloging,andmanagementofnaturalresourcesfoundonUSgovernmentmanaged
lands.TheDODmustrevieworupdateINRMPsforeachinstallationwithidentifiednaturalresourceseveryfive
yearstoupdatetheneedsoflocalnaturalresourcemanagementpolicies.Thesepoliciesaffectallaspectsofan
installationsphysicalenvironment,includingwaterquality,biodiversity,ecosystem,habitatquality,andmineral
resources.TheseplanscreatetheopportunityfortheDODandlocalbasecommanderstoworkwithotherfederal,
state,andlocalagenciestoproperlymanagesignificantlocalresourcesforthemaximizationofcompatiblemixed
use.

TheINRMPoutlinesthevariousnaturalresourcesandaddressesotherrelatedtopicsincludingimportanthabitat
foundontheinstallation,soiltypes,managementofnoxiousweedsandwildlandfire,wildlifeandriparian
management,waterresourcesandwaterrights,interagencyresponsibilities,andcoordinationefforts.Italso
providestheoverallmanagementplanfornaturalresourcesonFortDrumtoensurenolossofcapabilityfor
militarytrainingexercises.
FortDrumutilizestheINRMPtoidentifynaturalresourceslocatedontheinstallationthatrequiremanagement.
TheFortDrumINRMPalsoidentifiesconservationmeasurestoensurethenaturalresourcesareprotected
consistentwithapplicablefederal/statemandatesandFortDrummissions.
FortDrumcontainsonefederallyendangeredspecies,onefederallythreatenedspecies,andseveralstate
endangeredorthreatenedspeciesofplantsandwildlifewithinitsboundariesduetoitslargefootprintanddiverse
habitats.TheIndianaBatistheonlyknownfederallyendangeredspecies,andtheNorthernLongEaredBatisthe
onlyknownfederallythreatenedspeciesthatresideontheinstallation.Thestateendangeredspeciesthathave
beenknowntooccuronoraroundFortDrumare:
PeregrineFalcon
ShortEaredOwl
BlackTern
TrailingClubmoss
ThreeSeededMercury
RockCress
NorthernWildComfrey
CommonMaresTail
Thestatethreatenedspeciesare:
HenslowsSparrow
LeastBittern
NorthernHarrier
PiedBilledGrebe
SedgeWren
UplandSandpiper
BlandingsTurtle
SlimSternSmallReedgrass
BuxbaumsSedge
HitchcocksSedge
HoughtonsSedge
SwampPink
BeckWaterMarigold
PricklyHornwort
Lakecress
HornleafRiverweed
HillsPondweed
SmallBurreed
BorealAster

LesserBladderwort
BalsamWillow
RockElm
Bird / Animal Aircraft Strike Hazard (BASH)

FortDrumsBASHPlanisintegratedintotheINRMPandispartofWSAAFsStandardOperatingProcedures,witha
focusonofminimizingpotentialwildlifestrikestomilitaryaircraftoperatingatWSAAF.ABASHplanisdesignedto
managebirdhabitatsandactivity,alertaircrewandoperationspersonnel,andprovideincreasedlevelsofflight
safety,especiallyduringthecriticalphasesofflight,takeoff,andlandingoperations.Specifically,theplanis
designedto:
DesignateaBASHWorkingGroup(BWG)andoutlinethemembersresponsibilities.
Establishprocedurestoidentifyhighhazardsituationsandestablishaircraftandairfieldoperating
procedurestoavoidthesesituations.
Ensurethatallpermanentandtransientaircrewsareawareofbirdhazardsandtheproceduresfor
avoidanceandreporting.
Developguidelinestodecreasetheattractivenessoftheairfieldtobirdsanddispersethenumberofbirds
ontheairfield.
4.3. State of New York

ThestatetoolsprovidefurtherassistanceandprotectionoflandsintheStateofNewYork.Thetoolsauthorizeor
mandatelocalcountiesandcitiestoprovidefortheprotectionofthestatesvaluableindustriesincludingtheDOD
andagriculture.Inaddition,thestatestoolsrequirecommunitiesanddeveloperstoprotectandpreservethe
statesnaturalresources,includinglandandwater,throughregulatorymeasurestoprotectthemfromover
consumptivepractices.
Municipal Governance
TheStateofNewYorkcomprisescounties,cities,towns,andvillages.Thewayinwhicheachofthesemunicipalities
isgovernedhasimpactsoncompatibilityissuesoutsideFortDrumsfenceline.NewYorkisaHomeRulestate.
Article9intheNewYorkStateConstitutionistheMunicipalHomeRuleLaw,whichgrantsmunicipalitiesauthority
toadoptandamendlocallaws,solongastheyarenotinconsistentwiththeNewYorkStateConstitutionorany
generallawrelatingtoitsproperty,affairs,orgovernment.
Comprehensive Planning Legislation

TheStateofNewYorkprovideslegislativeguidanceforcomprehensiveplanningatthecounty,town,city,and
villagelevel.However,thestatedoesnotrequiremunicipalitiestoadoptcomprehensiveplans.Itisonly
encouragedbythelegislature.
Zoning Law
TheStateofNewYorkpermitscities,towns,andvillagestoimplementzoninglawsandregulationstopromote
communitiesmorals,health,safety,andgeneralwelfare.Suchmunicipalitiesreservetherighttoregulateand
restrictpercentageoflotcoverage,locationofstructuresonproperties,sizeofyards,buildingheightsandnumber
ofstories,densityofpopulation,andusesofthelandforpropertiesundertheirjurisdiction.Communitiesin
NewYorkarenotrequiredtoadoptzoningregulations.Whilestatelawssuggestthatcommunitiesshouldadopt
zoningregulationsinaccordancewithacomprehensiveplan,courtcaseshavedeterminedthisisnota
requirement.

New York State Agricultural Districts Program
TheNewYorkAgriculturalDistrictslawwasenactedin1971toprotectandpromotefarmlandandfarmactivities
throughoutthestate.AccordingtotheNYSDEC,thepurposeofagriculturaldistrictsistoencourageagricultural
activityandprotectfarmland.Thislawpermitsanylandownerorownersthatownatleast250acresoflandto
submitanagriculturaldistricttotheirrespectivecountyforcountyreview,statecertification,andcountyadoption.
Uponcreationofanagriculturaldistrict,locallawsmaynotunreasonablyrestrictorregulatefarmoperations,
unlesspublichealthorsafetyisthreatened.Eachcertifiedagriculturaldistrictmustgothrougharecertification
processeveryeightyearstoensurethemajorityofthelandwithinthedistrictisusedforagriculturalpurposes.
Newpropertiesmaybeaddedtoanagriculturaldistrictonceperyearduringanannualinclusionperiod.
New York State Energy Plan

Article6oftheNewYorkStateEnergyLawrequiresthat,everyfouryears,theStateEnergyPlanningBoardadopta
StateEnergyPlanthatservesasaguideforpublicbodiesthroughouttheStatetomakedecisionsconsistentwith
statewideplansandpoliciesrelatedtoenergy.Thisinfluencesmanyaspectsoflanduseandplanningthroughout
NewYork,includingconsiderationofinfrastructureneedsandadequacy,energyefficiencyinbuildings,reduction
ofgreenhousegasemissions,andthedevelopmentofenergygenerationandrenewables.Themostrecent
StateEnergyPlan,issuedin2015,providesgoalsandlongrangeplanningobjectivesfortheentireState.These
goals,inpart,havebeencodifiedbythestatesCleanEnergyStandard,adoptedbytheNewYorkStatePublic
ServiceCommissionin2016.TheCleanEnergyStandardsetsrenewableenergytargetsandencouragesthe
developmentofsmallandlargescalerenewablegenerationinNewYork,whichexplainsthegrowthinwind
energydevelopmentintheNorthCountry.
New York State Legislation Article 10 of the Public Service Law

TheStateofNewYorkpassedthePowerNewYorkActof2011.ThisActtransfersthesitingandpermittingprocess
forenergygeneratingfacilities(includingrenewableenergydevelopments)forprojectsthathavethecapacityto
generate25megawatts(MW)ormorefromlocalcommunitiestotheNewYorkStateBoardonElectricGeneration
SitingandtheEnvironment(SitingBoard).TheSitingBoardisasevenmemberboard,consistingof:
DepartmentofPublicServicesChair(alsoservesastheSitingBoardchairperson)
NYSDepartmentofEnvironmentConservationCommissioner
HealthDepartmentCommissioner
NYSEnergyResearch&DevelopmentChair
EconomicDevelopmentCommissioner
Twoadhocmembersthatresideintherespectivemunicipalitytheprojectisbeingproposed
ThetwoappointedadhocmembersoftheSitingBoardareselectedbytheNewYorkStateSenateandtheNew
YorkStateAssemblyfromalistofcandidatesprovidedbythesupervisorandchiefexecutiveofficerrepresenting
theimpactedcommunities.

Article10requiresenergydeveloperstoprovide,amongotherthings,athoroughanalysisofaproposedprojects
impactsontransportation,includingairtransportandairspacesafety,aswellascommunicationssystems,suchas
radar.Inparticular,awindprojectseekingcertificationunderArticle10mustconsultwithandinsomecases,
obtainformalrecommendationsfromtheUSDepartmentofDefenseandtheFederalAviationAdministrationto
identifyandassesspotentialimpactsonmilitaryoperations,airspace,andaircraftofalltypes,andthenworkwith
thoseentitiestodeterminehowtominimize,avoid,ormitigatethoseimpactstotheextentpracticable.This
legislationalsorequiresArticle10applicantstoprovideintervenorfundsandaseriesof41exhibitsillustrating
theirduediligenceonthesurroundingcommunity,includingexhibitsdemonstratingthelocalcommunitiesland
usecontrols,aswellasimpactstomilitarytrainingroutesandradars.Article10isfurtherdiscussedunderIssue
LEG1inChapter5CompatibilityAnalysis.
4.4. JLUS Partner Community Planning Tools

ManyofthecommunitiesaroundFortDrumhavelocalplanningtoolssuchaszoninglawsandcomprehensive
planstoguidefuturegrowth,butsomeofthemhavenotbeenupdatedin10ormoreyears.Themajorityofthese
toolsdonothavepoliciesorregulationstoaddressplanningorgrowthinrelationtoFortDrumandmilitary
operationsassociatedwiththeinstallation.Atthetimesthetoolsweredeveloped,therewasnotmuchinterface
withFortDrumtoincludethesetypesofpoliciesorregulations.PartoftheJLUSprocessistoenhance
coordinationbetweenFortDrumandthecommunitiesandlookatpotentialupdatestothesetoolsthatwillhelp
addresscompatibilitybetweenFortDrumandthecommunitiesintothefuture.Table41identifiesthevarious
toolsthatareutilizedbyeachJLUSpartnercommunitythatwouldtypicallyincludepoliciesorregulationsto
addressorpromotecompatibilitywithmilitaryoperations.Thesetoolsarediscussedinmoredetailonthe
followingpages.Itshouldbenotedthatsomeofthecommunitiesdonothavetheirownplanningdocuments,
policies,orregulations.Insomeofthesecases,thecommunitiesrelyonplanningguidancefromthecountylevel,
orbyregionalplanningentitiessuchastheTugHillCommission,DevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountry,and
AdirondackParkAgency.
County Planning Departments and Planning Boards

ManyoftheruralcommunitieswithinJefferson,Lewis,andSt.Lawrencecountiesdonothaveadequateresourcesto
developandmanagetheirownlanduseplanningtoolsandlanddevelopment.Thecountieshaveplanningdepartments
andplanningboardsthatnotonlyprovideplanninganddevelopmentguidanceandoversightatthecountylevel,but
alsoprovidetechnicalassistancetothecommunitieswithinthem.Countyplanningdepartmentscanassistwithproject
development,review,andadministration,assistanceindevelopingcomprehensiveplansandzoninglaws,grantwriting,
researchandanalysisservices,geographicinformationsystem(GIS)mapping,andprovidetechnicalassistanceand
guidanceonFortDrumrelatedgrowthanddevelopmentaroundtheinstallation.

Table41. JLUSPartnerCommunityPlanningToolsInventory
PlanningTools
SubdivisionRegulations
ComprehensivePlan
SoundAttenuation
Lighting/DarkSky
AlternativeEnergy
BuildingCode
Regulations
Regulations
ZoningLaw
Ordinance
Jurisdiction
JeffersonCounty
LewisCounty
St.LawrenceCounty
CityofWatertown
TownofAntwerp
TownofChampion
TownofDiana
TownofFowler
TownofGouverneur
TownofLeRay
TownofPamelia
TownofPhiladelphia
TownofRossie
TownofRutland
TownofWatertown
TownofWilna
VillageofCarthage
VillageofWestCarthage
Legend:
Thetoolexistsbutdoesnotaddresslanduseissue(s)relatedtomilitarycompatibility.
Thetoolexistsbutonlypartiallyaddresseslanduseissue(s)relatedtomilitarycompatibility.
Thejurisdictiondoesnotemploythistool.
Thetoolexistsandaddresseslanduseissue(s)relatedtomilitarycompatibility.
ToolwasunavailableforreviewatthetimetheJLUSwaswritten.

4.5. Jefferson County
Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
JeffersonCountyupdatesitsComprehensiveEconomicDevelopmentStrategy(CEDS)everyfiveyears,withanalysis
andminorupdatesinbetweenthefiveyearperiod.ACEDSisalistofgoalsandactionsthecountyaspiresto
accomplishoverthefiveyearhorizon,alongwithalistofhighlightstolookforinthecomingyear.Themostrecent
updatetoJeffersonCountysCEDSwasin2014.
ThefollowingCEDSactionrelatestomilitarycompatibilitywithFortDrum:
E.5MaintainregularcommunicationbetweenFortDrumandthecommunity
RegularcommunicationbetweenFortDrumandsurroundingcommunitiesfacilitateshealthyrelationships
betweenallstakeholders,andanunderstandingofcurrenttrainingoperationsandeventsoccurringboth
oninstallationandwithinthecommunities.
Building Code
JeffersonCountyutilizestheNewYorkStateBuildingStandardsandCodesUniformCodeSupplement,most
recentlyupdatedinMarch,2016asitsgeneralbuildingcode.However,thebuildingcodedoesnotcurrently
addresssoundattenuationaroundFortDrumwithinthenoisezones.JeffersonCountyhaslandwithinFortDrums
operationalfootprintsfornoiseandcertaintypesofdevelopmentareincompatibleinthesenoisezonesunless
theyareconstructedwithsoundattenuationmeasurestoreducetheindoornoiselevels.TheCountycouldrevise
itsbuildingcodetorequiresoundattenuationmeasuresforcertaintypesofdevelopment,suchasresidential,
withinthenoisezones.
TheCountyoverseesandenforcesthisbuildingcodeforthefollowingcommunitiesthatwereparticipantsinthe
FortDrumJLUS:
TownandVillageofAntwerp TownofWatertown
TownofChampion VillageofDeferiet
TownofLeRay VillageofWestCarthage
TownofRutland
TheremainingcommunitiesthatwereparticipantsintheFortDrumJLUSenforcetheNewYorkStateBuildingCode
atthelocallevel.Thesecommunitiesare:
TownandVillageofClayton CityofWatertown
TownofPamelia VillageofBlackRiver
TownandVillageofPhiladelphia VillageofCarthage
TownofWilna VillageofEvansMills

4.6. City of Watertown
Land Use Plan
TheCityofWatertownadoptedaLandUsePlanin1987inresponsetothegrowthofFortDrumassociatedwith
thereactivationofthe10thMountainDivisionatFortDrumin1985.WatertownsLandUsePlanprojected
potentialeffectsupontheCityduetothegrowthofFortDrumatthetimeitwasdeveloped,includinganeedfor
increasedhousingtosupportmilitarypersonnelandfamilies,andtrafficcongestioninsomeareascausedby
personneldrivingtoFortDrum.ThePlanrecognizestheimportanceandinfluenceofFortDrumontheCityatthe
time,butitisnowoutdated.
Zoning
TheCityofWatertownsZoningLawisChapter310oftheCityCodeanddividesthecityinto15landusedistricts.It
wasmostrecentlyupdatedin2013.DuetotheCityofWatertownsdistancefromFortDrum,itisnotwithinany
ofthemilitaryfootprintsassociatedwithoperationsattheinstallation(seeChapter3,Section3.7Mission
OperationsFootprints),soitisnotnecessarytoadoptzoninglawsforlandwithinFortDrumoperationalfootprints,
suchasnoise.
4.7. Towns of Champion and Wilna, and Villages of Carthage and West
Carthage
Comprehensive Plan
ThetownsofChampionandWilnaandthevillagesofCarthageandWestCarthageareallmembersoftheRiver
AreaCouncilofGovernments,andthereforeeachhavetheirownindividualcomprehensiveplansthatarebuiltoff
thesametemplate,andassuchareverysimilarinlayoutandtext.Allfourcomprehensiveplanswereadoptedin
2009.Thesecommunitiescollaboratedtheirlanduseplanningeffortsandusedthesamecomprehensivetemplate
toaddresscollectiveissues.ItiscleareachofthesecommunitiesrecognizeFortDrumasanimportanteconomic
generator,andacknowledgeinseveralinstancesthroughoutthecomprehensiveplansashowtheinstallation
influencestheirpopulationtrends,schools,andeconomy.OneoftheissuesidentifiedistheirproximitytoFort
Drumandhowtheycanprotecttheinstallationfromincompatiblelanduses.
EachcommunityidentifiedaFortDrumLandUsePlanningZoneasalanduseconcepttoaddresscompatibleland
usessurroundingtheinstallation.However,theseareonlyaconceptanddonothaveanyimplementing
regulationsattachedtothezone.Furthermore,thecommunitieszoningcodesdonotincludeaFortDrumLand
UsePlanningZone,andnoneofthecommunitieshaveofficiallyimplementedaFortDrumLandUsePlanningZone
aslocallaw.
Alsoconsistentineachcomprehensiveplanaretheimplementationrecommendationsforcommunication
regardingappropriatedevelopmentsurroundingFortDrum.Thefollowingareexcerptsofimplementation
recommendationsfromtheplansthataddressFortDrum.
5.ContinuetoworkwiththeUSArmy,FortDrumRegionalLiaisonOrganizationand
FortDrumneighborhoodstowardsGrowthManagementforaMutuallyBeneficial
DevelopmentPattern.
7.EnsureappropriatedevelopmentsurroundingFortDrumandthenaturalresources
includingwetlands,floodplainsandwaterresources.

ThetownsofChampionandWilnashareaborderwithFortDrum.Forthisreason,thesecommunitieshave
adoptedaguidingpolicyintheircomprehensiveplanstosupporttheirTownGoalofPromotingappropriate
development.Theguidingpolicyreads:
Thetownsshouldadoptlandusecontrolsaspartoftheirzoningthatincludeappropriate
FortDrumbufferzones.
Whilethesepolicieshelppromptdiscussionsandfacilitatecommunicationlinesbetweenthecommunitiesand
FortDrum,theydonothavethenecessaryregulatorybacking.Noneofthecommunitieshaveadoptedlanduse
controlsaddressingcompatibilitysurroundingtheinstallationasrecommendedinthecomprehensiveplans,and
havenotimplementedzoningregulationsspecifictoareasthatmaybeaffectedbyoperationsatFortDrumto
promotecompatibledevelopmentwiththetypesofactivitiesthatoccurinthemilitaryoperationalareas.
Zoning
ThetownsofChampionandWilnaandvillagesofCarthageandWestCarthagehavealladoptedzoninglaws.The
zoninglawsweremostrecentlyupdatedin2013(Champion),1987(Wilna),2011(Carthage),and2005
(WestCarthage).ThetownsofChampion,Carthage,andWestCarthagehavelightingstandardsintheirzoning
lawsthatrequireappropriateshieldingtominimizeglareandreflection,aswellaslimitthemaximumapexangleof
theconeofilluminationto150degrees.Thishelpsreducenighttimelightingimpactsonnighttrainingoperations
atFortDrum.
4.8. Town of LeRay

Comprehensive Plan
TheTownofLeRayComprehensivePlan,adoptedin2009,isthepolicydocumentthatguidesthetowns
longrangedevelopmentplans.SinceFortDrumsCantonmentAreaandWheelerSackArmyAirfieldare
completelylocatedwithintheTownofLeRaysboundaries,thecommunityandFortDrumareintimatelyrelated
anddependentoneachotherforlongtermgrowthandsustainability.Therefore,theguidelinesoutlinedin
LeRaysComprehensivePlanareimportantbecauseoftheirpotentialimpactsonoperationsatFortDrum.The
TownofLeRaysComprehensivePlanacknowledgesFortDrumsimportancetoLeRayseconomyandtheimpacts
thetownandFortDrumhaveononeanother.ThisisparticularlynotedinChapterFourTownCharacterAreas:
FortDrum.
FollowingareseveralcompatibilityfactorsaddressedbytheComprehensivePlan.
Communication / Coordination
AddressingcommunicationandcoordinationwithFortDrumisoneofthekeycomponentstoLeRays
ComprehensivePlan.OneofthefivetownwideprinciplesthecommunityidentifiedinChapterSixTownWide
Principlesis,partnerwithFortDrumformutuallybeneficialsolutionsforLeRayandtheregion.
Furthermore,thefirstgoalintheFortDrumCharacterArearelatestocommunication/coordination.Thisgoaland
itsunderlyingstrategiesareaproactiveapproachtocontinuingandstrengtheningtherelationshipbetweenLeRay
andFortDrum.
Energy Development
ChapterFiveGreenPlanninginLeRaysComprehensivePlanaddressesissuesandopportunitiesenhancingthe
greenbuildingpracticesandtechniqueswithinthecommunity.WhileLeRaydoesnotrestrictwindturbine
development,theimplementationsectionofthischapterdoesnotethatsitingwindturbinesshouldbecarefully
analyzedastonotimpairtrainingoperationsatFortDrum.

Housing Availability
ChapterSevenofLeRaysComprehensivePlanisaStrategicPlanwithalistofrecommendationsandstrategiesto
implementtheComprehensivePlansgoalsandguidefuturedecisionmaking.Recommendation5isEnsure
housingchoiceandaffordability.Thisrecommendationhasseveralrelatingstrategiesthatsupportdiverse
housingoptionsavailabletotheneedsofpeoplewhoworkatFortDrum.
Land Use
LeRayrecognizestheimportanceofFortDrumstrainingasitskeytolongtermsustainability,andthepotential
incompatibledevelopmentsthatmayhindertheinstallationsoperations.GoalFourintheFarmCoreTown
CharacterAreaistoInvestigateopportunitiesforfarmlandprotectionprograms.Thisgoalseekstocoordinate
withFortDrumsArmyCompatibleUseBuffer(ACUB)programasamutuallybeneficialstrategytoprotectfarm
land.
Likewise,oneoftheLandUseRecommendationsintheFarmCoreTownCharacterAreaistheFortTownLandUse
Compatibility.ThisrecommendationsuggestspreservingagriculturallandadjacenttoFortDrumsborderandin
theLandUsePlanningZone(LUPZ)tominimizenoiseandlightpollutionconflictswithFortDrumstraining.The
ComprehensivePlanidentifiedonespecificareaeastofEvansMillsaspotentiallyincompatiblewithintheLUPZ,
andrecommendsrezoningtousescompatiblewiththeinstallation.
Noise
FortDrumsnoisecontoursaremappedinLeRaysComprehensivePlanundertheFortTownLandUse
Compatibilitysection,anddepictwheretheLUPZsarethroughoutthetown.TheComprehensivePlansupports
FortDrumsmissionandacknowledgeshowtheTownsgoalofpreservingagricultureisacompatiblelandusein
noisezones.
Public Transportation
GoalTwooftheFortDrumTownCharacterAreaisto,collaboratetoimprovemultimodalaccessbetween
FortDrumandLeRay.AlthoughLeRaycurrentlydoesnothaveanypublictransportation,thisgoalsupports
collaborationwithlocalandregionalagenciestoextendservicesthroughLeRayandtoFortDrum.
PublicTransportationisalsoaddressedinChapterEightStrategicPlan,whichrecommendsassessingashuttle
servicealongRoute11thatconnectsFortDrumtothemultifamilydevelopmentsandretailcenters,aswellasa
potentialparkandridefacilitylocatedoffinstallation.
Safety Zones
ChapterNineDraftGenericEnvironmentalImpactStatementinLeRaysComprehensivePlananalyzesaseriesof
landusealternativesbasedonwhetherornottheComprehensivePlansrecommendationsareimplemented.One
ofthesealternativesistheDevelopingDistrict(DD)zoningdistrictthatiscurrentlylocatedwithinanAccident
PotentialZone(APZ)forWheelerSackArmyAirfield.Whilethisdistrictwasenvisionedforofficeandresearch
facilitiestosupportFortDrumsgrowthinthe1980s,alackofinfrastructurelimitedthedevelopmenttoasmall
area.
AlternativeOneacknowledgesthispotentialsafetyhazardandrecommendsreducingtheDDzoningdistrictinsize
toareasoutsideoftheAPZandconvertingittoagriculturaluses.AlternativeTwoistheNoActionAlternative.
TheComprehensivePlanrecognizesthecompatibilityissuesandimpactsifthisDDzoneisdevelopedinthefuture,
andnotesthepotentialclosureofFortDrumifsuchdevelopmentoccurs.

AlthoughthesealternativesraiseimportantissueswithcompatibilitywithFortDrum,therearenoregulating
policiesthatsupporttheComprehensivePlansanalysisandrecognitionoftheincompatiblelanduseswithinthe
APZ.
Zoning
LeRayszoningmapidentifiesthenoisezonescreatedbyFortDrumtrainingoperationsthatextendintoits
jurisdiction.However,thesenoisezonesidentifiedarenotconnectedtonormentionedinLeRayszoninglaws.The
underlyingareaswithinthesenoisezoneshavepotentialforincompatibledevelopmentwithFortDrumstraining,
leavingtheinstallationvulnerabletoapotentialincreaseofnoisecomplaintsifhigherdensitydevelopmentis
constructed.
LeRayszoninglawdoeshavealightingrequirementthathelpsprotectFortDrumsnighttraining.Section15875
containsgenerallightingrequirementsfortheTownofLeRay.Onesuchordinanceinthissectionreads,Fixtures
shallbedarkskycompliant.Thisordinancelimitstheamountoflightthatmaytrespassontoadjacentproperties,
andhelpskeepthenightskydarkerforenhancednightvisiontraining.
CompatibilitywithFortDrumisaddressedinSection158142.Preliminarysiteplanapproval.Thissectionpermits
thePlanningBoardtoconsultwiththeFortDrumcommunityplannerpriortoapprovingasiteplanapplication,
althoughthisisnotarequirement.
4.9. Town of Philadelphia

Zoning Code
TheTownofPhiladelphiasZoningCodeisadoptedasalocallawtoprotectthetownsexistingdevelopment,while
controllinggrowthandpromotinggeneralwelfare.Thiszoningcodecontainsanordinanceforcommercialoutdoor
lighting.Section555CommercialOutdoorLightingreads,
InordertoreducethepotentialnegativeimpactontrainingatFortDrumbyexcessiveoutdoor
lighting,thefollowingcommercialoutdoorlightingregulationsshallapplywhenreviewing
specialpermitapplicationsandconductingsiteplanreviews.
ThislightingrequirementimposedbytheTownofPhiladelphiaminimizestheamountofambientlightbeing
reflectedintothesky,supportingFortDrumsnightvisiontraining.
4.10. Town of Watertown

Comprehensive Plan
ThecurrentTownofWatertownComprehensivePlanwasadoptedin2014.Theplanacknowledgesthatfuture
growthinthetownwillbetiedtogrowthatFortDrum,amongotherfactors.ItidentifiesFortDrumasbothan
opportunityforfuturegrowthanddevelopmentinthetown,andasathreatrelatingtotheuncertaintyofFort
Drumsfutureandtheimpactitcouldhaveonthetown.
Zoning
TheTownofWatertownszoningcodewasmostrecentlyupdatedin2012.Itincludeslightingstandardsthat
lightingshallcomplywithguidelinessetforthbytheInternationalDarkSkyAssociationorequivalentandrequires
alllightstobeshieldedtorestrictthemaximumapexangleoftheconeofilluminationto150degrees.These
regulationsassistinreducingnighttimelightingimpactstonightvisionoperationsatFortDrum.

4.11. Lewis County
Comprehensive Plan
LewisCountyadoptedaComprehensivePlaninOctober,2009.TheComprehensivePlandoesacknowledge
FortDrumsimportanceandinfluenceuponthecounty,andincludesFortDrumasaregionalstakeholder
identifiedaspartofPolicyArea7:RegionalCoordination;however,therearenospecificpoliciestoaddress
FortDrumsmilitaryoperationareas.
Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy

LewisCountysCEDS,updatedin2012,acknowledgesFortDrumsimpactonthecountyslocaleconomy,whichis
describedasbothastrengthandanopportunitytothecountyseconomy.LewisCountyestablishedseveral
strategiestopartnerandsupportFortDrum.TheCommunityResources&Housingsection,ObjectiveC,Strategy5
relatestomilitarycompatibilitywithFortDrum:
5.InvestigateopportunitiesformunicipalitiessurroundingFortDrumtoimplementhousing
projectstoaccommodatehousingneedsofsoldiersandtheirfamilies.
Providinghousingforsoldiersandmilitaryfamiliesatanaffordableratesupportsthemilitaryinstallationsneedto
housemilitarypersonnel,aswellasincreasingthecountyspopulationtosupportlocalbusinesses.
LewisCountysCEDSalsoaddressescommunicationcompatibilitybetweenthecounty,FortDrum,andregional
agencies.ObjectiveC,Strategy1intheRegionalCoordinationsectionreads:
1.ContinuetoworkcloselywithDANC,FDRHPOandFDRLOtoimproveopportunitiesfor
spillovereffectsfrominvestmentsatFortDrum.
Continuingcoordinationandcommunicationbetweentheseentitieshelpsfosterstrongerrelationshipsand
mutuallybeneficialpartnerships.
4.12. Town of Diana

Zoning Law
TheTownofDianahasaZoningLawthatwasadoptedin2002.ItdesignatesallofDianaasRuralResidential.
4.13. St. Lawrence County

NewYorkcountiesarenotrequiredbylawtoadoptplanningregulations.
St. Lawrence County Economic Development Study

TheNewYorkPowerAuthorityfinalizedtheSt.LawrenceCountyEconomicDevelopmentStudyin2015.Thestudy
setsafiveyeareconomicdevelopmentstrategyforthecountytopromoteeconomicgrowthinthecountywhile
makingthebestuseofitscurrentassetsandeconomicstrengths.FortDrumismentionedinthestudy,butnotas
anassettouseforfutureeconomicgrowth.
4.14. Tug Hill Commission

TheTugHillCommissionisanonregulatorystateagencythatwascreatedbyNewYorkStatein1972.Itsmission
istoenablelocalgovernments,privateorganizations,andindividualstoshapethefutureoftheTugHillregion,to
demonstrateandcommunicatewaysthatthiscanbedonebyotherruralareas.TheTugHillregionencompasses

41townsand19villagesinpartsofJefferson,Lewis,Oneida,andOswegocounties,severalofwhichparticipatedin
thisJLUS.Thecommissionisbuiltuponempoweringthecitizensandcommunitieswithinitsareaandassisting
themwithmeanstoshapetheircommunitiestosupporttheirvaluesforthefuture.Thisisdonethroughefforts
suchascommunityprograms,education,fundraising,andcommunityimprovementprojects.TheCommission
alsoprovidesimportantservicestolocalgovernments,economicdevelopmentorganizations,andotherlocal
groups,suchastechnicalassistance,communitydevelopment,geographicinformationsystems(GIS)andother
technologyservices,landuseplanning,naturalresourcemanagement,andsharedstaffresourcesthroughacircuit
riderprogram.Theseresourcesareveryimportantforcommunitiesthatdonthavetheirownresourcesorstaff
capacitytoperformthesetasksontheirown.
4.15. Development Authority of the North Country

TheDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountrywascreatedbytheNewYorkStatelegislaturein1985toassist
withcoordinationandcommunicationbetweenFortDrumandthethreecountiesthatsurroundit(Jefferson,
Lewis,andSt.Lawrence)followingtheannouncementofthereactivationofthe10thMountainDivisionat
FortDrum.Sinceitsinception,theDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountryhasevolvedtoprovidemore
servicesforthecommunitieswithinthethreecounties,anditoperatesasolidwastemanagementfacility,water
andwastewaterfacilities,anopenaccesstelecomnetwork,andadministersseveralbusinessandhousingloan
programsavailabletothecommunities.TheDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountrysmissionistoserve
thecommoninterestsofJefferson,Lewis,andSt.Lawrencecountiesbyprovidingtechnicalservicesand
infrastructure,whichwillenhanceeconomicopportunitiesintheregionandpromotethehealthandwellbeingof
itscommunities.Thisisaccomplishedthroughtheprovisionofsharedservices,feebasedservices,administration
forcommunities,solidwastemanagement,waterqualitymanagement,engineering,telecommunications,and
communitydevelopment.TheDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountryalsohasadedicatedcommunity
plannerwhoservesastheliaisonbetweenFortDrumandthecommunitiesinthethreecounties.Thisstaff
resourcehasprovedinvaluableduringthedevelopmentofthisJLUSbycoordinatingthevariouscommunity
stakeholderstoworktowardsacommongoalofachievingimprovedcommunicationbetweenthemilitaryandits
neighboringcommunities.
4.16. Other References

Intheinterestoflandusecompatibilitybetweenthemilitaryandthelocalcommunity,theDODOfficeofEconomic
Adjustment(OEA)andotherpublicinterestgroups,suchastheNationalAssociationofCounties(NACo),have
preparededucationaldocumentsandvideostoeducateandinformthepublicaboutencroachmentissuesand
methodstoaddressexistingorfuturecompatibilityconcerns.Followingarefiveresourcesthathavebeen
publishedtoinformthepubliconlandusecompatibility.

Guides
The Practical Guide to Compatible Civilian Development near Military Installations (July 2007), OEA
Thisguideoffersgeneralinformationoncommunitydevelopmentandcivilianencroachmentissues.Theguidecan
befoundontheOEAinternetsiteatthefollowingaddress:http://www.oea.gov/.
Joint Land Use Study Program Guidance Manual (November 2006)

ThismanualprovidesguidanceontheJLUSprogram,process,andidentifieseffortstosupportcompatible
development.ThismanualcanbeobtainedontheOEAinternetsiteatthefollowingaddress:
http://www.oea.gov/.
Encouraging Compatible Land Use between Local Governments and Military Installations: A Best Practices
Guide (April 2007), NACo
Thisguidebookpresentscasestudiesofbestpracticesbetweenthemilitaryandcommunitiesthrough
communication,regulatoryapproaches,andJointLandUseStudies.Theguidecanbeaccessedonthe
NACointernetsiteatthefollowingaddress:http://www.naco.org/.
Videos
The Base Next Door: Community Planning and the Joint Land Use Study Program, OEA
Thisinformativevideodiscussestheissueofencroachmentnearmilitaryinstallationsasurbandevelopmentoccurs
withinthevicinity.ThisvideocanbeaccessedontheofficialOEAYouTubechannelat:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UiyWDgLeJM.
Managing Growth, Communities Respond, OEA

Thisvideohighlightsthelessonslearnedfromthreecommunities(KitsapNavalBaseinBangor,Washington;
FortDruminJeffersonCounty,NewYork;andFortLeonardWoodinPulaskiCounty,Missouri)thathavesuccessful
programsformanaginggrowthneartheirrespectivemilitaryinstallations.Thisvideocanbeaccessedonthe
officialOEAYouTubechannelat:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rea6d3bDp3c.


InsideChapter5
5.1. CompatibilityAssessment.................................................................................................52
AwarenessItems............................................................................................................................54
CompatibilityIssues.....................................................................................................................519
5.2. AirQuality(AQ)...............................................................................................................519
5.3. AntiTerrorism/ForceProtection(AT)...........................................................................520
5.4. BiologicalResources(BIO)...............................................................................................521
5.5. Communication/Coordination(COM)...........................................................................527
5.6. CulturalResources(CR)...................................................................................................529
5.7. Dust/Smoke/Steam(DSS)............................................................................................531
5.8. EnergyDevelopment(ED)...............................................................................................534
5.9. FrequencySpectrumCapacity(FSC)...............................................................................559
5.10. FrequencySpectrumImpedance/Interference(FSI).....................................................560
5.11. HousingAvailability(HA).................................................................................................561
5.12. InfrastructureExtensions(IE)..........................................................................................563
5.13. Land/Air/SeaSpaceCompetition(LAS).......................................................................565
5.14. LandUse(LU)..................................................................................................................571
5.15. LegislativeInitiatives(LEG)..............................................................................................580
5.16. LightandGlare(LG).........................................................................................................585
5.17. MarineEnvironments(MAR)..........................................................................................590
5.18. Noise(NOI)......................................................................................................................591
5.19. PublicServices(PS)........................................................................................................5107
5.20. PublicTrespassing(PT)..................................................................................................5108
5.21. RoadwayCapacity(RC)..................................................................................................5109
5.22. Safety(SA).....................................................................................................................5112
5.23. ScarceNaturalResources(SNR)....................................................................................5120
5.24. VerticalObstructions(VO)............................................................................................5121
5.25. Vibration(V)..................................................................................................................5130
5.26. WaterQuality/Quantity(WQQ)..................................................................................5132


5.1. Compatibility Assessment
Compatibility,inrelationtomilitaryreadiness,canbedefinedasthebalanceorcompromisebetweencommunity
needsandinterestsandmilitaryneedsandinterests.Thegoalofcompatibilityplanningistopromotean
environmentwherebothcommunityandmilitaryentitiescommunicate,coordinate,andimplementmutually
supportiveactionsthatallowbothtoachievetheirrespectiveobjectives.
Anumberoffactorsassistindeterminingwhethercommunityandmilitaryplans,programs,andactivitiesare
compatibleorinconflictwithjointlandusessuchascommunityactivitiesandmilitaryinstallations.ForthisJoint
LandUseStudy(JLUS),25compatibilityfactorswereusedtoidentify,determine,andestablishasetofkeyJLUS
compatibilityissues.Thesecompatibilityfactorsarelistedbelow.
Anactionundertakenbyeitherthemilitaryor
communitythatminimizes,hindersorpresents
anobstacletotheactionoftheotheris
characterizedasanissue.Issuesarisingonthe
partofeitherorboththemilitaryand
communityaregroupedaccordingtothe
relevantfactorandlistedinthischapter.For
eachidentifiedissue,acompatibility
assessmentisprovideddiscussingthenature
andcauseorsourceoftheissuefollowedby
applicableexistingtoolscurrentlyusedorthat
maybeusedtomitigateencroachmentor
preventtheemergenceofencroachmentinthe
futureincludinganassessmentoftheir
effectiveness.
Methodology and Evaluation

ThemethodologyfortheFortDrumJLUSconsistedofacomprehensiveandinclusivediscoveryprocesstoidentify
keystakeholderissuesassociatedwiththecompatibilityfactors.AttheinitialSteeringCommittee(SC)and
TechnicalWorkingGroup(TWG)workshopsandpublicmeetings,stakeholderswereaskedtoidentifythelocation
andtypeofissueinconjunctionwithcompatibilityfactorstheythoughtexistedtodayorcouldoccurinthefuture.
Asapartoftheevaluationphase,theSC,TWG,andthepublicexaminedandprioritizedtheextentofexistingand
potentialfuturecompatibilityissuesthatcouldimpactlandwithinorneartheJLUSStudyArea.Otherfactorsand
associatedissueswereanalyzedbasedonavailableinformationandsimilaritywithothercommunityJLUS
experiencesaroundthecountry.
Thedevelopmentofstrategiestoaddresscompatibilityisdirectlyandindirectlyaffectedbytheevaluationof
issues.IssueswereprioritizedintofourdifferentcategorieswithanassociatedtimeframeandpresentedtotheSC
andTWGforreview.SincetheSCandTWGacceptedtheprioritiesasis,theprioritieswillbeusedtodeterminethe
timeframeforinitiatingstrategiesbytheprimaryandpartnerorganizations.

Whenreviewingtheassessmentinformationinthischapter,itisimportanttonotethefollowing:
Thischapterprovidesatechnicalbackgroundonthefactorsandissuesdiscussedbasedonavailable
information.Theintentistoprovideanadequatecontextforawareness,education,anddevelopmentof
JLUSrecommendations.Itisnotdesignedorintendedtobeutilizedasanexhaustivetechnicalevaluation
ofexistingorfutureconditionswithintheJLUSStudyArea.
Ofthe25compatibilityfactorsconsidered,sevenweredeterminedtobeinapplicabletothisJLUSbecause
nocompatibilityissueswereidentifiedrelatedtothem.Thesevenfactorswithnocompatibilityissues
identifiedare:
AirQuality
AntiTerrorism/ForceProtection
FrequencySpectrumCapacity
FrequencySpectrumImpedance/Interference
MarineEnvironments
ScarceNaturalResources
WaterQuality/Quantity
Organization of the Compatibility Issues Identified

Chapter5isorganizedintotwomainsections:AwarenessItemsandCompatibilityIssues.TheAwarenessItems
areidentifiedandcataloguedwiththewordAWARENESSandanumericidentifier.Theseitemsareissuesthat
wereoriginallyidentified,butthroughassessmentandfurtherreviewbytheJLUSTechnicalWorkingGroupand
SteeringCommittee,weredeterminedtoeithernolongerbeissues,orareadequatelymanagedthroughexisting
processes.However,theseareitemsthatshouldbemonitoredinthefuturetoensuretheydonotbecomeissues
downtheroad.Theseitemsareseparatedfromthesetofcompatibilityissues,andtheAwarenessItemsdonot
havestrategiesassociatedwiththemintheJLUSImplementationPlan.Thus,theAwarenessItemsdidnotwarrant
asmuchofanindepthanalysis.
TheCompatibilityIssuessectionprovidesmoreindepthanalysisofthemoreimportantissuesfortheFortDrum
JLUSandassuchisorganizedbycompatibilityfactor.Eachfactorwillbeidentifiedwithanumber,e.g.,5.2,5.3,
etc.Thefactorsdefinition,technicalbackground,andkeytermsinformationwillalsobefoundineachnumbered
subsection.

Awareness Items
The following items are Awareness Items that are meant for future monitoring, but do not at this time have
strategies associated with them as part of the JLUS Implementation Plan.
Jefferson County potential nonattainment for Ozone standard

Jefferson County was historically in nonattainment for the 8-hour Ozone air quality.
As of the preparation of this JLUS, it is in attainment for the 2015 Ozone standard.
Regional air quality nonattainment can impact the operations at Fort Drum by limiting
AWARENESS-1
types of activities that affect air quality, such as aircraft operations. Fort Drum and
the surrounding communities often have little control over air quality as wind
patterns over Lake Ontario may bring poorer quality air from the Midwest over the
region.
Compatibility Assessment
In New York the authority has been delegated to the New York Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC)
to ensure that the State of New York maintains or moves into attainment with all NAAQS. In the past, Jefferson
County, which includes portions of Fort Drum, was in nonattainment for 8-hour Ozone air quality prior to 2009.
According to the data reviewed, Lewis and St. Lawrence counties were not identified as nonattainment status for
8-hour Ozone standards during the timeframe the Jefferson County was.
Source: https://www3.epa.gov/airquality/greenbook/anayo_ny.html
Attainment for Ozone is based on an 8-hour design value from the four highest scoring days averaged over a
three- year period. The Ozone NAAQS is 70 parts per billion (ppb). As of July 2017, the design value for Ozone was
63 ppb for the Jefferson County area. The area is designated as in attainment for all other criteria pollutants.
Table 5-1. Air Quality Standards and Ozone Pollution Levels

NAAQS
Perch River Station, 2015 Ozone
Pollutant Averaging Time Design Value (ppb) Standard (ppb) Federal Status
Ozone 8-Hour 63 70 Attainment
Source: DEC 2017 Annual Monitoring Network Plan; EPA SIP Status Reports
https://www3.epa.gov/airquality/urbanair/sipstatus/reports/ny_areabypoll.html
https://www3.epa.gov/airquality/greenbook/anayo_ny.html
Ozone is a secondary pollutant formed by the chemical reaction of two chemicals nitrogen oxides (NOx) and
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight. The presence and reaction of these chemicals is
generally the result of emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels from sources such as vehicles, power plants,
and industrial boilers. Even at low levels, Ozone can impact the respiratory system and can cause eye irritation and
chest pain especially for those with respiratory issues and those who work outdoors. Ozone is considered a
regional pollutant in that pollution sources in one area can have impacts on other areas through the transport or
movement of pollutants and Ozone due to weather patterns and geography of the affected regions. In addition, as
discussed the reaction of sunlight with NOx and VOCs creates ground level Ozone, therefore Ozone levels are
typically higher during warmer months due to the pollutants reacting with the sunlight. Historically, higher levels
of Ozone in Jefferson County were due to transport of pollutants from the mid-western United States energy
Page 5-4 Public Draft November 2017

plantsandindustrialsourcesinCanada.Improvedairqualityregulationsandtechnologychangesinindustrial/
energyprocesseshavereducedaverageOzonelevelsinmanyareasacrosstheUnitedStates.Inaddition,as
mentionedweatherconditionshaveasignificanteffectonOzoneandoverspecifictimeframes,Ozonelevelscan
varybasedonthoseconditions.
TheEPAmadechangestotheNAAQSforOzonein2008and2015.Thesechangeswerebasedonimproved
scienceandunderstandingofairpollutionanditsimpacts.OnMarch12,2009NYDECrecommendedtothe
ActingRegionalAdministratorUSEPAthatJeffersonCountybedesignatedasanattainmentareaforthe2008
8hourozoneNAAQS.Thisrecommendationwasmadeforthefollowingreasons:(1)The2008designvalueforthis
areais0.075ppmatthePerchRivermonitor,whichwassitedtodeterminetheimpactsfromToronto,otherlarge
citiesinOntarioandMichigan;and(2)Thearea,whichisalsocurrentlyanapprovedcleandataarea(March25,
2008;73FR1567215674)monitoringattainmentofthe1997ozoneNAAQSof0.08ppm,hasnotchanged
significantlysinceEPAmadefinaldesignationsforthe1997ozoneNAAQSin2004.
Source:http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/8400.html
Asmentionedpreviously,JeffersonCountyiscurrentlyinattainmentforthe20158hourstandardof.070ppm
(70ppb).AlthoughJeffersonCountyiscurrentlyinattainmentforthe8hourOzonestandard,themonitoring
stationatPerchRiverindicatesthereareperiodicdailyexceedancesofthecurrentOzonestandardintheCounty,
althoughnotenoughtoclassifyitasnonattainment.Thereareimplicationsforapotentialfuturedesignationof
nonattainmentforOzoneincluding,potentialindustrialandeconomicdevelopmentconstraintsandpotential
constraintsontransportationimprovements.Additionally,ifinanonattainmentzone,FortDrumcouldhave
restrictionsonitsemissionsaspartofaregionalstrategytoachieveattainmentforOzone,whichcouldaffectthe
militaryoperationsontheinstallationfromstationarysources(e.g.,fueltanks)andmobilesources(e.g.,aircraft
flightoperations).
NewYork,alongwithothernortheasternstates,islocatedintheNortheastOzoneTransportRegion(OTR).States
thatarepartoftheOTRarerequiredtosubmitaStateImplementationPlan(SIP)totheEnvironmentalProtection
Agency(EPA)detailinghowtheyaccomplishimplementation,maintenance,andenforcementofNAAQSandmust
alsoinstallcertaincontrolsforOzonecausingpollutants,eveninareaswhereambientOzonelevelsarein
compliancewiththestandards.Alistofrequirementsfor8hourOzoneareaandOTRcanbefoundontheEPAs
website.
Source:https://www.epa.gov/ozonepollution/nonattainmentandozonetransportregionotrsiprequirements.
The2015NAAQSforOzonewhenfullyimplementedwouldstrengthenprovisionsformanaginginterstateOzone
transportandallowforsomeconsiderationofOzonetransportfrominternationalsources.The2015NAAQSfor
OzoneisintendedtocontinuetoreducepollutantemissionsthatcreateOzoneandensureallregionsacrossthe
countryarefullyimplementingrequiredmeasurestoimproveairqualityasitrelatestoOzone.Therearesome
legislativeinitiativesinCongresstodelayand/oraffectfullimplementationofthe2015Ozonestandardand
associatedregulations.TheOzoneTransportCommission(OTC),whichNewYorkStateisamember,hastakena
firmstandagainstanydelaysintheimplementationofthe2015Ozonestandard.TheOTCisamultistate
organizationcreatedundertheCleanAirActthatadvisestheEPAonissuesrelatedtogroundlevelOzone
transportintheNortheastandtheMidAtlanticregionsoftheU.S.Thissupportincludesthepracticalityandfiscal
aspectsofOzoneregulationimplementationandtheunderlyingscienceassociatedwithOzonetransportand
healthandenvironmentalimpacts.
Source:OzoneTransportCommission,http://www.otcair.org/

WhilethisissuewasidentifiedduringtheJLUSprocess,theanalysisaboveindicatesthatthisissueisnotsomething
thatresultsfromactionsoccurringdirectlywithintheStudyArea,andiscausedbysourcesoutsideofthe
StudyArea.Asthecauseofthisissueandthemeasuresneededtoaddressitarebeyondthecontrolofthe
JLUSpartners,thisissueisadequatelyaddressedandnofurtherrecommendationsareneededinconjunctionwith
thisJLUS.
Findings
JeffersonCountywasclassifiednonattainmentfor8hourOzonefrompriorto2009,butiscurrentlyin
attainmentforthecurrent8hourOzonestandard.
HistoricallyJeffersonCountywasnonattainmentduetotransportofpollutants/Ozonefrommidwestern
energyplantsandindustrialemissionsfromCanada,howeverimprovedairqualityregulationsand
pollutioncontroltechnologyhashelpedreduceemissionsinmanyregionsoftheU.S.
AirqualityattainmentisaregionalissuethataffectsFortDrumifthesurroundingregionweretobe
classifiednonattainmentforthe8hourOzonestandardinthefuture.
The2015NAAQSforOzonewhenfullyimplementedwouldstrengthenregulationimplementationfor
interstatetransportofOzoneandprovidesomeconsiderationforinternationalOzonetransport.
TheOTC,ofwhichNewYorkStateisamemberhasgoneonrecordopposinganylegislationthatwould
delayoraffectfullimplementationofthe2015Ozonestandard.

ObtainingresponsefromFortDrumondevelopmentapplicationreview
CommunitiessendcertaintypesofdevelopmentapplicationstoFortDrumfor
AWARENESS2 review,andwouldliketoreceiveaformalresponsefromtheinstallationon
compatibilityconcernswiththeproposeddevelopmentpotentiallyimpactingor
beingimpactedbyFortDrumoperations.

SeveralofthecommunitiessurroundingFortDrumhavedevelopedinformalagreementswithFortDrumtosend
certaintypesofdevelopmentproposalsorplanningprogramupdatestoFortDrumtoreviewandprovide
commentsonwhetherornottheproposalorplannedactionwouldhaveanegativeimpactontheinstallations
operations,orresultinincompatibledevelopment.TheseproposalsaresenttotheFortDrumCommunityPlanner
forreviewandcomment.Armypolicyisgenerallytoprovideonlyinformationalresponsesforconsiderationtothe
decisionmakerstoassistwithapprovingordenyingaproject,andnotadirectresponsetoadvocatedisapprovalof
theproject.WhenalocalcommunitysendsaproposedprojecttoFortDrumforcommentstheymayreceivea
response,butincaseswheretheydonot,thismaycausesomeuncertaintyastowhetherornottheproposed
projectmayhaveanimpact.NoresponsefromFortDrumonaproposedprojectmaybeforavarietyofreasons,
includingthattherearenoconcernswiththeproposedproject.IfnoresponseisprovidedbyFortDrumbythe
endofthecommentperiod,thecommunitiesconsiderthatagoodfaithefforttoobtaincommentsandassume
therearenoissueswiththedevelopmentapplicationintermsofcompatibilitywithFortDrum.TheDODSiting
Clearinghouse,discussedfurtherinSection5.8EnergyDevelopment,asanexampleofcommunicationand
coordinationbetweendevelopersandtheDOD,inthecontextofenergydevelopment.

Findings
LocaljurisdictionsdonotalwaysreceiveformalcommentsfromFortDrumonproposeddevelopment
projects.
IfFortDrumdoesnotrespondtoacommunityrequestforcommentonaproposeddevelopmentproject
it,maycauseuncertaintyonthepartofthejurisdictionoranincorrectassumptionthatthereareno
impactsonFortDrumsmissions.
Publicusershavedifferentregulationsthatapplytoonandoffinstallation
activities
AWARENESS3 Usersfindrulesforpublicactivitiesanduseofland,suchashuntingand
recreation,aredifferentoninstallationversusoffinstallation.Thisisdueto
externalpoliciesandrequirementsthatdictateregulationsonhowthe
installationmanagestheseFederal/DODresources.
FortDrumpermitssomepublicactivitieswithinitsboundaries,including
huntingandotherrecreationalactivities.However,acertainlevelof
safetymustbemaintainedforbothsoldiersandpublicuserson
installation.FortDrumusesapplicablefederalregulationsandstate
levelguidelinesforhuntingandrecreationalactivitiesoninstallation
andalsohassomeadditionalinstallationregulationstomaintainsafe
recreationalopportunitieswithoutimpactingmissionrequirementsand
training.UnderFortDrumRegulation4203,Hunting,fishing,trapping,
andotherrecreationaluseofFortDrumwillbeinaccordancewithNew
YorkStatelaws,thisregulation,federallaws,andsupplementalorders
issuedbytheInstallationCommander.
BowhuntersinthecantonmentareamusthaveeitheraMilitaryI.D.,
MilitaryDependentorFamilyMemberI.D.,RetiredMilitaryI.D.,Civilian
DepartmentofDefenseI.D.,orcontractpersonnelwithDODI.D.,aswell
BowhunteratFortDrum
asobtainaRecreationalAccessPass.Also,allweaponsbrought
Source:FortDrumCantonmentArea
oninstallationmustberegisteredwiththeMilitaryPolice. HuntingBrochure
SomestakeholdersquestionedtheArmyCompatibleUseBuffer(ACUB)ProgramandwhetherFortDrums
additionalregulationsapplytoACUBland.However,ACUBlandswouldbegovernedbythelocalcommunityor
stateregulationsandnotaffectedbyFortDrumsadditionalregulations.Thelandrightspurchasedthrougha
conservationeasementfromthelandownerusingtheACUBProgramaremeanttoprovideabufferaroundthe
installation,butarenotapartofFortDrumproperty.Thepropertyisstillprivateandthereisnopublicaccess
requirementaspartoftheeasement.

Findings
FortDrumallowspublicusesonitsproperty,buthasadditionalregulationsinplacethatarenotapplicable
offtheinstallation.
FortDrumsadditionalregulationsforrecreationwouldnotapplytoprivatepropertywhereconservation
easementsarepurchasedthroughtheACUBProgram.

ManagementofNativeAmericanculturalsitesoninstallation
TherearenumerousNativeAmericanculturalsitesonFortDrumthatrequire
AWARENESS4
coordinationbetweenFortDrumandNativeAmericancommunitymembersfor
tribalmemberstoaccessthesites.

AccordingtoFortDrums2011IntegratedCulturalResourcesManagementPlan,FortDrumisrecognizedasan
aboriginalhuntingandfishingarea,andconsultswiththreeNativeAmericangovernments:
OneidaIndianNation
OnondagaNation
St.RegisMohawkTribe
ThereareseveralimportantNativeAmericanculturalsiteslocatedatFortDrumthatmembersofthelocal
NativeAmericanTribesmaywishtovisit.FortDrumcomanagesculturalsitesontheinstallationwithNative
AmericanNationpreservationpartnerstoensuretheyareprotectedandrespected.FortDrumpermitsindividuals
andgroupstoaccessrequestedculturalsitesuponcoordinationwithandapprovalbyFortDrum.Membersfrom
NativeAmericantribesmaymakeaformalwrittenrequesttoaccesstheculturalsiteoninstallationthroughthe
PAOatleastfivedayspriortotheproposedvisit,or60daysforalargergroupvisit.ThePAOwillcoordinatethe
requestwiththeInstallationGarrisonCommandersofficetoensuretheNativeAmericantribalmember(s)willbe
safetoaccessFortDrum,anditwillnotimpedetrainingoperationsoccurringatthetime.IftheInstallation
GarrisonCommanderidentifiesaconflictinsafetyorimpacttotrainingoperations,thePAOwillproposean
alternatetimeordatetotheNativeAmericantribalmember(s).ThePAO,CulturalResourcesofficeandthe
DirectorateofPlans,Training,Mobilization&Security(DPTMS)worktogethertobeasaccommodatingaspossible
torequestforaccesstospecificsitesandcemeteriesinthetrainingareas.Iftherearenotrainingconflicts,wecan
evenaccommodatesamedayrequestsunlessitisalargegroupvisit.
Source:IntegratedCulturalResourceManagementPlan,2011
SincetheNorthCountrywasonceoccupiedbyNativeAmericanTribes,thereisapotentialthatadditionalremains
and/orartifactscouldbefoundduringexcavationfornewdevelopments.Ifsuchfindingsareuncovered,an
archeologicalevaluationwouldbeconductedtodeterminethesignificanceofthefinding,andiftheartifactsand/
orremainswarrantanyprotectionoftheland.

Findings
Fort Drum co-manages cultural sites on the installation with Native American Nation preservation partners
to ensure they are protected and respected.
Local Native American tribal members must have approval from Fort Drum to access on-installation
cultural sites.
The Fort Drum PAO makes every effort to accommodate the site access requests, but there are times
when PAO must propose alternative dates / time to avoid impacts to military operations.
Basic Allowance for Housing (BAH) rate fluctuation on local rental market
There is public concern that some local rental markets may be affected by BAH rates,
AWARENESS-5
driving up housing rates and making it more expensive than lower income civilian
residents can afford.
During the JLUS process, an issue was raised during interviews with stakeholders regarding housing rental prices
being affected by Fort Drums BAH rates.
The local rental market is driven by the demand and the military population from Fort Drum make up a significant
portion of that demand for housing. Without military renters, there would be less demand and therefore less
incentive for developers to undertake new rental housing start in the area. In the past, higher BAH rates have
incentivized Developers to undertake rental housing construction yielding approximately 1,300 new, modern rental
housing units to the local market inventory. BAH is determined annually from the market rents of adequate,
available, affordable housing as determined by the Department of Defense. BAH rates are based on the market
rents surveyed during May through July the previous year, the adjusted BAH rates can lag the current market
conditions.
All military members with dependents receive BAH. Only single soldiers, Sergeant (E-5) and below, are required to
live in barracks and therefore do not receive BAH. Military personnel stationed at Fort Drum who choose to live
off-installation receive BAH, which is housing compensation towards buying or renting a home. BAH rates vary
between military installations, ranks, and whether the personnel has dependents or not. Fort Drums 2017 BAH
rates by rank and with or without dependents are provided in Table 5-1. BAH rates are based on the median rent
rates commensurate with the rank as determined by the Department of Defense and the utilities (heat and
electricity) expected to be paid (taken from the Census Bureau). At Fort Drum, rent is 76 percent of BAH rates and
utilities are 24 percent of the BAH rate. Fort Drums 2017 BAH rates by rank and with or without dependents are
provided in Table 5-2.
According to research on web-based sources such as apartments.com and craigslist.com, a majority of housing
rentals in the Study Area were lower than the lowest BAH rate Fort Drum offers, offering cheaper housing options
for residents. However, Websites such as Craigslist and others typically have rentals at the lower end of the military
adequacy standards for safety and habitability and thus do not meet the needs of military Families. Several rental
properties listed on these sites are not recommended by the Fort Drum Military Housing Office or have been
placed off-limits for nefarious practices towards military renters. Most rentals being advertised on other than
official military sites, do not meet the military adequacy standards and thus are not allowed on the military
websites. The adequacy standards defined by the military may differ and be more stringent than what many local
November 2017 Public Draft Page 5-9

landlords consider adequate or wish to invest in to renovate existing properties. Recently, newer rental housing
construction located closer to Fort Drum replaced older, outdated, inadequate rental housing stock. The
remaining stock of older, inadequate rental housing now contributes to the higher than average vacancy rate. The
Fort Drum military housing office maintains the list of those approved rentals for military renters. There are some
landlords that cater towards military personnel and charge rental prices approximate to Fort Drums BAH rate.
Table 5-2. Fort Drum Basic Allowance for Housing Rates

Rank With Dependents Without Dependents
Enlisted Rates
E1 $1,284 $975
E2 $1,284 $975
E3 $1,284 $975
E4 $1,284 $975
E5 $1,329 $1,149
E6 $1,584 $1,242
E7 $1,782 $1,338
E8 $2,001 $1,500
E9 $2,154 $1,614
Warrant Officer Rates
W1 $1,590 $1,266
W2 $1,872 $1,404
W3 $2,139 $1,617
W4 $2,160 $1,632
W5 $2,184 $1,833
Officer Rates
O1E $1,827 $1,371
O2E $2,100 $1,575
O3E $2,163 $1,623
O1 $1,356 $1,236
O2 $1,578 $1,341
O3 $2,127 $1,620
O4 $2,193 $1,806
O5 $2,232 $1,932
O6 $2,253 $2,139
O7 $2,277 $2,181
Source: DOD Housing Network, 2017
Findings
Fort Drums BAH rates are perceived by some personnel to affect the housing rental market surrounding
the installation.
While some landlords supporting military rentals may use the BAH rates as a reference, further analysis
shows many housing rentals are actually generally less than the lowest BAH rate Fort Drum offers.
Page 5-10 Public Draft November 2017

Difficultyformilitarypersonneltosellhomes
Thelocalcommunityrealestatemarketiscyclical.Rentalsandhomescanbeeasyand
hardtofind,duringsomecycleshomescanbehardtosell.Soldierswhoarestationed
AWARENESS6
atFortDrumandbuyahomemayhavetroublesellingitif/whentheyarestationed
somewhereelseduetothetransientnatureoftheirassignments,causinghousesto
remainvacantdependingonthecycle.
ThesurplusofrentalpropertiesdevelopedthroughouttheNorthCountrytosupportFortDrumspopulationhas
affectedtherealestatemarketfortheregion.AccordingtoaWatertownDailyTimesarticleinSeptember2015,
realestateagentsclaimthebroadrangeofavailablerentalhousingapartmentcomplexeshassaturatedthe
residentialmarket,makinghousesmuchhardertosell.
Source:Realestateagentssayhomesarehardertosellduetooverbuiltrentalhousing(WatertownDailyTimes,2015)
Findings
ThesurplusofrentalpropertiesnearFortDrumhascreatedasoftrealestatemarket,makingitdifficultto
sellhomes.
Onecauseofmilitarynotchoosingtopurchaseahomeisthetransientnatureofserviceandthedesireto
notbeencumberedwiththerigorsofhomeownershipifrequiredtomoveandsubsequentlysellorrent
thehome.
FortDrumoperationallightingencroachingonNativeAmericanceremonies
AWARENESS7 LightpollutionoccursfromFortDrumsrunwaylightsonanearbyarcheological
siteusedfornightskyrituals/ceremoniesbyNativeAmericans.
OnFortDrum,thereisadesignatedtraditionalculturalpropertyknownastheCalendarsite,whichisdistinguished
byitsalignedstones.TheCalendarsiteislocatednorthoftheairfieldandisinfrequentlyusedfornightskyrituals
andceremoniesbyNativeAmericantribesintheregion.Becausetheseceremoniesaredoneatnightandonthe
installation,thelightsfromtheinstallation,suchasblinkinglightsonbeaconsfromtheairfield,canaffectthe
ceremonies.
FortDrumhasincorporatedoutdoorlightingguidelines,bothtoaddress2015EndangeredSpeciesAct(ESA)
consultationrequirementsforthefederallyendangeredIndianaBatandthefederallythreatenedNorthern
LongEaredBatandthroughitsInstallationPlanningStandards,updatedinMay2017.TheESAconsultation
requireslightminimizationmeasurestobeincorporatedforallexteriorlightingthatmayinclude,butarenot
limitedto,fullcutoffs,reflectors,shields,downwardanglingoflights,and/orreducingcorrelatedcolor
temperatureoffixtures.Italsorequiresthatnolightingforconstructionprojectsbeauthorizedwithoutprior
coordinationandauthorizationfromtheprojectmanagerandFortDrumsFishandWildlifeManagementProgram.
TheseregulationswereincorporatedintotheInstallationPlanningStandards.Thisdocumentfurtheridentifiestwo
lightingzonesonFortDrumwherespecifictypesoflightingarerequired.TheStandardsrequirealllightingonthe
installation,withsomeexceptionsforsecurityandoperationalpurposes,topreventundesirablespilloveroflight

ontootherareas.ThesemeasuresthatFortDrumhastakennotonlyaddressendangeredspecies,butalsolimit
lightintrusionfrominstallationusesontoNativeAmericansites.
Findings
NativeAmericanceremoniesinfrequentlyoccurattheCalendarsiteonFortDrum,whichcanbeaffected
bylightsfromtheinstallation.
FortDrumhasadoptedlightingregulationsintheirInstallationPlanningStandardstoreducelightpollution
fromalightsourceontoadjacentland.

Lowlevelflightsoverrivers
AWARENESS8 Thereareconcernsthatlowlevelaircraftflightsoverrivers,bodiesofwaterand
othersensitiveareasmayimpactqualityoflifeofresidentsoraffectwildlife.

Lowlevelflightsmayhaveimpactstowildlife,dependingonthetypeofaircraft,speed,species,andotherfactors.
Potentialnoiseimpactstowildlifemayincludeconfusion,disorientation,andnest/habitatabandonment,
althoughthesepotentialnoiseimpactsarenotclearlyunderstood/documented.Noiseimpactstowildlifeand
humansmayincreasealongriversandbodiesofwaterasthesoundissometimesamplifiedoffofwatersurface.
Additionally,riversareoftensurroundedbyhigherelevationortreesandplantsthatcanactasanamplifierof
noise.Pilotsoperatingatlowlevelsoftenavoidflyingoverriversandotherbodiesofwaterduetotheincreased
riskofbirdstrikesasbirdsoftencongregateornestaroundwater.
FortDrummaintainsgoodneighborandflyfriendlyprogramsandpilotsflyingatFortDrumareexpectedto
abidebythesepoliciesandexercisegoodjudgementwhenchoosingflightpathsandaltitudes.Theseprograms
requestthatpilotsbeawareifthenoisefootprintoftheaircrafttheyareoperatingandbewaryofthetimeofday
andproximitytocivilianpopulations,livestock,andwildlife.Theminimumrecommendedaltitudeforrotarywing
aircraftoverpopulatedareasandenvironmentallysensitiveareasis500feetabovegroundlevel.Figure51
identifiesareasthatpilotsshouldavoidflyingover.ThesearethepoliciesforpilotsoperatingoutofFortDrum,
howeverpilotscomingfromotherinstallationsusingFortDrumorthespecialuseairspacearounditmaynotbe
awareofalltheareaswherespecialprecautionsshouldbetakentoavoiddisturbancesfromoverflights
AccordingtoFortDrumsIntegratedNaturalResourceManagementPlan(INRMP),noiseatFortDrumhasnot
beenidentifiedasaproblemforanyspecificwildlifespecies.However,theINRMPonlycoversFortDrumanddoes
notincludethespecialuseairspaceandflightroutessurroundingtheinstallation.Thereisalargeamountof
militaryoperatingarea(MOA)airspaceandseveralmilitarytrainingroutes(MTRs)(seeChapter3,Section3.7.
MilitaryOperationsFootprintsformoreinformationonlocationsandoperatingaltitudes)aroundFortDrumthat
areusedbyFortDrumpilotsandpilotsfromothermilitaryinstallations.Someofthesegooverportionsof
AdirondackPark,whichincludesalargeamountofrecreationallandandwildlifehabitat,aswellasareasof
residentialconcentration.SeveraloftheMOAsallowflightsaslowas100and500feetabovemeansealevel
(MSL),andtheMTRsallowflightsallowflightsfrom100feetabovegroundleveltotheirdesignatedmaximum
altitude,whichrangesfrom1,500feetMSLto17,000feetMSL.Figure52illustratestheMOAsandMTRsthat
allowflightsaslowas500feetMSL.

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Bird Conservation Areas
Natural Heritage
Ecological Communities
Fort Drum No Fly Zone
Aviation Route
Interstate
US Highway
National or Federally State Parks, Preserves, Fort Drum Water Body
Protected Land and Conservation Easements
County
State Critical Adirondack Park
Boundary
Environment Areas Boundary
Department of
Environmental
Conservation (DEC) Lands
Source: Fort Drum 2016. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, 2017. USGS, 2016.
Figure 5-1
0 10 20
Miles
Aviation Routes Over Sensitive Areas

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Figure 5-2
0 5 10
Mil
es
Low Level Flight Areas

InthevicinityofFortDrum,thereareseveralestablishedresidentialcommunitiesalongtheBlackRiveronthe
southsideofFortDrum.ThesecommunitiesareincloseproximitytoWSAAFandarewithintheapproachand
departurecorridorsfortherunways.Thesecommunitiesexperienceincreasednoisefromlowlevelflight
associatedwithaircraftarrivingtoanddepartingfromWSAAF.IssueNOI1furtherdescribesthenoise
environmentandimpactsaroundWSAAF,includinganassessmentofthelandwithinthenoisezones.
Findings
Potentialnoiseimpactstowildlifecanincludeconfusion,disorientation,andnest/habitatabandonment,
althoughthesepotentialnoiseimpactsarenotclearlyunderstood/documented.
Riversandlandnearbodiesofwatercanbemorepronetonoiseresultingfromamplificationoffthe
surfaceofthewater.
FortDrumoperatesflyfriendlypoliciesinwhichpilotsarerequestedtoavoidlowlevelflightover
populatedareasandknownwildlifeareas.PilotscomingfromotherinstallationsthatuseFortDrum
facilitiesmaynotbeawareoftheseproceduresorthelocationswherelowlevelflightshouldbeavoided.
ThereareseverallowlevelMOAsandMTRsaroundFortDrumthatmayexperienceincreasednoiselevels
duetoflightoperations.
TraumacenterserviceslocationforFortDrum
TheclosestLevelItraumacenterhospitaltoFortDrumisinSyracuse,whichismore
AWARENESS9
thananhourdriveaway.Thiscancausedelayingettingneededmedicalsupport,
especiallyduringhightraumaeventswheretimeisoftheessence.

Intermsofnumberofjobs,healthcareisthelargestemploymentsectorintheCityofWatertown,and
SamaritanMedicalCenteristhecityslargestemployer.Thisisnotsurprisingduetothelocalcommunityhospitals
uniquerelationshipwithFortDrum.FortDrumistheonlymilitaryinstallationofitssizeandtypeinthenationthat
doesnothaveitsowninpatienthospitaloninstallation.Hospitalsinthesurroundingcommunityfillthisneedfor
allsoldiersstationedatFortDrumandfortheirfamilymembers.Thisprovidesamajorboosttothelocalhealth
caresector,whiledemonstratingalocaleconomydependencyonthemilitary.
Source:CityofWatertownConsolidatedPlan20162020
TheFortDrumRegionalHealthPlanningOrganization
(FDRHPO)playsanimportantroleinaddressingFortDrums
healthcareneeds,aswellascivilianslivingincommunities
aroundtheFortDrumregion.ThisorganizationhelpsFort
Drumsoldiersandtheirfamiliesgainaccesstoawiderange
ofenhancedmedicalresourcesofferedthroughouttheNorth
Country.
UpstateUniversityHospitalinSyracuse,NY FortDrumhasauniquerelationshipwiththeNorthCountry
Source:UpstateMedicalUniversity unlikeanyothermilitaryinstallation,inthattheinstallation
heavilyreliesonandpartnerswithitssurrounding
communitytoofferpublicservicestoitssoldiersandfamilies.Thisbecomesamutuallybeneficialpartnershipwith

FortDrumsupportingsuchpublicservicesthatthecommunitymaynothavecapacityforotherwise.However,the
nearbyhospitalsdonothaveatraumacenter.IfthereweretobeamishapatFortDrumduringatrainingactivity,
militarypersonnelmustbesenttoUpstateUniversityHospitalinSyracuseorCantonPotsdamHospitalinCanton,
bothoveranhourawayfromFortDrumsmaingate.Thisisalongdistancedependingontheseverityofthe
incident.
CantonPotsdamHospitalthenearesttraumacentertoFortDrum,locatedapproximately64milesnorthofthe
maingateinPotsdam,NewYork.ThishospitalcontainsaLevelIIItraumacenter,meaningthehospitalisableto
performlifesavingprocedures,butmusttransfermoreseriouscasestoLevelIorLevelIItraumacenters.
UpstateUniversityHospitalisthenearestLevelItraumacentertoFortDrum,locatednearly80milesawayin
Syracuse,NewYork.ThishospitalisaRegionalLevelItraumacenterforbothadultsandpediatrics,meaningithas
thecapacitytoprovidetotalcareforallaspectsoftraumaticinjuries,frompreventiontorehabilitation.Thereis
supportfromLifeNetairservicesforLevel1traumaservicestransport,whichhelpsmitigateissueswiththe
distancefromFortDrum.LifeNet,asubsidiaryofAirMethodsCorp.,isstationedatWatertownInternational
AirportinDexterwhereitdeploysstaffedhelicopterservicesthroughoutthetricountyareaandtransporttrauma
patientstoSyracusehospitals.
SamaritanMedicalCenterislessthan10milesawayfrom
FortDrumsmaingate,locatedneardowntownWatertown.
Thismedicalfacilitycontains290beds,offeringawidearray
ofinpatientandoutpatientservices,including:
BehavioralHealth
CancerServices
JointReplacement
Maternity
SamaritanMedicalCenterinWatertown,NY
Neurosurgery Source:SamaritanMedicalCenter
WoundCare
CarthageAreaHospitalisapproximatelyninemilesawayfromFortDrumsGasAlleyGatealongroute26.This
25bedfacilityisdesignatedasaCriticalAccessHospital,meaningitmeetsthestandardssetbytheCentersfor
MedicareandMedicaidServicesgiventohospitalsinruralcommunities.Thishospitalprovidesawiderangeof
servicestobothmilitarypersonnelandcivilianslivingintheNorthCountry,including:
Cardiology
GeneralSurgery
Respiratory
Pediatrics
SchoolBasedHealthCare
StokeCare

Findings
FortDrumpartnerswiththesurroundingcommunitytoprovidesomepublicservicestomilitarypersonnel
andtheirfamilies.
ThetwoclosesttraumacentersareatUpstateUniversityHospitalinSyracuseorCantonPotsdamHospital
inCanton.
Intheunfortunatecaseofamishapduringatrainingactivity,injuredmilitarypersonnelmustbesentover
anhourawaytoeithertheLevelItraumacenteratUpstateUniversityHospital,orLevelIIItraumacenter
atCantonPotsdamHospital.TheFortDrumTrainingAreaEvacuationPlanincludesambulanceexchange
pointsandairmedevacsitestofacilitatethequickestpatienttransporttotherelevanttraumacenter.
RoadwaycongestionalongRoute26
AWARENESS10 Route26canbackupduringpeaktraffic,especiallywhenitisshutdownfor
FortDrumconvoys.
StateRoute26isapublicroadwaythatbisectsFortDrumsMainCantonmentareaandWheelerSackArmyAirfield
(WSAAF).Thecorridorisusedbyboththepublicandmilitarypersonnelwithroughly5,700annualaveragedaily
tripsalongRoute26,accordingtoNewYorkDepartmentofTransportation.TheWSAAFgateislocatedjustoffof
Route26,whereapproximately3,000vehiclestravelthrougheachday.
MilitarytrafficbetweentheMainCantonmentareaandWSAAFexacerbatestrafficcongestionalongRoute26
duringpeaktraffichours.Toeasesomeofthistrafficcongestion,NewYorkStateisfundinganewoverpassthat
willconnecttheMainCantonmentAreaandWSAAF,traversingoverRoute26.Theprojectisestimatedtocost
$7.65milliondollars,andisexpectedtobecompletedinAugust2018.Theopeningofthisoverpasswillreducethe
dailynumberofvehiclespassingthroughWSAAFGateandalleviatemuchofthetrafficcongestionthatcurrently
exists.
Source:WatertownDailyTimes4/25/2017,WorkbeginsonFortDrumoverpassproject
Findings
MilitarytrafficbetweenFortDrumsMainCantonmentareaandWSAAFsometimesexacerbatestraffic
congestionalongRoute26duringpeaktraffichours.
AnewbridgeoverRoute26connectingFortDrumsMainCantonmentareaandWSAAFisplannedtobe
completedinAugust2018,andwilleasemuchofthetrafficcongestiononcecomplete.


EmergencycommunicationtowerssitingthroughoutJeffersonCounty
JeffersonCountyisplanningoninstalling12emergencycommunicationtowersfor
AWARENESS11 911callsthroughoutthecountyby2019.Fouroftheantennasareplannedtobe
tallerthan199feetabovegroundlevel.Dependingontheirlocations,thesecould
poseverticalobstructionsforaircraftifsitingisuncoordinated.

DuringstakeholderinterviewsconductedwithJeffersonCountystaffaspartoftheJLUSdatagatheringphase,it
wasdiscoveredthatthecountyisplanningoninstalling12telecommunicationtowersby2019toenhance
communicationbetweenemergencyservices.Fourofthetowersareproposedtobetallerthan199feetabove
groundlevel.AccordingtoFederalAviationRegulationPart77,anystructureabove199feetmustbesubmittedto
theFAAforevaluationregardingflighthazards.JeffersonCountyhassubmittedthesefourproposedtowerstothe
FAAforreviewandtheyweredeterminedtonotconstitutehazardstoairnavigation.FortDrumshouldalsobe
coordinatedwithinregardstotheiraviationflightpaths.WhileFAAreviewisrequiredfortowerstallerthan
199feetabovegroundlevel,therearesomeflightoperationsaroundFortDrumthatoccurbelowthiselevation,
andtowerserectedwithoutcoordinationwithFortDrummayposeverticalhazardstothesetypesofflight
operations.
Findings
JeffersonCountyisplanningtoinstallfourcommunicationtowerstallerthan199feettallaboveground
levelby2019toenhancecommunicationsbetweenemergencyservices.FAAreviewhasfoundthatthese
towersdonotposeverticalhazardstoflight
Towerserectedatalowerheightof199feetabovegroundleveldonotrequireFAAreview,butmay
impactlowlevelmilitaryflightoperationsifnotproperlycoordinatedwithFortDrum.


Compatibility Issues
5.2. Air Quality (AQ)

Airqualityisdefinedbynumerouscomponentsregulatedatthefederalandstatelevel.Forcompatibility,the
primaryconcernsarepollutantsthatlimitvisibility,suchasparticulates,ozone,etc.andpotentialnonattainment
ofairqualitystandardsthatmaylimitfutureoperationsattheinstallationorinthearea.
Findings
TherewerenoAirQualitycompatibilityissuesidentifiedfortheFortDrumJLUS.

5.3. Anti-Terrorism / Force Protection (AT)
AntiTerrorismForceProtection(AT/FP)relatestothesafetyofpersonnel,facilities,andinformationonan
installationfromoutsidethreats.Securityconcernsandtrespassingcanpresentimmediatecompatibilityconcerns
forinstallations.Duetocurrentglobalconditionsandrecentevents,militaryinstallationsarerequiredto
implementmorerestrictivestandardstoaddressAT/FPconcerns.Thesemeasuresincludeincreasedsecurity
checksatinstallationgatesandphysicalchanges(suchasnewgate/entrydesigns).
TheDepartmentofDefense(DOD)AT/FPstandardsrequireallDODcomponentstoadheretodesign/planning
criteriaandminimumconstructionstandardstomitigatevulnerabilitiesandthreatstoaninstallationandits
occupants.Importantaspectsofthesecriteriaandstandardsincludeaccesscontrolandclearzonesaround
installationperimeterstomaintainsightlines.
Findings
TherewerenoAntiTerrorism/ForceProtectioncompatibilityissuesidentifiedfortheFortDrumJLUS.

5.4. Biological Resources (BIO)
Biologicalresourcesincludefederalandstatelistedspecies(threatenedandendangeredspecies)andtheir
habitats.Theseresourcesmayalsoincludeareassuchaswetlandsandmigratorycorridorsthatarecriticaltothe
overallhealthandproductivityofanecosystem.Thepresenceofsensitivebiologicalresourcesmayrequirespecial
developmentconsiderationsandshouldbeincludedearlyintheplanningprocess.
Key Terms
Biomass.AccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministration,biomassincludesorganicmaterialthatabsorbs
energyfromthesun.Whenthisorganicmatterisburnedeitherdirectlyorconvertedtoaliquidstateknownas
biofuelitreleaseschemicalenergyasheatthatisconvertedtoelectricity.Organicmatterincludes:
Wood
Agriculturalcropsandwastematerials
Food,yard,andwoodwaste
Humansewageandanimalmanure
Criticalhabitat.Criticalhabitatisaspecificareafoundtobeessentialtotheconservationofathreatenedor
endangeredspeciesandwhichmayrequirespecialconsiderationsorprotection.Underthisdesignation,the
USFishandWildlifeService(USFWS)mustreviewallfederalgovernmentactivitieswithinadesignatedcritical
habitatareatoensurethatthreatenedandendangeredspeciesareprotected.
Depredation.Depredationisthecaptureorkillingofbirdsorotheranimalstoreducedamagecausedbythemorto
protectotherinterestssuchashumanhealthandsafetyorpersonalproperty.
Diameteratbreastheight.Diameteratbreastheightisastandardmethodofexpressingthediameterofthetrunk
orboleofastandingtree.
Endangeredspecies.Endangeredspeciesaredesignatedplantoranimalspeciesthathaveaverysmallpopulation
andareatgreaterriskofbecomingextinct.Thepresenceofthreatenedorendangeredspeciesmayrequirespecial
developmentconsiderations,couldhaltdevelopment,andcouldimpacttheperformanceofmilitarymissions.
EndangeredSpeciesAct(ESA).TheESAprovidesaprogramfortheconservationofthreatenedandendangered
plantsandanimalsandthehabitatsinwhichtheyarefound.TheleadfederalagenciesforimplementingESAare
theUnitedStatesFishandWildlifeServices(USFWS)andtheUSNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration
(NOAA)FisheriesService.SpeciesprotectedundertheESAincludebirds,insects,fish,reptiles,mammals,
crustaceans,flowers,grasses,andtrees.
Hibernaculum.Ahibernaculumisanareaorplaceahibernatinganimalseeksshelterduringwintermonths.
Threatenedspecies.AccordingtotheESAathreatenedspeciesisanyspecieswhichislikelytobecomean
endangeredspecieswithintheforeseeablefuturethroughoutallorasignificantportionofitsrange.

Presenceofthreatenedandendangeredspeciesintheregion
Therearecurrentlytwofederallylistedspecies(theendangeredIndianaBatandthe
ISSUE
threatenedNorthernLongEaredBat)thatarefoundonoraroundFortDrum.Theirpresence
BIO1
andlocationsoftheirhabitatshavethepotentialtoimpactoperationalcapabilitiesofthe
installation.

Theexistenceoffederallythreatenedorendangeredspeciesonanymilitaryinstallationcouldimpacttheabilityof
themilitarytofullyperformitsmissionactivitiesdependingonthelocationandrangeofthespecies.The
EndangeredSpeciesAct(ESA)requiresfederalagenciestoensureanyactionswillnotjeopardizetheexistenceof
anylistedspecies,orimpactanydesignatedcriticalhabitatsoflistedspecies.Therearetwofederallylistedspecies
locatedatFortDrumandalsowithintheregionthatareprotectedbytheESAtheIndianaBatandNorthern
LongEaredBat.
Indiana Bat
TheUSFWSlistedtheIndianaBatasafederallyendangeredspeciesin
1967.ThisbatspecieshasbeenfoundonFortDrumsince2006.
IndianaBatsmovebackandforthbetweenasummerandwintering
locationadistanceof610milestotheirhibernaculumfromsummer
locations.Theyflymorethanthisdistanceinagivennightforaging.
ThesebatsaretypicallyonlyfoundatFortDrumduringthesummerand
autumnseasons.AlthoughthereisnocriticalhabitatsforIndianaBatsin
NewYork,thereisahibernaculumlocatedjustnorthoftheCityof
WatertowninGlenParkapproximately6.5milesfromFortDrum.
IndianaBatshavebeenfoundon
FortDrum,primarilyinthecantonment
Indianabatsdrinkingfromwater
condensationonacavewall areawherethereareover100roosting
PhotobyUSFWS;AndrewKing, locationsandroostshavebeendetectedin
www.fws.gov/midwest/Endangered/mamm thesouthernportionofthetrainingarea.
als/inba/index.html
ThemostrecentBiologicalOpinionforthe
IndianaBatissuedbytheUSFWSto
FortDrumwasformilitaryactivitiesandoperationsfrom20122014.
Northern Long-Eared Bat

TheUSFWSlistedtheNorthernLongEaredBatasafederallythreatenedspeciesin
2015.TheUSFWShasnotdesignatedanycriticalhabitatfortheNorthern
LongEaredBat.NorthernLongEaredBatshibernateinthewinter,typicallyincaves

andmines.Duringsummermonths,thisbatspeciesoftenroostindeadtrees.The NorthernLongEaredBat
NorthernLongEaredBathashistoricallybeenfoundacrosstheentiretyof PhotobyNewYorkDepartmentof
EnvironmentalConservation;AlHick,
FortDrum.In2015theUSFWSissuedaBiologicalOpinion(BO)toFortDrumforthe
www.fws.gov/Midwest/endangered/
NorthernLongEaredBatthatestablishesparametersandrequirementsformilitary mammals/nleb/nlebFactSheet.html
activitiesandoperationsontheinstallation.Thereisnocriticalhabitatidentifiedin
theBOforthisspecies.

TohelpprotectroostingareasfortheIndianaBatandNorthernLongEaredBatspecies,FortDrumhasdesignated
aBatConservationAreaoninstallation.AsshownonFigure5.41,theBatConservationAreaconsistsof
2,202acreslocatedprimarilyintheundevelopedportionsofthecantonmentarea.Althoughnewdevelopmentis
notpermittedwithintheBatConservationArea,theboundaryisbetween50and500feetfromexistingroadways
toallowfornewdevelopmentoutsidethearea.
FortDrumcontinuestoactivelymanageandconsiderbothspeciesinalloftheiractionsandthroughconsultations
andhavecompletedconsultationsthroughaBiologicalAgreementwhichaddressesbothspeciesofbatsfor
20152017actions.AllofFortDrumscoveredactionswithinthatBAarenotlikelytoadverselyaffectthe
Indianabat.FortDrumhasworkedextensivelywiththeUSFWStomanageandimplementplanstominimizethe
missionimpactofallspeciesontheinstallation.
WhiletheycurrentlydonotsignificantlyaffectFortDrumsoperations,thepresenceofthesefederallylisted
specieshasthepotentialtoposefutureconstraintsforFortDrum.TherestrictionsFortDrumenforcestoprotect
theIndianaBatandNorthernLongEaredBatcurrentlylimitssomedevelopmentinasmallportionofthe
cantonmentareaandrestrictstheclearingoflandduringspecificspringandsummermonths,butthisdoesnot
haveamajorimpacttoFortDrumsmissions.
However,ifregionaldevelopmentaroundFortDrumresultsinfurtherlossofspecieshabitat,FortDrumcould
becomeanislandforthespecies,whichcouldputfurtherrestrictionsontheuseoflandinordertoprotect
habitat.ThemainconcernforFortDrumisthepotentialforspeciesenveloping,whichisdefinedasaresultof
habitatreductioninaregionduetodevelopmentorotherfactors.Inthisscenario,FortDrumcouldbecomethe
primaryhabitatforaspecies.Ifthishappenedtherecouldbesignificantdevelopment,training,oroperational
missionrestrictionsplacedonFortDrumandoveralargerregionalareathaniscurrentlyprotected.
TheYellowBandedBumblebeeandMonarchButterflyarenotcurrentlyfederallylistedbytheUSFWS,butbothare
speciesofconcernandhavethepotentialtobecomefederallylistedinfiscalyear2018andfiscalyear2019,
respectively.FortDrumisknowntocontaintheseanimalspecies,andifthesespeciesbecomefederallylistedin
thenearfutureitcouldcausefutureimpactstoFortDrumoperations.
BaldEaglesarealsoknowntoexistwithintheregion,butnoknownnestsarelocatedonFortDrum.Although
BaldEaglesweredelistedasafederalendangeredspeciesin2007,thisspeciesisstillprotectedundertheBaldand
GoldenEagleProtectionAct.ThisActmakesitillegaltotakefromordisturbBaldandGoldenEagles.Inaddition,
baldeaglesarelistedasthreatenedinNewYorkState.Trainingoperationscouldbehinderediftheseeagleswere
toestablishnestsincertainareasofFortDrum,andtheinstallationneededtotakeanaction(e.g.,disturbthe
nest)thatrequiredapermit.
Source:NewYorkStateDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation

k
ee
Cr
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We
Pl
a s a n t Creek
e
Evans Mills

11

26
_
^
_
^
Calcium
_
^
_
^
_
^
_
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Great Bend

342
Black River
3

283
la c ve
r
B
i
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Legend
Bat Conservation Area
Forest Stand
_
^ Gate Interstate
US Highway
Building
State Highway
Fort Drum
Local Road (on Ft Drum)
Railroad
Stream / River
Figure 5.4-1
0 1
Miles
Bat Conservation Area on Fort Drum

Findings
FortDrumhasworkedextensivelywiththeUSFWStomanageandimplementplanstominimizethe
missionimpactofallspeciesontheinstallation.
Protectionoffederallylistedspeciesanddesignatedhabitatcanimpactfuturedevelopmentandlimit
missionexecutionand/orexpansion.Protectionoffederallylistedspeciesisarequirementofallfederal
agencies.FortDrumhasworkedextensivelywiththeUSFWSandtheNYSDECtomeetthisrequirementas
wellasminimizeimpactstoFortDrumsmission.
FortDrumcurrentlyprotectstheIndianaBatwhichisendangeredthroughaBatConservationAreathat
restrictsdevelopment.FortDrumhadaBiologicalOpinion(BO)withtheUSFWSfortheIndianBatrelated
tomilitaryactivitiesandoperationsfrom20122014aswellasaBiologicalAgreementfrom20152017.
Inaddition,FortDrumhasacurrentBiologicalOpinionwiththeUSFWSrelatedtothethreatened
NorthernLongEaredBatspeciesonFortDrumaswellasaBiologicalAgreementfrom20152017.
AlthoughtheexistingpresenceoffederallylistedbatspeciesonFortDrumhasminimalimpactsto
FortDrumsoperations,thereisapotentialforfuturespeciesenvelopingtooccurthatcouldincrease
restrictionsonFortDrumwhichiscommontomanyinstallations.
Animalspeciesthatmaybefederallylistedinthefuturecouldpotentiallyresultinadditionalimpactsto
FortDrumsmission,operations,andtraining.
AlthoughBaldEagles,whicharefoundintheregionarenolongerlistedasanendangeredspecies,they
arestillprotectedundertheBaldandGoldenEagleProtectionAct,andcouldhindertrainingoperationsif
theyarefoundtobenestingincertainareasofFortDrum.
Publicmisperceptionofamountofwoodrequiredtoproduceenergyatthebiomass
facilityonFortDrum
ISSUE
ThereareconcernsinthelocalcommunitythatthebiomassfacilitylocatedatFortDrum
BIO2
requiresexcessiveamountsofwoodtoproduceenergy,anditmaycreateanincentivetocut
downforeststhatwouldotherwisebeuneconomicaltoharvest.
TheexistingbiomassplantlocatedatFortDrumoriginallyusedcoaltoproduceenergy.ReEnergyHoldingsLLC
purchasedthispowerplantin2011andretrofittedittogenerateenergyfrombiomassandbiofuelsprimarily
woodtoprovidecleanerenergytoFortDrum.ReEnergycontinuestoown,manage,andoperatethefacility
today.Theplanthascapacityfor60megawattsofgrossbiomassenergygeneration,andproducesenoughpower
tosupportabout55,000households.Theretrofittedbiomassfacilitybegansupplying100percentofFortDrums
powerdemandsin2014,whichpeaksatroughly28megawatts,makingtheinstallationthefirstUSArmy
installationtooperateon100%renewableresources.Anyexcesspowergeneratedbythebiomassplantissold
backtothepowergrid.
Source:ReEnergyHoldingsLLC,ReEnergyBlackRiver
ReEnergycontracted25loggersacrosstheNorthCountrytohelpsupplywoodchipstothebiomassplantwhenit
firstbeganbiomassenergyproductionin2014.Someofthecontractsincludeawoodchipperleasetotheloggers
alongwithquotastobemeteachyear.

Creationofmarketsforlowvalueforestresourcesisapositiveaspectofgoodforestmanagementpractices.By
promotingecologically,economically,andsociallyresponsibleforestry,biomassremovalshavebecomeakeypart
offorestryacrossthecountry.Whetherwoodybiomassremovalsareimplementedforforesthealth,firethreat
reduction,pulpproduction,energyneeds,ortimberstandimprovement,theprocessmustleavetheforest
healthierandhelpsustainforestdependentcommunities.
Source:http://www.forestguild.org/biomass/
Traditionalforestmanagementrequireslargerdiametertreestomakethetimberharvestingeconomicallyfeasible.
Withthebiomassplantsbusinessmodel,smallerdiametertreesandevensomeshrubscanbeharvested
economicallyasarenewableresource.FortDrumsforestrymanagementprogramusesthisopportunitytoharvest
vegetationthatalsoopensupareasfortrainingmaneuversandothertypesofwildlifehabitat.Thisbiomassmarket
allowslandownerseconomicaloptionstoharvesttreesandinsomecasesenhancerecreationopportunities.
Additionally,removingexcessbiomassthroughestablishedforestrymanagementpracticescanreducelevelsof
fuelthatcancontributetowildfirepropagation,whoseimpactscouldbedamagingtotheinstallationandthe
community.
AccordingtotheAdirondackNorthCountryAssociation,thereisapproximately78millioncubicfeet,equivalentto
2.4milliontons,ofharvestabletimbergrowtheachyearina14countyportionofnorthernNewYorkthatis
currentlyunharvested.Currently,approximatelyfourmilliontonsoftimberareharvestedannuallyinthe
14countyregionofnorthernNewYork.ThisregionincludesJefferson,Lewis,andSt.Lawrencecounties,and
11othercountieswithinnorthernNewYork,outsideoftheJLUSStudyArea.
Source:NorthernNewYorksForestsTimberSupply,Workforce,Infrastructure&Markets,AdirondackNorthCountryAssociation,
November2016
Findings
ReEnergysbiomassfacilitylocatedatFortDrumhascapacitytoproduce60megawattsofenergyfor
FortDrumandtheregion,sellingexcessenergybacktothepowergrid.
Thenewbiomassmarket,drivenbytheReEnergybiomassfacilityoperations,provideslandownerswith
economicallyfeasibleoptionsforsustainablymanaginglowvalueforestsandforestresources.This
provideslandownerswithopportunitiestoimproveforesthealth,enhanceorcreatewildlifehabitat,
improverecreationalopportunities,andensuresustainablerevenuefromforestlandintothefuture.

5.5. Communication / Coordination (COM)
Thisdiscussionreferstotheprogramsandplansthatpromoteinteragencycommunicationandcoordination.
Interagencycommunicationservesthegeneralwelfarebypromotingamorecomprehensiveplanningprocess
inclusiveofallaffectedstakeholders.Interagencycoordinationalsoseekstodevelopandincludemutually
beneficialpoliciesforbothcommunitiesandthemilitaryinlocalplanningdocuments,suchascomprehensive
plans.
FormalchannelsofcommunicationbetweenFortDrumandlocalcommunities
ISSUE
OfficialestablishedinformationsharingandcommunicationbetweenFortDrumandlocal
COM1
planningofficialsandmunicipalstaffcanbeimproved.
DuringtheJLUSdatacollectionandstakeholderinterviewphase,manyofthecommunitiessurroundingFortDrum
expressedadesiretoreceivedirectcommunicationfromFortDrumonitemssuchasincreasedtrainingeventsand
unusualactivities,andthattheydonothaveadedicatedpointofcontactattheinstallationtogotowithquestions
orconcerns.FortDrumalertsthelocalmediaofanyincreasedtrainingevents,butdoesnotalwayscommunicate
theinformationtoanycommunitystaffdirectly.
ThePublicAffairsOffice(PAO)atFortDrumisresponsibleforcoordinatingandcommunicatingwithsurrounding
communitiesandthepublic.ThePAOsmissionisto,maintaineffectivetwowaycommunicationswithour
internalandexternalaudiencesinordertoestablishtheinformationconditionsthatleadtoshortandlongterm
missionaccomplishment.TheFortDrumPAOcanbeaccesseddirectlyforquestionsand/orconcerns,bycalling
(315)7725461,orvisitingtheFortDrumWebsite.
FortDrumalsodoesnothaveacodifiedproceduretoalwayscommunicateorcoordinateconstructionprojects
oninstallationwithnearbycommunities.AlthoughFortDrumisafederalentityanddoesnotrequiredevelopment
approvalorabuildingpermittobeginconstructionwithinitsboundaries,theinstallationshouldstillcommunicate
andcoordinatedevelopmentplanswithcommunitiesthatmaybeimpactedinasimilarfashionastheinstallations
interestsoffpostneedtobetakenintoconsiderationbythecommunitiesthatsurroundtheinstallations.
ThereisanonfederalentitycalledtheFortDrumRegionalLiaisonOrganization(FDRLO)thatindependently
commissionedaFortDrumsGrowthManagementStrategySummaryReport.Thisreportidentifiescountyand
municipalgovernments,alongwithotherstakeholdersthatwereinvolvedandcoordinatedwithduringtheGrowth
ManagementStrategyprocess.Theplanstates:
Aseriesofstakeholderandsmallfocusgroupinterviewswereconductedinallthreecounties
Jefferson,St.LawrenceandLewistogetanunderstandingoftheissuesandopportunitiesfacing
theregion.Thoseinterviewedrepresentedalargeanddiversecrosssectionofviewpointsand
experiences,fromlocalbusiness,politicalandcommunityleaders,tolocalresidents,tomilitary
andcivilianFortDrumpersonnel.
ThemissionoftheFDRLOistoprotectandenhanceFortDrum'smilitaryvalue,sustainandleverageitseconomic
andculturalsignificancetotheFortDrumregionandNewYorkState,andfostereffectivecommunicationbetween
theinstallationanditscivilianneighborstopromotemutualsupportandunderstanding.ThemembersofFDRLO
positively:

Influencecommunityrelationships
AssistofficersandtheBoardofDirectorsinsettingtheannualagenda
Contributetoimportantcommunitydecisions
Supportthecontinuedimprovementinthequalityoflifethroughouttheregion
Volunteerhumanandfinancialresources
ContributetothefutureofFortDrumandtheNorthCountrycommunity
Sourcehttp://www.fdrlo.org/
TheGrowthManagementStrategyplanprocessalsoincludedsevenfocusgroupandroundtablemeetings,aswell
asfourpublicmeetingsandworkshopsthroughouttheNorthCountry.However,itwasnotedduringdiscussions
andinterviewswithcommunitystaffmembersfortheJLUSinNovember2016thatnotalllocalcommunitieswere
adequatelycoordinatedwithtoprovideinputontheplan,andmanycommunitiessurroundingFortDrumfeelthey
arenotalwayscoordinatedwithbyinstallationpersonnel.Manyhavestatedtheyareunawareofincreasesin
trainingoperationsandcertainunusualactivitiesoccurringatFortDrum;andtheynolongerhave,orareunaware
ofaspecificpointofcontactregardinginformationaboutinstallationactivities.Furthermore,the
acknowledgementspageintheFortDrumGrowthManagementStrategydoesnotrecognizeanycommunitiesor
communitystaffmembersascontributorstotheplan.Futureplanningdocumentsshouldbecoordinatedwithall
relevantstakeholdersfromtheonset.
Findings
ManylocalofficialsandcommunitystaffmemberssurroundingFortDrumwouldliketoincreasecontact
withFortDrumpersonnel,andwouldliketodefinechannelsofregularcommunicationregarding
FortDrumtrainingeventsandactivities.
ThemissionoftheFDRLOistoprotectandenhanceFortDrum'smilitaryvalue,sustainandleverageits
economicandculturalsignificancetotheFortDrumregionandNewYorkState,andfostereffective
communicationbetweentheinstallationanditscivilianneighborstopromotemutualsupportand
understanding.


5.6. Cultural Resources (CR)
Culturalresourcesareanaspectofpast/currenthumanactivitythatisvaluedbyorsignificantlyrepresentativeof
acultureorcontainsignificantinformationaboutaculture.Aculturalresourcemaybeatangibleentityora
culturalpractice.Tangibleculturalresourcesarecategorizedasartifacts,records,districts,precontact
archaeologicalsites,historicarchaeologicalsites,buildings,structures,andobjects.Historicpropertiesarecultural
resourcesthatareeligibleorlistedontheNationalRegisterofHistoricPlaces.Culturalresourcesmayprevent
development,requiredevelopmentconstraints,orrequirespecialaccessbyNativeAmericantribalgovernments
orotherauthorities.
TheprotectionofprehistoricandhistoricresourcesisprovidedthroughtheNationalHistoricPreservationAct
(NHPA)asameanstoprotecthistoricalandculturalitemswithintheUnitedStates.TheNHPAaddressesthe
preservationofculturalresourcesincludingculturallandscapes,traditionalculturalproperties,sacredsites,and
historicandarchaeologicalresources.DocumentationofculturalresourcesandNHPAcomplianceactivitiesatFort
DrummustbecoordinatedthroughtheNewYorkStateHistoricPreservationOffice(SHPO).
Culturalresourcestypicallytakeoneoffourforms:archaeological,historical,architectural,ortraditionalcultural
properties.Archaeologicalresourcesareconsideredmaterialremainsofpasthumanlifeoractivitiesthatprovide
scientificorsocialinsightintopasthumancultures.Architecturalresourcesarestructuresincludingstanding
buildings,bridges,dams,canals,etc.ofhistorical,architectural,orengineeringsignificance.Traditionalcultural
propertiesareplaceswhereassociationswithculturalpracticesorbeliefsofalivingcommunityoccurredinthe
pastorarepresentlyoccurring.Specialconsiderationsmustbemadeforanydevelopmentorexpansionof
militarymissionactivitieswithinareasofculturalsignificanceorsensitivity.
Managementofcemeteriesoninstallation
ISSUE TherearehistoriccemeteriesonFortDrumthatexistedbeforetheinstallationwas
CR1 established.Theseareimportanttothelocalcommunitiesandresidentswithancestors
buriedtherewhosometimeswanttovisitthesites.
Thereare13cemeterieslocatedthroughout
FortDrum,withapproximately2,750people
buriedinthem.Someofthesecemeteriesare
historicallysignificantwithburialsdatingbackto
theWarof1812eraaccordingtoFortDrum
historicalrecords.Militarypersonnel,veterans,
andfamilymembersarestilloccasionallyburied
atFortDrumcemeteries,withthemostrecent
burialin2009;however,thisisaveryinfrequent
occurrenceandatthetimethisJLUSwaswritten,
therearenoplansforadditionalburials.Because
thecemeteriesarelocatedonFortDrum,
ImageofLewisburgCemeteryatFortDrum nonmilitaryciviliansfromthelocalcommunities
Source:DigitizingtheHistoricCemeteriesofFortDrum,NY wholiveoffinstallationmayhaveaninterestof
PhotoCredit:MichaelSprowles

accessingFortDrumtovisitburialsitesoftheirfriends,familymembers,andancestors.
FortDrumceasesalltrainingactivitiesonMemorialDayandLaborDay,andpermitspublicaccesstothe
installationforthedaytovisitthecemeteries.Onotherdaysthroughouttheyear,FortDrumauthorizesindividuals
andgroupstoaccessrequestedculturalsites/cemeteriesuponcoordinationwithandapprovalbytheinstallation.
ThePublicAffairsOffice(PAO),incoordinationwithCulturalResourceManager,maintainsalistofpartieswith
legitimateinterestsincemeteriesandotherculturalsitesatFortDrum.Privatecitizensandgroupsnotidentified
onthelistheldbythePAOmayalsorequestaccessuponprovidingpersonalinformation.Requestsmustbemade
morethanfivebusinessdayspriortothedesiredvisitdate,or60daysforlargergroups.Relativesofthoseburied
inthecemeteriesareabletoaccessthegravesiteswithalessthan30daynotice.ThePAO,CulturalResources
officeandtheDirectorateofPlans,Training,Mobilization&Security(DPTMS)worktogethertobeas
accommodatingaspossibletorequestforaccesstospecificsitesandcemeteriesinthetrainingareas.Ifthereare
notrainingconflicts,wecanevenaccommodatesamedayrequestsunlessitisalargegroupvisit.Ifthereisa
potentialconflicttoeithertrainingoperationsortheindividualsorgroupssafety,thePAOwillproposean
alternatedatefortheindividualorgroup.TheGarrisonCommanderhasthefinalapprovalifanalternatedateis
inadequatetotherequestingindividualorgroup.Approvedvisitorswillreceivewrittenconfirmationofclearance.
Furthermore,visitorsmusthaveasponsorpresentatavisitorgatetosignthemin.
Inaddition,individualswhoapplyforandreceivearecreationalaccesspassmayvisitcemeteriesdownrange
duringtimeswhentherangesarenotactiveanditisdeemedsafeforsuchaccess.
Asanalternativeoptiontovisitingthecemeteriesinperson,FortDrumsDirectorateofPublicWorkshas
developedacatalogueoftheburialplotsonFortDrum,includingmapsandphotographs.Thepubliccanaccess
thecataloguethroughFortDrumswebsiteandmaysearchthroughthecatalogueandviewphotographsofthe
gravesites.Thecataloguecanbeaccessedbygoingto
http://www.drum.army.mil/PublicWorks/Pages/cemetery.aspx.
Asidefrompublicaccess,anotherissuethatarisesfromthelocationofcemeteriesonFortDrumisinregardsto
NYSTownLaw291,whichrequirestownstocareforandmaintainallcemeterieslocatedinthetown,exceptfor
thosepresentlycontrolledbyanexistingboardorcorporatebody.ThecemeteriesthatarelocatedonFortDrum
arenotalwaysaccessiblebytownstafftomaintain.Duetothelimitedaccessibilityofthecemeteries,FortDrum
hasinformallyassumedtheresponsibilitiesofthatrequiredmaintenanceunderNYSlawfromthemunicipalities.
FortdrumpersonnelfromtheDirectoratesofRoadandGrounds,RangeControl,andCulturalResourcesallwork
togethertocoordinatethemaintenanceofthesecemeteries.FortDrumconsidersthistobeaPublicAffairs
Mission.
Findings
ThereareindividualsintheregionaroundFortDrumwhohavefriendsandfamilyburiedatcemeteries
locatedwithinFortDrum.Accesstothecemeteriesrequirescoordinationwithandapprovalby
FortDrum.
TheFortDrumPAOmakeseveryefforttoaccommodatethecemeteryaccessrequests,butthereare
timeswhenPAOmustproposealternativedates/timetoavoidimpactstomilitaryoperations.
NYWTownLaw291requirestownstomaintaincemeterieswithintheboundaries.Duetolocationof
cemeteriesonFortDrumproperty,theinstallationhasinformallyassumedtheresponsibilitiesof
maintenanceforthesecemeteries.


5.7. Dust / Smoke / Steam (DSS)
Dustresultsfromthesuspensionofparticulatematterintheair.Dustandsmokecanbecreatedbyfire(controlled
orprescribedburns,agriculturalburning,andartilleryexercises),grounddisturbance(agriculturalactivities,
militaryoperations,grading),industrialactivities,orothersimilarprocesses.Dust,smokeandsteamare
compatibilityissuesifsufficientinquantitytoimpactflightoperations(suchasreducedvisibilityorcause
equipmentdamage).
Particlesofdustandothermaterialsfoundintheairarereferredtoasparticulatematter.Atcertain
concentrations,thisparticulatemattercanbeharmfultohumansandanimalsifinhaledcausingstrainontheheart
andlungswhichprovideoxygentothebody.PM10andPM2.5canbecausedbymanyactivities,includingdriving
onunpavedroadsandsurfaces,winderosionfromunpavedvacantlots,disruptionoflandfromvehicle
maneuvers,explosions,aircraftoperations,andotherearthmovingactivitiessuchasconstruction,demolition,and
grading.
Key Terms
ParticulateMatter(PM).Particulatematterconsistsoffinemetal,smoke,soot,anddustparticlessuspendedinthe
air.ParticulateMatterismeasuredbytwosizes:coarseparticles(PM10),orparticlesbetween2.5and
10micrometersindiameterinsize,andfineparticles(PM2.5),orparticleslessthan2.5micrometersindiameter.
SmokeoriginatingfromFortDrummayimpactthecommunity
ISSUE SmokefromrangefiresandforestfiresonFortDrum,particularlyinsummermonths,
DSS1 sometimesdriftsoffinstallationandimpactslocalcommunities.Factorssuchaswindandthe
fireburntimemayincreasetheimpact.
TherehavebeenreportslargelyintheTownofAntwerpof
largeplumesofsmokeemittingfromFortDrum.Although
wildfiresinNewYorksNorthCountryareuncommondueto
themoistureinsoilandvegetation,theyhaveoccurredat
FortDrum.FortDrumusedtoconductprescribedburnsforfire
fuelandvegetationmanagement,butthisactivitynolonger
occursduetheinabilitytoachieveprescribedfiregoalsdueto
highmoisturelevels,shortweatherrelatedburnwindows,and
EndangeredSpeciesActrestrictions.Prescribedburnswerea
causeofconcernfromnearbyresidentsinthepastdueto
smoke,butwiththediscontinuationofthispractice,smoke FortDrumfirefightersextinguishacarfireoninstallation
levelsingeneralhavebeenreduced. duringtrainingactivities
Source:TheMountaineerOnline
UnintentionalwildfiresoriginatingfromFortDrumtraining
operationsoccurannuallyonaverage,usuallyduringdroughtsanddryseasons.Todate,allfiresthathave
originatedonFortDrumhavebeencontainedwithintheinstallationsboundaries.Thesefiresareintensively
managedbyFireandEmergencyServices(FES)toensuresafetyofpersonnel,infrastructure,andsmoke
management.Bymanagingthesefirestomaximizefuelreduction,reducetrainingdowntime,andminimize

smokeimpacts,mostinstancesofwildfireneverbecomeapublichealthissue.Itsnotthattheydonthappen,its
thattheyareproperlymanagedtoreduceandeliminatenegativeimpacts.However,thesmokeemittingfromthe
wildfiresandsmolderingbrushcanbeblownintoneighboringcommunities.TheFortDrumFESisfullytrainedin
suppressingwildlandfiresandisstaffedoninstallation24/7.TheFESrespondstothemajorityofwildlandfireson
theinstallationwithoccasionalassistancefromlocalfiredepartments.FortDrumFESConductsadailyrisk
assessmenttodeterminethelevelsofstaffingnecessarytoprovideadequatecoverageandresponsetoall
incidentsincludingwildlandfireprotection.Therefore,mostinstancesoffiresoninstallationarepromptly
containedanddonotemitmuchsmokeintosurroundingcommunities.
FortDrummaintainsanIntegratedWildlandFireManagementPlan(IWFMP)whichdelineatesrolesand
responsibilities,firedangerrestrictions,andincludesrealproperty,naturalandculturalresourceconsiderationsas
wellassmokemanagement,airquality,andcommandandcontrolprocedures.
TheGarrisonCommanderdefinestherolesandresponsibilitiesforwildlandfiremanagementontheinstallation,
plansandprogramsresources,anddesignatestheinstallationWildlandFireProgramManager.Approvesall
agreementsrelatedtowildlandfiremanagement.RetainapprovalauthorityforthedeploymentofArmycivilian
firefighterstoanyoffinstallationincident.
TheFireChief,DirectorateofEmergencyServices(DES)servesastheInstallationWildlandFireProgramManager
anddevelopstheIWFMP.EstablishFireDangerRatingsandRestrictionsandsuitablealternativestoRestrictions.
ReviewsandapprovesburnplansforprescribedfiretoinsureconsistencywiththeIWFMPandotherStateand
localregulations.
FortDrumhasMutualAidAgreementswiththeJeffersonCountyOfficeofFireandEmergencyManagement,
LewisCountyOfficeofFireandEmergencyServices,andSt.LawrenceCountyOfficeofEmergencyServicesforfire
protectionandhazardousmaterialsandwastesincidentresponse.Amongothersupportfunctions,these
agreementsdictatethemeasuresthataretakenbetweenFortDrumandthecountiestoassisteachotherinthe
eventofafire,andhowthecoordinationforfirefightingwilloccur,whetherthefireisonFortDrumorincounty
jurisdiction.
OnenotablefirethatoriginatedatFortDrumin2002wasignitedatoneoftheranges.Reportsclaimthefirewas
smolderinginbrushforseveraldays,continuallyemittingsmokethroughoutnorthernJeffersonCounty.
Firefightingcrewswereunabletoproperlyextinguishthesmolderingfireduetosafetyreasons,including
unexplodedordnanceinthearea.NewYorkStateissuedalertstolocalresidentsregardingthesmokeemanating
fromthesmolderingfireatFortDrumwarningpeopleabouttheeffectsofsmokeandashintheair,and
encouragingpeopletostayindoors.
SmokeandairqualityconcernsrepresentthemajorchallengeforFortDrumswildlandfirefighting.
CommunicationswithNewYorkStateDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation(NYSDEC)officialsindicatethat
particulatematter(PM)measurementstakenattheWhitefaceMountainAtmosphericSciencesResearchCenter
increasedconsiderablyduringtheAugustSeptember2002fires.Infuturefiremanagementplanning,FortDrum
willconsiderreadingstakenattheNYDECAirQualitymonitoringstationatWhitefaceMountainandavoidwildfire
impactswhentheAirQualityIndex(AQI)PM10reachesvaluesgreaterthan100,thelevelthatthe
USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)hasestablishedtoprotectpublichealth.Inaddition,fireweatherwill
bemonitoredtoadviseFESofpotentialorexistingweatherconditionsthatmaycauselowairqualityevents.
AsmallerscaleincidenthappenedmorerecentlyinAugustof2016.LivefiretrainingactivitiesatRange4Aignited
a50acrewildfireonFortDrum.Trainingoperationsinthevicinityofthefirehadtobeceasedtemporarilyas
firefightersworkedtoextinguishthefirefortwodays.

Findings
AlthoughwildfiresatFortDrumarerare,thesmoketheyproducecanhaveseriousimpactstopublic
healthinsurroundingcommunities,particularlyifwildfiresburnforanextendedtime.
FortDrumusedtoconductprescribedburnsforvegetationmanagement,buthasstoppedthispractice
duetosmokemanagementissues.Thishashelpedreducegenerallevelsofsmokeintheregioncoming
fromFortDrum.
Wildfiresoninstallationalsoimpacttrainingactivities,causingcertaintrainingareastocloseuntilthe
burningfireisextinguishedandtheareaisconsideredsafe.
Extinguishingrangefiresisasafetyconcernforfirefighters,astherecouldbeunexplodedordnanceinthe
areaswherethefiresareburning.


5.8. Energy Development (ED)
Developmentofenergysources,includingalternativeenergysources(suchassolar,wind,geothermal,orbiofuels)
couldposecompatibilityissuesrelatedtoglare(solarenergy),orverticalobstructionandradaroperations(wind
generation).Itisinboththeinstallationsinterestsaswellasthecommunitytosupportalternativeenergy
developmentforbothenergysecurityandeconomicreasonsrespectively.Theemphasisofthisanalysisisto
identifygapsincoordinationandorcommunicationandtoincreaseunderstandingofthecommunitiespursuits,
theopportunitiessoughtbyalternativeenergydevelopersandtheintersectionwiththemilitaryfootprint,withthe
goalsthattheseactivitiesexistinmutualcompatibility.Byidentifyingpotentialsourcesofconflictifuncoordinated
orpursuedinisolationfromeitherthecommunity,privatedevelopmentorthemilitaryunilaterallythisreport
hopestohighlighttheexistenceofpotentialconflictand(asdiscussedinstrategieslaterinthisreport)address
technologicalapproachesorprocess/communicationandcoordinationapproachestopreventanyentityfrom
encroachingupontheother.
FortDrumhastworadars,theDigitalAirportSurveillanceRadar(DASR)atWheelerSackArmyAirfield(WSAAF)and
theDODownedWSR88DDopplerradar(KTYX)thatmeteorologistsattheNationalWeatherService(NWS)and
localnewsstationspredictandforecastthedailyweatherfortheNorthCountry.TheKTYXweatherradarwas
movedandsitedtoitscurrentlocationtosupportoperationsatFortDrum.Thedistinctionbetweentheseradars
andtheirimportancetobothFortDrumsmilitarymissionandtheregionarecriticaltounderstandwhenassessing
theopportunitiesforalternativeenergydevelopmentintheregion.
Withrespecttowindenergydevelopment,thetechnologyandabilitytomitigateimpactsaredeveloping,but
implementationofmitigationtechnologybeyondtheStandardTerminalAutomationReplacementSystem(STARS)
forDASR11isuntested.Themilitaryscurrentandfuturetrainingneedsaswellaseverchangingweapons
systemsandtactics,techniquesandprocedures.ThemovingbladesofawindturbinecreateaDopplerEffectthat
caninterferewithmonitoringandtrackingequipmentsuchasairtrafficcontrolradarorimpactaweather
surveillanceradarsabilitytoaccuratelyforecastweatherinareasneartheturbines.Otherobjectssuchasterrain
andstationarystructurescanalsointerferewithradaroperationsiftheyarewithinthefieldofview,butdonot
createclutter.ThespinningbladesoftheturbinescreatetheDopplerEffectthatisreturnedtotheDASR11radar
asatarget.
TheDODreleasedareport"TheEffectofWindmillFarmsonMilitaryReadinessonSeptember2006detailinghow
windturbinesinteractwithmilitaryradar.Whilethereportsupportswindenergy'sroleinmeetingU.S.energy
needs,italsonotesthatincertaincircumstances,windturbinescanimpederadarsystemsandoperations.To
detectintrudingaircraftandmissilesatlongranges,themilitaryreliesonavarietyoftechniquestosubtractthe
radarsignalofgroundbased"clutter,"suchasbuildingsortransmissionlines.Unfortunately,thesetechniques
weren'tdesignedtohandlelarge,quicklymovingobjectssuchaswindturbineblades,andsothewindturbinescan
potentiallyinteractwithradarsignalsinwaysthatcouldlowertheradar'seffectivesensitivity.Thereport
concludesthatmoreneedstobedonetounderstandthisinteractionandtodevelopwaysofmitigatingthe
impacts.
AreportreleasedbytheFederalAviationAdministrationin2015titled,ACaseStudyofWindFarmImpacton
DASR11WithFocusonAbileneAirTrafficRadaridentifiedthatlargenumbersofwindturbineslocatedasfaras
30+nauticalmilesawayfromaradarsystemcanhaveanegativeimpactonthesystemandinterferewithreadings.
Theimpactsonradarareincreasedwiththeelevationincomparisontotheradarandheight,number,and
clusteringofturbines.Thegreatestimpactiscausedbytheirlocationproximatetotheradarsystem.Determining
theimpactsofanindustrialwindenergydevelopmentonaradarsystemshouldbedoneonacasebycasebasis

thattakesintoaccounttheelevationoftheradar,locationandnumberofturbines,heightandelevationofthe
turbines,andtheirpenetrationintotheviewanglesoftheradar.
Thereareanumberoftechnicalmitigationoptionsaccessibletoday,suchasupgradingthesoftwareoraddingnew
signalprocessingfilterstoexistingradarsorreplacingolderradarsystems.TheDepartmentofEnergyiscurrently
workingwithradarsystemexpertsacrossthecountryandoverseastocataloguetheknownmitigationtechniques,
identifyingtoday'smostpromisingoptionsandthosethatareworthofdevelopinginthefuture.Thereare
currentlyimpactstotheFortDrumairtrafficcontrolandweathersurveillanceradarstoday.Thereisno100
percenteffectivemitigationoftheseaffects;therearenocurrentlyplannedorprogrammedmitigationactions.
Theplannedprojectsduenotidentifyanymitigationactions.Thereforeanyadditionalwinddevelopmentmay
potentiallyincreasetheimpactsinacumulativeway.
Relativetosolarenergy,solarfacilitiescouldcauseglaredependingontheirmaterials,type,location,angleand
direction,resultinginareductionofapilotsview,evenatahighaltitude.
Key Terms
Alternativeenergy.Thetermalternativeenergyisappliedbroadlytoenergyderivedfromnontraditionalor
renewablesources(e.g.,solar,hydroelectric,wind).
DopplerShift.Dopplershift,alsoknownastheDopplerEffect,isaphenomenon,observedforsoundwavesand
electromagneticradiation,characterizedbyachangeintheapparentfrequencyofawaveasaresultofrelative
motionbetweentheobserverandthesource.
Lakeeffectsnow.Lakeeffectsnowiscreatedwhencoldarticairpassesoverawarmerlake,pickingupthe
moistureandheat.Thismoisturecoolsasitiscarriedinlandandbecomessnowfall.Lakeeffectsnowtypically
depositsallprecipitationwithinthefirst25miles,makingitaquickbutheavystormsystem.
Primarysurveillanceradar.Aprimarysurveillanceradaremitsradiowaveenergy,orsignals.Someofthisenergyis
reflectedoffobjects,suchasaircraft,andreturnedtotheradar.Thisreturnedenergycanbecomputedto
calculatetheestimatedthesizeandlocationofobjects.Thisradarsystemindicatesmovingtargetsusingthe
DopplerEffect,orthecalculatedvariationsinreturnedenergybyobjectsinmotion.
Radarclutter.Radarclutterreferstounwantedsignals,echoes,orimagesonthefaceofthedisplaytubewhich
interferewithobservationofdesiredsignals.
Screening.Screeningistheblockingoutportionsofthefieldofviewsothataircraftcontrolinstrumentationand/
orpersonnelcannotseeaircraftthatflybehindthescreen.
Secondarysurveillanceradar.Secondarysurveillanceradarsystemstrackaircraftusingtwowaycommunication
betweentheradarandtheaircrafttransponder.Theaircrafttransponderemitsinformationrelativetothe
aircraft,suchastype,location,altitude,andspeed,whichcanbereceivedbyasecondaryradarsystem.
WeatherRadarImpactZones.TheNationalWeatherServiceRadarOperationsCenter(ROC)developedfour
impactzonesaroundweathersurveillanceradartocommunicatetoindustrialwindenergydevelopment
developersareaswherecertainconsiderationsshouldbetakenwhensitingturbinestominimizeimpactstothe
radar.Thesezonesvaryforeachindividualweatherradarandtaketerrain,distance,andthenumberofelevation
anglesimpactedintoaccount.Thezonesarenotenforceable,butaremeanttoprovideinformationtowind
developersonareaswheretheNationalWeatherServiceshouldbeconsultedwhenproposingwindenergy
development.Thefourzonesareasfollow.

NoBuildZone.TheNoBuildZoneisafourkilometer(km)(2.5miles)radiussurroundingaweatherradar,
inwhichwindturbinedevelopmentcancausemechanicaldamagetotheradarandcompromisethe
radarsabilitytoaccuratelyforecasthazardousweather.Itmayalsoposeradiationhazardsforthose
constructingandmaintainingthesite.TheROCrequeststhatdevelopersdonotbuildanyturbinesinthis
area.
MitigationZone.TheMitigationZoneextendsbetweenfourand36km(2.5to22.4miles)fromweather
radar.Windturbinesinthiszonecouldpenetratemultipleelevationanglesoftheradar,whichcouldcause
deflectionandinterferencethatsubstantiallyreducestheprecisionanddetectionofhazardousweather
events.TheROCwillworkwiththedevelopertogetdetailedprojectinformation,doathoroughimpact
analysis,anddiscusspotentialmitigationsolutions.Significantimpactsarelikelyinthisarea.
ConsultationZone.TheConsultationZoneextendsupto60km(37.3miles)fromweatherradar.Wind
turbinesthatarebuiltwithinthiszonecanpotentiallycontaminateradarimagery.Duetotheincreased
potentialforimpacttooperationstheROCrequestsconsultationwiththedevelopertotracktheproject
andacquireadditionalinformationforathoroughimpactanalysis.Significantimpactsarepossibleinthis
area.
NotificationZone.TheNotificationZoneisbetween36and60km(22.4to37.3miles)fromweatherradar.
WindTurbinesbuiltinthiszoneareabletobedetected,andhavepotentialtointerferewiththeradars
operation.TheNationalWeatherService(NWS)RadarOperationsCenterrequestsnotificationsofwind
energydevelopmentwithinthiszone.Sinceimpactsaretypicallyminimalbeyond60km(37.3miles)and
workaroundsareavailableforpenetrationofonlyoneelevationangle,theROCrecommendsconsultation
optional;however,theNationalOceanicAtmosphericAssociationwouldstillliketoknowaboutthe
project.Significantimpactsarenotlikelyinthisarea.

IndustrialwindenergydevelopmentcompatibilitywithFortDrummission
ThereareexistingwindturbinesnearFortDrumthatarecurrentlymanagedtoadegree,but
notentirelymitigated,intermsofmissionimpacts.Therearecurrentlysevenotherproposed
ISSUE industrialwindenergydevelopmentprojectsintheJLUSStudyAreathathavethepotentialto
ED1 inadvertentlyhinderexistingandfuturemissioncapabilitiesatFortDrum.Additionalfuture
industrialwindturbinedevelopmentifnotproperlymitigatedcouldhaveanadverseimpact
onmilitaryreadiness,includingflightoperations,testing,andevaluation,andtrainingthatis
likelytoimpairordegradetheabilityofunitstoperformtheirwarfightingmissions.

Asthecountryandstateshavebecomeincreasinglyinterestedingeneratingelectricitywithminimalemissions,
withoutrelianceonforeignfuelsupplies,andinalongtermsustainablemanner,renewableenergyhasbecome
thefastestgrowingportionoftheUSelectricgenerationsector.NewYorkStatepassedtheCleanEnergyStandard
(CES)inAugust2016.TheCESmandatesthat50%ofNewYorkStatesenergywillcomefromrenewableenergy
sourcesby2030.Thisstatemandatehasplayedakeyroleintheinfluxofnewandproposedrenewableenergy
developmentthroughoutNewYorkState.
TherearealsofederalincentivesforrenewableenergygeneratingfacilitiesthroughouttheUS,sparkinga
nationwideincreaseinwindenergydevelopment.TheRenewableElectricityProductionTaxCredit(PTC)and
BusinessEnergyInvestmentTaxCredit(ITC)aretwofederaltaxcreditsavailabletowindenergydevelopers.Both

thePTCandITCoffersubsidiestorenewableenergyprojects,includingindustrialwindenergydevelopments,
through2019.
Inadditiontostateandfederaltaxincentivesforrenewableenergyprojects,windturbinetechnologycontinuesto
advance,makingnewlocationsthroughouttheUSmoreeconomicallyfeasibleforwindenergygeneration.Wind
turbinehubsaregettingtalleralongwiththerotorbladesgettinglarger,allowingthewindturbinetoreachnew
heightsandreachgreaterwindspeedshigherintheatmosphere.
Whensitedappropriatelyandthroughcoordinationofstakeholders,renewableenergyprojects,suchasindustrial
windenergydevelopments,cancreatebenefitsandeconomicdevelopmentopportunitiesforstakeholders,
includingincreasedtaxrevenuestolocalcommunitiesandschooldistricts,andallowingcommunitiestocontinue
agriculturalactivitiesbyhelpinginsulatefarmersfromchangesinmarkets,lossofcrops,orfinancialchallenges
associatedwithsmallfarming.However,converselythepresenceoflargeindustrialwindenergydevelopments
canhaveseveraleffectsonradarsystemsdependingonthenumberandheightofturbines,thedistancebetween
theturbines,andthedistancefromtheradar.Thetwomainimpactsofindustrialwindenergydevelopmentsare
screening,orblockingoutportionsofthefieldofviewsothatitcannotseeaircraftthatflybehindthescreen;
andradiofrequencycluttercausingfalsereadingsontheradarthatmakeitappearthereareaircraftflyinginthe
areathatarenotreallythere.AirtrafficcontrollersatFortDrumhaveidentifiedthatbothoftheseimpactsaffect
WheelerSackArmyAirfieldsAirTrafficControlradarasaresultofexistingindustrialwindenergydevelopments
withintheradarsoperationalfieldofview.Thiscanpotentiallycausehazardousaircraftoperatingconditionsthat
couldresultinimpactstomissiontraining.
Radarsareabletolocateanobjectspositionbysending
outasignal,orenergywaveinalldirections.Thissignal
reflectsoffobjects,suchasplanes,birds,and
mountains.Someoftheenergyfromthesignalis
reflectedbacktotheradar.Computerscalculatethe
strengthofthesignalreturnedanddistanceittraveled
toestimatethesizeandlocationoftheobject.Multiple
signalsthatreturninformationprovideanestimated
location,size,speed,andmovementofanobject.Wind
turbineswithinaPrimaryRadarslineofsightcanblock
someofthesignaltheradarisemitting,aswellas
reflectbacksomeofthesignal,weakeningthestrength
oftheradarssignaldownrangeoftheindustrialwind
energydevelopment.Thecloserawindturbineis
locatedtoaradarandthequantityofwindturbines
haveagreaterimpactonaradaranditseffectiveness.
Source:NOAAshowsthatwindfarmsaffectweatherradar,and
thataffectstheirprimarymissionofforecastingandsafety,
November2013
AccordingtomapsproducedontheNational
RenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL)website,the
potentialforwindenergyintheNorthCountryis
moderateinthesouthernandshorelineareas,and
IndustrialwindturbinesfromtheMapleRidgeWindFarm
generallylowinthenorthernportionwhenlookingat
Source:EDPRenewables
windspeeds80metersabovegroundlevel(AGL).

However,whenthewindspeedismeasuredat110meters,thepotentialforwindenergyintheNorthCountry
increasesslightly,particularlyinthenortherportionofthearea.At140metersAGL,muchoftheStudyAreais
identifiedinthegreatestwindpotentialcategory.Figures5.81,5.82,and5.83showthewindenergypotentialat
80meters,110meters,and140metersAGLrespectively.Onthesefigures,landisdividedinto400square
kilometer(sq.km)sections.Eachsectionshowslandareawithagrosscapacityfactorof35percentandhigher
thatmaybesuitableforwindenergydevelopment.Eachsectionisidentifiedbytheamountofsq.kmithaswith
thepotentialtoproduceviablewindenergy,measuredinrangesof100sq.km.Forexample,excludinga
measurementof0forareaswithnopotential,thesmallestincrementofwindpotentialisasectionidentifiedas
1to100sq.km,meaningthatbetween1and100sq.kmofthatlandisviableforwindenergydevelopment.The
highestpotentialis301to400sq.km.Thewindpotentialmodelsareestimatesandmaydifferfromtheactual
windresourcesatanygivenarea,whichmayvaryfromestimatesbasedonfactorssuchasterrain,buildings,
vegetation,andatmosphereeffects.
Elevationplaysacrucialroleinawindturbinesimpactonaradarsystem.Asmaybeexpected,thewindpotential
athigherelevationsismorelikelytoproducegreaterwindenergypotential.Windturbinesbuiltatlower
elevationsthanaradarmaybeoutoftheradarsfieldofviewandhavenoimpactontheradarsystem.As
technologyadvances,windturbinesareconstructedtallerandtallertoreachhigheraveragewindspeeds.Whilea
windturbinesimpacttoaradarsystemisdependentuponitslocationwithintheradarsfieldofview,tallerwind
turbineshaveagreaterlikelihoodforimpactsastheyaremorelikelytopenetratefurtherintothefieldofview
thanshorterturbines.Thiscreatespotentialforfutureencroachmentparticularlyinlowerlyingareas.
Wind Energy Project Review and Approval Process

DeveloperssubmitprojectproposalstotheFederal
AviationAdministration(FAA),whichhastheresponsibility
topromoteandmaintainthesafeandefficientuseof
USairspaceforallusers.UnderTitle49oftheUnited
StatesCode,CongresshasdirectedFAAtotaketheleadon
thisprocessfortheFederalGovernment.Itistheir
responsibilitytocoordinatewithallrelevantfederal
agenciesanddepartmentsandbasedonthisinput,issue
determinationsonbehalfoftheUnitedStates
ViewoftheWolfeIslandWindFarminCanada
Government.TheFAAsendsproposalstotheDepartment
Source:TheWhigStandard
Credit:IanMacAlphine ofDefense(DOD)SitingClearinghouseandtheNational
WeatherService(NWS);morespecificallytheROCthrough
theNationalTelecommunicationsandInformationAdministrationforfurtherreview.TheDODSiting
Clearinghouse,throughtheDepartmentoftheArmy,sendstoinstallationsforlocalinput.TheDODSiting
Clearinghouseistaskedwiththeresponsibilityofassessingwindturbineimpactstoradarsystemsandairtraffic
control,includingmilitary.However,theoverallprocessissomewhatfragmentedwithnosettimelineestablished.
TheSitingClearinghouseencouragesinstallationstoengagewithdevelopersandsolveissueslocally.Therefore,
FortDrummustrelyontheDODSitingClearinghouseandtheArticle10processandtheSitingBoard(see
Section5.15LegislativeInitiatives)tointervenewithdevelopersfrommovingforwardonprojectsthatmayimpact
installationoperationsandmissions.Todate,FortDrumhasnotcompletedacomprehensivetechnicalstudyof
industrialwindenergydevelopmentimpactsonitsairtrafficcontrol(ATC)system.However,FortDrumisrefining
itsassessmentsandbeginningtocreatematerialsandproductsthatcaptureknownandreasonablyassumed
impacts.TheROChascompletedcomprehensivestudiesandsubmitteditsfindingsandconcernsbacktotheFAA.

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Je f fe r so n
County
Sackets Watertown
Harbor

812
Copenhagen Croghan
ario Adams Center
Ont
12
ake
L Cree k
Adams

177
dy
S an Lowville
Lewis
Ellisburg H a m i l to n
Mannsville
County

28 County
Sandy Creek
Wa yn e Lyons Falls
Port Leyden
C o u n ty Oswego County Pulaski Constableville
Altmar
H e rk i m e r
Oswego Mexico

11

13

26 Boonville
County
We
st
Minetto

3 Parish

69
Bra
n ch
Fair

104 48

81
F
O n e i d a C o u n ty Remsen
8
ish
re Prospect
C
Haven ek

481 Constantia Holland Cold Brook
Wolcott
C a yu g a
County
Brewerton Oneida
Lake

49 Sylvan
Beach
Rome

365
Patent Poland
Newport F u l to n
Cato Onondaga

38
Baldwinsville C o u n t y
Madison 31

790

29 County
Clyde 34 90
Port Byron Elbridge Fairmount

Mattydale
690
Minoa
County

Sherrill
Chittenango Oneida

5

Utica 5S
Herkimer
Montgom ery
Little Falls C o u n t y
Legend
Potential Wind Capacity At 80 Meters 60-mile Study Area Interstate
Using Current Technology 30-mile Study Area US Highway
35% Or Higher Gross Capacity Fort Drum State Highway
0 sq. KM County Boundary Railroad
1 - 100 sq. KM City / Village / Hamlet Water Body
101 - 200 sq. KM Stream / River
201 - 300 sq. KM
301 - 400 sq. KM Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2014.
0 5 10 20
Figure 5.8-1
Miles
Wind Potential at 80 Meters Above Ground Level

F r a n k l in
Massena County

37
Waddington
D ee
Brasher
11

Ri v
er
A
A
D

310
Norwood
C
A
N Ogdensburg
Potsdam

11B
Heuvelton Canton
St Lawrence
County
Hammond
Hermon
56
Richville

Redwood
Clayton

58
Theresa Antwerp
La Fargeville

12E Star
3
In d
r
Vincent Evans
Chaumont

180 Natural
Chaumont
Bay

781
Deferiet
Black River
Mills
Bridge
Carthage
Je f fe r so n
County
Sackets Watertown
Harbor

812
Copenhagen Croghan
ario Adams Center
Ont
12
ake
L Cree k
Adams

177
dy
S an Lowville
Lewis
Mannsville
County

28 County
Sandy Creek
Wa yn e Lyons Falls
Port Leyden
Altmar
H e rk i m e r
Oswego Mexico

11

13

26 Boonville
County
We
st
Minetto

3 Parish

69
Bra
n ch
Fair

104 48

81
F
8
ish
re Prospect
C
Haven ek

Wolcott
C a yu g a
County
Brewerton Oneida
Lake

49 Sylvan
Beach
Rome

365
Patent Poland
Newport F u l to n
Cato Onondaga

38
Madison 31

790

29 County
Clyde 34 90

Mattydale
690
Minoa
County

Sherrill
Chittenango Oneida

5

Utica 5S
Herkimer
Montgom ery
Legend
1 - 100 sq. KM County Boundary Railroad
301 - 400 sq. KM
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2014.
0 5 10 20
Figure 5.8-2
Miles

F r a n k l in
Massena County

37
Waddington
D ee
Brasher
11

Ri v
er
A
A
D

310
Norwood
C
A
N Ogdensburg
Potsdam

11B
Heuvelton Canton
St Lawrence
County
Hammond
Hermon
56
Richville

Redwood
Clayton

58
Theresa Antwerp
La Fargeville

12E Star
3
In d
r
Vincent Evans
Chaumont

180 Natural
Chaumont
Bay

781
Deferiet
Black River
Mills
Bridge
Carthage
Je f fe r so n
County
Sackets Watertown
Harbor

812
Copenhagen Croghan
ario Adams Center
Ont
12
ake
L Cree k
Adams

177
dy
S an Lowville
Lewis
Mannsville
County

28 County
Sandy Creek
Wa yn e Lyons Falls
Port Leyden
Altmar
H e rk i m e r
Oswego Mexico

11

13

26 Boonville
County
We
st
Minetto

3 Parish

69
Bra
n ch
Fair

104 48

81
F
8
ish
re Prospect
C
Haven ek

Wolcott
C a yu g a
County
Brewerton Oneida
Lake

49 Sylvan
Beach
Rome

365
Patent Poland
Newport F u l to n
Cato Onondaga

38
Madison 31

790

29 County
Clyde 34 90

Mattydale
690
Minoa
County

Sherrill
Chittenango Oneida

5

Utica 5S
Herkimer
Montgom ery
Legend
1 - 100 sq. KM County Boundary Railroad
301 - 400 sq. KM
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2014.
0 5 10 20
Figure 5.8-3
Miles

Department of Defense Siting Clearinghouse
Section358ofthe2011NationalDefenseAuthorizationActpertainstostudyingtheimpactsofthedevelopment
ofnewenergyproductionfacilitiesonmilitaryoperationsandreadiness.TheDODSitingClearinghouseservesto
coordinatetheDODreviewofexistingapplicationsforproposedenergyprojects.Severalkeyelementsof
Section358includedesignationofaseniorofficialandleadorganizationtoconductthereviewofenergyproject
applications,aspecifictimeframeforcompletionofahazardassessmentassociatedwithanapplication(30days),
specificcriteriaforDODobjectionstoprojectsandarequirementtoprovideanannualstatusreporttoCongress.
Thislegislationfacilitatesproceduralcertaintyandapredictableprocessthatpromotescompatibilitybetween
energyindependenceandmilitarycapability.FormoreinformationontheDODSitingClearinghouse,see
Chapter4,Section4.1FederalofthisJLUSBackgroundReport,andthesectionunderDODSitingClearinghouse.
AninformalreviewprocessmaybeginwitharequestdirectlytotheClearinghousefromaprojectdeveloperora
landowneronwhosepropertyaproposedprojectisbeingsited.Otherinformalreviewsareinitiatedbyother
Federal,State,orlocalgovernmentagenciesorIndiantribes,suchastheBureauofOceanEnergyManagement,
theBureauofLandManagement,ortheFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission.Theinformalreviewcanbe
conductedwithspecificsitedataorgeneralareadata.
In2012,theDODSitingClearinghouseestablishedaMitigationResponseTeam(MRT)toaddressFortDrum
concerns;FortDrumwasthefirstdesignatedMRTafternewfederallegislation(HR6523)waspassedin2012.
Throughoutthatprocess,FortDrumworkedthroughtheMRTtoidentifywindturbineimpactsandmitigation
strategiesforFortDrumsDigitalAirportSurveillanceRadar(DASR11).TheMRTidentifiedonepossiblemitigation
strategyoflinkingtheSyracuseASR9withDASR11(whichwasachieved);however,itsoonbecameapparentthat
thiswasnotaviablesolution.
TheMitigationResponseTeamshaveidentifiedandimplementedavarietyofmitigationstrategies.Themost
commonmitigationstrategiesaredonewithinDOD,asradarisoptimizedormissionactivityisalteredtoaccount
fordegradedoperationalareaorobstructions.Otherprojectshaveelectedtomodifythesitingplanorlocation,to
curtailwindturbineoperationsatagreeduponcircumstances,ortoprovidetechnicalsolutionstoovercomeradar
performancedegradation.
Inmostcases,theDODcannotprohibitdevelopment.TheClearinghouseseeksopportunitiestoensureimpactsto
militaryoperationsareconsideredappropriatelyinsitingandpermittingdecisions.Thesereviewsalsohelp
developersidentifypotentialcompatibilityissuesasearlyaspossible.
Themilitaryassessmentincludesdiversemissions,fromthetestingandtrainingofmilitarypersonneland
equipment,totheoperationofradarusedforairtrafficcontrolornationaldefense.Theassessmentofanimpact
ofanyproposalrequiresanactive,specificreviewofthecharacteristicsofanenergyproposalandthenatureof
themissioninthearea.Theanalysismayrevealsubtle,yetimportant,differencesinmissionsortheprojectthat
resultindifferentconclusionswithinaparticulargeographicareathatmaynotbereadilyapparent.The
negotiationprocesswithintheMRTwillhelpthestakeholdersunderstandthereasonforconcernaboutaproject.
Itispossiblethatacertainlevelofinterferenceisacceptable,butthecumulativeeffectofmultipleprojectsina
specificlocationcanbesogreatthatthelevelofinterferencehasincrementallybecomeunacceptable.
Source:http://www.acq.osd.mil/dodsc/about/faq.html

Power NY Act (Article 10)
NewYorkpassedthePowerNYAct(Article10)in2011,whichtransfersthesitingandpermittingofelectric
generatingfacilitieswithacapacityof25megawattsorgreaterfromthelocalcommunitywheresitingisproposed
toNewYorkStatesBoardonElectricGenerationSitingandtheEnvironment(SitingBoard).
IndustrialwindenergydevelopmentapplicationsarenowfiledwiththeSitingBoardratherthanthelocal
communitywheretheyareproposedtobelocated.TheArticle10applicationrequiresthepresentationof
41exhibits,andtheprocessincludesanextensivepublicengagementcomponent;appointstwoadhocmembers
totheSitingBoardfromthelocalcommunitythewindenergydevelopmentwillaffect;andcollectsanintervenor
feefromtheapplicantavailabletolocalcommunitiesandagencies.However,thefinaldecisioniswiththe
SitingBoard.WhiletheSitingBoardmaydefertolocalordinanceinitsdecisionmaking,thelocalordinancemaybe
overrulediftheSitingBoardconsidersthelocalordinancetobeanunreasonableburdentotheapplicant.An
unreasonableburdenreferstolocalordinancesorregulationsthatlimitorrestrictanindustrialwindenergy
developmentsfeasibilityduetocurrenttechnologyavailableorunreasonablefees.
AlthoughlocallandusecontrolsmaybeoverruledbytheSitingBoard,itisimportantforlocalcommunitiesto
establishandkeepuptodatelanduseregulationtools,suchascomprehensiveplansandzoningcodesthat
addressenergydevelopmentissues.However,NewYorkStatedoesnotrequirelocalcommunitiestoestablishany
suchlandusecontrols.ManyofthecommunitieswithintheFortDrumJLUSStudyAreaeitherhavenotadopted
landusecontrols,orarenotuptodatetofullyaddresswindenergydevelopment.Thiscancontributetothe
potentialofencroachmentfromuncoordinated,incompatiblewindenergydevelopment.
FormoreinformationaboutArticle10,seeSection5.15:LegislativeInitiatives,IssueLEG1.
Existing Industrial Wind Energy Developments

TherearetwoexistingindustrialwindenergydevelopmentslocatedwithinFortDrumsDASRradar
viewshedMapleRidgeWindFarmandWolfeIslandWindFarm.MapleRidgeWindFarmislocatedwithin
LewisCounty,approximately15milessouthoftheDASRradar.Thisindustrialwindenergydevelopmentcovers
21,000acreswith195windturbinesthathavethecapacitytogenerateacombined322megawattsofpower.Each
turbinehasahubheightofroughly230feetwith135footblades,totalingapproximately365feetAGL.
WolfeIslandWindFarmisapproximately33mileswestoftheDASRradar.ItisalsowithintheKTYXDoppler
WeatherRadarsviewshed,andshouldbeincludedinanycumulativeimpactassessmentscompletedregardingthe
existingandfutureproposedindustrialwindenergydevelopmentaroundFortDrum.Thisindustrialwindenergy
developmentcontains86windturbines.Eachturbinehasahubheightof262feetwith153footblades,totaling
approximately415feet.Figure5.84displaysbothMapleRidgeWindFarmandWolfeIslandWindFarminrelation
toFortDrum.
Proposed Industrial Wind Energy Development

InadditiontothetwoexistingindustrialwindenergydevelopmentsnearFortDrum,therearesevenindustrial
windenergydevelopmentsproposedwithintheStudyAreathatareinvaryingstagesofdevelopment.Theseseven
proposedindustrialwindenergydevelopmentsaremappedonFigure5.85:
CopenhagenWindFarm MadRiverWindFarm
DeerRiverWindFarm NumberThreeWind
GallooIslandWind RoaringBrookWindPowerProject
HorseCreekWindFarm

Hermon
Hammond
Richville
A
N
A
D

37
A Alexandria Gouverneur
C Edwards
Bay
Redwood

11
58
St Lawrence
St. Lawrence County
Wolfe River
Island Clayton
Theresa Antwerp
Wind Farm La Fargeville
## # #
##
### Fort Drum Star
### # ## # ##
#
# ###

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#
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# ##
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ian

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Harbor

812

81
Copenhagen
Castorland
126
Croghan
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I & II
Sandy

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Creek
Wind Farm
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Lyons Falls
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st
Port Leyden
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Pulaski Constableville

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nc
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hF

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ish Cree
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on
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iv a
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e st
ive
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r
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Fi s
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e
46
Remsen

365
k
Fulton Prospect

481
Central Square Rome Barneveld
Legend
!
P WSAAF Doppler Radar Site
# Operating Wind Turbine
Operating Wind Energy Project
Fort Drum
County
Interstate
US Highway
!
P KTYX Doppler Radar Site Boundary
City / Village /
State Highway
Railroad
Hamlet
Water Body
Stream / River
Source: Fort Drum, 2016. DANC, 2016.
0 5 10
Figure 5.8-4
Miles
Existing Wind Energy Projects Near Fort Drum

Hermon
Hammond
Richville
A
N
A
D

37
C Edwards
Bay
Redwood

11
58
St Lawrence
St. Lawrence County
River
Clayton
Theresa Antwerp
La Fargeville

12E Fort Drum Star
L ittl e
r
ve
Ri R i er
Cape Horse Creek
Vincent Wind Farm
180 Evans
In d
ian

3
v
WSAAF Mid dle Branch Os

Natural
we
Mills
Chaumont

!
P
ga
781
Bridge
a um o
tchie River
C h nt Deferiet
Je f fe r so n
Dexter
Park River Bend

812
Watertown
C o u n t y Sackets
Harbor

126 Copenhagen
Wind Farm
Copenhagen Croghan
Castorland
r ek
i o dy C e
t a r S an
O n Galloo
Adams Center Number
Island
Wind Adams

177

12 Three Indepen
den e
c iv
R
Lowville Wind Farm er
Deer River
Ellisburg
Wind Farm
KTYX
!
P Lewis County
O t ter
Cre e k
Mannsville
Sandy

3
Creek Roaring Turin
Lyons Falls
Oswego County Brook Wind
Mad River Power Project Port Leyden
Pulaski Wind
Project
Constableville

28

26
Lit
81 ree k
Altmar lC
tle Sa l m
hul
Boonville o d

104

Wo
on
13
M
iv a
R
Oswego er
dR
ek
W
i sh C r e
e st
ive
Minetto Parish Bra O n e i d a C o u n ty

n
r
69

ch

11

F
Fi s
48 h 46

nch
Cre 365
e Remsen
Bra
k
Fulton t Prospect
as

481
E
Legend
!
P WSAAF Doppler Radar Site Proposed Wind Energy Project
Operating Wind Energy Project
Fort Drum
County
Interstate
US Highway
!
P KTYX Doppler Radar Site Boundary
City / Village/
State Highway
Railroad
Hamlet
Water Body
Stream / River

Note: Locations for proposed wind farms are approximate and are not meant to represent actual boundaries
0 5 10
Figure 5.8-5
Miles
Proposed Wind Energy Projects Near Fort Drum

CopenhagenWindFarm
TheCopenhagenWindFarmwasfirstproposedpriortoArticle10takingeffectin2011,andwasnotrequiredtogo
throughtheArticle10permittingprocess.However,thisindustrialwindenergydevelopmentdidnotreceive
developmentapprovalbytheTownofDenmarkPlanningBoarduntilSeptember2016.EDFRenewableEnergy
thedeveloperoftheindustrialwindenergydevelopmenthasalreadybeguntreeclearing,andisanticipatingto
startconstructioninAugust2017.Thisindustrialwindenergydevelopmentissitedroughly10milessouthof
FortDrumsDASRradarintheTownofDenmark.Intotal,theindustrialwindenergydevelopmentisproposed
have40turbinesthathavethecapacitytogenerate79Megawatts(MW).Eachturbinewillhaveahubheightof
312feetwith180footblades,totalingapproximately492feet.ThisprojectisslatedtobeconnectedtoNational
Gridin2018.
DeerRiverWindFarm
TheDeerRiverWindFarmisproposedbyAvangridRenewablestobelocatedinwesternLewisCountyand
southeasternJeffersonCounty,roughly15milessouthofFortDrumsDASRradar,withinthetownsofHarrisburg,
Montague,Pinckney,andRodman.Thiswindenergydevelopmentisinitsearlystagesofdevelopment,and
completedaPublicInvolvementProgramplanperArticle10requirementsinSeptember2016.Thereareprojected
tobeupto40windturbinesthatwillhavethecapacitytoproduceapproximately100MW.ThePreliminary
ScopingStatementfortheDeerRiverWindFarmwassubmittedinMay2017.
GallooIslandWind
GallooIslandWindisproposedbyApexCleanEnergytobelocatedonanislandinLakeOntarioapproximately
sixmilesfromJeffersonCountysshorelineandroughly35mileswestofFortDrumsDASRradar.Thiswindproject
hasconductedapreliminaryreviewwiththeDepartmentofDefense(DOD)andFederalAviationAdministration
(FAA),andisscheduledforcompletionin2019.Thisindustrialwindenergydevelopmentisprojectedtohave
32windturbinesthatwillhavethecapacitytoproduceapproximately110MW.ThePreliminaryScoping
StatementfortheGallooIslandWindprojectwassubmittedinJune2016.
HorseCreekWindFarm
TheHorseCreekWindFarmisproposedbyAvangridRenewablestobelocatedroughly14mileswestofFort
DrumsDASRradarinJeffersonCounty.Thiswindenergydevelopmentisinitsearlystagesofdevelopment,and
completedaPublicInvolvementProgramplanperArticle10requirementsinJune2016andarevisedonein
August2016.Thisindustrialwindenergydevelopmentisprojectedtohave60to72turbinesandhavethecapacity
togenerateapproximately205MW.
MadRiverWindFarm
TheMadRiverWindFarmisproposedbyAvangridRenewablestobelocatedinbetweenJeffersonCountyand
OswegoCounty,approximately25milessouthofFortDrumsDASRradar.Thiswindenergydevelopmentisinits
earlystagesofdevelopment,andcompletedaPublicInvolvementProgramplanperArticle10requirementsin
September2016.Thisindustrialwindenergydevelopmentisprojectedtohaveupto125turbinesandhavethe
capacitytogenerateapproximately350MW.
NumberThreeWind
TheNumberThreeWindenergydevelopmentprojectisproposedbyInvenergytobelocatedinLewisCounty,
withinthetownsofDenmark,Lowville,andHarrisburgroughly13milessouthofFortDrumsDASRradar.Thiswind
energydevelopmentisinitsearlystagesofdevelopment,andcompletedaPublicInvolvementProgramplanper
Article10requirementsinJuly2016.Thereareprojectedtobeupto35to50windturbinesandhavethecapacity
togenerateapproximately100MW.ThePreliminaryScopingStatementfortheNumberThreeWindFarmwas
submittedinNovember2016.

RoaringBrookWindPowerProject
TheRoaringBrookWindPowerProjectisproposedbyAvangridRenewablestobelocatedinLewisCounty,within
thetownofMartinsburgroughly20milessouthofFortDrumsDASRradar.Thiswindenergydevelopmentwas
permittedin2009priortoArticle10requirements,butnoconstructionhasbeencommencedasofJuly2017.
Thereareprojectedtobe39windturbinesandhavethecapacitytogenerateapproximately78MW.Thisproject
hasgonethroughalocalpermittingprocessandhasbeenpermitted.
Wind Turbine Mitigation Techniques

ThecurrentprocessusedtomitigatewindturbinesfromtheFortDrumsDASRradaristheStandardTerminal
AutomationReplacementSystem(STARS)Build12softwarethatallowsairtrafficcontrollerstofilteroutupto
1,000windturbines.WhileSTARSBuild12filtersoutfalsepositives,itdoessobytellingthesystemtoignorethe
falsepositivesandcreatesaradarblindspotdirectlyabovetheindustrialwindenergydevelopmentupto
3,000abovegroundlevel(AGL).Blockingouttheseindustrialwindenergydevelopmentsessentiallycreatesa
blackholetotheDASRradar,meaninganyaircraftthatflyovertheMapleRidgeorWolfeIslandindustrialwind
energydevelopmentsarenotdepictedbytheDASRradarastheyflythroughtheblindspot.Furthermore,
migratorygeeseflyingthroughtheareaarealsonotdepictedontheDASRradar,creatingpotentialbirdstrike
hazardsforaircraftandleavingpilotsinapotentiallydangeroussituation.
Anothermitigationtechniqueistheusageoftranspondersinaircraft.Atransponderisanelectronicdevice
transmitsasignaltoagroundradarstation,suchasanairtrafficcontrolradar,andprovidesinformationtoidentify
theaircraft,itsaltitude,andotherfeatures.FortDrumsDASRradarincludesasecondarysurveillanceradarthat
obtainsinformationfromaircraftthroughtheuseoftransponders.Communicationbetweenanaircrafts
transponderandthesecondarysurveillanceradarisnotaffectedbywindturbinesthesamewaythattheprimary
surveillanceradaris,soitisnotimpactedbytheblindspotscausedbywindturbines.USmilitaryandcommercial
airlineaircraftareequippedwithtransponders,butsomegeneralaviationaircraftsuchascropdustersmaynot
haveatransponderonboard.Ifanaircraftwithoutatransponderisoperatingwithintheprimarysurveillance
radarsblindspot,itcouldpotentiallyposeahazardtootheraircraftoperatinginthearea.
Thereareothermitigationtechniquesthathavebeenusedforotherairtrafficcontrolradararoundtheworldto
reduceimpactsfromwindturbines.FortDrumhasevaluatedothermitigationtechniquesandwillcontinuetodo
soasnewtechnologiesbecomeavailableormoreprominent.TheJLUSImplementationPlan(Chapter6ofthe
JLUSReport)willidentifysomeotherpotentialmitigationoptionsorrecommendationsthatcanbeassessedor
utilizedtoreducewindturbineimpactstoFortDrumsDASRradarintheregionaroundFortDrum.
TherearecurrentlyimpactstotheFortDrumsDASRandKTYXweathersurveillanceradarstoday.Thereisno
100percenteffectivemitigationoftheseaffects;therearenocurrentlyplannedorprogrammedmitigation
actions.Theplannedprojectsduenotidentifyanymitigationactions.Thereforeanyadditionalwinddevelopment
maypotentiallyincreasetheimpactsinacumulativeway.
Wind Turbine Compatibility with Fort Drum Airfield Radar

TheArmyRadarApproachControlatWheelerSackArmyAirfieldencompassesapproximatelya40nauticalmile
(approximately46mile)radiusaroundFortDrumandmonitorsairspacefromgroundlevelupto10,000feet.The
DASRradarcapabilitiesatFortDrumcanmonitoroutto120miles.
ThemovingbladesofawindturbineimpactFortDrumsDASRradarsystematWSAAFbycreatingfalsepositive
signalsatthelocationofeachwindturbine.Ontheradarequipment,thisappearsasanaircraftthatisnotthere
andmaycauseconfusionordistractiontoairtrafficcontrollers.TheDASRradarcapabilitieswillstarttoselectively
shutdownfunctionswhenitbecomesoversaturatedwithactivity,suchasthatproducedbythenumberof
movementreturnscausedbyspinningwindturbineblades.

AlthoughFortDrumiscurrentlyabletomanageimpactsfromMapleRidgeWindFarmandWolfeIslandWind
Farm,thecumulativeeffectofmitigatingmultiplenewindustrialwindenergydevelopmentscouldpotentiallyhave
largenegativeimpactsontheoperationalcapabilitiesofFortDrumsDASRradaratWheelerSackArmyAirfield.
TheDASRradarutilizestheSTARSBuild12softwaretomaskouttheexistingwindfarmsfromtheDASRradars
fieldofview,creatingablindspotthatextendsfromgroundleveltoanaltitudeof3,000feetAGL.Accordingto
FortDrum,theDASRradarblindspotgeneratedbyusingtheSTARSBuild12softwaretoblockouttheMapleRidge
WindFarmisapproximately41squaremiles.Whileindividualindustrialwindenergydevelopmentsmaybeableto
bemitigatedtoadegreethroughtheSTARSBuild12softwareworkaround,whichblocksouttheareaofthe
industrialwindenergydevelopmentsfromtheDASRradarsfieldofviewandcreatesablindspotintheradars
fieldofview,thecumulativeeffectofmultipleindustrialwindenergydevelopmentscouldcreateablindspotso
largethatitgreatlyimpactsFortDrumsDASRradaroperations,dependingonthelocationofindustrialwind
energydevelopments.FortDrumidentifiedthatasaworstcasescenario,ifallofthecurrentlyapprovedand
proposedprojectsaroundMapleRidgearebuilt(asofJuly2017),theblindspotwouldincreasefrom41square
milesto182squaremiles.FortDrumsATCsystemswouldnotbeabletodetectaircraftflyingbelow3,000AGL
withinthisconcentratedindustrialwindenergydevelopmentarealocateddirectlysouthoftheairfield.FortDrum
identifiedthatasaworstcasescenario,ifallapprovedandproposedprojectsintheStudyArea(asofJuly2017)
arebuilt,thetotalblindspotareawouldapproach300squaremiles.Itisunknownexactlyhowmanywindturbines
wouldbebuilt,butthereisthepotentialthatthetotalnumberwouldexceed1,000(totalcapacityforBuild12).
Proposed New York Legislation Addressing Wind Energy near Military Installations
TwonewproposedbillswereintroducedintheNewYorkStatelegislaturerelatingtowindenergydevelopment
nearactivefederalmilitaryairfields.SenateBill(SB)S1755AwasintroducedinJanuary2017bySenatorRobertOrtt
andAssemblyBill(AB)A5262AwasintroducedinFebruary2017byAssemblymembersMichaelNorris,Stephen
Hawley,andAngeloMorinello.BothbillsarecurrentlybeingreviewedasofJuly2017.TheyproposetoProhibit
thelocationofcertainwindelectricgenerationfacilitieswithinfortymilesofanairfieldorairbaseunder
jurisdictionofanyfederalmilitarydepartment.TheNewYorkStateAssemblyhastakennoactiononthisbillasof
June2017.Inresponsetotheseproposedbills,theLewisCountyBoardofLegislatorsadoptedaresolution
opposingtheproposedstatelegislationtoacknowledgetheirsupportforindustrialwindenergydevelopments
withinLewisCounty.
Findings
Whensitedappropriatelyandthroughcoordinationofstakeholders,renewableenergyprojects,suchas
industrialwindenergydevelopments,cancreatebenefitsandeconomicdevelopmentopportunitiesfor
stakeholders,includingincreasedtaxrevenuestolocalcommunitiesandschooldistricts,andallowing
communitiestocontinueagriculturalactivitiesbyhelpinginsulatefarmersfromchangesinmarkets,loss
ofcrops,orfinancialchallengesassociatedwithsmallfarming.
Theheightofturbinesandthespinningbladesreflectradarssignalsprematurely,creatingclutterand
decreasingaradarseffectiveness.
ThemovingbladesofawindturbinecreateaDopplerEffectthatcaninterferewithFortDrums
DASRradar.
FortDrumsDASRradarcurrentlymitigatestheMapleRidgeandWolfeIslandindustrialwindenergy
developmentsbyscreeningtheareafromtheradarsfieldofview.Thiscreatesablindspotinthe
DASRradarsystem,inwhichaircraftcannotbeseen.Thisissuewilllikelybecomeexacerbatedwiththe
developmentofadditionalindustrialwindenergydevelopmentsthatarelocatedwithintheDASRradars
fieldofview.

ThecurrentprocessusedtomitigatewindturbinesfromFortDrumsDASRradaristheStandardTerminal
AutomationReplacementSystem(STARS)Build12softwarethatfiltersoutfalsepositivessuchasthose
createdbywindturbines.Itdoessobytellingthesystemtoignorethefalsepositivesandcreatesaradar
blindspotdirectlyabovetheindustrialwindenergydevelopmentupto3,000abovegroundlevel.
AccordingtoFortDrum,theDASRradarblindspotgeneratedbyusingtheSTARSBuild12softwareto
blockouttheMapleRidgeWindFarmisapproximately41squaremiles.
Therearesevenproposedindustrialwindenergydevelopmentswithin30milesofFortDrumsDASRradar
thatcouldimpacttheradarsoperations.Theyareinvariousstagesofpermitting,approval,and
development.
Thecumulativeeffectofmultipleindustrialwindenergydevelopmentscouldcreateablindspotsolarge
thatitgreatlyimpactsFortDrumsDASRradaroperations,dependingonthelocationofindustrialwind
energydevelopments.FortDrumidentifiedthatasaworstcasescenario,ifallofthecurrentlyapproved
andproposedprojectsaroundMapleRidgearebuilt(asofJuly2017),theblindspotwouldincreasefrom
41squaremilesto182squaremiles.
SenateBillS1755AandAssemblyBillA5262AwereintroducedintotheNewYorklegislationinearly2017
andproposetolimitcertainwindgenerationfacilitieswithinfortymilesofanairfieldorairbaseunder
jurisdictionofanyfederalmilitarydepartment.
Anothermitigationtechniqueistheusageoftranspondersinaircraft.FortDrumsDASRradarincludesa
secondarysurveillanceradarthatobtainsinformationfromaircraftthroughtheuseoftransponders.
Communicationbetweenanaircraftstransponderandthesecondarysurveillanceradarisnotaffectedby
windturbinesthesamewaythattheprimarysurveillanceradaris,soitisnotimpactedbytheblindspots
causedbywindturbines.
Thereareothermitigationtechniquesthathavebeenusedforotherairtrafficcontrolradararoundthe
worldtoreduceimpactsfromwindturbines.FortDrumhasevaluatedothermitigationtechniquesand
willcontinuetodosoasnewtechnologiesbecomeavailableormoreprominent.
TherearecurrentlyimpactstotheFortDrumDASRandKTYXweathersurveillanceradarstoday.Thereis
no100percenteffectivemitigationoftheseaffects;therearenocurrentlyplannedorprogrammed
mitigationactions.Theplannedprojectsduenotidentifyanymitigationactions.Thereforeanyadditional
winddevelopmentmaypotentiallyincreasetheimpactsinacumulativeway.
Industrialwindenergydevelopmentcompatibilitywithweatherradar
ISSUE Existingwindturbinesinthelineofsightofthe18thWeatherSquadronDopplerradarhave
ED2 someimpactonthefunctionalityoftheequipment.Futurewinddevelopmentclosetothe
radarcouldfurtherimpacttheWeatherSquadronsmission.
MeteorologistsattheNationalWeatherServiceandlocalnewsstationspredictandforecastthedailyweatherfor
theNorthCountryusingtheKTYXWeatherSurveillanceRadar1988Doppler(WSR88D),otherwiseknownasa
weatherradar.TheKTYXweatherradarislocatedinMontague,NewYork,roughly20milessouthofthe
installationandabout20mileseastofLakeOntario.TheAirForces18thWeatherSquadronisatenantat
FortDrumthatmanagesandoperatesit.

TheKTYXweatherradaranditslocationiscriticaltoFortDrumsmissionsandwasspecificallysitedbytheDODin
itslocationbasedonthefollowingcriteria.Forthesereasons,andasreiteratedbyFortDrumduringthe
developmentofthisJLUS,theKTYXweatherradarsitecannotberelocatedduetoeconomicconstraintsandlackof
asuitablealternativelocation.
Areaandpointcoverage(thatis,ithadtocoverbothareasofconcernandspecificpoints)
Rangeofatleast230kilometers(142.9miles)
Altitudecoverageofzeroto1.5kilometers(zeroto0.9miles)forfinelinesandclearair(theabilityto
locatesmallweatherfeaturesatlowaltitudes)
Shouldbewithin35nauticalmiles(40statutemiles)ofthemilitaryinstallation
ThelocationofFortDrumsKTYXweatherradarisalsosignificantasitislocatedonahilltop.AsmentionedinIssue
ED1,theheightofturbinesisoneofthecontributingfactorsofinterference.Beinglocatedonahilltopallowsthe
KTYXweatherradartoextenditsfieldofviewandsenditssignaloverlowlyingareas.Therefore,somewind
turbinesmaybemoresuitableintheselowlyingareas,aslongastheydonotimpedeontheKTYXweatherradars
lineofsight.
TheKTYXweatherradarisnotonlyessentialtoboth
FortDrumsdailytrainingoperationsandtheNorthCountrys
daytodayweatherforecasting,butitisalsopartoftheNext
GenerationRadar(NEXRAD)networkthatconsistsof155
radarsthroughouttheUnitedStates.FromJanuary2016to
June2017the18thWeatherSquadronissued6606weather
briefs(notincluding23updatesperflight).Inthesametime
frame,theyissued279WeatherWatches,Warningsand
Advisories(WWA).AllWWAsimpactedflightandtraining NewYorkAirNationalGuardtrainingatFortDrumwith
operationsonFortDrum.Thus,itisahighprioritytoprotect severalinchesofsnowcoveringtheground
Source:NewYorkAirNationalGuard
thefunctionalityoftheKTYXweatherradarforFortDrum,
PhotoCredit:MasterSgt.EricMiller
regionally,andnationally.However,severaloftheproposed
industrialwindenergydevelopmentsidentifiedinIssueED1areplannedtobesitedsouthofFortDrumwithinthe
KTYXweatherradarsvicinity,potentiallyjeopardizingtheeffectivenessandweatherforecastingcapabilities.
TheKTYXweatherradariskeytopredictinglakeeffectsnowfromLakeOntario.TheNorthCountryislocated
withinoneoftheprimelakeeffectsnowregionswithintheUnitedStates,accumulatingbetweenroughly100and
200inchesofsnowinsomeareasthroughouttheyear,primarilyfromNovembertoJanuary.Windturbine
interferencewiththeKTYXweatherradarlimitstheabilitytopredictandtracklakeeffectsnowneartheindustrial
windenergydevelopment.Figure5.86illustratestheaverageannualsnowfallsurroundingtheKTYXweather
radar,asprovidedbytheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA)between1981and2010.The
abilitytoforecastwhentheselargesnowstormsmayoccuriscrucialforplanningmilitarytrainingactivitiesat
FortDrum,aswellasthegeneralpublichealthandsafetyfortheentireNorthCountryonadaytodaybasis.
Source:18thWeatherSquadron,January2017

Figure 5.8-6 Average Annual Snowfall in Northern New York (1981-2010 Normals)
Source:NationalOceanicAtmosphericAdministration
Radar Impact Zones

WeatherradarsincludefourRadarImpactZonesdevelopedbytheNationalWeatherServiceROCforwind
developers.ExceptfortheNoBuildZone,thesezonesareuniqueinshapeforeachweathersurveillanceradaras
theyarebasedonterrainandotherfactors.
NoBuildZone
MitigationZone
ConsultationZone
NotificationZone
TheNoBuildZoneincludesafourkm(2.5mile)radiussurroundingaweatherradarandisthemostsusceptibleto
development.Thiszonewasonlythreekm(1.9mile)untilthezonewasexpandedin2015whenthedistancewas
increasedduetothetallerwindturbinesbeingdeveloped.Anywindturbineslocatedinthiszonewillsignificantly
compromisetheweatherradarsaccuracy,anditcancausemechanicaldamagetotheradar.Itisalsocreates
radiationhazardsforconstructioncrewsandotherpersonnelmaintainingthesite.TheMitigationZoneextendsup
to36km(22.4miles)fromaweatherradar.Windturbinesinthiszonecansubstantiallyhindertheweatherradars
precisionandabilitytodetectadverseweatherifimproperlysited.TheConsultationZoneextendsupto60km
(37.3miles)fromaweatherradar.Windturbinesinthiszonecouldimpactweatherradarimagery,andshouldbe
sitedappropriately.TheNotificationZoneisalsoextendsupto60km(37.3miles).Windturbinesinthiszonecan
bedetectedbyaweatherradar,andmaypotentiallyinterferewithitsoperationdependingontheturbines
locationandelevation.Figure5.87illustratesthefourRadarImpactZonesaroundtheKTYXweathersurveillance
radar.
WindenergydeveloperscanfindmoreinformationontheweathersurveillanceradarImpactZonesontheNOAAs
NEXRADscreeningtoolwebsiteathttp://pikes.peakspatial.org/NOAA/ScreeningTool/.Thewebsiteincludesa
disclaimerthatstates:TheNOAAScreeningToolenablesdeveloperstoobtainapreliminaryreviewofpotential
impactstoWeatherRadar(s)priortoofficialOE/AAAfiling.Theuseofthistoolis100percentoptionalandwill
provideafirstleveloffeedbackandsinglepointsofcontactwithinNOAAtodiscussimpacts/mitigationeffortson
NEXRADWeatherRadars.TheuseofthistooldoesnotinanywayreplacetheofficialFAAprocesses/procedures.

Figure 5.8-7 KTYX weather surveillance Radar Impact Zones

Note:red=NoBuildZone,orange=MitigationZone,yellow=ConsultationZone,green=NotificationZone
Source:http://pikes.peakspatial.org/NOAA/ScreeningTool/
Compatibility with Fort Drums KTYX Weather Radar

Buildingsandothermanmadestationaryobjectscancontaminatedatacollectionfromradars,buttheNational
WeatherServiceusescomputerprocessingtofilterthoseobjectsfromweatherradarimagessincetheyare
stationary.Theproblemwithindustrialwindenergydevelopmentsistheheightandrotatingbladesofthe
turbines,whichmakethemdifficulttoremovefromradarimages.Utilizingexistingtechnologyandsoftware,the
NationalWeatherServicedoesnothaveawaytofilterturbinesoutofthevelocitydataortheprecipitationdata.

ConsiderationsinROCanalysestodeterminepotentialwindenergyimpactstoweatherradarincludethe
following.
Distanceoftheweatherradartowindturbines
Maximumheightofwindturbineblades
BladeintrusionintotheRLOS
ElevationoflocalWSR88Dradar
Terrain
Sizeoftheindustrialwindenergydevelopment
Industrialwindenergydevelopmentorientationtotheweatherradar
Severeweatherclimatology
Operationalexperienceofthemeteorologists
Source:WeatherRadarsPerspectiveonWindFarms,https://www.roc.noaa.gov/WSR88D/Publicdocs/WRPerspectiveonWF.pdf
AlthoughtheFortDrumKTYXweatherradarwassitedbytheDOD,encroachmenttotheKTYXweatherradarhasa
largerimpactontheregionduetotheNorthCountrysdependenceonweatherforecasting.Accordingtothe
NOAA,windturbineswithinaweatherradarslineofsightcanproduceclutterandothercontaminateddata
estimatesincludingfalseprecipitationestimatesandfalsestormmotions.Theseimpactscandisruptcomputer
algorithmsandcreatedistractionstoforecastersattemptingtoforecastoridentifystormevents.Figure5.88
showsascreenshotofwindturbineimpactsonradarimages.
Source:NOAAshowsthatwindfarmsaffectweatherradar,andthataffectstheirprimarymissionofforecastingandsafety,
November2013

Figure 5.8-8 Screen shot of KTYX radars readings showing Maple Ridge Wind Farm impacts to radar
Source:https://www.wunderground.com/weatherradar/unitedstates/ny/montague/tyx/?region=bml
AccordingtotheNationalWeatherService,FortDrumhas
theclosestwindturbinetoweatherradaroutofallDOD
weatherradars.TheedgeoftheMapleRidgeWindFarm
islocatedroughlythreemileseastoftheweatherradar.
ThelargesizeofMapleRidgeandthenumberofwind
turbinesitcontainscreatesclutterintheweatherradars
computersystem,makingitmoredifficulttoforecast
weatherinthatdirection.However,agreaterissuemay
ariseifwindturbinesaredevelopedwestofKTYX,
betweenLakeOntarioandtheweatherradar.Wind
turbinesaremostlikelytoaffecttheKTYXweatherradars FortDrumcrewsatWheelerSackArmyAirfieldattemptto
prepareanaircraftfortakeoffduringasnowstorm
lowestangles,whicharethemostimportantfor
Source:FortDrumDPTMSAviationDivision
predictingweather.Apoorlysitedindustrialwindenergy
developmentbetweenLakeOntarioandtheKTYX
weatherradarcanimpacttheidentificationoflakeeffectsnowandotherlargestormevents.SimilartoDASRradar
impacts,theturbinescreateafalsepositiveatthesiteofthewindturbinebutalsocreateaghosteffectfurther
alongtheradarbeam.Ineffect,twofalsepositivesignalsarecreatedbyeachturbine.Figure5.89showsaKTYX
radarimagethatgivestheappearanceofprecipitationwhennoprecipitationispresentduetowindturbine
effects.

Figure 5.8-9 Current Effects of Base Reflectivity by wind turbines at Maple Ridge Wind Farms I & II
TheBaseReflectivityandGhostEchogivethesamesignatureasprecipitation.Therewasnoprecipitationoccurringwhenthisimage
wastaken.
Source:NationalWeatherService
SignalsemittingfromtheKTYXweatherradarwouldreflectoffwindturbinesandtheirspinningbladesratherthan
thecloudsintheatmosphereandtheincomingprecipitation.Thesignalsthatdoreachapossiblestormdirected
towardstheNorthCountrywillbecompromisedandmayappearmuchweakerthantheytrulyare.
Lakeeffectsnow,emanatingfromLakeOntario,canoccurabruptly.Anylimitationtoforecastingandproviding
noticeoftheselargesnoweventscanimpactFortDrumstrainingactivities.Ifsoldiersaretrainingontheground
atFortDrumasalargesnowstormhitstheinstallation,themilitarytrainingmayhavetobepostponedforalater
daywhentheweatherconditionsaremoresuitable.FortDrumisbetterabletoplanitsdailyoperationsand
trainingactivitieswithaclearerweatherforecast.Itiseasiertopostponetrainingactivitiesbeforetheystart
ratherthanaftertheyarealreadyinprogress.
Furthermore,someoftheproposedindustrialwindenergydevelopmentsmentionedinIssueED1aresitedwithin
theKTYXweatherradarsImpactZones.WindturbineswithintheImpactZonescanalsohinderweather
forecastingfortheNorthCountryandFortDrumsmission.Specificimpactsofaproposedindustrialwindenergy
developmentprojectwouldneedtobeidentifiedonacasebycasebasisthroughanalysisconductedbyNOAA.
AccordingtoinformationprovidedbyarepresentativefromtheNOAAwhowasinvolvedinthedevelopmentof
theJLUS,ifalltheproposedindustrialwindenergydevelopmentsidentifiedinIssueED1aredeveloped,itis
estimatedintheworstcasescenariothattheKTYXweatherradarwilllose75percentofitsexistingfieldofview.

Consultation Process for Impact Mitigation
TheDODdeferstotheNationalWeatherServicetoidentifyissuesandimpactsonweatherradar,suchasthose
resultingfromtheplacementofwindturbines,toexploreanddevelopmitigationapproaches.Whenissuesor
concernsariseregardingproposedwindturbineplacement,theNWSworkswithdeveloperstodiscussproposed
turbinelayoutsandidentifyspecificconcernsaboutturbinelocationsandpotentialimpactstheymayhaveon
radaroperations.Throughthisconsultationprocess,theNWShasworkedwithdeveloperstoeliminateor
relocatedspecificturbinestoaddressconcerns.OnesuchexampleoccurredwhentheMapleRidgeWindFarm
wasbeingdeveloped,andtheconsultationprocessresultedinachangeinturbinelayouttomoveturbinesthat
wereidentifiedtoimpacttheKTYXradarslineofsight.
Findings
Windturbineswithinaweatherradarslineofsightcanproduceclutterandothercontaminateddata
estimatesincludingfalseprecipitationestimatesandfalsestormmotions.Theseimpactscandisrupt
computeralgorithmsandcreatedistractionstoforecastersattemptingtoforecastoridentifystorm
events.
TheKTYXweatherradarinMontague,NewYorkisoperatedbytheAirForces18thWeatherSquadronat
FortDrum,butthedataalsoisusedbytheNationalWeatherServiceandlocalnewsstationstopredict
futureweathereventsintheNorthCountry.
FortDrumhastheclosestwindturbinetoweatherradaroutofallDODweatherradars.
TheNorthCountryislocatedwithinaprimelakeeffectsnowregion,andreceivesapproximately100to
200inchesofsnowperyearonaverage.Theabilitytoforecastlargestormeventsisessentialto
FortDrumsmission,aswellastheNorthCountryspublichealthandsafety.
TheDODspecificallysitedtheKTYXweatherradarbasedonseveralcriteriatosupportFortDrums
missionsanditcannotbemovedtoadifferentlocation.
BothFortDrumandthesurroundingcommunityrelyonlocalweatherforecastsfromtheKTYXweather
radardailytopredictfutureweatherconditions.Poorlyplannedandsitedwindturbinesinthevicinityof
theKTYXweatherradarcreatesclutterandimpairstheweatherradarsreadingtoaccuratelypredict
inclementweather.
TheedgeoftheMapleRidgeWindFarmisonlyapproximatelythreemileseastoftheKTYXweatherradar,
andthereareseveraladditionalproposedindustrialwindenergydevelopmentswithinthevicinity.The
MapleRidgeWindFarmcurrentlyimpactstheKTYXweatherradarbycausingclutterandinaccurate
weatherpatterndataintheareaaboveandnearthesite.
AsofthewritingofthisJLUS,therearefiveproposedindustrialwindenergydevelopmentprojectswithin
a10mileradiusoftheKTYXweatherradar.Thespecificimpactsfromeachoftheseprojectsonthe
weatherradarwouldneedtobeassessedonacasebycasebasisthattakesintoaccountfactorssuchas
terrain,turbineandbladeheight,andturbinedistancefromtheweatherradar.However,accordingto
informationprovidedbyarepresentativefromNOAAwhowasinvolvedinthedevelopmentoftheJLUS,if
alltheseproposedindustrialwindenergydevelopmentsaredeveloped,itisestimatedintheworstcase
scenariothattheKTYXweatherradarwilllose75percentofitsexistingfieldofview.
ConsultationprocessesbetweentheNWSandindustrialwindenergydevelopmentdevelopersoccurwhen
thereareconcernswithspecificwindturbinelocationimpactstoweatherradarandmitigationoptionsare
exploredbetweenbothparties.


Futureindustrialsolardevelopmentsitingcompatibilitywithmilitaryoperations
ISSUE LewisCountyhasplansofdeveloping/approvingindustrialfixedpanelsolarenergy
ED3 developmentthatcouldcreateglareissuesforFortDrumpilots.Futuresolardevelopmentin
theregionmayalsocauseimpactsdependingonsitinglocations.
Solarenergyhasthepotentialtoimpactmilitaryaviationtrainingdependingonhowandwhereitisdeveloped.
Reflectivityreferstolightthatisreflectedoffofsurfaces.Thepotentialimpactsofreflectivityareglint(a
momentaryflashoflight)andglare(amorecontinuoussourceofexcessivebrightnessrelativetotheambient
lighting)whichcancauseeffectssuchasabrieflossoforblurredvision,oractasavisualdistraction.Theprimary
concernwiththisissueisifthisimpacttovisionoccurswhenoperatinganaircraft.Thistemporaryvision
impairmentcanincreasetheriskforaircraftmishaps,especiallyduringtakeofforlanding.Solarenergyfacilities
couldcauseglaredependingonthetypeormaterialsused,location,size,angle,anddirection,resultingina
reductionofapilotsview.Whiletheamountofglarewillvarydependingonfactorssuchastimeofday,angleof
solarpanels,elevationofaircraft,andproximityofaircrafttothesourceofglare.Figure5.810illustratesan
exampleofglarefromanaircraftcockpitflyinginproximitytoasolarfarm.
Itisthematerialsusedintheconstructionofthesolarpanels
thatareofparticularconcernforcreatingglare.Solarpanels
maybeconstructedwithreflectivematerialswhicharemeant
toassistinthegenerationanddistributionofenergy,butcan
alsocauseunintendedglareformilitaryandcivilianpilots.
Therearealsosolartechnologiesthatabsorbsunlightanddo
notcauseglintorglare.Theamountofreflectivityvariesgreatly
amongsolartechnologieswithconcentratedsolarpower
technologiesbeinghighlyreflectiveandphotovoltaic(PV)being
primarilyabsorptive.Becausesolarenergyprojectsintroduce
Figure 5.8-10. Example of glare from a solar farm newvisualsurfacestotheairportsettingwherereflectivity
experienced from an aircraft couldresultinglarethatcausesvisualimparityonpilotsorair
cockpit
trafficcontrollers,reflectivityrequiresstudyduringproject
Source:AirForceFlightTestCenter412TrainingWingat
EdwardsAFB
sitinganddesign.Theamountofanalysiswilldependon
sitespecificconditions.Singlesitesolardevelopment,suchas
residential,isnotgenerallyaconcernforglareissuesduetothe
smallsize,butlargescalesolardevelopmentwouldcauseconcernsifdevelopedwithmaterialsthatcauseglare.
Theprimaryconcernforsolarenergydevelopmentthatmaycauseglareiswithintheapproachanddeparture
corridorsforWSAAF,flightpathstoRange48foraerialbombing,andwithinlowlevelmilitarytrainingroutesand
militaryoperatingareas.
Solar Potential in the North Country

AccordingtoUSDepartmentofEnergy,photovoltaicpanelslocatedintheNorthCountryhavethepotentialto
produceroughlybetween370and390watthours/squarefeet/day.Thisisapproximately100watthours/
squarefeet/daylessthansolargenerationpotentialinsouthernstates,suchasFlorida,andover200watthours/
squarefeet/daylessthansolargenerationpotentialinsouthwesternstates,suchasArizonaandNewMexico.
Source:https://energy.gov/maps/solarenergypotential

Zoning Regulations
ForthecommunitieswithintheFortDrumJLUSStudyAreathathavezoningregulations,onlythetownsofLeRay
andWatertownhaveenactedstandardsregulatingsolarenergydevelopment.TheLeRayzoninglawidentifiessolar
energysystemsaspermittedornonpermittedusesforeachzoningdistrict,aswellasspecificregulationsfor
developingsolarenergysystems.TheTownofWatertownszoningordinanceallowssolardevelopmentinall
districts,ifproperlysited,butdoesnotaddressconstructionmaterialstoreduceglare.Neithertownszoning
regulationsspecifycoordinationwithFortDruminregardstosolarenergy,leavingtheinstallationvulnerableto
incompatibledevelopment.
Findings
A19acre,twomegawattsolarenergydevelopmentisplannedforconstructioninLowvilleN.Y.
Largescalesolarenergydevelopmentshavethepotentialtocauseglare,causingvisualimpairmentor
distractionstopilots.
Smallscalesolarenergydevelopments,suchasresidentialrooftopdevelopment,aregenerallynota
concernforglare.
Theprimaryconcernforsolarenergydevelopmentthatmaycauseglareiswithintheapproachand
departurecorridorsforWSAAF,flightpathstoRange48foraerialbombing,andwithinlowlevelmilitary
trainingroutesandmilitaryoperatingareas.
PhotovoltaicpanelslocatedintheNorthCountrywillproducelessenergypersquarefootthan
photovoltaicpanelslocatedinsouthernandsouthwesternstates.
OfthecommunitiesassessedaspartoftheJLUS,onlythetownsofLeRayandWatertowncontainzoning
lawsthatregulatesolarenergydevelopment,leavingFortDrumvulnerabletoincompatibledevelopment.


5.9. Frequency Spectrum Capacity (FSC)
Frequencyspectrumreferstotherangeofelectromagneticwavescapableofcarryingsignalsforpointtopoint
wirelesscommunications.Inadefinedarea,thefrequencyspectrumislimitedandincreasingdemandfor
frequencybandwidthfromcommercialapplicationssuchascellularphones,computernetworking,GPSunits,and
mobileradios,isindirectcompetitionwiththecapacitynecessaryformaintainingexistingandfuturemissionsand
communicationsoninstallations.
Findings
TherewerenoFrequencySpectrumCapacitycompatibilityissuesidentifiedfortheFortDrumJLUS.

5.10. Frequency Spectrum Impedance / Interference (FSI)
Frequencyspectrumistheentirerangeofelectromagneticfrequenciesusedforcommunicationsandother
transmissions,whichincludescommunicationchannelsforradio,cellularphones,andtelevision.Inthe
performanceoftypicaloperations,themilitaryreliesonarangeoffrequenciesforcommunicationsandsupport
systems.Similarly,publicandprivateusersrelyonarangeoffrequenciesintheuseofcellulartelephonesand
otherwirelessdevicesonadailybasis.
Findings
IssuesED1andED2underSection5.8EnergyDevelopmentidentifyanddiscussimpactstoradarsystemscaused
bywindturbinesthatcouldbeconsideredfrequencyspectrumimpedance/interferenceissues.Therewereno
additionalFrequencySpectrumImpedance/InterferencecompatibilityissuesidentifiedfortheFortDrumJLUS.

5.11. Housing Availability (HA)
Housingavailabilityaddressesthesupplyanddemandforhousingintheregion,thecompetitionforhousingthat
mayresultfromchangesinthenumberofmilitarypersonnel,andthesupplyofmilitaryfamilyhousingprovidedby
theinstallation.
Surplusmultifamilyhousing
ISSUE Thereispublicconcernthatthereisasurplusofmultifamilyhousinginthelocalcommunities
HA1 thatwasoriginallybuilttosupportFortDrumduringabuildupinthenumberofpersonnel
stationedthere,andsomeofthehousingisnowvacant.
FortDrumhasasignificantinfluenceontheregional
housingmarket.TheSection801housingprogramwas
incorporatedaspartoftheMilitaryConstruction
AuthorizationActin1984.Duringthisprogram,the
DODoffereda20yearleaseagreementtoprivate
developerstoprovideoffinstallationhousingfor
militarypersonnel.AccordingtotheFortDrum
RegionalLiaisonOrganization,therewere
2,000Section801housingunitsconstructedin
14multiresidentialcomplexesbetween1986and1990
toaccommodatethe10thMountainDivisionsarrival
TheMountaineerEstatesinWatertown,NYareaformerSection atFortDrum.
801housingdevelopment
Source:MountaineerEstates Source:http://www.fdrlo.org/reports/130housing
However,these20yearleaseagreementsexpiredbetween2007and2010,andtheDODstoppedsubsidizingall
Section801housingunitsintheFortDrumarea.TheformerSection801apartmentunitsarenowmarketrate
rentalproperties.Thus,militarypersonnelmaydecidetocontinuerentingatthemarketrate,movetoanother
competitiveoffinstallationresidentialunit,orliveoninstallationifthereisavailability.Accordingtothe2009
FortDrumGrowthManagementPlan,manysoldierschoosetorelocatetomoreconvenientlocationsthansome
formerSection801housingunitsinoutlyingareaslikeGouverneurandLowville,and/ormoveintonewerrental
unitsinthearea.ThishasresultedinanincreasedvacancyrateinmanyformerSection801sfurtherfrom
FortDrum.
Source:FortDrumGrowthManagementPlan,2009
AsFortDrumspopulationstartedtoincreasethroughoutthe2000s,theDevelopmentAuthorityofthe
NorthCountryestablishedtheCommunityRentalHousingProgramin2006tosupplementFortDrumshousing
needs.Thisprogramprovidedfundstoofferincentivestodevelopadditionalresidentialunitstomeetthe
increasedhousingdemandgeneratedbyFortDrum.Thisprogramhelpedfundanadditional1,380newhousing
unitsaroundFortDrum.
Source:http://www.danc.org/operations/communitydevelopment/housingdevelopment

FortDrumspopulationstarteddecliningsteadilyoverthepreviousthreeyears,resultinginadditionalhousing
vacanciesthroughouttheregionasmilitarypersonnelleavethearea.However,accordingtotheUSCensus
Bureau,thenumberofvacanthousingunitscomparedtothetotalnumberofhousingunitsbetweenJefferson,
Lewis,andSt.Lawrencecountieshasremainedconsistentataround24%sincethe1990USCensus,whichroughly
capturesFortDrumsinfluenceontheNorthCountrysincethe10thMountainDivisionarrivedin1984.Whilethis
percentageiswellabovethestatewideaverageof11%asofthe2015AmericanCommunitySurvey(ACS),several
ofthecommunitiesclosesttoFortDrumtheCityofWatertown,theTownofLeRay,andthevillagesofAntwerp,
Carthage,andPhiladelphiahaveexperiencedvacancyrateswellbelowtheNorthCountrysaverage,closer
resemblingthestatewideaverage.
TheDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountryutilizestwoprogramstorenovateandrestorevacanthomesin
needofrehabilitation.TheNorthCountryHOMEConsortiumbeganin1994,andprovidesfundstoresidential
rehabilitationprojects,aswellasassistancetofirsttimehomebuysandlowandmoderateincomefamilies.
Additionally,theRegionalRedevelopmentHousingProgramstartedin2016.Thisprogramalsohelpsrenovate
vacant,blightedhomesbyrepurposingfundspreviouslyusedtoofferincentivesfornewresidentialdevelopment.
TheDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountryhasaonemilliondollarbudgetavailabletooffergrantsand
lowinterestloansupto$25,000forrehabilitatingblightedhomes.
Source:Timetoupgrade:NewDANCprogrammakesfundsavailabletorehabhomes(WatertownDailyTimes,2016)
Thereisnosurplusinadequatemultifamilyhousing.Currentoverallrentalvacancyratesinthe5percentto
7percentrangeareconsideredidealformilitaryhousingmarkets.Thisresultsincompetitivepricing,adequate
choices,andmarketcompetitionwhichincludesensuringrentalpropertiesarerehabilitatedandmodernizedto
remaincompetitiveinthemarket.Withtheconstructionofnew,modernrentalhousingin20112015inareas
suchasWatertown,Pamelia,andLeRay,thereareotheroutdatedandrundownrentalpropertiesinthe
surroundingareasthathaveexperiencedaveryhighvacancyrateduetotheirundesirability,inadequacyand
unmarketablecondition.
Findings
FortDrumspopulationhasamajorinfluenceontheregionalhousingmarket.
AlloftheDODsSection801multifamily20yearhousingleaseshaveexpiredintheFortDrumarea,
turningtheformerSection801housingunitsintomarketraterentalproperties.However,theseolder
residentialunitsaregenerallyexperiencinghighervacancyratesduetonewerandmore
convenientlylocatedapartmentcomplexesnearFortDrum.
TheDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountrysCommunityRentalHousingProgramhelpedfundover
1,300newresidentialunitsaroundFortDrumtohelpsupportFortDrumspopulationgrowthinthe
2000s.
WhilethethreecountyregionsurroundingFortDrumhasanoverallvacancyratemorethandoublethe
statewideaverage,thecommunitiesclosesttotheinstallationhavemaintainedvacancyratescloserto
NewYorkStatesaverage.
TheDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountrystartedtheRegionalRedevelopmentHousingProgramin
2016toprovidefundsforrehabilitatingblightedproperties.

5.12. Infrastructure Extensions (IE)
Infrastructureextensionsreferstopublicfacilitiesandservicessuchassewers,water,electric,androadwaysthat
arerequiredtosupportdevelopment(existingandproposed).
Publicfacilitiesandservicesshouldbeappropriateforthetypeofurbanorruraldevelopmenttheyserve,butalso
limitedtotheexistingandplannedneedsandrequirementsofthearea.Forexample,theprovisionofasafe
transportationsystem,includingallmodesoftransportation(automobile,masstransit,railway,highway,bicycle,
pedestrian,air,water,etc.),isanimportantinfrastructurecomponent.Adequatetransportationinfrastructure
contributestolocal,regional,andstateaccessibility.
Infrastructureplaysanimportantroleinlandusecompatibility.Infrastructurecanenhancetheoperationsofan
installationandcommunitybyprovidingneededservices,suchassanitarysewertreatmentandtransportation
systems.Conversely,infrastructurecancreateencroachmentissuesifexpandedwithoutconsiderationofthe
consequencesoffuturedevelopment.Theextensionorexpansionofcommunityinfrastructuretoamilitary
installationorareasproximatetoaninstallationhasthepotentialtoinducegrowth,potentiallyresultingin
incompatibleusesandconflictsbetweenamilitarymissionandcommunities.Withincomprehensiveplanning,
infrastructureextensionscanserveasamechanismtoguidedevelopmentintoappropriateareas,protectsensitive
landuses,andimproveopportunitiesforcompatibilitybetweencommunitylandusesandmilitarymissions.
DesireforenhancedpublictransportationservicestoFortDrumandsurrounding
communities
ISSUE
Thereisadesireamongmilitarypersonnelandmembersofthesurroundingcommunityto
IE1
haveenhancedpublictransportationservicesbetweenFortDrumandamenitiesoutsidethe
installationsuchasshopping,restaurants,entertainment,andbusinesses.
Accordingtothetransportationandmobilityneedsassessment(AprilOctober2011)theFortDrumRegional
LiaisonOrganization(FDRLO)contractedforaFortDrumRegionalTransitNeedsAssessment.TheFinalReport
madeaseriesofrecommendations.
Livingonpostare8,500singlesoldiersmenandwomenwhoreportfromfaraway,areunfamiliarwiththe
Watertownregion,anddonothavespousesordependents.AttheNorthGate,thereareanadditional
2,000housingunitsoccupiedbyFortDrumpersonnel.FortDrumemploysthousandsofcontractorsand
employees.DowntownWatertown,approximately10milesfromtheinstallation,containsthebulkofservices,
entertainment,andshoppingdesiredbytheFortDrumcommunity.Transitfeasibilityisbasedinlargepartupon
densityofneedanddestinations.FortDrumandWatertownhaveahighdensityofresidents,services,andjobs,
yetthereisnoviableoptionforgettingaroundotherthanviaprivatevehicleortaxiandsimilarservices.Witha
goalofintegratingthemilitarycommunityintotheWatertownregion,noschoolsorhospitalswerebuiltonpost.
Militaryfamiliesrelyonareaschoolsforeducation,andonhospitalsinWatertownandothercommunitiesfor
medicalservices.ThustheneedsofthecommunityandtheneedsofFortDrumarelinked,andresourcesdevoted
totransportationforeithergroupcanbesharedbyboth.

PublictransportationthroughtheCityofWatertownsCitiBusservesareaswithinthemunicipalboundariesofthe
city,aswellastheSalmonRunMall.Therearecurrentlynoplansforexpansionofservicestootherareasoutside
thecitysmunicipalboundaries.ConnectingCitiBusservicefromtheCityofWatertowntoFortDrumwould
requirecoordinationandactionbyJeffersonCounty,butthishasnotoccurredorbeenplannedduetocosts.
FortDrum'sonpostshuttledoesnotconnecttothefiveroundtripsbeingrunbyAdirondackTrailwaysand
St.LawrenceCountyalongRoute11.
Findings
Onpostshuttleservicesarelimitedunlesscontractedout.
Vanpoolsarecriticalelementstotheservicenetwork.
Outsidepressuresuchastrafficcongestionorpoortaxiservicecanbeanimportantimpetusforservice.
TheCityofWatertownsCitiBusservicedoesnotconnecttoFortDrum,andwouldrequirecoordination
withandactionfromJeffersonCounty,buthasnotoccurredduetocosts.


5.13. Land / Air / Sea Space Competition (LAS)
Themilitarymanagesandusesland,air,andseaspacetoaccomplishtesting,training,andoperationalmissions.
Theseresourcesmustbeavailableandofasufficientsize,cohesiveness,andqualitytoaccommodateeffective
trainingandtesting.Militaryandcivilianland,air,andseaoperationscancompeteforlimitedland,air,andsea
space,especiallywhentheusageareasareincloseproximitytoeachother.Useofthesesharedresourcescan
impactfuturedevelopmentandoperationsforallusers.WhilethisJLUSassesseslandandairspacecompetition,
duetoFortDrumslocation,thereisnoseaspacecompetition.
Key Terms
UnmannedAerialVehicle.Anunmannedaerialvehicle(UAV),oftenreferredtoasadrone,isapowered,aerial
vehiclethatdoesnotcarryahumanoperator,usesaerodynamicforcestoprovidevehiclelift,canfly
autonomouslyorbepilotedremotely,canbeexpendableorrecoverable,andcancarryalethalornonlethal
payload.
WeaponDangerZone.AccordingtotheDepartmentoftheArmyPamphlet38563(RangeSafety),Aweapon
dangerzone(airtoground)encompassesthegroundandairspaceforlateralandverticalcontainmentof
projectiles,fragments,debris,andcomponentsresultingfromthefiring,launching,anddetonationof
aviationdeliveredordnance.Itreflectstheminimumlandandairrequirement,toincludeterrainmitigation,
neededtosafelyemployagivenweapon.Theweapondangerzoneaccountsforinaccuracy,failures,ricochets,and
broachingofaspecificweapon/munitiontypedeliveredbyaspecificaircrafttype.Theweapondangerzone
footprintisbasedonweaponcharacteristics,typeofdeliverybeingexecuted,platform(aircraft)deliveringthe
ordnance,targetandsoilcharacteristics,terrain,andlevelofcontainmentacceptabletotheseniorcommander
(Army).Figure5.131illustratesthebasicelementsofaweapondangerzone.

Figure 5.13-1 Basic Weapon Danger Zone Profile
Source:DepartmentofArmyPamphlet38563

MQ9ReaperHellfireordnancetraining
ISSUE TheweapondangerzoneforMQ9ReaperHellfireordnanceistoolargetobecontained
LAS1 withintheboundariesofFortDrum,requiringthistypeofweapontrainingtobeconductedat
otherfacilities.Thisisasafetybuffertoprotectpeopleandlandusesfromweaponhazards.

TheNewYorkAirNationalGuards174thAttackWingoperatesMQ9ReaperaircraftoutofHancockFieldin
Syracuse.TheseaircraftutilizeFortDrumsrangesanditssurroundingspecialuseairspaceforflightandweapons
training.MQ9Reaperpilottrainingisanimportantfunctionofthe174thAttackWing.Infiscalyear2016,it
trained106MQ9pilotsand250maintenancepersonnel.TheMQ9Reaperisanimportanttoolinthe
USmilitarysglobalwartimeefforts,capableofbothdynamictargeteliminationandintelligencegatheringand
reconnaissance.
The174thAttackWingmaintainsandoperatesalaunchandrecoveryfacilityatWSAAFwhereallmunitionsare
loadedandunloadedfromReaperaircraftpriortoandaftertheirweaponstraining.WSAAFistheonlyUSArmy
airfieldthatsupportsMQ9Reaperlivebombtraining,upto500poundlivebombs,andcontiguousairtoground
bombingrangesupportedbyanonsiteForwardOperatingLocation.Approximately30percentofallUSAirForce
andAirNationalGuardMQ9ReaperaircrewstrainatWSAAFandthespecialuseairspacesurroundingFortDrum.
TheMQ9Reapersweaponssystemsareguidedbya
MultispectralTargetingSystem,whichintegratesan
infraredsensor,acolor/monochromedaylightTV
camera,animageintensifiedTVcamera,alaser
designatorandalaserilluminatorintoasinglepackage.
Italsoutilizesalaserrangefinder/designatorwhich
providesthecapabilitytopreciselydesignatetargetsfor
employmentoflaserguidedmunitions.Armamentsthat
theMQ9canbeequippedwitharethe500pound
GuideBombUnit(GBU)12PavewayII,500pound
GBU38JointDirectAttackMunitions,and100pound
airtogroundmissile(AGM)114Hellfire.
The174thFighterWingpreparesanMQ9Reaperfortakeoffat
FortDrumiscapableofsupportingthe500pound WheelerSackArmyAirfield
ordnanceusedbytheMQ9Reaper,butduetothe Source:USAirForce
characteristicsofHellfiremissiles,theassociatedweapon PhotoCredit:StaffSgt.RickyBest
dangerzonewhenfactoringintheterrainand
topographyofFortDrumistoolargetobecontainedwithintheboundariesoftheinstallation.Armyregulations
requirethecontainmentareaofaweapondangerzone(performanceenvelope,impactfootprint,and/or
associateddebrisfield)tobeprotectedbypurchase,lease,orotherrestrictionstosafelyexcludepersonnelfrom
thearea.TheweapondangerzoneforHellfiremissilesfiredfromaMQ9Reaperisgeneratedwithaminimum
containmentstandardof1:1,000,000probabilityofamunitionescapingthecontainmentarea.SinceFortDrum
doesnotown,lease,orcontrolallofthepropertywithintheHellfiremissileweapondangerzone,thistypeoflive
ordnancetrainingcannotoccurattheinstallationandMQ9Reaperpilotsmustgotootherfacilitiestotrainwith
thisweapon.ThisimpactsthecapabilitiesofFortDrumtosupportcompleteMQ9Reapertraining.

Findings
TheNewYorkAirNationalGuard174thAttackWingconductsMQ9ReaperpilottrainingatFortDrum,
whichincludeslivefireweaponstraining.
FortDrumcansupportthe500poundGBUordnanceweaponsthatMQ9Reaperscarry,butthesizeof
theweapondangerzoneforHellfiremissilesissolargethatitwouldextendoutsidetheboundariesof
FortDrumontoprivateland.
ThisinabilityofFortDrumtosupportMQ9ReaperHellfireliveordnanceimpactspilotsabilityto
completefulltrainingofordnancesystemsatFortDrum,andtheymustgotootherinstallationstodothis.
FutureinadequateamountofmaneuverspaceontheFortDruminstallation
ISSUE FortDrumdoesnothaveadequatemaneuverspacecapacitytoaccommodatetheincreased
LAS2 groundtrooptrainingneedstosupporttheArmysnewSustainableReadinessModel.
Maximizingexistinglandisimportanttosupportfuturemissions.
ManeuverexercisesareconductedatFortDrumforallunitlevelsandmayincludeafewtohundredsofsoldiers
operatingasacollectivegrouptoensureacombatreadyfightingforce.Theseexerciseshelpindividualsandunits
attainandmaintainproficiencyincollectivetaskstoprepareforrealworldsituations,andareanintegralpieceofa
soldierstraining.
Infiscalyear2017,theArmystartedimplementingitsSustainableReadinessModel(SRM),whichreplacedthe
previousArmyForceGenerationModel.ThroughtheSRM,theArmyhasagoalofachievingtwothirdscombat
readinessforglobalcontingenciesfortheTotalArmyby2023.ThereareseveralperceivedbenefitsthattheArmy
suggestswillresultfromtheSRM,including:
providegreaterflexibilitythantheArmyForceGenerationModelinaddressingcontingencyoperations
andprioritizingunitreadiness,
stabilizingmanningtoavoidabruptreadinessdeclines,
resourcingunitstosustainhigherlevelsofreadinessoverlongerperiodsoftime,
providingArmyleadershipwithgreaterreadinessvisibilityamongunitsandpermittingforecastingof
readinessouttothenextthreetofouryears,and
betterinformationforArmyresourcingandbudgetingdecisions.
Intermsoftroopreadiness,theSRMmeansan
increaseddemandfortrainingandmaneuver
operationstopreparesoldiersfordeployable
readinessatalltimes.ForFortDrum,thismeans
increasedusageofrangesandmaneuverareasanda
morerigorousoperationaltempoofthesefacilities.
Exampleofmaneuvertrainingoperationsononeofthefewpaved
FortDrumcomprises108,733acres,buttheamount
roadwaysinFortDrumsTrainingArea
Source:FortDrumIntegratedNaturalResourcesManagement
ofacresavailablefortrainingandmaneuver
Plan2011 operationsismuchsmaller.Whenthecantonment

area,WheelerSackArmyAirfield,andtheImpactAreaareaccountedfor,theremaininglanddesignatedas
trainingareaisalittleover78,000acres.Thisisfurtherbrokendownintofiringranges(smallarms,artillery,aerial
gunnery),developedareastosimulateurbansettingsandotherfeatures,andotherfacilitiestosupportspecific
trainingandoperations.
TheArmystrainingstrategywithanincreasedemphasisonHomeStationTrainingandexpandedutilizationof
selectinstallationsasRegionalCollectiveTrainingCenters,inadditiontotheimpliedincreasedoperationaltempo
relatedtotheSustainableReadinessProcessandObjectiveTstandardsarethedrivingforceforFortDrums
requirementtoincreaseitscurrentmaneuvertrainingarea.Thesestrategiesrequireinstallationstosupport
multipleechelonsoflivefireandmaneuvertrainingfromindividualtoBrigadeCombatTeamlevels,aswellas
missioncommandtrainingforunitsfromBattalionthroughDivision.TheaddedrequirementsforCompanyand
BattalionstoconductCombinedArmsLiveFireExercisesannuallytosustainreadiness,placesadditionaldemand
formaneuverlandsandtherangecomplex.Theincreasedtrainingandreadinessdemandscoupledwiththe
additionalemphasisontheArmysPartnershipProgramandAssociatedUnitProgramhaveincreasedtheneedto
expandFortDrumsfootprintinordertofullysupportsimultaneousandrepetitivetrainingevents,whichresultin
sustainablereadinessofforcesassociatedwithFortDrumandthe10thMountainDivision(LI).
Theseunitsutilizethe75,934acresofmaneuvertrainingarea(56,744acresofmaneuvertrainingarealightand
15,864acresofmaneuvertrainingareaheavy);the20,222acreMainImpactArea;andthenumerousrangesand
othertrainingfacilitiesatFortDrum.Ofthe75,934acresofmaneuvertrainingareaatFortDrum,73,887acresare
consideredSuitableforTraining.OftheacreagethatisSuitableforTraining,45,055(59percent)acresare
classifiedasunrestrictedmobility,19,399(26percent)acresareclassifiedasrestrictedmobilityand9,443
(12percent)acresareclassifiedashighlyrestrictedmobility.2,037(3percent)acresareclassifiedasunrated
mobilityandareportionsofthetrainingareathatisconstrainedduetolanduse,environmental,andtopographic
elements.
Source:FortDrum,August2017
FortDrumconductsvegetationmanagementforthesetraining
areasthroughtheDPTMSIntegratedTrainingAreaManagement
(ITAM)program.However,withitslimitedfundingandresources,
theITAMfocusesvegetationmanagementinthewesternportion
oftheinstallationthatconsistslargelyofgrasslands,furtherlimiting
maneuverareas.Accordingtolanduse/landcoverage
categorizationeffortsconductedin2006and2011,thereis
approximately15,500acresofvarioustypesofwetlandson
FortDrumand4,700acresofothertypesofsurfacewaters,
accountingforroughly20percentofFortDrumstotalacreage.
Whilethesewetlandsandsurfacewatersarethroughout
FortDrum,someofthemareinthetrainingareaportionofthe
installationandfurtherreducetheamountoflandavailablefor
maneuveroperationsduetotherequirementstoprotectwetlands
oninstallation.Figure5.132showswhichtrainingareasarebest
suitedtosupportmaneuvertrainingspace.
Exampleofatypicalwetlandcomplexat
Source:FortDrumIntegratedNaturalResourcesManagementPlan2011 FortDrum,thisonelocatedinTrainingArea18

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Figure 5.13-2
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Training Areas that Allow Maneuvers

FortDrumhasarobustWetlandsManagementProgramforprotectingwetlandsoninstallationinaccordancewith
federalregulations.TheCleanWaterActwasenactedin1972andappliestowatersoftheUS,whichincludes
mostrivers,ponds,andlakes,andmanywetlandsandstreams.Section404oftheCleanWaterActrequires
authorizationforanyactivitythatwouldresultinthefillofjurisdictionalwetlandsorwatersoftheUSandapermit
mustbeprovidedbytheUSArmyCorpsofEngineersandtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.FortDrummust
alsofollowNewYorkStateEnvironmentalConservationLawArticle15,ProtectionofWaterandArticle24,
FreshwaterWetlandsandobtainpermitsforactivitiesthatwouldimpactwatersdefinedthroughthesearticles.
Thesetypesofpermitrequirementsaregenerallyassociatedwithconstructionprojects.Incaseswherewetland
impactsareunavoidableandaredeterminedtobemorethanminimal,thewetlandspermitapplicationmust
includeaplantoconstructotherwetlandsorwaterstomitigatetheloss.Thishasmoreofanimpacttothe
cantonmentareathanthetrainingarea,butfederalregulationsalsorestrictdestructionofwetlands,whichmay
existontrainingareasandlimittheabilitytouseit.Trainingisnotprohibitedfromoccurringinmostlakesor
wetlandsonFortDrum,butthewetlandscannotbealteredorfilledintocreatemoreusablelandwithoutproper
approvalsandpotentialmitigation.Additionally,maneuveroperationsintheseareasaregenerallynotviableas
thedampsoilsarenotconducivetosuchactivity.
ThroughitsWetlandsManagementProgram,FortDrumhasdevelopedoninstallationwetlandmitigationsites
closetotheinstallationboundary.Thishasallowedtheinstallationtodevelopwetlandareastouseastraining
areasforsoldiers,andalsoprovidesanaddedbufferbetweenoperationsatFortDrumandneighboringprivate
land,butitlimitstheusabilityoftheseareasforfutureoperations.In2003,theFortDrumWetlandMitigation
Bankwasestablishedtoprovideamitigationareathatcanbeusedtoaccountformitigationrequirementsfor
futureprojectswithrelativelysmallimpacts.FortDrumhasatotalof14.97acresofwetlandmitigationareaoff
limitstounrestrictedtraining.Inrecentyears,theWetlandsManagementProgramhasstartedlookingfor
offinstallationwetlandmitigationsitesthatcanbepreservedinlieuofwetlandsitesoninstallation,whichcan
thenbeusedfortrainingareas.
ItisdifficultforFortDrumtoaccommodatemoretrainingthancurrentlyexecutedgivenitslimitedamountofland
forsuchoperations.FortDrumandtheArmyareinterestedinleveragingspecificoffinstallationlandformission
supportbyprotectingitfromdevelopmentthroughprogramssuchasReadinessandEnvironmentProtection
Integration(REPI)andtheArmyCompatibleUseBuffer(ACUB)program.AsdiscussedunderIssueLU1in
Section5.14LandUse,7,600acresoflandaroundFortDrumhavebeenpreservedfromfuturedevelopment
throughtheACUBProgramasofAugust2017.However,noneofthesecompletedACUBparcelshavecounted
towardswetlandmitigationorIndianaBathabitatconservation,whichwouldallowanexchangeofland
oninstallationtoconvertintoviabletrainingland.
Findings
TheArmysSustainableReadinessModelrequiresanincreaseinoperationaltempo,trainingoperations,
anduseofmaneuverareasatFortDruminthecomingyears.
FortDrumhasalimitedamountofmaneuverareathatcanbeusedtoaccommodatetheincreased
trainingrequirements.
Stateandfederalrequirementstopreservewetlandsoninstallationfurtherlimittheamountoflandthat
canbeusedformaneuverareas.
FortDrumhasestablishedaWetlandMitigationBankthatmayallowforthedevelopmentofwetlands
oninstallationtouseasmaneuverareasthroughmitigationofoffinstallationlocations.
AsofAugust2017,noneofthe7,600acresoflandthathavebeenpreservedthroughtheACUBProgram
countstowardswetlandmitigationorIndianaBathabitatconservation,whichwouldallowanexchangeof
landoninstallationtoconvertintoviabletrainingland.

5.14. Land Use (LU)
Thebasisoflanduseplanningandregulationrelatestothegovernmentsroleinprotectingthepublicshealth,
safety,andwelfare.Localjurisdictionsgeneralplansandzoningordinancescanbethemosteffectivetoolsfor
preventingorresolvinglandusecompatibilityissues.Thesetoolsensuretheseparationoflandusesthatdiffer
significantlyincharacter.Landuseseparationalsoappliestopropertieswheretheuseofonepropertymay
adverselyimpacttheuseofanother.Forinstance,industrialusesareoftenseparatedfromresidentialusesto
avoidimpactsfromnoise,odors,andlighting.
Key Terms
ArmyCompatibleUseBuffer(ACUB)Program.TheACUBProgrampermitsArmyinstallationstoworkwithother
organizationpartners(e.g.,landtrusts)toacquiredevelopmentrightstoestablishbufferzonesthatcanhelp
protecthabitats,sensitiveareas,andmilitarytrainingareaswithoutacquiringanynewlandforArmyownership.
Encroachment.Intermsofcompatibility,encroachmentreferstothedevelopmentofconflictingusesofland,air,
water,andotherresourcesthatmayindividuallyorcumulativelyimpactthemilitarysabilitytocarryoutitstesting
andtrainingmission.Thismayincludeprivatedevelopmentbeingbuiltinthevicinityofamilitaryinstallation,
whetherornotitiswithinaspecificmilitaryoperationalfootprintsuchasnoiseofsafety.
GroundBasedMidcourseDefense(GMD).GMDaremissilesstoredinsilosundergroundthatmaybelaunchedat
incomingmissilethreatstotheUS.Thesemissilesengageandinterceptapotentialmissilestrikefromaforeign
nation.
MissileDefenseAgency(MDA).TheMDAisabranchoftheDepartmentofDefense(DOD)thatistaskedto
research,develop,andacquirelandforanUSBallisticMissileDefenseSystemtoprotectthenationfrompotential
intercontinentalattacks.
IncompatibledevelopmentencroachmentaroundFortDrum
Thereissomeexistingdevelopment,suchasresidentiallanduseadjacenttoFortDums
ISSUE boundary,thathascausedencroachmentconcerns.Thereisapotentialforfuture
LU1 developmenttooccurifappropriatelanduseregulationsarenotputinplacebycommunities
tolimitgrowtharoundtheinstallationinareasthatmayimpactFortDrumsabilitytocarryout
itsmissionsorputtheinstallationatriskforfutureoperations.
FortDrumisexperiencingincreasedtrainingdemandsofpreparingmilitaryunitsfordeployment,whichresultsin
additionalcomplaintsofnoisealongtheinstallation'sboundaries.Respondingtocomplaintsandinitiating
workaroundshasimpactedtrainingsiteselectionandhasthepotentialtoconstricttrainingtimesanddensity
especiallywithlargecaliberweapons,tanks,artillery,fixedwingaircraft,helicopters,UnmannedAerialSystems
(UAS)andlargeordnance/munitions.TheACUBsupportstheoverarchingrequirementtoreduceencroachment
ongroundbasedrangetrainingcapability,whilesupportingUASandaviationtrainingcapabilityandrealism.
FortDrumishometothe10thMountainDivisionLightInfantry,oneofthemostdeployedunitsintheArmyand
hometotheonlypowerprojectionplatforminthenortheast.FortDrumistheonlytrainingareainthenortheast
thatisabletoallowArmor/CAVunitstofireuptotable12(tanks)gunneryusingfullmunitions(armorpiercing)

VSHighExplosive.WheelerSackArmyAirfield(WSAAF)isahighprioritymissionasset.Theimportanceof
proactiveactionisevidentwhenadaycarecenterwasbuiltinAccidentPotentialZone2(APZ2),ACUBfunding
wouldhaveprovidedthemeanstoensurethisnoncompatiblefacilitywasconstructedoutsidetheAPZ.WSAAF
hasa10,000footrunway,paralleltaxiwayandrampspacethathaveaMaximumontheGround(MOG)of
sixC5aircraft.Thisairfieldenablesrapiddeploymenttoanywhereintheworld.FortDrumisthepremiere
installationintheeastforrealisticairtogroundtraining.Thecolocationoftheairtogroundrangewiththebest
overlandairtoairtrainingairspaceintheeastallowsforfullspectrumoffighteraircrafttraininginonelocation.
Range48isanairtogroundrangethatconsistsofa300scoreablebombcircle,two2,000strafepanels,one
3,000strafepanelandtacticaltargetsandsupportsthe174thTacticalFighterWingoftheNewYorkAirNational
Guard.FortDrumsproximitytotheborderandmajoreastcoastcitiesmakesitprimeforHomelandDefense
operationsandtrainingasvalidatedbythecustomsandborderpatrolmissionconductedinJune2009.The
colocationofthe10thMountainDivisionprovidesforfullscalejoint/integrated/realistictrainingwithoutthe
exorbitantcostandlosttrainingtimeofdeployingtroopsandequipment.FortDrumhashostedpersonnelfrom
AirForce,Army,Navy,andMarinesforsimultaneoustrainingonRange48.Theairfieldprovidesaforward
operatinglocationthatallowsAirNationalGuardandAirForcetotrainwithfullscalehighexplosivebombs.The
veryuniquesituationoftheairfield'sairspacebeingattachedtotherestrictedrangeairspaceallowsUnmanned
AerialSystemstoflywithoutthesubstantialcostofchase/escortplane.
ThereareseveralissuesinthisJLUSthatdiscussspecifictypesofencroachmentaroundFortDrum,suchas
developmentinnoisezonesandsafetyzones,andverticalobstructionsaroundtheinstallation.Thisissueis
describesgeneralencroachmenttowardsFortDrumaslocalcommunitiesaroundtheinstallationgrow.
DuetoFortDrumslocationinalargelyruralpartofNewYork,theinstallationhashistoricallynotfacedmajor
encroachmentconcerns.However,therehavebeensomeindividualdevelopmentsthathaveraisedconcernsdue
totheircloseproximitytotheinstallation.MuchofthedevelopmentaroundFortDrumhashistoricallyoccurredin
villages,hamlets,andtowncenters,buttherehasbeensomeresidentialandothertypesofdevelopmentwithin
FortDrumsnoisezonesthatextendoffinstallation,particularlyonthenorthwestsideoftheinstallationnear
AntwerpandPhiladelphia.Theseconcernshaveincreasedwithplanneddevelopmentalongthenorthwestern
borderoftheinstallation.DevelopmentadjacenttoFortDrumsfencelinecouldlimitfutureoperationsinareas
closetothedevelopmentsuchasweaponsfiringthatwouldcausenoise,oractivitiesthatmaycauselightimpacts
bothoffandontheinstallation.IncreaseddevelopmentneartheFortDrumperimeterhasthepotentialtoimpact
boththeFortDrummissionaswellasthequalityoflifeforresidentialneighborhoods.Developmentmayalso
negativelyimpactoffinstallationhabitatareasandhavetheunintendedconsequenceofpushinglistedspecies
suchastheIndianaBatfurtherontoFortDrum.Someoftheplanneddevelopmentandexistingdevelopedlandis
withinexistingnoisezones(seeIssueNOI1formoreinformation).WhileseveraljurisdictionsintheJLUSStudy
AreahavecomprehensiveplansthatincludeinformationandguidancerelatedtoFortDrumactivities,nonehave
zoningregulationsthatfullyaddresscompatiblelanduserelatedtoFortDrum.
FortDrumhasworkedwithlocalcommunitiestomitigatemanyencroachmentconcernsinthepastandprovide
informationaboutwherecertaintypesofdevelopmentmayimpactorbeimpactedbymilitaryoperations.This
proactiveapproachbyFortDrumandthecommunitieshashadmanysuccessfuloutcomes,includingthefollowing:
Memorandumsofagreement(MOAs)withseveralcommunitieshavebeenestablishedsothatFortDrum
canreviewcertaindevelopmentproposalsorplansandprovidecommentsastoanypotentialimpacts
developmentmaycausefortheinstallation.


FortDrumsCommunityPlannerattendslocalcommunitymeetingstogatherorprovideinformation,and
ispartoftheTownofLeRayZoningAmendmentCommittee.FortDrumsCommunityPlannerlefthis
positionattheinstallationduringtheJLUSprocess,andasofAugust2017,FortDrumdoesnotcurrently
haveadedicatedCommunityPlantofillthisrole.
FortDrumhostsTownHallmeetingstoprovideaforumofdiscussionbetweentheinstallationandits
neighboringcommunities.
Severalsurroundingcommunities,includingthetownsofChampion,LeRay,andWilnaandthevillagesof
CarthageofWestCarthage,haveupdatedtheircomprehensiveplanstoincludeinformationonFortDrum
andpolicies/guidancefordevelopmenttominimizeimpactstoFortDrum.
TheFortDrumGrowthManagementPlanwascompletedin2009toassessexistingandpotentialfuture
compatibilityconcernsandproviderecommendationsforfuturecoordinationtominimizeimpacts.
TheTownandVillageofPhiladelphias2012ComprehensivePlanhasachapteraddressingFortDrum.
OneofthemostimportantandlongtermstrategiesthathasoccurredtoprotectFortDrumistheutilizationof
ReadinessandEnvironmentalProtectionIntegration(REPI)fundingandtheArmyCompatibleUseBuffer(ACUB)
programtopreservelandaroundtheinstallationfromfuturedevelopment.Throughtheseprograms,FortDrum
haspartneredwithvariousentitiessuchasTugHillTomorrowLandTrust,TugHillCommission,JeffersonCounty,
DucksUnlimited,DevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountry,AgriculturalDevelopmentCorporation,and
NewYorkStateDepartmentofAgriculture&Marketstoidentifykeyparcelsthatcanbepreservedtoprovidea
bufferaroundtheinstallation.Asecondaryconsiderationinselectingparcelsisalsotopreservehabitatforspecies
suchastheendangeredIndianaBattoreducethedependencyofFortDrumlandtosupportthespecies.
DevelopmentrightsacquiredthroughACUBareonlyexecutedwithwillingsellersandtheprivatepropertyremains
inprivateownership.AsofAugust2017,FortDrumanditspartnershavecompleted25ACUBprojectsand
preserved7,600acresoflandaroundtheinstallationwithinthepriorityareasidentifiedthroughtheACUB
program.TheACUBprogramisfurtherdiscussedunderIssueLU3andFigure5.141identifiestheACUBpriority
areasandtheparcelsthathavebeenpreservedthroughtheACUBprogram.TheACUBpriorityareasareidentified
asfollows:
PriorityAreas1Aand1BadjacenttoFortDrumjustsouthofWSAAFaretoprotecttheaccidentpotential
zones.
PriorityAreas1Aand1CadjacenttoFortDrumswest/northwestborderaretoprotecttheinstallation
againstincompatibledevelopmentandincreasednoisecomplaints,whichmayaffectFortDrumstraining
operations.
PriorityArea1AtothesouthistoprotectfromwinddevelopmentthatcouldpotentiallyimpactWSAAFs
PriorityArea2istoprotecthighvaluehabitatfortheIndianabatwestofFortDrum.
PriorityAreas3aroundPriorityArea2istoenhancebathabitatprotectionandwasaddedtoincludetargets
ofopportunityforpropertiesthatareavailableandaffordable.
PriorityArea3nearLakeBonaparteistoprotectagainstincreasednoisecomplaintpotential.
PriorityArea3northeastofFortDruminSt.LawrenceCountyistoprotectaviationroutes.

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Figure 5.14-1
0 2 4
Miles
Fort Drum ACUB Priority Areas

Findings
ThereareseverallocationsaroundFortDrum,especiallyonthenorthwestboundarynearthevillagesof
AntwerpandPhiladelphia,whereprivatedevelopmenthasoccurredandfuturedevelopmentmaybe
plannedadjacenttothefenceline.ThesedevelopmentsmayimpactfutureFortDrumoperationssuchas
weaponsfiring.
Whileseverallocaljurisdictionshavecomprehensiveplansthatincludeinformation/guidancefor
FortDrum,nonehavezoningregulationsthatfullyaddresscompatiblelanduserelatedtoFortDrum.
TherehavebeenmanybeneficialproactiveactionssuchasthepreparationofMOAsthathavebeentaken
betweenFortDrumanditsneighboringcommunitiestofacilitatefuturecompatibledevelopment.
TheREPIandACUBprogramshavebeenimportanttoolsinpreserving7,600acresoflandaround
FortDrumtopreventfuturedevelopmentandencroachment.
Limitinglandusescouldimpacteconomicdevelopmentinlocalcommunities
ISSUE
RestrictingcertainlandusesaroundFortDrumcouldnegativelyimpacteconomic
LU2
developmentandresidentialcharacterforneighboringcommunities.
TheregionsurroundingFortDrumisprimarilyruralinnature,withthemajorityofthedevelopmentoccurringin
theCityofWatertown,aswellasinhamlets,villages,andtowncenters.Manyofthesecommunitiesdatebackto
the1700sorearly1800sandhavebeeninhabitedeversince,whereasmuchofthegrowthandcurrent
developmentatFortDrumhasoccurredinthepastthreedecades.Someofthesecommunitiesarewithin
operationalfootprintsofFortDrumsuchasnoise(seeIssueNOI1formoreinformation)andsafety(seeIssueSA1
formoreinformation).Manyofthecommunitiesthatarewithinthenoiseandsafetyzonesareprimarily
residentialwithsmallamountsofcommercialdevelopment.
FortDrums2016InstallationCompatibleUseZone(ICUZ)Studyidentifiescertaintypesofdevelopment,including
residential,asincompatibleorpotentiallyincompatibleinthevariousnoisezonesassociatedwiththeweapons
rangesandWSAAF.MuchofthelandthatmakesupcommunitiessuchasAntwerp,GreatBend,Carthage,and
WestCarthagearewithinnoisezonesandareprimarilyresidential.TheFortDrumICUZdocumentsthe
importanceofpromotingcompatiblelandusethroughcommunication,cooperationandcollaborationbetween
FortDrumandthesurroundingcommunity.Establishingzoningandlanduseregulationsthatlimitresidential
developmentwithinFortDrumsnoisezonestobeconsistentwiththeICUZcouldimpactthecharacterofthese
communitiesandaffectfuturegrowth.Residentialisnottheonlyusethatisincompatibleintheseareas.The
airfieldsafetyzones,aswellasthenoisezones,alsoidentifycertaintypesofcommercialasincompatible,which
couldlimitthesecommunitieseconomiclivelihoodaswell.TheICUZrecognizesthattheremaybescenarios
wherelandwithinthenoisezonesistheonlydevelopablelandforresidential,butrecommendsthatsound
attenuationconstructionmeasuresbeusedifresidentialisbuilt.Currentlytherearenolocalzoningordinances
thataddresssoundattenuationrelatedtomilitaryactivities.

Findings
ManyofthecommunitieswithinFortDrumsnoiseandsafetyfootprintshavebeenestablishedformuch
longerthanthecurrentmissionsatFortDrum.
Theseruralcommunitiesaredependentuponresidentialuseandsmallcommercialdevelopment,and
limitingthesefutureusesthroughzoningorlanduseregulationscouldimpactqualityoflifeandthe
characterofthesecommunities.
TheFortDrumICUZdocumentsthevalueofpromotingcompatiblelandusethroughcommunication,
cooperationandcollaborationbetweenFortDrumandthesurroundingcommunity.
TheFortDrumICUZrecognizesthatresidentialdevelopmentmayoccurinnoisezonesifotherland
outsidethezonesisnotavailable,butrecommendssoundattenuationmethodsareusedinconstruction
toreduceinteriorsoundlevels.
CurrentlynolocaljurisdictionsintheStudyAreahavezoningordinancesthataddresssoundattenuation
formilitaryactivities.

LandownerconcernsofACUBdesignationimpactingpropertyvalues
TherearesomelandownersofparcelsthathavebeenidentifiedasACUBpriorityareasthat
ISSUE
areconcernedabouttheACUBprocessandhowitwillaffecttheirpropertyvalues.Some
LU3
ownerswhodonotwishtoselltheirdevelopmentrightsmaymisunderstandthatthe
ACUBprocessonlyworkswithwillingpropertyowners.

TheACUBProgramwasprovidedundertheNationalDefenseAuthorizationActof2003,permittinginstallationsto
workwithotheragenciesandorganizationstoestablishbufferareasoutsideanArmyinstallationsboundary.
ThesebufferareasarecreatedtohelpprotectanArmyinstallationfromencroachmentinidentifiedcriticalareas
tosupporttheinstallationsmission.TheACUBProgrammayalsobeimplementedtoconserveenvironmentally
sensitivelocationsoffinstallationtomeettheinstallationsenvironmentalregulatoryrequirements(e.g.,wetland
mitigationorendangeredspeciesconservation)andfurtherminimizethelossoftrainingspaceoninstallation.
AccordingtotheFortDrumACUB3rdBiennialReviewReportfrom2013,Thefocusofthisprogramistoprevent
incompatibledevelopmentadjacenttotrainingareasandWheelerSackArmyAirfield,withasecondaryeffortto
protectpotentialhabitatfortheendangeredIndianaBat.However,asofAugust2017,nocompleted
ACUBprojectshavebeenabletobeusedforIndianaBathabitatpreservationorwetlandmitigationcredits.
ACUBprojectsarecompletedthroughpurchasingdevelopmentrightsoraconservationeasementthrougha
mutualagreementfromwillingpropertyowners.Thepurchaseofdevelopmentrightsandconservationeasements
aretypicallyacquiredonundevelopedlandtoprohibitfutureincompatibledevelopment,butmaintaintheexisting
privateownershipandcurrentexistinguseoftheproperty.Therefore,agriculturallandacquiredbythe
ACUBprogramwillstillbeabletocontinuecultivatingtheexistingagriculturalcrops.Othercommonlyacceptable
usesofACUBlandincludeforestry,conservation,andrecreation.Land,easements,ordevelopmentrights
acquiredthroughtheACUBprogramareonlydonesofromwillingsellers.Thedesignationofpriorityareasfor
ACUBacquisitionisdoneattheArmylevelanddoesnotalwaysincludediscussionwithpropertyownersatthe
timelandisidentified.Ifthedecisionismadetomoveforwardwithproposedacquisitionofdevelopmentrights,
theArmyanditspartnersengagewithpropertyownerstodetermineiftheyarewillingtoparticipate.
Source:ArmyCompatibleUseBuffer3rdBiennialReviewReportFortDrum,NY,2013

AsofAugust2017,FortDrumanditspartnershavecompleted25ACUBprojectsandpreserved7,600acresofland
aroundtheinstallationwithinthepriorityareasidentifiedthroughtheACUBprogram.Figure5.141illustratesall
ACUBlandandeasementsacquired,aswellasthepriorityareas.
NewYorkStatehasinvestedover$2millionsofarintoACUBprojects,with$4millionadditionalfundsearmarked
toassistwithfutureACUBprojects.Thisfundingwasinitially$500,000throughtheNewYorkStateEmpireState
Development.Anadditional$4millionwasdedicatedthroughtheEnvironmentalProtectionFundwithan
expected$1millioncomingfromtheNewYorkStateDepartmentofAgriculture&Marketsinfiscalyear20182019
and$500,000throughtheDormitoryFundinfiscalyear2017.
Source:TugHillTomorrowLandTrust,2017
Findings
TheACUBProgramhelpsprotectFortDrumsmissionfromincompatibledevelopmentoutsideofthe
installationsboundary.
ACUBlandsareonlyacquiredfromwillingpropertyowners,andmayincludethepurchaseof
developmentrightsand/orconservationeasements.
AgriculturallandacquiredthroughtheACUBprogramispermittedtocontinuetheexistingcompatible
usesoftheland.
PotentialnewmissilemissionassignedtoFortDrum
ISSUE ThereisapotentialthatFortDrumcouldgainanewMissileDefenseAgencymission.The
LU4 communityisconcernedaboutimpactstonearbypropertyvaluesandtheclosureofRoute3A
throughFortDrum.
TheMissileDefenseAgency(MDA)releasedtheDraftEnvironmentalImpactStatementforpublicreviewand
commentinMay2016underamandatefromCongresstoassessthebestlocationforanewGroundbased
MidcourseDefense(GMD)systemontheeastcoast.TheconclusionofMDAsenvironmentalimpactstudyresults
inarecommendationtothePentagon,whichisthenpresentedtoCongressforthefinaldecision.FortDrumisone
oftheleadingcandidates,alongwithCampRavennaJointMilitaryTrainingCenterinOhioandFortCusterTraining
CenterinMichigan.MDAidentifieda100acresitealongtheeastsideofFortDrumfortheGMDsystem,asshown
onFigure5.142.Thissitewouldresultinhundredsofjobsandmillionsofdollarstolocalcommunities,butalso
theclosureofRoute3Athatcrossesthroughthesouthernportionoftheinstallation.
StateRoute3AwascreatedasanalternateroutetoStateRoute3,andismaintainedbyJeffersonCounty.The
closureofRoute3Awouldhaveanimpacttolocaltraffic,requiringa4.6miledetoursouththroughtheVillageof
CarthageforthosetravelingonRoute3.ThisdetourwouldmakeitmoredifficultforFortDrumcommuters
travelingtoandfromFortDrum,aswellasthosetravelingthroughFortDrum.

TheMissileDefenseAgencyheldanopenhouseatCarthageSeniorHighSchoolinJune2016,wherecommunity
memberscouldexpresscommentsandconcerns.Somecommunityconcernsincluded:
TheclosureofRoute3A
Propertyvaluesdecreasing
FortDrumbecomingabiggertargettoenemies
AccordingtoreportsfromtheWatertownDailyTimesfollowingtheopenhouse,manyCarthageresidentsare
concernedabouttheclosureofRoute3Aandtheimpactitwouldhaveonalternativeroutes.Someproperty
ownersclosesttotheproposedmissilesitebelievetheirpropertywillbeworthnothingifthemissilesiteis
developedatFortDrum.Also,manycommunitymembersthroughouttheNorthCountrybelieveFortDrumwill
becomeahigherprioritytargetforenemyattacks,puttingnearbyciviliansatrisk.
Source:ResidentsweighinpotentialFortDrummissilesite,Route3Aclosure(WatertownDailyTimes,2016)
Findings
FortDrumisoneofthreeUSmilitaryinstallationsneartheEastCoastthattheMDAisconsideringto
developanewGMDsystem.
ThesiteselectedfortheGMDsystemhasthepotentialforincreasedjobsandeconomicinvestment.
TheclosureofRoute3AwouldresultinbothincreasedtrafficthroughtheVillageofCarthage,andlonger
commutetimesforthosewhoregularlytravelalongRoute3A.

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Potential Route 3A Closure Fort Drum Interstate Water Body
Potential Missile Defense County US Highway Streams
Agency Site Boundary
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Figure 5.14-2
0 2 4
Miles
Location of Potential Missile Defense Agency Site

5.15. Legislative Initiatives (LEG)
Legislativeinitiativesareproposedchangesinrelevantpolicies,laws,regulationsorprogramswhichcould
potentiallyhaveasignificantimpactononeormoresubstantiveareasofconcerntoboththeinstallationandto
thestakeholdercommunities.Thefocusofthiscompatibilityissueisoninitiativeswithgeneralandbroad
implications.
PowerNYAct(Article10)Statelegislation
LocalMunicipalitiesdonotretainzoningauthoritytopermitanyrenewableornonrenewable
ISSUE majorelectricgeneratingfacilityover25megawatts,whichmustbeapprovedbytheNewYork
LEG1 StateBoardonElectricGenerationSitingandtheEnvironmentunderArticle10oftheNewYork
PublicServiceLaw.TheArticle10processisnewforcommunitiesandislargelyuntested,
causingconcernamongsomecommunitiesregardingtheirroleintheprocess.

ThePowerNYAct(Article10)waspassedin2011,whichtransferredthesitingandpermittingprocessforenergy
generatingfacilitieswhichincludesindustrialwindenergydevelopmentsforprojectsthathavethecapacityto
generate25megawatts(MW)ormorefromlocalcommunitiestotheNewYorkStateBoardonElectricGeneration
SitingandtheEnvironment(SitingBoard).TheArticle10processconsistsoffivephases:
Preapplication
Application
Administrativehearings
SitingBoarddecision
Compliance
TheArticle10processinNewYorkisafairlynewprocessintermsofbeingenacted.AsofthewritingofthisJLUS,
noindustrialwindenergydevelopmenthasentirelycompletedtheArticle10process.Forthisreason,itisan
untestedprocessthatisstillunfamiliarwithwinddevelopers,communities,andtheSitingBoard.Assuch,thefull
ramificationsandnuancesarestillunknowninmanycasesastohowfinaldecisionswillbemadeonacasebycase
basis.
New York State Home Rule and Article 10

Article10givesauthoritytoregulateandpermitenergygeneratingfacilitieswithcapacitytogenerate25MWor
moretothestateSitingBoard.However,theSitingBoardmustadheretolocallandusecontrolsasadetermining
factorofacceptingorrejectinganapplication,unlesssuchadopteddevelopmentregulationsareproventobean
unreasonableburden.Anunreasonableburdenreferstolocalordinancesorregulationsthatlimitorrestrictan
industrialwindenergydevelopmentsfeasibilityduetocurrenttechnologyavailableorunreasonablefees.Local
communitiesretainauthorityovertheirownregulationsofwindenergyfacilities,whichareconsideredbythe
SitingBoard.Onewayinwhichlocalcommunitiescanbeproactiveinplayingagreaterroleintheprocessisby
enactingwindregulationordinancesthatdonothaveunreasonableburdensoroutrightbanwindenergy
development.


Siting Board
TheSitingBoardisasevenmemberboard,consistingof:
DepartmentofPublicServicesChair(alsoservesastheSitingBoardchairperson)
NYSDepartmentofEnvironmentConservationCommissioner
HealthDepartmentCommissioner
NYSEnergyResearch&DevelopmentChair
EconomicDevelopmentCommissioner
Twoadhocmembersthatresideintherespectivemunicipalitytheprojectisbeingproposed
ThetwoappointedadhocmembersoftheSitingBoardareselectedbytheNewYorkStateSenateandthe
NewYorkStateAssemblyfromalistofcandidatesprovidedbythesupervisorandchiefexecutiveofficer
representingtheimpactedcommunities.ItispossiblethatFortDrumpersonnelmaybeeligiblecandidateschosen
forsitingactionsimpactingareasinoraroundtheinstallationiftheymeettheresidencyrequirements,butitisup
tothediscretionofthesupervisorandchiefexecutiveofficeroftheaffectedlocalcommunitiesandultimatelythe
NewYorkStateLegislature.Whileitispossible,itisnotlikelythatacommunitywouldchoosearepresentative
fromFortDrumastheirnomineeforthisrole.
Public Engagement
PublicengagementisamajorcomponentofArticle10.ThefirststeptotheArticle10processisanapproved
PublicInvolvementPlanbytheSitingBoard.Aspartofthisplan,theapplicantmustholdmeetingsand
presentationstointroducetheprojectandeducatethepublicabouttheirproposal,aswellasidentifykey
stakeholders.ThePublicInvolvementPlanshouldalsodescribehowthepublicwillcontinuetobeinvolved
throughouttheArticle10process.
Intervenor Funds
TheArticle10applicantisrequiredtoprovideintervenorfundsthataremadeavailabletolocalcommunitiesand
organizationsorparties.InthePreapplicationphase,theapplicantischarged$350per1,000kilowattsofenergy
generationcapacityoftheproposedproject,uptoatotalof$200,000,andisthencharged$1,000perMWof
energygenerationcapacity,uptoatotalof$400,000intheApplicationphase.
TheseintervenorfundshelpfinanceexpensescertainlocalagenciesmayincurastheypartakeintheArticle10
process.Intervenorfundsareavailabletothemunicipalitiesaffectedbytheproposedenergydevelopment,aswell
asanyorganizationsorindividualswhomaybeaffected.TheSitingBoardswebsiteat
www.dps.ny.gov/SitingBoard/containstheinformationandformsforfundingrequests.
Application
AspartoftheArticle10application,applicantsmustprovideaseriesof41exhibits.Fiveoftheseexhibitsare
beneficialtoboththelocalcommunitiesandFortDrum,whichare:
Exhibit4LandUse
Exhibit25EffectonTransportation
Exhibit26EffectsonCommunication
Exhibit31LocalLawsandOrdinances
Exhibit33OtherApplicationsandFilings

Exhibit4LandUserequirestheapplicanttoprovidetheSitingBoardwithmapsanddescriptionsofthelocal
municipalityszoningdistrictsandcomprehensiveplanifavailable.TheArticle10textreads:
(d)Amapofexistingzoningdistricts,andproposedzoningdistrictswithinthestudyarea,including
adescriptionofthepermittedandtheprohibiteduseswithineachzone.
(e)Astatementastowhetherthemunicipalityhasanadoptedcomprehensiveplanandwhether
theproposedlanduseisconsistentwithsuchcomprehensiveplan.Ifthemunicipalitys
comprehensiveplanispostedonawebsite,theexhibitshallcontaintheaddressoftheinternet
sitewheretheplanisposted.
Althoughthelegislationdoesnotstatethesedocumentsaredeterminingfactors,theyarereviewedbytheSiting
Boardforconsideration.However,severalofthecommunitiessurroundingFortDrumeitherhavenotadopted
zoninglawsorcomprehensiveplans,ordonotregularlykeeptheirlandusecontrolsuptodate.Alistofthe
communitiesadjacenttoFortDrumthatmaintaincomprehensiveplansandzoninglawscanbefoundinTable41
inChapter4CompatibilityToolsofthisJLUSBackgroundReport.
Exhibit25EffectsonTransportationrequirestheapplicanttoprovideinformationtotheSitingBoardaboutthe
proposedenergygeneratingfacilitysimpactsandeffectsontransportation,specificallyasitrelatestomilitary
trainingandaviation.TheArticle10textreads:
(e)ananalysisandevaluationoftheimpactsofthefacilityonairportsandairstrips,railroads,
subways,buses,andanyothermasstransitsystemsinthevicinityofthefacility.Theanalysisand
evaluationshallincludeimpactsonmilitarytrainingandfrequentmilitaryoperationsinthe
NationalAirspaceSystemandSpecialUseAirspacedesignatedbytheFederalAviation
Administration
ThisexhibitalsorequiresDODreviewundercertainconditionsIAWPart77ofCFR14.Thisitemgoesontosayif
theconstructioniswithcertaindistancesofamilitaryairportthen:
(f)theapplicationshallincludeastatementthattheapplicanthasprovidedadetailedmapand
descriptionofsuchconstructionoralterationtotheoperators(BaseCommanders)ofsuchairports
andheliportsthataremilitaryfacilities
ThisisbeneficialtoFortDrum,asitstipulatesthattheapplicantmustevaluatetheimpactstomilitarytraining
operations,bringingFortDrumtothecenteroftheprocessasakeystakeholderthattheapplicantmustconsult.In
addition,theapplicantmustconsultwithairportoperatorsandmilitaryairportsiftheproposedindustrialwind
energydevelopmentsurpasses200feetinabovegroundlevelinheight;andiswithin12milesofarunwaygreater
than3,200feetinlength,sixmilesofarunwayupto3,200feetinlength,orthreemilesofaheliport.Withinthese
parameters,thisregulationrequiresconsultationwithaffectedbasecommandersiftherunwayorheliportispart
ofamilitaryfacility.
Exhibit26EffectsonCommunicationsrequirestheapplicantofawindenergyfacilitytoprovetheproposed
developmentwillhavenoimpactstoradarsorothersimilarinstruments.TheArticle10textreads:
Forwindpowerfacilities,anevaluationofthedesignconfigurationoftheproposedfacilityand
electricinterconnectionbetweenthefacilityandthepointofinterconnectiondemonstrationthat
thereshallbenoadverseeffectsonorinterferencewithradarorinstrumentsystemsusedforair
trafficcontrol,guidance,weather,ormilitaryoperationsincludingtraining.

ThisisalsobeneficialforFortDrum,requiringtheapplicanttodemonstratethataproposedwindenergyfacility
willnotimpactFortDrumsDASRradarsystem,northe18thWeatherSquadronsweatherradarKTYX.
Exhibit31LocalLawsandOrdinancesrequirestheapplicanttoconsultwiththemunicipalitiesorotherlocal
agenciesaswellasassesslocallawsandordinances,inthiscaseFortDrum,whoserequirementsarethesupposed
tobeanalyzedaspartofthisexhibittodetermineiftheapplicationforthefacilitycanmitigateincompatible
impacts.
Exhibit33OtherApplicationsandFilingsrequiresastatementofknowledgeofotherpendingapplicationsthat
shouldbeconsideredinthecontextofcumulativeimpactaswellasdiscloserequirementsforFederalpermitting,
consentorapproval.
Payments in Lieu of Taxes

PaymentsinLieuofTaxes(PILOT)permitlocaltaxingjurisdictionstooffera15yearpropertytaxexemption.These
andareusedasincentivesforcertainqualifyingprojects,suchaswindandsolarenergydevelopments.Thelocal
taxingjurisdictionstypicallyentersintoacontractrequiringPILOTpayments,butinanamountlessthanthe
assessedpropertytax.Thesepaymentsgenerallyincreaseovertimeduringthedurationofthe15yearperiodto
helptheprojectintheearlystages.PILOTpaymentsforwindenergydevelopmentsareoftencalculatedper
megawattduetothelargeinitialcapitalinvestment.
RealPropertyTaxLaw(RPTL)487whichcoverssolar,windpowersystemsandfarmwasteenergysystems,
generallyprovidesa15yearexemptionfromrealpropertytaxationfortheincreaseinvalueresultingfromthe
installationofaqualifyingsystem.Eachmunicipalitymaydecideforitselfwhethertooffertheexemption.Unlike
mostotherlocaloptionexemptions,however,thisexemptionapplieswithinamunicipalityunlessthemunicipality
hastakenactiontodisallowit
Ifamunicipalitydoesoptouti.e.,ifitadoptsalocallawdisallowingtheexemptionitmustdosoforall
properties.Itcannotallowtheexemptionforonetypeofpropertywhiledisallowingitforanother,because
487(8)statesthatonceamunicipalityhasoptedout,noexemptionunderthissectionshallbeapplicablewithin
itsjurisdiction(emphasisadded).Ifamunicipalitydoesnotoptout,however,thelawmayallowittotreat
commercialandresidentialpropertiesdifferentlywhendecidingwhattheirPILOTobligationsshouldbe.
Findings
Localcommunitiesnolongerhaveauthorityoverpermittingenergygeneratingfacilitieswithcapacityto
generate25MWorgreater.Rather,thisauthorityisinthehandsofthestateSitingBoard.
TheSitingBoardmustadheretolocallandusecontrolsasadeterminingfactorofacceptingorrejecting
anapplication,unlesssuchadopteddevelopmentregulationsareproventobeanunreasonableburden.
FortDrumpersonnelmaybenominatedandappointedasanadhocmemberoftheSitingBoardfor
electricgeneratingfacilities,thatmayhaveanimpactontheinstallation,butmilitarypersonnelarenot
requiredtobeamemberoftheSitingBoard.
ThePublicInvolvementPlanisamajorfirststepintheArticle10Process,inwhichthelocalcommunity
andagenciescangetinformedandeducatedabouttheproposeddevelopment.
Article10applicantsarechargedanintervenorfee,whichisthenusedtoprovidefundsforlocal
municipalitiesandlocalpartiesthattheproposedenergygeneratingfacilitywillaffecttocoverany
incurredexpensesduringtheArticle10process.

TheArticle10applicationisanextensiveprocessthatincludes41requiredexhibitstheapplicantmust
presenttotheSitingBoard,includingananalysisoflocallawsandtheeffectsoncommunicationand
transportationinfrastructure.
Asofthewritingofthisreport,noNYScommunityhasgonethroughtheentireArticle10processforan
industrialwindproject.Assuchcertainlegalmattersremainunresolved.Basedonthatreality,local
communitiesshouldassumethattheycontinuetohavebroadpowerstoregulatewindenergyfacilities,
andthattherewillbeonlyminormodificationstoawellwrittenwindordinancebytheArticle10Siting
Board.


5.16. Light and Glare (LG)
Thisfactorreferstomanmadelighting(streetlights,airfieldlighting,buildinglights)andglare(directorreflected
light)thatdisruptsvision.Lightsourcesfromcommercial,industrial,recreational,andresidentialusesatnightcan
causeexcessiveglareandillumination,impactingtheuseofmilitarynightvisiondevicesandairoperations.
Conversely,highintensitylightsourcesgeneratedfromamilitaryarea(suchasramplighting)mayhaveanegative
impactontheadjacentcommunity.
Technical Background
Underdarkskyconditions,theuseofnightvisiongoggles
(NVG)allowsmilitarypersonneltoviewobjectsuptoa
distanceof300meters(984feet).Lightinglocatedoutsideof
aninstallationcandecreasetheNVGeffectivenesstoa
distanceof50meters(164feet).Offinstallationlighting,such
asstreetlightsorotherelevatedstructuresthatislitatnight
alsoproduceahaloeffectaroundobjects,whichfurther
reducesvisibilityandresolutionforairandgroundpersonnel.
Theamountofambientlightexperiencedonthegroundisa
functionof:
Viewthroughnightvisiongogglesduringnighttraining
atFortDrum
intensityofnearbylightsources(upto20miles
Source:USArmy
away);
distancefromthesources;
spectraofthelightsources(bluelightdecaysfasterintheatmosphere);
densityoftheclouddeck;
heightofthecloud;and
relativehumidity.
Inmeasuringlightpollution,theproximitytoadevelopedareahasasignificanteffectontheamountoflight
pollutionthatsaturatesthesky.Withproximitytwiceasclosetodevelopedareastheskyglowappearstobe
approximatelysixtimesbrighter.
Skyglowfromcommunitiestypicallydiminishesinthelaterhoursofthenight,whenbusinessescloseandsome
lightsareturnedoff.Itfollowsthattheareaandamountoflightpollutioncan/willincreaseasdevelopment
continuestoprogressoutwardfromacommunity.Increasedlightpollutioncancauseanincreaseintheamount
ofskyglowandultimatelycreatecompatibilityissueswithmilitarymissions.

Theimpactsoftheuseofoutdoorlightingonthedarkskiesoveramilitaryinstallationareprimarilydeterminedby
twoprincipalfactorstheamountofdevelopedland(density)andthedistanceofthedevelopedlandfromthe
installation.Therelationshipbetweendensityanddistanceisbestdemonstratedusinganestimateofurbansky
glowcalledWalkersLaw.Therelationshipcapturedthroughtheuseofthisformulawasdevelopedbasedon
measurementsofskyglowforanumberofcitiesinCalifornia.Thefollowingformulaisusedtoestimateskyglow
atanobservingsitelookingatazenithangleof45degreestowardanurbansource:
I=CxPxR(n)
Where:
I=Percentincreaseofthenightskybrightnessabovethenaturalbackgroundat45degreesdownfromdirectly
overhead(facingthecommunity,directlyoverheadisroughlyofthisvalue),
P=Populationofthecommunity,
R=Distance,inkilometers(km),fromtheobservingsitetothecenterofthecommunity,
C=0.01forRvaluesbetween10and50km(6.2and31.1miles),and
n=2.5forRvaluesbetween10and50km(6.1and31.1miles)
AccordingtotheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA),theassumedradiusofacommunityis
afunctionofitspopulation,rangingfrom2.5km(1.6miles)to24km(14.9miles).Walker'slawappliesifthe
installationisoutsidethecityradius.Iflocatedinsidethecommunityradius,theskyglowincreasesinalinear
mannertowardthecenterbyanotherfactorof2.5.
Considerthefollowingexamples:
Scenario1:A100acredevelopmentlocatedtwokilometers(1.2miles)fromtheinstallationwithadensityofsix
unitsperacre(assuming2.5personsperhousehold)wouldimpacttheskybackgroundbyover260percent(nearly
663percentwithNOAAfactor).
Scenario2:A100acredevelopmentlocated20kilometers(12.4miles)fromtheinstallationwithadensityofsix
unitsperacre(assuming2.5personsperhousehold)wouldimpacttheskybackgroundbyapproximatelylessthan
onepercent(justovertwopercentwithNOAAfactor).
Ifthedensitywasdecreasedtooneunitperacretheresultingscenarioswouldresultinthefollowingincreasedsky
glow:
Scenario1:Approximately44percent(almost111percentwithNOAAfactor).
Scenario2:Approximatelylessthanonepercent(stilllessthanonepercentwithNOAAfactor).
Ingeneral,thefollowingtrendsaredemonstrated:
Themoredensetheurbandevelopment,thegreaterthepotentialforlightintrusion.
Thecloserdevelopmentistotheinstallation,thegreaterthepotentialisforlightintrusion.


LightencroachmentfromregionaldevelopmentonFortDrumtraining
ISSUE
Largesourcesoflightintheregion,suchascommerciallotslikecardealerships,can
LG1
produceambientlightthatcanimpactnighttrainingatFortDrum.
Therearemanyfactorsthatcontributetoexcessnighttimelightthatcaninterferewithnighttimetrainingand
nightvisionequipment.Thetypesofexteriorlightsused,theirdistancefromFortDrumtrainingareas,andthe
timesatwhichtheyareleftonallplayanimportantroleinhowmuchambientlightisobservedontheinstallation.
Lowerwattagelightbulbscanbeusedindownwardpointed(shielded)lightingfixtures,tolimitlightextensionand
canalsoresultinlowerenergycosts.
FortDrumisfortunatetobelocatedinalargelyruralregion
withlimiteddevelopmentthatcontributestoambientlight.
Theexistingsmall,lowdensitydevelopmentsgenerallyhave
aminimalimpacttoFortDrumsNVGtraining,although
therearesomelandusesthatproduceambientlightthat
mayimpairNVGtraining.Futuregrowthanddevelopment
thatresultsinlargelightingsourcesneartheinstallation,
suchaslargecommercialcenters,mayincreaselight
impacts.
Basedonanaerialsurveyoflargelotlandusessuchas
Exampleoflightimpactstonightvisiontraining schools,commercialcenters,andautosalescenters(land
Source:FortDrum,GreaterFortDrumRegion useswithlargeparkinglotsthatareoftenlightedatnightfor
EncroachmentPreventionToolsPowerPointPresentation safetyandeaseofuse),Figure5.161identifiesthelocation
ofseverallandusesthatproduceambientlightaroundFort
DrumthatmayimpacttheuseofNVGequipment.Thismapisnotmeanttoshoweverypossiblelocationthat
producesgreateramountsofambientlight,butitprovidesanoverviewoftheexistingconditions.
TheFortDrumGrowthManagementStrategycompletedin2009outlinessomezoningtoolsandstandardsthat
maybeutilizedtoaddressambientlight,including:
shieldedlighting,
limitingtheheightoflightpoles,
requiringlightfixturestobedirecteddownwards,
containingthedispersionoflight,and
limitingilluminationhourstobusinesshours.
TheTownsofLeRay,Champion,andPhiladelphiahaveenactedlightingordinancesintheirzoninglawsthatrequire
shieldedlightfixturesand/orDarkSkycomplianceinanefforttoeliminatethenightglowfromlightpollution.
TheTownofChampionalsorestrictstheconeofilluminationto150degreesforalllightfixtures.

Hammond
Macomb Gouverneur
Hospital

11

12 6 miles
#"
#"
#"
#
Alexandria
Bay
Rossie St Lawrence
County
Gouverneur "
Gouverneur
Alexandria Gouverneur High School
6.5 miles
Redwood
Tractor Supply Co

58

26
7 miles Fowler
Gouverneur
Correctional Facility
7 miles
Je f fe r so n
County Antwerp
Theresa
Theresa

4 11
Ot t e rC
re
ek
Orleans r
Rive
n
ia
I nd
Indian River Philadelphia

180 Schools
"
#
1 mile Philadelphia Fort Drum

11 B

Diana
lack
81

37 Le Ray Cr
eek
Walmart Evans
(Route 11) Mills
1,500 feet Natural
Bridge
Brownville
Pamelia

781

342 "
# Deferiet

3A
Wilna
Calcium
Black

3 Great Bend Herrings
Brownville
Glen Park

283
River
26
Samaritan Lewis County
Rutland
Hounsfield
Watertown
Medical Center
6 miles
"
# Carthage
"
# Watertown High School
Champion
"
# West Carthage
"
#
"
#
and Middle School
6 miles
126
West Carthage Croghan
Salmon Run Mall and Commerce Area

Watertown surrounding commercial 6.5 miles
"
# 7 miles Carthage
Central School
Denmark
Auto sales strip
8 miles
12
5 miles
Legend
"
# Potential Light Impacts Fort Drum
County Boundary
Interstate
US Highway
Water Body
Stream / River
Town State Highway Airfield / Runway
City / Village / Railroad
Hamlet
Figure 5.16-1
0 2 4
Miles
Fort Drum Potential Light Impacts

MostcommunitiessurroundingFortDrumdonotcontainenhancedlightingstandardsandregulationsthatprotect
againstlightpollution,leavingFortDrumvulnerabletolightencroachmentthatcouldimpactNVGtraining.The
lackoflightingregulationsisnottheresultofadesiretoprotectFortDrumstrainingenvironment,itisinstead
relatedtocommunitiesbeinguninformedoftheneedsofFortDrumforcertaintypesoflightreducingregulations.
Findings
TherearemanyfactorsthatcontributetoambientlightthatmayaffectNVGtrainingatFortDrum,
includingthetypesofexteriorlightsused,distancefromFortDrumstrainingareas,andthetimestheyare
illuminated.
FuturegrowthraisesthepotentialfornewlargelightsourcestobelocatednearFortDrumthatmay
increaselightimpacts.
TheTownsofLeRay,Champion,andPhiladelphiaaretheonlycommunitiesnearFortDrumthatrequire
shieldedlightfixturesand/orDarkSkycompliance.
MostcommunitiesintheFortDrumJLUSStudyAreahavenotadoptedlightingstandardsthatprotect
againstlightpollution,leavingFortDrumsNVGtrainingvulnerabletoambientlight.


5.17. Marine Environments (MAR)
Regulatoryorpermitrequirementsprotectingmarineandoceanresourcescancumulativelyaffectthemilitarys
abilitytoconductoperations,trainingexercises,ortestinginawaterbasedenvironment.
Findings
TherewerenoMarineEnvironmentscompatibilityissuesidentifiedfortheFortDrumJLUS.

5.18. Noise (NOI)
Soundthatreachesunwantedlevelsisreferredtoasnoise.Thecentralissuewithnoiseistheimpact,orperceived
impact,onpeople,animals(wildanddomestic),andgenerallandusecompatibility.Exposuretohighnoiselevels
canhaveasignificantimpactonhumanactivity,health,andsafety.Thedecibel(dB)scaleisusedtoquantify
soundintensity.Tohelpunderstandtherelevanceofdecibels,anormalconversationoftenoccursat60dB,while
anambulancesirenfrom100feetawayisabout100dB.Noiseassociatedwithmilitaryoperations(arrival/
departureofmilitaryaircraft,firingofweapons,etc.)maycreatenoisesinhigherdBranges.
Key Terms
AmbientNoise.Thetotalnoiseassociatedwithanexistingenvironment(builtornatural)andusuallycomprising
soundsfrommanysources,bothnearandfar.
DayNightAverageSoundLevel(DNL).DNLrepresentsanaveragesoundexposureovera24hourperiod.During
thenighttimeperiod(10:00p.m.to7:00a.m.),averagesareartificiallyincreasedby10dB.Thisweightingreflects
theaddedintrusivenessandthegreaterdisturbancepotentialofnighttimenoiseeventsattributabletothefact
thatcommunitybackgroundnoisetypicallydecreasesby10dBatnight.Aweighteddaynightaveragesoundlevel
(ADNL)decibelsarecommonlyusedbytheFAAandDODtorepresentaircraftnoiselevelsandCweighted
daynightaveragesoundlevel(CDNL)decibelsarecommonlyusedbytheDODtorepresentlargearmsand
demolitionsnoiselevels.
Decibel(dB).Adecibelisthephysicalunitcommonlyusedtodescribenoiselevels,describingtheamplitudeof
soundasheardbythehumanear.
DecibelPeak(dBP).Apeakunweighteddecibel(orLinearPeakDecibel)isaunitdesignationforthepeak
unweighteddecibellevel.
Noise.Noisereferstounwantedlevelsofsound,mechanicalenergytransmittedbypressurewavesina
compressiblemediumsuchasairthatmakeupwhatwehear.
NoiseContour.Noisecontoursconsistofnoiseimpactlinesconstructedbyconnectingpointsofequalnoiselevel
measuredindBandidentifyingareasonamapthatfallwithinthatparticulardBnoisecontour.
NoiseSensitiveReceptors/SensitiveLandUses.Sensitivereceptorsarelocationsandusestypicallymoresensitive
tonoiseimpacts,includingresidentialareas,hospitals,convalescenthomesandfacilities,schools,libraries,
churches,recreationalareas,andothersimilarlanduses.
NoiseZones.TheArmyusesaseriesofnoisezonestoidentifynoiselevelsassociatedwithmilitaryoperationsand
whattypesoflandusesareeithercompatibleornotrecommendedwithinthespecificzones.ArmyRegulation
(AR)2001listshousing,schools,andmedicalfacilitiesasexamplesofnoisesensitivelanduses,whichare
identifiedaslandusesthatareacceptablewithintheNoiseZoneI,normallynotrecommendedinNoiseZoneII,
andnotrecommendedinNoiseZoneIII.TheArmyutilizesthreenoisezones:
NoiseZoneIincludesallareasinwhichthedBPdecibelsarelessthan87(forsmallarms),theAweighted
averagedaynightlevel(ADNL)islessthan65(foraircraft),and/ortheCweightedaveragedaynightlevel
(CDNL)islessthan62(forlargearmsandexplosions).Thisareaisusuallythefurthestzoneawayfromthe
noisesourceandisgenerallysuitableforalltypesoflanduse.
NoiseZoneIIincludesareaswherethedBPdecibelsarebetween87and104,theADNLisbetween65and
75,and/ortheCDNLisbetween62and70.Althoughlocalconditionssuchasavailabilityofdevelopable

landorcostmayrequirenoisesensitivelandusesinZoneII,thistypeoflanduseisstronglydiscouraged
ontheinstallationandinsurroundingcommunities.Allviablealternativesshouldbeconsideredtolimit
developmentinZoneIItononsensitiveactivitiessuchasindustry,manufacturing,transportation,
agriculture,andresourceprotection.
NoiseZoneIIIincludesareasclosesttothesourceofnoise.ItincludesdBPdecibelsgreaterthan104,ADNL
greaterthan75,and/orCDNLgreaterthan70.Nonoisesensitiveusesshouldoccurwithinthisareadue
totheseverityofnoise.
ThereisalsoaLandUsePlanningZone(LUPZ)attheupperendofNoiseZoneIandincludesareaswhere
theCDNLisbetween57and62ortheADNLisbetween60and65.ItdoesnotincludelandfordBP.This
zoneaccountsforvariabilityinseasonaloperationswherecertaintimesoftheyearmayincludegreater
thannormalfrequencyinoperations.Noisesensitiveusesaregenerallyacceptablewithinthisarea;
however,thismayvaryonacasebycasebasis.
PK15(met).PK15(met)isthemetricusedtocalculateasingleeventpeaknoiselevelwhenfactoringinunfavorable
weatherconditionsthatfavorsnoisepropagation.ThePK15(met)isexpectedtobeexceededonly15percentof
thetimebytheloudestmunitionstypedetonation.ThePK15(met)metricdoesnotcommunicateanyinformation
abouthowoftentheloudestmunitionstypeisdetonated.
SoundAttenuation.Soundattenuationisareductioninthelevelofsoundresultingfromanobjectsdistancefrom
thenoisesourceorabsorptionbythesurroundingtopography,atmosphere,barriers,constructiontechniquesand
materials,andotherfactors.Soundattenuationinbuildingscanbeachievedthroughtheuseofspecial
constructionpractices,reducingtheamountofnoisethatpenetratesthewindows,doors,andwallsofabuilding.
Soundattenuationmeasuresmaybeincorporatedduringinitialconstructionfornewbuildingsorasadditional
constructionforexistingbuildings.
Noiseencroachmentonqualityoflife
ISSUE
MilitaryoperationsatFortDrum,suchasweaponsfiring,aircraftoverflight,andordnance
NOI1
detonations,causenoisethatisheardoffinstallationinthelocalcommunities.

DuetothetechnicalnatureofthistopicanditsimportancetotheJLUSprocess,thissectionprovidesadiscussion
ofthecharacteristicsofsoundandthemodelingprocessusedtoevaluatenoiseimpacts.
AccordingtotheFortDrumInstallationCompatibleUseZoneStudy(ICUZ),thepublicmaycontactthePublic
AffairsOffice(PAO)atFortDrumregardingnoiseandvibrationcomplaints.ThePAOwillalsoannounceupcoming
largescaletrainingeventsthathavethepotentialtoproduceincreasednoiseandvibrationuponsurrounding
areas.CommunitymembersmaycontactthePAObycalling(315)7725461,orvisittheFortDrumWebsite.
FortDrumlogsandinvestigatesallcomplains,andcorrectivemeasuresaretakenifnecessary.

Characteristics of Sound
Itisimportanttounderstandthatthereisnosinglemethodofmeasuringsoundduetovariationsusedbydifferent
entitieswhenconductingsoundstudiesorsoundmodeling.Soundischaracterizedandcanbemeasuredby
variousparameters,includingtheoscillationrateofsoundwaves(frequency),thespeedofpropagation,andthe
pressurelevelorenergycontent(amplitude).Thesoundpressurelevelhasbecomethemostcommondescriptor
usedtocharacterizetheloudnessofanambientsoundlevel.ThedBscaleisusedtoquantifysoundintensity,as
soundpressurecanvarybyoveronetrilliontimeswithintherangeofhumanhearing.ThedBscaleisalogarithmic
loudnessscaleusedtopresentsoundintensitylevelsinaconvenientformat.
Thehumanearisnotequallysensitivetoallfrequencies,sonoisemeasurementsareweightedmoreheavilywithin
thosefrequenciesofmaximumhumansensitivityinaprocesscalledAweighting,writtenasdBA.Thehumanear
candetectchangesinsoundlevelsofapproximately3dBAundernormalconditions.Changesof1to3dBAare
typicallynoticeableundercontrolledconditions,whilechangesoflessthan1dBAareonlydiscernibleunder
controlled,extremelyquietconditions.
Achangeof5dBAistypicallynoticeabletotheaveragepersoninanoutdoorenvironment.Figure5.181
summarizestypicalAweightedsoundlevelsforarangeofindoorandoutdooractivities.
Environmentalnoisefluctuatesovertime,andwhile
somenoisefluctuationsareminor,otherscanbe
substantial.Thesefluctuationsincluderegularand
randompatterns,howfastthenoisefluctuates,andthe
amountofvariation.Weatherpatternscanhavea
strongeffectonhowfarsoundtravelsandhowlouditis
perceived.Certainweathereventscanchangethe
consistencyoftheairandcausesoundtotravelfurther
andbelouder,orreducethedistancetraveledandthe
levelatwhichthesoundcanbeheard.Temperature
andwindvelocityareprimeexamplesoffactorsthat
canaffectsoundtravel.Specificcombinationsof
temperatureandwinddirectioncancreateatmospheric
refraction,whichoccurswhenatmosphericconditions
bendand/orfocussoundwavestowardscertainareas
andawayfromothers.Whendescribingnoiseimpacts,
itiscommontolookattheaveragenoiselevelsoveran
entireaverageday.
Smallarms,weaponsthatfireroundsof.50caliberless
(lessthan20mm),arethemostcommontypeof
weaponsfiredattrainingranges.TheSmallArms
RangeNoiseAssessmentModel(SARNAM)isa
computerprogramusedbytheArmytomodelsmall
Figure 5.18-1 Example of Typical Noise Levels
armsNoiseZones.Itusesthepeaknoiseleveland
incorporatesthemostrecentavailableinformationonweaponsnoisesourcemodels,soundpropagation,
topography,ricochetbarriers,noisemitigation,safetystructures,andthedirectionweaponsarefiredtocreatethe
NoiseZones.Thesecanchangebasedonterrain,weather,andothersitespecificconditions.

Soundassociatedwithdemolitionsandotherimpulsenoisesaremorelikelytoproducenoisecomplaints,asthese
soundstendtotravelfurtherandarehardertomitigate.Theyareoftenaccompaniedbyvibrationsthatcanimpact
qualityoflifeorpotentiallycausestructuraldamagetobuildings,dependingonthesizeandproximityofthe
demolition/impulseactivity.Studiesonvibrationhaveshownthathomeownerstypicallybecomeconcerned
aboutpotentialstructuraldamageduetorattlingwhenthepeakdBexceeds120dBpeak(dBP);however,actual
damageisnotlikelytooccuruntilalevelof150dBPisreached.
AccordingtotheDODandtheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA),65DNLisdefinedasthethresholdfor
significantnoiseexposure,whilenoiseexposurewithinthe55to65DNLnoisecontoursisregardedasmoderate
andlandusecontrolsshouldbeconsidered.Federalguidelineshavebeenadoptedtoguideappropriate
developmentandlanduseplanningfornoisecontoursgreaterthan65DNL,andnoisesensitiveusessuchas
residentialandschoolsshouldnotbebuiltintheseareaswithoutpropersoundattenuation.Itshouldbenoted
thattheDNLcontoursrepresentanaveragesoundlevelovera24hourperiodandthatindividualinstancesmay
belouderthanthenoisecontourinwhichtheyarelocated.Noisemaystillcauseanannoyanceevenifitisbelow
65DNL.
Becauseofthecomplexnatureofnoiseandhowitismeasured,thenoiseissuesurroundingFortDrumisassessed
bythreecategories:smallarmsweaponsfiring,medium/largecaliberweaponsanddemolitions,andaircraft
noise.
Small Arms Weapons Firing

ThesmallarmsammunitionusedatFortDrumrangesare
primarilyfrom5.56mmrifles,7.62mmmachineguns,
9mmpistols,.45caliberpistols,and.50calibermachine
guns.Eachoftheseweaponshasadifferentnoiseprofile.
Thenoisezonesforsmallarmsweredevelopedusing
SARNAMtocalculateandplotthepeaknoiselevelsbasedon
theloudestweaponateachfixedfiringpoint.Weaponsfiring
fromnonfixedfiringpointswerenotcalculatedintothenoise
contours,butareaddressedthroughpredictedpeaknoise
SmallarmsweaponfiringtrainingatFortDrum. levels.Thenoisecontoursrepresentamaximumsmallcaliber
trainingscenarioinwhichweaponsfiringisoccurring
simultaneouslyatallranges.Whilethisscenarioisunlikelyorrare,itprovidesthegreatestextentofnoiselevels
fornormaloperations.Table5.181providesasummaryofvariousgenerallandusecategoriesthatare
compatibleorincompatiblewithsmallarmsnoisezones,accordingtothe2016FortDrumICUZStudy.Amore
detailedtablethatidentifiesadditionallandusetypesforeachlandusecategorycanbefoundintheAppendixfor
thisBackgroundReport.

Table5.181. GeneralCompatibilityforLandUseCategoriesinSmallArmsNoiseZones
SuggestedLandUseCompatibility
NoiseZoneII87 NoiseZoneIII
GeneralLandUseCategory 104dBP >104dBP
Residential No No
Manufacturing Yes Yes
Transportation,communications,andutilities Yes Yes
Trade Yes,withNLR25 Yes,withNLR35
Services Variesbasedonuse Variesbasedonuse
Religiousactivities Yes,withNLR35 No
Cultural,entertainment,andrecreation No No
ResourceProductionandExtraction Yes Yes
Notes:
25or35Thenumbersrefertonoiselevelreduction(NLR)levels.NLR(outdoortoindoor)isachievedthroughtheincorporationof
noiseattenuationintothedesignandconstructionofastructure.
SincetheJLUSassessescompatibilitybetweenFortDrumandthesurroundingcommunities,impactsofnoise
sensitiveusesoninstallationarenotaddressedaspartofthisdiscussion.AsillustratedonFigure5.182a,Noise
ZonesIIIforallrangesarecompletelycontainedwithinFortDrumproperty,sothereisnoincompatible
developmentwithinthem.NoiseZoneIIforRanges7,8,and9nearWSAAFarealsocontainedentirelywithin
FortDrumsboundary.NoiseZonesIIforotherrangesdoextendoffinstallationinseverallocations.Thevillagesof
EvansMillsandAntwerparethemostaffectedcommunitiesbyNoiseZonesII.TheMoralWelfareandRecreation
(MWR)complexislocatedinthecantonmentareaandhasarecreationalshootingrange.1,220acresofNoise
ZoneIIfortheMWRcomplexextendsoverpartsoftheTownofLeRayandVillageofEvansMills.Thenoisezones
forthesmallarmsrangesinthemaintrainingportionofFortDrum(Ranges20through50)covermuchofthe
interiorofFortDrumand2,522acresofNoiseZonesIIextendoutsidetheboundarytothenorth(1,204acres
aroundthecommunityofSpragueville),northwest(357overtheVillageofAntwerp),andsoutheast(961around
thehamletofNaturalBridge).
Figures5.182aand5.182billustratethecompatibilityofexistinglanduseswithintheNoiseZonesIIthatgo
offinstallationaroundFortDrum.Thecompatibilityassessmentwasbasedon2016existinglandusedata
providedbyJeffersonCountyandsomeadditionalaerialassessmentoftheactuallandusebasedonthelanduse
categoryandcomparisontothelandusesidentifiedinTable5.181.Muchoftheexistinglandusewithinsmall
armsNoiseZonesIIarecompatible,buttherearesomeusesthatarenot.Themajorityoftheincompatibleuses
areresidential.Ingeneral,residentialusesarenotcompatiblewithinNoiseZoneII,withtheexceptionthatthereis
nootherviablelandwithinthecommunitytodevelopresidentialuses.Inthesecases,residentialusesshouldbe
builtwithnoiselevelreductionmeasuresofatleast30dB.ManyoftheexistingresidentslivingaroundFortDrum
andwithintheNoiseZonesareawareofthenoiseproducedbyactivitiesattheinstallationandhavebecome
accustomedtoit,andmaybelesslikelytosubmitnoisecomplaintsfornormaloperations.Thereisaconcernfor
increasedresidentialdevelopmentwithintheNoiseZonesandnewresidentsmovingintotheNoiseZonesthatare
notusedtothenoisemayfinditmoreofanuisanceandgeneratenoisecomplaints.

Alexandria
Existing Land Use Compatibility Legend
er
Ri v Gouverneur
ie
Redwood Incompatible /
tch
Conditionally Rossie
Not
ga
Compatible Os w e
Recommended
St Lawrence
Residential County

Commercial
37 Fowler
Community Services
Recreation & Entertainment
Theresa
Compatible
Je f fe r so n
County
Antwerp
Theresa
Antwerp

26
k
re e
Ot t er C
R ive r
ian
nd
I
Philadelphia
B la c k C e k
Philadelphia
re

11
Le Ray Diana
Fort Drum
k
ree
C
st
We
Natural
Bridge

781
Ind
ian
ive
Black River
R
Calcium

3A
Wilna
r

342 Great Bend
Herrings

283
Black
River

3
Croghan
Rutland
Champion

26
Lewis County
Carthage
Watertown West Carthage
Legend
Noise Zone Fort Drum Interstate Streams
Noise Zone III ( > 104 dB Peak) County US Highway Water Body
Noise Zone II ( 87-104 dB Peak) Boundary State Highway Airfield /
Town Railroad Runway
City / Village /
Hamlet
Source: Fort Drum Installation Compatible Use Zone Plan, April 2016. Jefferson County 2016.
Figure 5.18-2a
0 2 4 Fort Drum (Fixed Point) Small Caliber Noise
Miles
Compatibility with Existing Land Use

Alexandria Hammond
Macomb Gouverneur
Existing Land Use Compatibility Legend Antwerp
Conditionally
Incompatible /
11
Not Antwerp
Compatible
Recommended
Rossie
Residential
Commercial
Community Services
Compatible
Fowler

37
Theresa Antwerp
Evans Mills
11
Le Ray

11
Antwerp Antwerp
Diana
Lewis
k
County
ree
Le Ray
Fort Drum
C
st
We
Natural
Bridge

3

781
Calcium Wilna
Black River

11

3A
Je f fe r so n Wilna

26 Herrings County Natural Bridge

283
Black River
Rutland
Great Bend Champion Croghan
Legend
Noise Zone Fort Drum Interstate Streams
Noise Zone III ( > 104 dB Peak) County US Highway Water Body
Noise Zone II ( 87-104 dB Peak) Boundary State Highway Airfield /
Town Railroad Runway
City / Village /
Hamlet
Source: Fort Drum Installation Compatible Use Zone Plan, April 2016. Jefferson County 2016.
Figure 5.18-2b
0 2 4 Fort Drum (Fixed Point) Small Caliber Noise
Miles

Figure5.182bshowszoominsoftheexistinglanduseswithintheNoiseZones.Asnotedpreviously,muchofthe
incompatiblelanduseinZoneIIisresidential.Whilepreexistingresidentialcanbeconsideredcompatible/
nonconformingundercertainexceptions,fortheassessmentofthisJLUS,itisidentifiedasincompatibleinNoise
ZoneIIunlessconstructed/retrofittedwithnoiseattenuationmaterials.WithintheMWRshootingrangeNoise
ZoneII,theEvansMillsPrimarySchoolisaconditionallycompatibleuseifitwasbuiltwithpropersound
attenuationtoachievenoiselevelreductionof35dB.PleasantCreekMeadows,whichisamultifamilyresidential
complexthatwasdevelopedintheTownofLeRay,adjacenttotheirborderwithFortDrumisidentifiedas
commercial,andisincompatible..WithintheVillageofAntwerp,residential,commercial,andparklandare
incompatiblewithNoiseZoneII.TheAntwerpPrimarySchoolisnotwithinNoiseZoneII,butitisclosetoitand
maybeencompassedwithintheNoiseZoneIIcontourinthefutureifweaponryatFortDrumincreasesinusageor
changesinweapontypesresultinloudernoise.WithinthecommunityofSpragueville,thereissomeresidential
thatisincompatible.ExistinglandusesoutsideofJeffersonCounty(withinSt.LawrenceCounty)arenotidentified
onthemap,asdatawasnotavailable,butanaerialsurveyidentifiedsomescatteredresidentiallanduseswiththe
majorityofthelandasagriculture,sandandgraveloperation,orforest,whichareallcompatible.Thereissome
existingresidentiallandinthehamletofNaturalBridge,andsomescatteredresidentiallandinLewisCountywithin
NoiseZoneIIsoutheastofFortDrumthatareincompatible,butthemajorityofthelandisforest,whichis
compatible.
ThemainconcernfortheNoiseZonesisfuturedevelopmentofincompatibleuses.Consideringallthe
communitiesthathavelandwithintheNoiseZoneII,onlythetownsofDiana,LeRay,andWilnahavezoningcodes.
WilnaszoningcodewasnotavailableforreviewduringtheJLUSprocesstodetermineanyincompatiblezoning.
Dianaszoningcodeonlyhasonedistrict,whichisRuralResidential.Developmentinthiszonewouldgenerallybe
incompatible,butifitwasconstructedwithnoiselevelreductionmeasuresof30dB,itwouldbecompatible.
LeRayhasthreezoningcategorieswithinNoiseZoneII,whichdonotaccountfortheVillageofEvansMills(zoning
forEvansMillswasnotavailableforassessment).Figure5.183showsthezoningcategoriesforLeRay.Theseare
shownasconditionallycompatibleduetotheallowanceofresidential,whichwouldbeincompatibleunless
constructedwithnoiselevelreductionof30dB.Forthecommunitieswithoutzoningordinances,future
developmentisaconcernasitcannotbeaseasilycontrolledtopreventincompatiblelanduses.
Noisegenerationfromweaponsfiringoccursatother
locationsthroughoutFortDrumthatcantbemodeled.
Thisisbecausethesearenonfixedfiringpoints.Most
ofthetrainingandmaneuverareasonFortDrumcanbe
usedforsmallcaliberblankfiringupto.50caliberand
pyrotechnicorsimulateddetonations.FortDrum
regulationsrequirethatuseofsimulators,simunitions,
andblankfiringmustbemorethan500feetawayfrom
theinstallationboundary,tominimizenoiseimpacts
ATOWmissileisfiredfromanobservationpointtotheMain
outsidetheinstallation.TheFirstUSArmyConvoyLive
ImpactArea
FireareaislocatedontheeasternsideofFortDrumand
Source:FortDrumIntegratedNaturalResourcesManagement
producesnoisethatmayimpacttheareaaround Plan2011
NaturalBridge.Whilenonfixedfiringpointnoisecant
beaccuratelymodeled,itshouldbeconsideredfor
futuredevelopmentoutsideFortDrum.

Fac
k Sc
ee
he
et
Cr
ll A
tory
re
venue
st
St
We
n
ai
Street
M
rt h
No
treet P
Willow S ee
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Co unty Roa d 16
le
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a
ad nt C
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ete
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Pe
Str
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t
Evans Mills
St
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oa
re
R
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uld
Go
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ad
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Le Ray
nt
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s
11
sa
Ru
ger
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Ro
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ad
xH
Ro
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Fo
rtin
he
Ma
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Ro
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Ro
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dla
Be
Zoning Compatibility Legend

Conditionally
Compatible
Agricultural Residential
Fort Drum
Single Family Residential
Mixed Use
Legend
Noise Zone Fort Drum US Highway
Noise Zone III ( > 104 dB Peak) Town State Highway
Noise Zone II ( 87-104 dB Peak) City / Village / Road
Hamlet
Railroad
Streams
Source: Fort Drum Installation Compatible Use Zone Plan, April 2016. Town of LeRay, March 2014.
Note: Zoning data was only available for the Town of LeRay
Figure 5.18-3
0 Fort Drum (Fixed Point) Small Caliber Noise
Miles
Compatibility with Town of LeRay Zoning

Medium / Large Caliber Weapons and Demolition

Medium/largearmsincludeweaponswithammunitionsize20mmorgreaterandweaponsthatincludeexplosive
charges,suchasartillery,mortars,aerialgunnery,rockets,grenadelaunchers,andexplosivedevices.These
weaponsareusedalmostdailyatFortDrumandcreateadifferentsetofnoisecontours.NoiseZonesIIandIIIare
generallycontainedwithinFortDrumsboundary.Table5.182identifiesthecompatibilityandincompatibilityof
variouslandusetypeswithindemolitionandlargearmsnoisezones.
Table5.182. GeneralCompatibilityforLandUseCategoriesinDemolitionandLargeArmsNoiseZones
LUPZCDNLor NoiseZoneIICDNLor NoiseZoneIII
GeneralLandUseCategory CNEL5762 CNEL6270 CDNLorCNEL70+
Residential Yes No No
Manufacturing Yes Yes Yes
Transportation,communications,and Yes Yes Yes
utilities
Trade Yes Yes No
Services Yes Yes No
Religiousactivities Yes No No
Cultural,entertainment,andrecreation Yes No No
ResourceProductionandExtraction Yes Yes Yes
Thelargearmsnoisezonesaresimilartothesmallarmsnoisezonesinthe
areaswheretheyextendoutsideFortDrumsboundaries,asshownon
Figure5.184.ThereisonlyoneareawhereNoiseZoneIIIgoesoutsideof
FortDrum,andthatis29acresontheeasternboundaryinLewisCounty.
Theexistinglandthereisforestandtherearenoincompatibleuses.Inthe
samearea,NoiseZoneIIextendsoutsidetheboundaryapproximately
1,200meters,covering869acresofmostlywoodedlandandpartofthe
OnjebongeStateForest.TherearenonoisesensitivelandusesinNoise
ZoneIIatthatlocation.OnthenorthsideofFortDrum,NoiseZoneII
extendsoutsidetheboundaryapproximately80meters,coveringfive
acresofforestlandwhichiscompatible.
TheLUPZthatoriginatesfrommedium/largecaliberweaponsand
demolitionextendsbeyondFortDrumsborder,goingoverseveral
communities,includingtheVillageofAntwerp(1,055acres),thevicinityof
KeenesandSpragueville(331acres),andthevicinityNaturalBridge
(5,925acres).AccordingtotheICUZ,noisesensitivelandusesinthisLUPZ
Mortarmenfromthe2ndBattalion,14th
InfantryRegiment,2ndBrigadeCombat aregenerallycompatible,butmaybeanannoyancetosomeindividual
Teamfire120mmmortaratFortDrum userswhomayexperiencenoiseimpactsbasedonpersonalsensitivities.
Source:TheMountaineerOnline MostusesaregenerallycompatibleintheLUPZ,butnoisesensitiveuses
PhotoCredit:StaffSgt.MarkA.MooreII suchasresidential,hospitals,schools,andchurchesmaybeconsidered
conditionallycompatiblebasedonlocalexperienceandpreferences.

Theresa
er
Riv

11 ee
t
Str
Gouverneur Rossie ad
9
h ie
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en epo nt
atc
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Av
Os w e
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CC
Street ple et oun
Main Ma re ty L
St i ne
en St Lawrence
Bu r R
26
oa
ee
t Van County d
ad
Str
Ro
nic Antwerp
Mecha
ty
enue
un
ton Av Je f fe r so n
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r
ive
R
ia n
nd
I

11
Fowler

812
Antwerp
Pitcairn
Antwerp
ek
re
rC
O tte ive
r
nR
dia
In
Philadelphia Philadelphia
Black Cr e ek
Fort Drum
Diana
Le Ray
Natural
Bridge
3
Lewis County
Existing Land Use Wilna t

Natural Stree
Compatibility Legend
e
Bridge
Lim
Conditionally
Compatible
Herrings
R ive r
Residential
Carthage

3
n
dia
Commercial

26 Croghan
In
41
Community Services d
oa
Bl
R
ac
Compatible n ty
k
ou Wilna Diana
Ri
C
ve
r
Rutland Champion West Carthage Denmark L e w i s C o u n t y
Legend
Noise Zone Fort Drum US Highway
Noise Zone III ( > 70 CDNL dB) County Boundary State Highway
Noise Zone II ( 62-70 CDNL dB) Town Road
LUPZ (57-62 CDNL dB) City / Village / Hamlet Railroad
Streams
Water Body
Source: Fort Drum Installation Compatible Use Zone Plan, April 2016, Jefferson County 2016.
Figure 5.18-4
0 1 2 Fort Drum Medium / Large Caliber and Demolition
Miles

Aircraft Operations
Aircraftoperationsarealargepartofthetrainingthat
occursatFortDrum.Theinstallationhas14aviation
trainingareas,twodropzones,theBelvedereTactical
LandingStrip,helicopterlandingzoneslocatedthroughout
theinstallation,anaerialgunneryrange(Range48),and
WheelerSackArmyAirfield.Thereisalsoalargeamount
ofspecialuseairspacearoundFortDrumusedforflight
training,includinglowlevelflights.Intermsofaviation
operations,noisezonesareonlymodeledforoperations AnF16preparestotakeoffatWheelerSackArmyAirfield
usingtherunwaysatWSAAF.Thisisduetothe Source:FortDrumDPTMSAviationDivision
measurablepointsofdatafortheairfieldandthe
modelingcanbeachievedbyaccountingforthenumberandtypesofaircraftthatperformedoperationsatthe
airfield.Table5.183identifiesvariouslandusesthatarecompatibleandincompatibleforAweightednoise
sourcessuchasaircraft,includingthenoisezonesforWSAAF.ThesearebasedonguidelinesfromtheFederal
InteragencyCommitteeonUrbanNoise(FICUN).
Table5.183. GeneralCompatibilityforLandUseCategoriesinAviationNoiseZones
GeneralLandUseCategory NoiseZoneI NoiseZoneII NoiseZoneIII
Residential Yes Yes,withNLR25to30 No
Manufacturing Yes Yes Yes,exceptin
85dB+zone
Transportation,communications,andutilities Yes Yes Yes
Trade Yes Yes No
Services Yes Yes No
Cultural,entertainment,andrecreation Yes Yes No
ResourceProductionandExtraction Yes Yes Yes
Notes:
25or30Thenumbersrefertonoiselevelreduction(NLR)levels.NLR(outdoortoindoor)isachievedthroughtheincorporationof
noiseattenuationintothedesignandconstructionofastructure.
NoisegeneratedfromaircraftatWSAAFextendsmuchfartheroffinstallationthansmallarmsweaponsfiringand
medium/largecaliberweaponsanddemolitionnoise.Mostofthenoisecontoursthatextendbeyondthe
installationistothesouthofWSAAF,buttherearealsosomeareaswestandnorthofWSAAFoutsideofFortDrum
thatarewithinNoiseZones.Table5.184showstheacreageoflandwithintheNoiseZonesoutsideofFortDrumin
eachdirectionaroundWSAAF.

Table5.184 LandinWSAAFNoiseZonesoutsideFortDrum
Area NoiseZone OffinstallationAcreage
Northern LUPZ 2,648
ZoneIIEvansMillsArea 1,438
ZoneIIPhiladelphiaArea 219
ZoneIII 0
Southern* LUPZ 10,266
ZoneII 6,644
ZoneIIIFeltMillsArea 274
ZoneIIIGreatBendArea 53
Western(towardsI81) LUPZ 3,045
ZoneII 388
ZoneIII 0
*AcreageincludesportionsovertheBlackRiver
Figure5.185illustratesthenoisezonesforWSAAFthatgooutsideFortDrumsboundaries,andprovidesan
assessmentofcompatibleandincompatibleexistinglanduse,basedon2016dataprovidedbyJeffersonCounty,
aerialsurvey,andcomparisonagainstTable5.183.NoiseZoneIIIprotrudesabout1.4milesoffthesouthern
borderofFortDrumnearFeltMillsandGreatBendandalongthewesternedgeofDeferiet.Mostofthislandis
BlackRiverandwoodedareas,buttherearesomeincompatiblescatteredresidentialandcommerciallanduses
andadaycarefacility.
TothesouthofWSAAF,NoiseZoneIIextends6.7milesoverGreatBend,Carthage,WestCarthageand7.7miles
overRutland.ThelandsouthofWSAAFisoneofthemostpopulatedareasclosetoFortDrumandhasmany
villagesandhamletsthathavebeeninexistencefordecadesandarestillexperiencinggrowthtoday.Thereisa
concentrationofresidentiallanduseintheseareas,whichisconditionallycompatibleinNoiseZoneIIiftheywere
builtwithadequatesoundattenuationmeasures.Outsideofthesepopulatedareas,scatteredresidentiallandcan
befound,butmuchofthelandisforestandagriculture.
Tothewest,NoiseZoneIIextends3.3milesnearthecommunityofCalcium.Thereisscatteredresidentialland
thatisconditionallycompatible,aswellasforestareasthatarecompatible.NorthofWSAAF,theNoiseZoneII
extendsabouthalfamiletowardsEvansMillsand1.2milestowardstheVillageofPhiladelphia.Thereisamobile
homecommunityaboutmidwaywhereNoiseZoneIIgoestothenorth,whichisincompatibleduetothelackof
constructionmethodsavailabletokeepnoiseout.Theremaininglandisscatteredresidentialandforestland.
Tothesouth,theLUPZextendsalmostninemilesovercommunitiessuchasGreatBend,Deferiet,Carthage,and
WestCarthage.ItextendsroughlyfivemilestothewestoverCalciumand4.3milestothenorthnearEvansMills
andPhiladelphia.AlthoughnoisesensitivelandusesaresuitableintheLUPZ,someresidentsthatlivewithinthis
noisezonemayfindnoisefromaircrafttobeanannoyance.

Alexandria
Le Ray
Blac
Wilna
3A
k
Antwerp Antwerp
River
Herrings r
ve
Ri
ian

3 I nd
Great Bend Philadelphia
Black Cr e ek
Rutland Champion
26
Orleans Philadelphia

180
ette
Creek
Gill
Le Ray

11
ree
r 37
C
ve
Ri
st
Perch
We
Je f fe r so n Evans
County Mills Fort Drum

781
Brownville
Pamelia

342 Calcium
Black River
81

3A
Herrings
Great
Black Bend
Brownville River
Glen Park

12E

283
Wilna
Hounsfield 12F

Watertown
3
Rutland
Carthage
Champion
Conditionally
Incompatible /
Not

126 West Black
Carthage River
Compatible
Recommended
Residential Wilna
Commercial
3
26
r
ve
i
Community Services Carthage er R
De
Bl

ac
k

Denmark
Ri
Wild, Forest, Conservation, 12

ve
Lewis County
r
Public Parks
Compatible
Champion

26 126 Black
River
Denmark
Adams Rodman
Legend
Noise Zone Fort Drum Interstate Water Body
Noise Zone III ( >75 ADNL dB) County US Highway Streams
Noise Zone II ( 65-75 ADNL dB) Boundary State Highway Airfield /
LUPZ (60-65 ADNL dB) Town Railroad Runway
City / Village /
Hamlet
Source: Fort Drum Installation Compatible Use Zone Plan, April 2016. Jefferson County, 2016.
Figure 5.18-5
0 1 2 3 4 Fort Drum Aircraft Noise Compatibility
Miles
with Existing Land Use

Thereareconcernsofincreasedincompatibledevelopmentinthefutureifgrowthisnotmanagedproperly.While
mostofthecommunitieswithinthenoisezoneshavezoning,theirzoningcodesdonottakeintoaccount
compatibilitywiththeWSAAFnoisezones.AtthetimethisJLUSwaswritten,GISdataforzoningandazoningmap
wasonlyavailablefortheTownofLeRay.Therefore,Figure5.186providesanassessmentofthecompatibilityof
theTownofLeRayzoningwithintheWSAAFnoisezones.AlloftheTownofLeRayzoningcategorieswithinthe
WSAAFnoisezonesareconditionallycompatibleinNoiseZoneIIandtheLUPZ.Thisisduetotheallowancefor
residentialuses,whichwouldbecompatibleiftheywerebuiltwithadequatesoundattenuationmeasures.While
avisualassessmentofcompatibilityfortheothercommunitiescouldnotbeconducted,itislikelythattheirzoning
withinNoiseZoneIIandtheLUPZwouldbesimilarlyconditionallycompatibleaslongasresidentialandother
noisesensitiveuseswereconstructedwithsoundattenuation.
ForgeneralflightoperationsnotinvolvingWSAAF,FortDrumRegulation951requiresthataviationactivities
occurringatFortDrumbeconductedinamannerthatminimizesnoiseimpactstoneighbors.Thisincludes
avoidingoverflightwhenpossibleofnoisesensitiveareassuchasvillages,hamlets,andotherpopulatedareas,
whichshouldbeavoidedbyatleastonenauticalmilewhenoperatingbelow500feet.Aircraftoperatinglower
than1,000feetmustavoidflyingoverpopulatedareaswithinthecommunitiesoftheVillageofEvansMills,hamlet
ofNaturalBridge,VillageofPhiladelphia,VillageofTheresa,VillageofAntwerp,VillageofDeferiet,and
LakeBonapartewheneverpossible.
Findings
NoiseZonesIIforsmallarmsfixedpointnoisegoesbeyondFortDrumsboundariesinseverallocations,
goingoverpartsofthecommunitiesofAntwerp,EvansMills,LeRay,NaturalBridge,andSpragueville.
Thereissomeexistingincompatibledevelopmentintheseareas,primarilyresidential.
AsmallamountofNoiseZoneIIIforlargecaliberweaponsextendsbeyondFortDrumsboundaryover
forestland,whichiscompatible.
NoiseZonesIIforlargecaliberweaponsextendsbeyondFortDrumsboundariesintwolocations,butthey
areoverforestland,whichiscompatible.
TheLUPZsforlargecaliberweaponsextendsbeyondFortDrumsboundariesoverthecommunitiesof
Antwerp,NaturalBridge,andSpragueville.Whilenoisesensitiveusesinthisareaarenotrecommended,
theyareconditionallycompatibleundercertaincircumstances.Thereissomeresidentialandcommercial
inLUPZthatisconditionallycompatible.
NoiseZoneIIIforaircraftnoiseatWSAAFextendsbeyondFortDrumsboundarytothesouthnearthe
communityofGreatBend.Thereissomeexistingresidentialthatisincompatible.
NoiseZoneIIforWSAAFextendsbeyondFortDrumsboundariestothenorth,west,andsouth.Muchof
thelandisforestorundeveloped,buttherearesomeresidentialandcommercialusesthatareeither
incompatibleorconditionallycompatible.
TheLUPZforWSAAFextendsbeyondFortDrumsboundaries.Allexistinglandusesinthiszoneare
consideredcompatible,butnoisesensitiveusessuchasresidentialshouldbeevaluatedbeforebuilding
themintheLUPZ.
TheonlycommunitythathadzoningdataavailableforlanduseswithinthenoisezoneswastheTownof
LeRay.Zoningcategorieswithinthevariousnoisezonesareallconditionallycompatibleastheyallow
residentialthatwouldbeincompatibleifnotbuiltwithadequatesoundattenuationmeasures.


Ba
co
r n
ve
Ri
Hall
Ro
an ad
di
Ro
In
ad Philadelphia
To
wn
L in
County Road 46
eR
R oad
d R oa oa
te d d
s
An Ho
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Farre
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s
yse R oad
Ro ad
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oa
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id
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a
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G
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ek
m
ad N
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b
El
e
Bec o
tin R
Roc k
Cr
kw Mar
Dr
it h
st
Road Le Ray
We
x
Fo
Evans
Mills

11
ad 16 Willow Street
County Ro
St
ein
he
ad
lm
Ro
er
d
Ro
er
oa
rn

ad
sR
26
Co
r
s
ge
d
Wa
dd uld oa
Go
Ro
in g R
ham
Road d lam
Be
ad
Ro
llis
Ne

781
Calcium Fort Drum

d
oa
hR
Bu s
Pamelia
Great
Zoning Compatibility Legend Bend
Conditionally
Compatible R oad
ton
Wil
d
Lester R oa
Single Family Residential

Le
ra
Cemete
Commercial Corridor 342 yS Black River

tre
Mixed Economic Development et
e t
oad
Stre

ry Ro
Mixed Use 3 Pennock R

in
Bu r n u Cou
South Ma
ad
Planned Development District r pR nty R

R ive oa oad
k d 143
ac
Bl Rutland Champion
Legend
Noise Zone Fort Drum Interstate Water Body
Noise Zone III ( >75 ADNL dB) Town US Highway Streams
Noise Zone II ( 65-75 ADNL dB) City / Village / State Highway Airfield /
LUPZ (60-65 ADNL dB) Hamlet Road Runway
Railroad
Source: Fort Drum Installation Compatible Use Zone Plan, April 2016. Town of LeRay, March 2014.
Figure 5.18-6
0 1 Fort Drum Aircraft Noise Compatibility
Miles
with Town of LeRay Zoning

5.19. Public Services (PS)
Publicservicesincludetheassurancethatadequateservicessuchaspolice,fire,emergencyservices,parksand
recreation,andwater/wastewater/stormwaterinfrastructureareofgoodqualityandavailableforusebythe
installationandsurroundingcommunitiesastheareadevelops.Thesupplyanddemandofthesepublicservicesin
theeventofemergencysituationsisalsoconsidered.
DMVservicesrelocatedfromFortDrum
ISSUE JeffersonCountyusedtooperateaDMVofficeoninstallationforFortDrumpersonnel,but
PS1 hadtocloseitduetofunding.ItisaqualityoflifeissueforFortDrumpersonneltogettime
toleavetheinstallationforDMVservices.
TheDepartmentofMotorVehicles(DMV)hadasatelliteofficeatFortDrumthatservedmilitarypersonnel
oninstallation.Thissatelliteofficeclosedin2016duetofundingissues.Currently,thenearestDMVislocatedin
downtownWatertownat175ArsenalStreet,roughlyeightmilesfromFortDrumsmaingate.Theofficeisopenon
weekdaysfrom9:00amto4:30pm,andisopenlateronThursdayuntil6:45pmtomaketheofficemore
accessibleafterbusinesshoursonedayoutoftheweek.Thisoffersashorttimeframeforsoldierswhomaybe
unabletoleavetheinstallationduringbusinesshours.Also,manyoftheservicesofferedbytheDMVarenow
availableonlineatwww.dmv.ny.gov.
Findings
DuetotheclosureoftheDMVssatelliteofficeatFortDrum,itismoredifficultforsoldiersliving
oninstallationtousetheDMVsservices.
TheDMVisopenuntil6:45pmonThursdaytosupportmilitarypersonnelwhoarenotabletoleavethe
installationduringbusinesshours.
SomeoftheDMVsservicesareavailableonlineatwww.dmv.ny.gov.

5.20. Public Trespassing (PT)
Thisfactoraddressestrespassing,eitherpurposefulorunintentional,ontoamilitaryinstallationorconversely
militaryaffiliatedpersonneltrespassingonpublicproperty.Thepotentialfortrespassingincreaseswhenpublic
useareasareincloseproximitytoaninstallation.
FortDrumpersonneltrespassingontoprivateproperty
ISSUE
SurroundinglandownersareconcernedthatsoldierstrainingatFortDrumoccasionally
PT1
trespassontoprivateproperty.

TherehavebeenconcernsraisedregardingFortDrummilitarypersonnelunintentionallytrespassingontoprivate
propertywithoutadvancedcoordinationwiththelandowners.Inthepast,thishashappenedwhenoperationsare
executedneartheinstallationboundary.Thesetypesofinstancesarerare,butdooccasionallyhappen,suchas
duringsurvivaltrainingandhelicopterlandingandrepelling.
Intheeventthatthemilitaryactivitiescausedanydamagetoprivateproperty,landownershavebeenreimbursed
forthedamagesbytheinstallation.Inadditiontoreimbursements,investigationsintowhytrespassingoccurred
andcorrectiveactionhaveresulted.
Findings
FortDrummilitarypersonnelhaveoccasionallyandunintentionallytrespassedontoprivateproperty
duringmilitaryoperations.
Whenanyprivatepropertyhasbeendamagedinvestigationsandcorrectiveactionsareimplementedto
avoidrepeatedincidents,andownersareproperlyreimbursedand.


5.21. Roadway Capacity (RC)
Roadwaycapacityrelatestotheabilityofexistingfreeways,highways,arterials,andotherlocalroadstoprovide
adequatemobilityandaccessbetweenmilitaryinstallationsandtheirsurroundingcommunities.
Asurbandevelopmentexpandsintoruralareas,roadsonceusedprimarilytoprovideaccessforagriculturaluses
andlimitedlocaltrafficbegintofunctionasurbanmajorarterialroadways.Theseonceruralroadsoftenbecome
themaintransportationcorridorsforalltypesoftrafficfromresidentialtocommercialtruckingandcanassist
orimpedeaccesstomilitaryinstallations.Astransportationsystemsgrowandprovidemorecapacity,these
facilitiesinduceandencouragegrowthasruralareasbecomemoreaccessible.
Key Terms
AnnualAverageDailyTraffic.Annualaveragedailytraffic,abbreviatedAADT,isameasureusedprimarilyin
transportationplanningandtransportationengineering.Traditionally,itisthetotalvolumeofvehicletrafficofa
highwayorroadforayeardividedby365days.AADTisausefulandsimplemeasurementofhowbusytheroadis.
Maintenanceofsharedroads
ISSUE
TwopublicroadwaysthroughandaroundFortDrumareusedbythemilitaryandciviliansand
RC1
arecostlytomaintainbythecommunity.
MuchoftheroadwayinfrastructureonFortDrumwasdevelopedduringtheexpansionoftheinstallationand
operationsinthe1980s,andisnowmorethan30yearsold.Therearetwomainpublicroadwaysthattravel
throughFortDrumStateRoutes26and3A.StateRoute26ismaintainedbyNewYork,butStateRoute3Awas
createdasanalternateroutetoStateRoute3,andismaintainedbyJeffersonCounty(forinformationaboutthe
potentialclosureofRoute3AduetoanMDAsitetheDODislookingtolocateatFortDrum,seeIssueLU4).
RoadwayinfrastructureintheNorthCountryexperiencesthetypicalwearandtearfromciviliantravel,andis
furtherexacerbatedbytheharshwinterweatherconditionsandmilitaryvehicles,creatingcostlymaintenance.The
deteriorationoftheroadscanthenlimitFortDrumsmilitaryuseaswellpublicuseofRoute26and3Aiftheseare
notsufficientlymaintained.
MilitaryroadwayslocatedwithintheinstallationsboundaryistheresponsibilityofFortDrumtomaintain.The
installationreceivesDODfundingforthemaintenanceofthesemilitaryroadways.AccesstoFortDrumstraining
areasisrestrictedtothreemainaccesspoints.ThefirstisthecrossingofRoute26ontoMainTanktrail.Accessto
thesouthernmosttrainingareas(TA7E,7Fand7G)arefacilitatedbytwoapprovedcrossingpointsalongRoute3A.
RoutinemilitarytrafficisnotallowedonRoutes26,3and3A,withtheexceptionofaccessingentryintothe
trainingareaalongPleasantStreet.Additionally,thereisanapprovedammunitionroutewhichrunsfromthe
AmmunitionSupplyPoint(ASP)alongSouthTankTrailtoavoidtothemaximumextentpossibletravelalongshared
civilian/militaryroadways.
AtthetimethisJLUSwaswritten,theWatertownJeffersonCountyAreaTransportationCouncil(WJCTC),which
servesastheMetropolitanPlanningOrganizationfortheWatertownFortDrumMetropolitanStatisticalAreawas
developinga30yearlongrangetransportationplantoaddresstransportationandinfrastructureneedsforthe
WatertownandFortDrumarea.TheWJTCTwasestablishedin2014followingtheareasestablishmentasa

MetropolitanStatisticalAreaandisresponsiblefordevelopingandmaintainingaRegionalTransportationPlanand
aTransportationImprovementProgramfortheareasfederalaideligiblehighwayandpublictransitfacilities.
AsshownonFigure5.211,theWJCTCsUrbanAreaBoundaryincludesFortDrum,theCityofWatertown,the
TownsofChampionandWilna,theVillagesofBlackRiver,Dexter,Deferiet,EvansMills,Carthageand
WestCarthageBrownvilleandRutland,andtheHamletofGreatBend.WhiletheWJCTCisnotmeanttosupport
fundingformilitaryroadsonFortDrum,theremaybesomeopportunitiestodeveloppartnershipstosupport
roadwayimprovementsthatwouldsupportallstakeholdersinthearea.
Findings
TwostateroutesusedbycivilianstravelthroughFortDrumRoute26andRoute3A.
FortDrumsmilitaryusageofthetwopublicroadways,aswellastheharshwinterconditionsinthe
NorthCountrycanexacerbatethedeteriorationoftheroadwayinfrastructure,whichinturncanlimit
FortDrumsmilitaryuseaswellasthepublicsuseofthetworoadways.
TheWatertownJeffersonCountyAreaTransportationCouncilisdevelopingaRegionalTransportation
PlanforpartoftheareaaroundFortDrum,whichcouldhaveopportunitiestodevelopregional
coordinationonroadwayconcernsandneedsbetweenFortDrumandthesurroundingcommunities.


Figure 5.21-1 WJCTC Urban Area Boundary
Source:WatertownJeffersonCountyAreaTransportationCouncil,2017

5.22. Safety (SA)
Safetyzonesareareasinwhichdevelopmentshouldbemorerestrictive,regardinguseandconcentrationsof
people,duetothehigherriskstopublicsafety.Issuestoconsiderincludeaircraftaccidentpotentialzones.
Militaryinstallationsoftenengageinactivitiesorcontainfacilitiesthat,duetopublicsafetyconcerns,require
specialconsiderationbylocaljurisdictionswhenevaluatingcompatibility.Itisimportanttoregulatelandusenear
militaryairfieldstominimizeriskfrompotentialaircraftmishapsandtoreduceairnavigationhazards.Tohelp
mitigatepotentialissues,theDepartmentofDefense(DOD)hasdelineatedClearZones(CZ)andAccidentPotential
Zones(APZs)inthevicinityofairfieldrunways.APZsareusuallydividedintoAPZIandAPZII.Eachzonewas
developedbasedonthestatisticalreviewofaircraftmishaps.Studiesshowthatmostmishapsoccuronornearthe
airfield,predominatelyalongitsextendedcenterline.
WheelerSackArmyAirfieldaccidentpotentialzonesextendoutsidetheinstallation
boundary
ISSUE SomeoftheaircraftaccidentpotentialzonesassociatedwithWheelerSackArmyAirfield
SA1 extendbeyondtheboundariesofFortDrumandoverneighboringcommunities.These
accidentpotentialzonesposesafetyconcernsforthecommunitieswithriskmanagement
andcompatibleuses.

WheelerSackArmyAirfieldhasthreefixedwingrunways.Runway3/21istheprimaryrunwayandmeasures
10,000feetinlengthandiscapableofsupportinganyaircraftintheDODsinventory.Runway15/33iscurrently
4,999feetlong,butthereisaconcepttoexpandittoapproximately8,600feetinlength(estimatedlengthbased
ondistancebetweentheclearzonesoneachend)inthefuturetosupportmoretypesofaircraftandexpandthe
operationalcapabilitiesofWSAAF.NofundinghasbeensecuredfortheprojectatthetimethisJLUSwaswritten,
andthereisnotimeframeforcompletionoftherunwayexpansion.Thisincreaseinlengthoftherunwaywould
changethesizeoftheassociatedCZsandaccidentpotentialzonesAPZsIandII.ForthepurposesoftheJLUSasa
futureplanningdocument,theincreasedCZsandAPZsareincludedfortheassessmentofthisissue.Runway8/26
is4,482feetlong.
ThedimensionsofCZsandAPZsvarybasedonthetypeandsizeofarunway.AdescriptionoftheCZsandAPZsfor
Runway3/21andtheproposedexpandedRunway15/33atWSAAFaredescribedasfollows.
TheCZistheareathatismostlikelyforanaircraftmishaptooccur.TheCZmeasures3,000feetlongfrom
theendoftherunway,withawidthof1,000feet.Permittedlanduseswithinthiszonearesubstantially
limitedandincludetransportation,communication,andutilitiesinfrastructurenecessaryforairfield
operations,aswellasunoccupiedopenspaceandlimitedagricultural.
APZIislocatedadjacenttotheCZboundaryandextendsforalengthof5,000additionalfeet,withawidth
of1,000feet.Thisareatypicallyexperienceslessaccidentsthantheclearzone;andhaslessrestrictions.
Permittedlanduseswithinthiszonearelimitedtononoccupiedstructures,thusresidentiallandusesare
prohibited.
APZIIbeginsattheoutboundaryofAPZIandextendsforalengthof7,000feetwithawidthof1,000feet.
TheAPZIIiswheredevelopmentistheleastrestrictedduetothelowerriskofaccidentsasitisfurther
fromtherunway.Warehouseandmaintenancefacilitiesarepermittedwithinthefootprint,aswellas
singlefamilyresidentialpropertiesuptotwodwellingunitsperacremaximum,asrecommendedbyDOD
guidelinesforAPZII.

TheDODprovidesguidancefortypesoflandusethatarecompatibleandincompatiblewithinthedifferentzones.
AirForceInstruction(AFI)327063istheguidingdocumentationthattheAirForceusesforassessinglandwithin
theaircraftsafetyzones.Table5.221provideslandusecompatibilitybasedonAFI327063,whichisusedinthis
JLUStoperformthecompatibilityassessmentforFortDrumasabestpracticestool.
Table5.221. GeneralCompatibilityforLandUseCategoriesinAirfieldAccidentPotentialZones
GeneralLandUseCategory ClearZone APZI APZII
Residential No No No
Manufacturing No Dependentupon Dependentupon
type type
Transportation,communications,andutilities Noes Yes Yes
Trade No Dependentupon Yes
type
Services No Dependentupon Dependentupon
type type
Cultural,entertainment,andrecreation No No No
ResourceProductionandExtraction No Yes Yes
Figure5.221providesanassessmentofthecompatibilityoftheexistinglanduseswithinthesafetyzonesthat
extendbeyondFortDrumsboundary.Theexistinglandusedataisfrom2016andwasprovidedby
JeffersonCounty.ThecompatibilityassessmentwasconductedagainstthelandusesidentifiedinTable5.221.
TheCZsforallthreerunwaysarecontainedwithintheboundariesofFortDrum.
TheAPZIforrunway3/21extendspartiallyoutsidetheboundaryofFortDrumtothesouthinthevicinityofGreat
Bend,andtheentiresouthernAPZIIisoutsidetheboundary.ThereissomeresidentialdevelopmentinAPZIthat
isincompatibleforsafetyreasons.WithinAPZII,thereisadaycarefacilitythatisincompatible.Residentialin
APZIIislikelycompatibleaslongasitislessthantwodwellingunitsperacre,whichbyaerialsurvey;itappearsthis
isthecase.ThenorthernAPZsarecontainedwithinFortDrumsboundary.
AsmallportionofthesouthernAPZIfortheproposedextendedRunway15/33goesextendsoffFortDrumnear
Deferiet.AsmallamountofresidentialisinthisAPZ,whichisincompatible.AllofthesouthernAPZIIisoutsideof
FortDruminthevicinityofDeferietandHerrings.Therearesomeapartmentsinthiszone,shownascommercial,
thatareincompatible.ResidentialinAPZIIislikelycompatibleaslongasitislessthantwodwellingunitsperacre,
whichbyaerialsurvey,itappearsthisisthecase.Publicservicesareshownasconditionallycompatiblebecause
certaintypesofutilitiessuchasabovegroundtransmissionlinesarenotcompatible.
AlittleovertwothirdsofthenorthernAPZIIfortheproposedextendedRunway15/33extendspastFortDrums
northwesternboundary.Thereissomeresidentialhere,butthemajorityofthelandisforestandcompatible.
ResidentialinAPZIIislikelycompatibleaslongasitislessthantwodwellingunitsperacre,whichbyaerialsurvey,
itappearsthisisthecase.

ive

Dr
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Fo
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Recommended
Ro
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Residential
Commercial
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Public Services
et
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S im
Compatible
Fort Drum
Black River
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Lan
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State Highway 3 te Highway 3A

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Sta
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Ro
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ad
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La ne 1
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oad
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Burnu
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Deferiet
oa
47
w ay 143
Drive
d
Legend
Safety Zone Fort Drum US Highway Streams
Clear Zone City / Village / Hamlet State Highway Water Body
APZ I Road Airfield / Runway
APZ II Railroad
Source: Fort Drum 2017, Jefferson County 2016.
Figure 5.22-1
0 1 Fort Drum Safety Zone Compatibility
Miles
with Existing Land Use

ThereareconcernsaboutfuturedevelopmentintheAPZsthatcouldbeincompatible.Whilesomeofthe
communitieswithintheAPZsIandIIhavezoning,onlytheTownofLeRayhadGISzoningdatathatwasavailable
forreviewduringthewritingofthisJLUS.Withoutinformationtoshowspecificzoningcategoriesthatexistforthe
landintheAPZs,aproperassessmentcannotbemadetodeterminetheircompatibility.Figure5.222illustrates
LeRayszoningwithinthenorthernAPZfortheproposedextendedRunway15/33.
AllthelandintheAPZiszonedasAgriculturalResidential,whichisconditionallycompatibleaslongasresidential
unitsaresinglefamilyandbuiltatadensityoftwodwellingunitsperacreorless.TheCZandAPZforRunway8/26
arewithintheinstallationboundaries.
Findings
TherearethreerunwaysatWSAAF,Runway3/21,Runway15/33,andRunway8/26.
AllCZsforthethreerunwaysarewithintheFortDrumboundary.Inaddition,theAPZforRunway8/26is
containedwithFortDrum.
APZIandAPZIIforRunway3/21extendoutsideFortDrumssouthernboundary.Thereisincompatible
residentialinAPZIandincompatiblemultifamilyinAPZII.Thereisconditionallycompatibleresidential
andpublicserviceusesinAPZII.
Thereareplans,althoughtheyarecurrentlyunfundedandunscheduled,toexpandRunway15/33at
WSAAF.ThisexpansionwouldresultinlargerCZsandAPZsfortherunwaythatwouldgooutsidethe
boundariesofFortDrum.
TheAPZIandAPZIIfortheextendedRunway15/33gobeyondFortDrumsboundarytothesouthnear
thecommunitiesofGreatBendandDeferiet.ThereisasmallamountofexistingresidentialinAPZIthatis
incompatible.InAPZII,thereareapartmentsthatareincompatible,aswellassomeresidentialandpublic
serviceusesthatareconditionallycompatible.
Runway15/33sextendedrunwayAPZIIextendsoutthenorthwesternboundaryofFortDrumoversome
residentiallandusethatisconditionallycompatible.
OnlytheTownofLeRayhadzoningdataavailabletoassesscompatibilityintheAPZs.Onthenorthendof
proposedextendedRunway15/33,landiszonedasAgriculturalResidential,whichisconditionally
compatibleaslongasanyresidentialissinglefamilyandbuiltatadensityoflessthantwodwellingunits
peracre.
Fueltrucktransportandincidentresponse
ISSUE AllfueltoFortDrumisbroughtinbytruck.Thecommunityisconcernedthatifanaccident
SA2 weretooccur,itcouldpotentiallycauseenvironmentaldamageorcausehazardstopersonnel
orcivilians.
Fuelisconsideredahazardousmaterial,whichcanbedefinedasitemsthatposearisktohealth,safety,and
propertyandincludevarioustypesofgas,flammableandcombustibleliquid,andotherobject.Fuelisneededon
FortDrumtoperformvariousmilitaryoperationsandistransportedontotheinstallationviatruck.Transportation
andhandlingofhazardousmaterialcanbedangerousandcanposearisktopersonnelorciviliansor
environmentaldamageifanaccidentwheretooccurduringitstransportation.

11
ive
Dr
Rockbrook Road
x
Fo
Elm
Dr i
ve
d
R oa
aw
sh
La
Simonet Road
Ga
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dn
er
vil
le
Ro
ad
d
oa
fR
of
C ut
et
on
m
Si
Fort Drum
Zoning Compatibility Legend

Conditionally Compatible
Legend
Safety Zone Fort Drum US Highway
APZ I Road
APZ II
Source: Fort Drum 2016. Town of LeRay, March 2014.

Figure 5.22-2
0 500 1,000 Fort Drum Safety Zone Compatibility
Feet
with Town of LeRay Zoning

FortDrumhasMutualAidAgreementswiththeJeffersonCountyOfficeofFireandEmergencyManagement,
LewisCountyOfficeofFireandEmergencyServices,andSt.LawrenceCountyOfficeofEmergencyServicesforfire
protectionandhazardousmaterialsandwastesincidentresponse.Amongothersupportactions,intheeventofa
hazardouswasteincident,thecountiesmaysupporttheFortDrumFireandEmergencyServicesDivisionin
hazardousmaterialcontainmentandhazardmitigation,orviceversaFortDrummayassistthecountydepartments
ifitisoutsidetheinstallation.
Stateagenciesareresponsiblefortheestablishment,maintenance,andenforcementofhazardousmaterialroutes.
TheStateofNewYorkDepartmentofTransportation(NYDOT)setsregulationsforthetransportationofhazardous
material.Ingeneral,NewYorkStatehasadoptedtheFederalMotorCarrierSafetyRegulationsfoundinTitle49of
theCodeofFederalRegulations(49CFR)andtheHazardousMaterialsTransportationRegulationsfoundin49CFR,
Parts100through199astheyapplytointerstatehighwaytransportation.Additionally,NYDOTreportsall
designatedandrestrictedroadandhighwayroutesforhazardousmaterialstransportationtotheFederalMotor
CarrierSafetyAdministration.Currently,therearenodesignatedhazardousmaterialroutesinruralareasof
NewYork;theonlydesignatedroutesarelocatedintheCityofNewYork.
Findings
TrucksareusedtotransportfuelontoFortDrum.
TheNewYorkDepartmentofTransportationisresponsiblefortheestablishment,maintenance,and
enforcementofhazardousmaterialroutes,butnohazardoustransportationrouteshavebeenidentified
tosupportFortDrum.
IngeneralNYDOThasadoptedfederalregulationsandstandardsforthetransportationofhazardous
materialsandfuelsasidentifiedinTitle49CFR.
Dopplerweatherradarnobuildzonecompatibility
ISSUE The18thWeatherSquadronDopplerradarhasafourkilometer(2.5mile)radiusnobuild
SA3 zonearoundittoprotectthesafetyofpersonnelthatworkontheradar,butthenobuild
zoneisnotenforceable.
The18thWeatherSquadronWSR88Dweatherradar(KTYX)islocatedinMontagueonTugHillabout25miles
southofFortDrum.Thisweatherradarisanimportantasset,notonlyforFortDrumtomonitorandtrackweather
thatmayaffectmilitaryoperations,butalsofortheNorthCountryregionasitisalsousedbytheNationalWeather
Serviceforweatherforecasting.Therearefourimportantzonesaroundtheweatherradarthatareusedfor
assessingpotentialimpactsfromwindturbinedevelopmentthatwouldinterferewithradaroperations.The
effectsofwindturbinesontheweatherradarsoperationsarefurtherdiscussedinIssueED2.Thesezonesare
establishedbythe18thWeatherSquadronandtheNationalWeatherServiceandareonlyadvisoryinnatureas
neitherentityhasanyauthoritytoenforcethezones.Thefourzonesareasfollows.
NoBuildZone.Turbinesbuiltwithinthiszonewillsignificantlycompromiseaweatherradarsabilityto
accuratelydetecthazardousweatherandcancausemechanicaldamagetotheWSR88D,aswellaspose
radiationhazardsforpersonnelconstructingandmaintainingtheturbines.Thiszoneisaradiusoffour
kilometers(2.5miles)aroundweatherradar.

MitigationZone.Turbinesbuiltinthiszonepenetratemultipleelevationanglesofaweatherradar.This
deflectionandinterferencewillsubstantiallyhinderthedetectionofhazardousweatherandsignificantly
reducetheprecisionofradarderivedproducts.Thiszoneextendsfromfourto36kilometers(22.4miles)
fromaweatherradar.
ConsultationZone.Turbinesbuiltinthiszonearecloseenoughtoincreasecontaminationofweather
radarimagery.Thiszoneextendsfromfourto36kilometers(2.5to22.4miles)forapenetrationofa
singleelevationangleand36to60kilometers(22.4to37.3miles)formultipleelevationangles.
NotificationZone.Turbinesbuiltinthiszonecanbedetectedbyaweatherradarandmayormaynot
interferewithitsoperation.TheNationalWeatherServiceRadarOperationsCenterrequestsnotification
from36to60kilometers(22.4to37.3miles)forapenetrationofasingleelevationangleand/orlineof
sightwiththeradar.
Whileallofthesezonesareimportanttoconsiderforfutureturbineplacementinregardstooperational
capabilitiesofKTYX,thisissuefocusesonthesafetyaspectifdevelopmentweretooccurwithintheNoBuildZone.
Thesafetyconcernforbuildingwithinthisfourkilometer(2.5mile)zoneisthatspinningturbinebladesmayblock
thepathofaweatherradarandtraptheradiationemittedfromit.Personnelworkingonconstructionor
maintenanceofaweatherradarorturbinesmaybeexposedtoincreasedamountsoftrappedradiationif
turbinesaredevelopedinthisarea.Additionally,turbinesbuiltinthisareawouldincreasethepotentialfor
electricalandmechanicaldamagetotheturbinesandtheweatherradarfromtheoutputoftheradiationofthe
radarsignal.
Figure5.223illustratestheNoBuildZonearoundKTYX.Therearecurrentlynoturbineswithinthiszone,but
therearetwoturbinesfromtheMapleRidgeWindFarmthatarerightoutsideit.SincetheNoBuildZoneisnot
currentlyenforceable,itwillbeimportantforfuturewindenergydevelopmenttocoordinatewiththeDODand
NationalWeatherServicetoensureturbinesarenotbuiltinthezoneforthesafetyofequipmentandconstruction
andmaintenanceworkers.
Findings
Thefourkilometer(2.5mile)NoBuildZonearoundKTYXisanareawheredevelopmentofwindturbines
wouldnotonlyhaveasignificantimpacttotheoperationalcapabilitiesofaweatherradar,butwouldalso
causesafetyconcernsduetoradiationgettingtrappedbyspinningturbineblades.Thiscouldput
constructionandmaintenanceworkersatriskforexposuretoradiation.
TheNoBuildZoneisnotcurrentlyenforceable,sowinddevelopersshouldcoordinatedirectlywiththe
DODandNationalWeatherServicetomitigateanyproposeddevelopmentwithintheNoBuildZone.


## #
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No-Build Zone Around KTYX Weather Radar
# Operating Wind Turbine
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Figure 5.22-3
Kilometers
No-Build Zone Around KTYX Weather Radar

5.23. Scarce Natural Resources (SNR)
Pressuretogainaccesstovaluablenaturalresources(suchasoil,naturalgas,minerals,andwaterresources)
locatedonmilitaryinstallations,withinmilitarytrainingareas,oronpubliclandshistoricallyusedformilitary
operationscanimpactlandutilizationandmilitaryoperations.
Findings
TherewerenoScarceNaturalResourcescompatibilityissuesidentifiedfortheFortDrumJLUS.

5.24. Vertical Obstructions (VO)
Verticalobstructionsarecreatedbybuildings,trees,structures,orotherfeaturesthatmayencroachintothe
navigableairspaceorimpedelineofsightradarsignalsusedbythemilitary.Theseobstructionscanbeasafety
hazardtoboththepublicandmilitarypersonnelandpotentiallyimpactmilitaryreadiness.Verticalobstructions
cancompromisethevalueoflowlevelflighttrainingbylimitingtheareaswheresuchtrainingcanoccur.These
obstructionscanincludearangeofitemsfrommanmade,suchastelephonepoles,utilitytransmissiontowers,
andradioantennas,tonatural,suchastalltreesandlandfeatures.Verticalobstructionscanalsointerferewith
radartransmissions,compromisingtheintegrityofdatatransmissionbetweenthetransmitterandreceiver.
Thoughmostcriticalnearthetransmitter,thegeographicareaimpactingthetransmissions,orradarviewshed,can
bebroaddependingonthedistancebetweenthetransmitterandreceivers.
Key Terms
ImaginarySurfaces.Thetermimaginarysurfacereferstotheareassurroundingaheliportorairfieldthatmustbe
keptclearofobjectsthatmightposeasafetythreattoaviationactivities.Amanmadeornaturalobjectthat
projectsaboveanimaginarysurfaceisanobstruction.
VerticalObstructions.Verticalobstructionsareobjectsorstructuresthatexceedaspecifiedheightaboveground
levelandextendintoairspace.Verticalobstructionsmaybecreatedbybuildings,trees,structures,orother
featuresthatareofgreaterheightthan,andencroachinto,thenavigableairspaceusedformilitaryoperations
(aircraftapproachdeparturesurfaces,transitionalsurfaces,aswellasmilitarytrainingorflightroutes).Thesecan
presentasafetyhazardtoboththepublicandmilitarypersonnelandpotentiallyimpactmilitaryreadiness.
Technical Background
Inrelationtoflightoperationsfromanairport(militaryorcivilian),verticalobstructionsareaddressedthrough
compliancewithFederalRegulationTitle14Part77,whichestablishesstandardsandnotificationrequirementsfor
objectsaffectingnavigableairspace.CommonlyreferredtoasPart77compliance,thisregulationprovidesdetails
toevaluatethepotentialforaverticalobstructionbasedontheelevationoftheairfield,theheightandresulting
elevationofthenewstructureorfacility,andthelocationofthestructureorfacilityinrelationtotheairfieldin
question.
Todeterminewhenstructuresorfacilitiesshouldbeevaluatedforverticalobstruction,Part77statesthefollowing
requirementsfornotifyingtheFAA:
77.9Anyperson/organizationwhointendstosponsoranyofthefollowingconstructionor
alterationsmustnotifytheAdministratoroftheFAA:
Anyconstructionoralterationexceeding200feetabovegroundlevel.
Anyconstructionoralteration:
within20,000feetofapublicuseormilitaryairportwhichexceedsa100:1surfacefromany
pointontherunwayofeachairportwithatleastonerunwaymorethan3,200feet.
within10,000feetofapublicuseormilitaryairportwhichexceedsa50:1surfacefromanypoint
ontherunwayofeachairportwithitslongestrunwaynomorethan3,200feet.
within5,000feetofapublicuseheliportwhichexceedsa25:1surface.
Anyhighway,railroad,orothertraversewaywhoseprescribedadjustedheightwouldexceedthe
abovenotedstandards.

WhenrequestedbytheFAA:
Anyconstructionoralterationlocatedonapublicuseairportorheliportregardlessofheightor
location.
Part77alsoidentifiestheheightatwhichanobjectmaybeconsideredanobstructionatadesignateddistance:
77.17Obstructionstandards.
(a)Anexistingobject,includingamobileobject,is,andafutureobjectwouldbeanobstructionto
airnavigationifitisofgreaterheightthananyofthefollowingheightsorsurfaces:
(1)Aheightof499feetabovegroundlevelatthesiteoftheobject.
(2)Aheightthatis200feetabovegroundlevelorabovetheestablishedairportelevation,
whicheverishigher,withinthreenauticalmilesoftheestablishedreferencepointofanairport,
excludingheliports,withitslongestrunwaymorethan3,200feetinactuallength,andthatheight
increasesintheproportionof100feetforeachadditionalnauticalmilefromtheairportuptoa
maximumof499feet.
(3)Aheightwithinaterminalobstacleclearancearea,includinganinitialapproachsegment,a
departurearea,andacirclingapproacharea,whichwouldresultintheverticaldistancebetween
anypointontheobjectandanestablishedminimuminstrumentflightaltitudewithinthatareaor
segmenttobelessthantherequiredobstacleclearance.
(4)Aheightwithinanenrouteobstacleclearancearea,includingturnandterminationareas,ofa
FederalAirwayorapprovedoffairwayroute,thatwouldincreasetheminimumobstacleclearance
altitude.
(5)Thesurfaceofatakeoffandlandingareaofanairportoranyimaginarysurfaceestablished
under77.19,77.21,or77.23.However,nopartofthetakeofforlandingareaitselfwillbe
consideredanobstruction.
(b)Exceptfortraversewaysonornearanairportwithanoperativegroundtrafficcontrolservice
furnishedbyanairporttrafficcontroltowerorbytheairportmanagementandcoordinatedwith
theairtrafficcontrolservice,thestandardsofparagraph(a)ofthissectionapplytotraverseways
usedortobeusedforthepassageofmobileobjectsonlyaftertheheightsofthesetraverseways
areincreasedby:
(1)17feetforanInterstateHighwaythatispartoftheNationalSystemofMilitaryandInterstate
Highwayswhereovercrossingsaredesignedforaminimumof17feetverticaldistance.
(2)15feetforanyotherpublicroadway.
(3)10feetortheheightofthehighestmobileobjectthatwouldnormallytraversetheroad,
(4)23feetforarailroad.
(5)Forawaterwayoranyothertraversewaynotpreviouslymentioned,anamountequaltothe
heightofthehighestmobileobjectthatwouldnormallytraverseit.

Celltowercompatibilityandfuturesiting
ISSUE ThereareexistingcelltowerssouthofWheelerSackArmyAirfieldthatposevertical
VO1 obstructionsforaircraft.Uncoordinatedconstructionoffuturecelltowerscouldcause
additionalimpacts.
MilitaryaircraftoperatingatandaroundFortDrumconductlowlevel,highspeedtrainingexercisesinthespecial
useairspace,asoutlinedinChapter3MilitaryProfileofthisBackgroundReport.AsshownonFigure5.241,there
areseveralexistingcelltowersthatarelocatednearmilitarytrainingroutes(MTRs)VR724,VR725,andIR801.
TheMTRsallowflightsaslowas100feetabovegroundlevel.
Continuedcelltower,orothertallstructuredevelopmentsalongtheseMTRscouldpotentiallyrestrictlowlevel
trainingoperationsinthem.
SomemunicipalitiesaroundFortDrumhaveaddressedstructureheightsandcelltowerplacementthroughtheir
zoningregulations,including:
ThetownsofChampionandLeRayspecifywhichzoningdistrictscelltowersarepermitted.
TownofChampionhasanopublichearingwaiverifstructureisover35feet.
VillageofBlackRiver.
VillageofDeferiet.
TheTownofDianarequiresjustificationtotheplanningboardforanyproposedheightover60feet.
TheTownofWatertownandtheVillageofCarthagerequireproposeddevelopmentswithheightsover
35feettogothroughapublichearing.
Althoughthesestandardshelpbeginadiscussionofheightlimitationsforcelltowers,theregulationsmaynotbe
sufficientenoughtopreventpotentialverticalobstructions,leavingFortDrumslowlevelflighttrainingactivities
vulnerable.ThetownsofChampionsandLeRayszoningregulationsdonotmakeitcleariftheunderlyingzoning
districtdictatestheheightofacelltower.Furthermore,celltowersarepermittedintheTownofLeRaysMixed
EconomicDevelopmentDistrict,inwhichthereisnoheightlimitationgivenfornonresidentialuses.TheTownof
Dianas,CityofWatertowns,andtheVillageofCarthageszoningregulationsalsoleavethepotentialfortallcell
towersthatmaycreatefutureverticalobstructionissues.
Whilelocalmunicipalitiescanregulateheight,theyarelimitedintheextentofregulationthatcanbeimposedon
celltowers.Cellularphonetransmissionhasbeendeclaredbythestate'shighestcourttobeapublicutility,
meaningthatmunicipalzoningmustallowitareasonableopportunitytoexistandtoserveitsmarket.Futurecell
towerdevelopmentwithintheFortDrumJLUSStudyAreashouldcoordinateproposedlocationandheightwith
FortDrumtoensuretherearenoimpactstoflightoperations.

.
Morristown
ht: 55.8 m
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ht: 71.3 m
.Sa
South ndy C
re e k
IR
ht: 57.9 m
12
.
Ellisburg ht: 77.7 m
O tt
C
er r e e k
# . Mannsville
ht: 76.5 m
LOWVILLE MOA
Le w i s
ht: 92.9 m
.
ht: 75.3 m C ou n t y
ht: 35.1 m
. Os w eg o .
Sandy Creek
. . ht: ht: 82.9 m
C ou n t y Turin Lyons
Falls
59.4 m
Port Leyden

11
Su
ga
r R iv
. ht: 88.7 m
ht: 94.5 m
r
e
. .
Legend .
# Cell Tower (per DANC) Fort Drum
30-mile Study Area
Interstate
US Highway
Water Body
Stream /
FCC Licensed Cell Towers
. (Height in Meters) County Boundary State Highway
River
Aviation Route City / Village / Hamlet Railroad

FAA Part 77 Footprint
Restricted Airspace
Military Operations Area
Source: FCC June 2017. Fort Drum 2016. Development Authority of the North Country 2016.
Figure 5.24-1
0 5 10
Miles
Cell Tower Locations

AsofthewritingofthisJLUS,theDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountryiscoordinatingwithFortDrumto
evaluatethebestlocationforasinglecelltowerontheinstallationtoservethefourlargestcellproviders(Verizon,
AT&T,TMobile,andSprint).Thetowerisneededtoprovideenhancedcoverageofthecantonmentareaon
FortDrum.TheFortwouldliketominimizethenumberoftowersontheinstallation,sotheywanttolocateone
towertobeshared.TheDevelopmentAuthorityrecentlyhiredBlackandVeatchtodoaradiofrequencystudyto
determinethesignallevelofeachofthefourcellprovidersonthebase.Thatwilltellprovideinformationon
wheretheworstcoverageisbyprovidertohelpcitethetowerintheoptimallocation.Thegoalistokeepthe
towerbelow200feettominimizeregulationsandpossibleinterferencewithmilitaryoperations.
Findings
SomecelltowershavebeendevelopednearMTRs,particularlyVR724andVR725,whichallowflightsas
lowas100feetabovegroundlevel.
FurthercelltowerdevelopmentthatimpedesintotheMTRscouldpotentiallyrestrictthelowlevelflight
trainingoccurringaroundFortDrum.
Noneofthesurroundingcommunitieshaveadoptedzoningregulationsthatlimittheheightsofcell
towers.
TheDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountryiscurrentlycoordinatingwithFortDrumtoevaluatethe
constructionofacelltowerontheinstallation.Thisisstillbeingstudies,butthegoalistohavetheleastpossible
impacttoFortDrumoperationsbyplacingitwithinthecantonmentareaataheightoflessthan200feet.
Industrialwindenergydevelopmentpotentiallyimpactingflightpaths
ISSUE Growthinthewindenergydevelopmentindustryintheregioncouldcausevertical
VO2 obstructionsinlowlevelmilitarytrainingroutes.Severalcurrentlyproposedindustrialwind
energydevelopmentsareinlowlevelflighttrainingroutes.
SimilartoIssueVO1,windturbineshavepotentialtocauseverticalobstructionissueswithFortDrumslowlevel
flighttrainingactivities.Astechnologyadvances,industrialwindturbinesaregettinglargerandlargertoreach
greaterwindpotentialathigheraltitudessomeextendmorethan500feetabovegroundlevel.Newwind
turbineslocatedalongmilitarytrainingroutesmaycreateverticalobstructionissueswithFortDrumaviation
training.
IssueED1detailssevenproposedindustrialwindenergydevelopmentswithintheFortDrumJLUSStudyArea.As
shownonFigure5.242,militarytrainingrouteIR801travelsthroughfourofthesevenproposedindustrialwind
energydevelopments:
CopenhagenWindFarm
DeerRiverWindFarm
GallooIslandWindFarm
NumberThreeWindFarm

Hermon
Hammond
St Lawrence
7 24 Richville County
A VR
N
A
D
37
Wolfe Island C Edwards
Wind Farm Bay
St. Lawrence
River
Redwood

11

58
00
R 18
Clayton
R 7 25 V
Theresa V

12E Star
L ittl e
r
ve
Cape Horse Creek Ri R i er
Vincent Wind Farm

180 Evans
In d
ian

3
v
Fort Drum Mid dle Branch Os

Natural
we
Mills
Chaumont

ga
781
Bridge
a um o
tchie River
C h nt Deferiet
Je f fe r so n
Dexter
Park River Bend
West

812
C o u n t y Sackets Watertown
Carthage Copenhagen
Harbor Wind Farm
VR
Copenhagen 126
k
i o Cr e e
t a r ndy
1
Sa
80
O n Galloo
Adams Center
1
Island Number
Wind Adams

177

12 Three Indepen
den e
c iv
R
Lowville Wind Farm er
Deer River
01 Wind Farm Cre e k
IR 8 Ellisburg O t ter
Mannsville Maple Ridge
Wind Farm

3 Sandy
Creek Roaring Turin
Lyons Falls
Oswego County Brook Wind
Mad River Power Project Port Leyden
Pulaski Wind
Project Lewis County
Constableville

28

Lit
26 ree k
81
tle Sal m
Altmar lC
hul
Boonville o d

104

Wo
on
Oswego 13
M
a
Ri
ve
r
dR
ek
Cr e
W
e st B
ive
Minetto Parish ra O n e i d a C o u n ty

n
r
is h
69

ch

11

ch F

Fi s
48 h
Cre
46

365
n
e Remsen
Bra
k
Fulton t Prospect

481 as
E
Legend
Military Training Route Fort Drum Interstate
Proposed Wind Energy Project County US Highway
Operating Wind Energy Project Boundary State Highway
City / Village / Hamlet Railroad
Water Body
Stream / River

Note: Locations for proposed wind farms are approximate and are not meant to represent actual boundaries
0 5 10
Figure 5.24-2
Miles Proposed Wind Energy Projects Near Fort Drum
with Aviation Routes

DuetoArticle10legislation,energydevelopmentsthatproduceover25Megawattsareapprovedbythe
StateSitingBoard,limitingtheauthoritylocalmunicipalitieshaveoverlargewindturbinedevelopments.However,
theSitingBoardmustadheretolocallandusecontrolsasadeterminingfactorofacceptingorrejectingan
application,unlesssuchadopteddevelopmentregulationsareproventobeanunreasonableburden.Manyofthe
surroundingcommunitieshavenotadoptedzoningregulationsthatspecificallyaddressesthesitingorheightof
windenergytowersasitrelatestoaircraftoperations.
Inaddition,industrialwindenergydevelopmentsalongtheTugHill(CopenhagenandDeerRiver)mayimpact
approachanddepartureroutesandwillraisetheminimumvectoringaltitudefrom2,700feetto2,800feetinthe
area.
Intermsofflightpaths,keycriticalareastokeepfreeofwindturbinedevelopmentareapproachanddeparture
corridorsintoWheelerSackArmyAirfield,slightpathsintoRange48andaerialgunnerybombingareason
FortDrum,andlowlevelMilitaryTrainingRoutesandMilitaryOperatingAreasaroundFortDrum.Inadditional,
transmissiontowersandlinesarepotentialverticalobstructionsifnotsitedandcoordinatedwiththemilitary
footprintrequirements.Bothofthesecanbesitedinacompatiblewayrequiringcontinuedformalcoordination
andengagement.
Structuresthatareproposedtobetallerthan200feetabovegroundlevelmustgothroughareviewbytheFAAfor
adeterminationofhazards.ThisismandatedthroughCodeofFederalRegulationsTitle14,Pat77Safe,Efficient
Use,andPreservationoftheNavigableAirspace.AccordingtoContents77.9Constructionoralterationrequiring
notice,ifrequestedbytheFAA,orifanyofthefollowingtypesofconstructionoralterationisproposed,the
proposermustfilenoticewiththeFAAof:
(a)Anyconstructionoralterationthatismorethan200ft.AGLatitssite.
(b)Anyconstructionoralterationthatexceedsanimaginarysurfaceextendingoutwardandupwardatany
ofthefollowingslopes:
(1)100to1forahorizontaldistanceof20,000ft.fromthenearestpointofthenearestrunwayof
eachairportdescribedinparagraph(d)ofthissectionwithitslongestrunwaymorethan3,200ft.
inactuallength,excludingheliports.
(2)50to1forahorizontaldistanceof10,000ft.fromthenearestpointofthenearestrunwayof
eachairportdescribedinparagraph(d)ofthissectionwithitslongestrunwaynomorethan
3,200ft.inactuallength,excludingheliports.
(3)25to1forahorizontaldistanceof5,000ft.fromthenearestpointofthenearestlandingand
takeoffareaofeachheliportdescribedinparagraph(d)ofthissection.
(c)Anyhighway,railroad,orothertraversewayformobileobjects,ofaheightwhich,ifadjustedupward
17feetforanInterstateHighwaythatispartoftheNationalSystemofMilitaryandInterstateHighways
whereovercrossingsaredesignedforaminimumof17feetverticaldistance,15feetforanyotherpublic
roadway,10feetortheheightofthehighestmobileobjectthatwouldnormallytraversetheroad,
whicheverisgreater,foraprivateroad,23feetforarailroad,andforawaterwayoranyothertraverse
waynotpreviouslymentioned,anamountequaltotheheightofthehighestmobileobjectthatwould
normallytraverseit,wouldexceedastandardofparagraph(a)or(b)ofthissection.

ThroughthisprocessandreviewbytheFAA,andcoordinationwiththeDODandFortDrum,proposedlocationsof
windturbinesthatmayinterferewithmilitarytrainingrouteoperationsandsafetycanbemitigatedandadjusted
tominimizeconcernsofimpacts.However,therearesomeflightoperationsandlowlevelmilitarytrainingroutes
thatoccuratunder200feetAGLaroundFortDrum.Structuresdevelopedataheightofunder200feetAGLmay
notbeassessedthroughtheFAAobstructionevaluationprocessandthusmayinterferewithmilitaryflight
activities.
Findings
TherearefourproposedindustrialwindenergydevelopmentsthatintersectwithFortDrumsIR801
militarytrainingroute.
Manylocaljurisdictionsdonothavezoningordinancesthatdirectlyaddresswindturbinesitingand
heightsasitrelatestomilitaryaircraftoperations.

Lackofzoningheightlimitsimpactstoflightoperations
ISSUE
SomelocalcommunitiesaroundFortDrumdonothaveheightlimitsintheirzoningcodes.
VO3
Thismayimpactflightoperationsiffuturedevelopmentresultsinobstructions.

TherearesomelocalcommunitiesaroundFortDrumthatdonothaveheightlimitsintheirzoningcodes.
Awarenessofvariousverticalobstructionsandhowtheycanimpacttheinstallationsoperationsandmissionsis
neededtolimitencroachmentwithinjurisdictionssurroundingamilitaryinstallation.Generaldevelopment,power
lines,industrialwindenergydevelopmentsoranyotherstructurescapableofcausingincompatibledevelopment
canultimatelydegradeaninstallationsmissioncapability.
AlackofheightrestrictionsrelativetoFAAheightstandardswithinthezoningcodescanpotentiallyallow
structuresandtowerstobedevelopedthatcouldcreateaverticalobstruction,whichwouldimpactflight
operationsatFortDrum.Structureheightsareparticularlyaconcerniflocatedwithinareaswheremilitary
operationsoccur.
Ofthe18jurisdictionwithintheJLUSstudyarea,fiveofthejurisdictionsdonotutilizeazoningcode.Thelackof
zoningcodeforthesejurisdictionsmeansthatthereisnoregulatingtooltolimitbuildingandstructureheights.
AnotherfiveofthejurisdictionsdidnothaveazoningcodeavailableforreviewatthetimeoftheJLUSprocess.
Thefollowingisanoverviewoftheheightlimitationsinthesurroundinglocalcommunitiesrespectivezoning
codes:
TheTownofChampionhasa35footheightlimitationinallzoningdistricts,exceptforHamletandRural
Corridordistricts,bothofwhichdonothavespecifiedheightlimitations.Theintendednatureofthese
zoningareasdoesnotsuggestheightsthatwouldexceedFAAPart77requirements;however,thereisno
definedheightlimitationcreatingapotentialopportunityforincompatibilityinthesedistricts.TheTownof
Championalsohasanopublichearingwaiverifastructureisover35feet.
TheTownofDianahasonezoningdistrict,whichisRuralResidential.Therearenobuildingheight
limitationsforthiszoningdistrict.Forcellulartowersover60feet,theremustbeajustificationforthe
heightofthetowerorantennapriortoconstruction.

TheTownofLeRayutilizesbuildingandstructureheightsforeachzoningdistrictinthezoningcode,
exceptfornonresidentialuseswithintheMixedEconomicDevelopmentDistrict(MED).Thepermitted
buildingheightsforeachofthezoningdistrictsdonotexceedtheFAAPart77heightregulations.
Additionally,thePlanningBoardofLeRaymayconsultwiththeFortDrumCommunityPlanner.Although
thisisstatedinthecode,FortDrumconsultationisnotarequirementforpreliminarysiteplanapproval
andthusdoesnotnecessarilypreventincompatibleheights.
TheTownofPhiladelphiahasamaximumbuildingheightregulationof35feetfortheentiretown,butthis
regulationmaybeexceededifthesideyardsareincreasedbytwofeetforfootthebuildingexceedsover
35feet.Thisregulationdoesnotincludesilos,agriculturaluses,churches,andtelecommunication
facilitiesandotherattachedprojectingstructuresalthoughmaximumheightsforthesestructuresarenot
providedinthezoningcode.Additionally,windturbinesmaynotexceed140feet.Theseregulations
complywiththeFAAPart77heightregulations.
TheTownofWatertowndoesnothaveheightlimitationsforzoningdistrictsinthezoningcode;however,
perthezoningcode,ifauseexceeds35feetinheight,awaiverforapublichearingforaspecialuse
permitandsiteplanreviewmaynotbeallowed.Becausetherearenospecifiedheightlimitationsforthe
zoningdistrictsinWatertown,thereispotentialforbuildingsorstructurestohaveheightsthatare
incompatiblewiththemilitarymissionatFortDrum.
TheVillageofCarthagedoesnothaveheightlimitationsregulatedbythezoningcode;however,perthe
zoningcode,ifauseexceeds35feetinheight,awaiverforapublichearingforaspecialusepermitand
siteplanreviewmaynotbeallowed.Cellulartowersdonothaveaheightlimitation,creatingan
opportunityforincompatibility.
TheVillageofWestCarthagehasatwostoryheightlimitationformostofitszoningdistricts,exceptfor
twoArterialServiceDistrictsandIndustrialDistrict,whichallowforamaximumof4storiesinheightif
totalautomaticsprinklerprotection,smokevents,andaminimumof20%ofopeningsareprovidedin
wallsfacingadjacentbuildings.Althoughthereareheightlimitationsinplace,thereisnospecificationto
theheightofeachfloor.
Findings
FuturedevelopmentmayresultsinpotentialincompatibleheightswithFAAPart77duetolackofheight
regulationsinsomeofthelocalcommunitieszoningordinances.
ExistingheightregulationsinthezoningordinancesdonotexceedFAAPart77heightregulations.


5.25. Vibration (V)
Vibrationisanoscillationormotionthatalternatesinoppositedirectionsandmayoccurasaresultofanimpact,
explosion,noise,mechanicaloperation,orotherchangeintheenvironment.Vibrationmaybecausedbymilitary
and/orcivilianactivities.
VibrationfeltoutsideFortDrumsboundaries
ISSUE HelicopterflightsandartilleryfiringatFortDrumcausevibrationimpactsoutsidethe
V1 installation.Someresidentshavestatedthattheyhaveexperiencedstructuraldamagetotheir
propertyasaresultofactivitiesatFortDrum.

Range48istheairtogroundgunnerytrainingareaat
FortDrum.Itislocatedinthenortheastportionofthe
installation.Itisusedbybothfixedandrotarywingaircraft,
including:
AH64Apache
UH60Blackhawk
500poundMark82bombexplodingatRange48 A10Warthog
Source:USArmy
PhotoCredit:Mrs.MichelleKennedy
F16Falcon
MQ9ReaperUAV
LowflyingaircraftandlivebombtrainingoperationsatRange48havegeneratedoccasionalcomplaintsof
vibrationandnoisefromoverflightanddetonations,particularlyfromthosecommunitiesnearFortDrums
northernborder.Aircraftoftenflyatlowaltitudesastheyapproachthebombingrange,whichcausessome
vibrationandnoisebeneaththeirflightpath.
AccordingtotheFortDrumGrowthManagement
Strategy,thetwotypesofaircraftassociatedwithRange
48thataffectlocalresidentsthemostaretheF16Falcon
andA10Warthog.Thesetwoplanesruntraining
operationsanaverageof242daysperyear,withtheA
10Warthogsometimesflyingaslowas500feetabove
groundlevel(AGL),whichcapableofproducing98dBof
noise.Althoughstructuraldamagetohomesand
structuresisunlikelyduetothesevibrations,theycanbea MarylandAirNationalGuardtrainingexerciseatFortDrum,
featuringanA10pilotdropping500poundbombsonto
nuisancetoresidentsandthistypeoflowlevelflight
Range48
shouldbeavoidedwheneverpossible.
Source:USArmy
PhotoCredit:Mrs.MichelleKennedy
AccordingtotheFortDrumInstallationCompatibleUse
ZoneStudy(ICUZ),thepublicmaycontactthePublicAffairsOffice(PAO)atFortDrumregardingnoiseand
vibrationcomplaints.ThePAOwillalsoannounceupcominglargescaletrainingeventsthathavethepotentialto

produceincreasednoiseandvibrationuponsurroundingareas.CommunitymembersmaycontactthePAOby
calling(315)7725461,orvisittheFortDrumWebsite.FortDrumlogsandinvestigatesallcomplaints,and
correctivemeasuresaretakenifnecessary.
TheUSArmyStaffJudgeAdvocate(SJA)ClaimsOfficehandlespropertydamageintheunfortunateeventnoiseor
vibrationscausedbymilitarytrainingactivitydamageprivateproperty.AccordingtotheICUZ,theSJAinvestigates,
processes,andfilesdamageclaims.Theyalsoreviewcomplaintstoidentifypotentialnoncompliancewith
regulationsorlawswhenappropriate.
Findings
Range48isaregularlyusedbombingrangebybothfixedwingandrotarywingaircraft.Bothlowlevel
flightsanddetonationscreatevibrationimpactsonsurroundingcommunitiesnearFortDrumsnorthern
border.
SomeresidentswithinthevicinityofRange48havecomplaintsregardingpropertydamageduetointense
vibrationsgeneratedbyRange48trainingoperations.
FortDrumhasanaggressiveprocesstoaddressnoise/vibrationcomplaintsfromlocalresidentsandthe
JSAClaimsOfficemanagesanylegitimatepropertydamageclaims.

5.26. Water Quality / Quantity (WQQ)
Waterquality/quantityconcernsincludetheassurancethatadequatewatersuppliesofgoodqualityareavailable
forusebytheinstallationandsurroundingcommunitiesastheareadevelops.Watersupplyforagricultureand
industrialuseisalsoconsidered.
Findings
TherewerenoWaterQuality/QuantitycompatibilityissuesidentifiedfortheFortDrumJLUS.

Photo Credits: Nicolas Raymond,
Casino Island SunsetHDR, CC
BY 2.0, freestock.ca; Doug Kerr,
Lowville, New York, CC BY SA 2.0,
Flickr.com; St. Lawrence County
Courthouse, soarnorthcountry.com;
all other images are public domain

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BACKGROUND REPORT

Development Authority of the North Country

Technical Working Group

JLUS Consultant / Technical Advisors

2 Community Profiles ................................................................................................. 2-1

3 Military Profile .......................................................................................................... 3-1

4 Compatibility Tools ................................................................................................. 4-1

November2017 PublicDraft Pagei

Tables and Figures

Table 1-1 JLUS Sponsor Responsibilities and Participants ............................................................................1-9

Pageii PublicDraft November2017

Figure 1-1 Fort Drum Regional Location ......................................................................................................... 1-2

November2017 PublicDraft Pageiii

Pageiv PublicDraft November2017

November2017 PublicDraft Pagev

Pagevi PublicDraft November2017

November2017 PublicDraft Pagevii

Pageviii PublicDraft November2017

November2017 PublicDraft Pageix

Pagex PublicDraft November2017

Pennsylvania Connecticut Little R

County County 370

Page12 PublicDraft November2017

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1.3. JLUS Study Area

Page14 PublicDraft November2017

November2017 PublicDraft Page15

Page16 PublicDraft November2017

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1.5. Public and Stakeholder Outreach

Steering Committee and Technical Working Group

November2017 PublicDraft Page19

Page110 PublicDraft November2017

November2017 PublicDraft Page111

Public Review Period

Public Outreach Materials

Page112 PublicDraft November2017

1.6. JLUS Implementation

1.7. JLUS Organization

November2017 PublicDraft Page113

Chapter 3: Military Profile

Chapter 4: Existing Compatibility Tools

Chapter 5: Compatibility Assessment

Page114 PublicDraft November2017

JLUS Executive Summary Brochure

November2017 PublicDraft Page115

Page116 PublicDraft November2017

November2017 PublicDraft Page21

Page22 PublicDraft November2017

Adams Lorraine Adams Ellisburg Watertown*

November2017 PublicDraft Page23

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Page26 PublicDraft November2017

2.2. Study Area Growth Trends

November2017 PublicDraft Page27

Page28 PublicDraft November2017

Future Population Projections

November2017 PublicDraft Page29

Cape Clayton t Orleans

Pamelia 781 Natural

Page210 PublicDraft November2017

Lorraine Mill Cre e k