Internship Report

On
Study of Construction of Auditorium

Submitted by:
B.Mahendra Vardhan(14r11a0150)
B.Vijay Reddy(14r11a0151)
P.Bharath Reddy(14r11a0175)

ACKN
OWLEDGEME
T

We are grateful to the Head of the Department, for extending all possible
help in the execution of this work.
We are extremely indebted to our internal guide,Mr.D.Ramchander,
(phd)., who has suggested this topic, provided all the expertise, facilities and
help in shaping this project into a successful one.
We acknowledge the help rendered by Mr.Vinod , Engineer associated
with auditorium design
We also express our thanks to all the staff members of the Civil
Engineering department, for their support.
 ABSTRACT

This project deals with the study, analysis and design of the
Auditorium of IRIFM (INDIAN RAILWAY INSTITUTE OF
FINANCE MANAGEMENT) at moula-ali secunderabad, with
special emphasis on Slabs, Beams, Columns, Footing and Staircase.
Analysis is carried out using Substitute Frame Analysis and
preliminary analysis of Beams is carried out using Moment Distribution
method.
Concrete mix used for the RCC members is M20 and steel used is
high yield strength deformed bars of grade Fe415. Limit State Method is
adopted for the design of all structural members in the building.
Safe bearing capacity of soil is taken as 200kN/m2. Footing is
designed as Isolated type. Plan and detailing of reinforcement are enclosed
in this report.
 TABLE OF CO
NTENTS

CHAPTER N
O. TITLE PAGE
O.

ABSTRACT
LIST OF SYMBOLS
LIST OF FIGURES

1. I
NTRODUCTIO
N
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES 2
1.3 DESIGN OF RC STRUCTURES 2
1.3.1 LIMIT STATE DESIGN 2
1.4 SLABS 3
1.4.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SLABS 3
1.5 BEAMS 4
1.5.1 DESIGN OF BEAMS 4
1.6 COLUMN 5
1.6.1 SHORT COLUMN 5
1.6.2 SLENDER COLUMN 5
1.6.3 CLASSIFICATION OF COLUM 5
1.7 FOOTING 6
1.7.1 TYPES OF COLUMN FOOTING 6
1.8 STAIRCASE 7
1.8.1 CLASSIFICATION OF STAIRS 7

2. PLA

NNING OF PROPOSED AUDITORIUM

2.1 LAYOUT OF SITE
2.2 PLANS
2.3 SECTION
2.4 ELEVATION
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 LIMIT STATE DESIGN
3.2 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR

4 ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION

5 DESIGN
SLABS
5.1.1. DESIGN OF SLABS
BEAMS
5.2.1 TYPES OF BEAMS
5.2.2 DESIGN OF L-BEAMS
5.2.3 DESIGN OF T-BEAMS
5.3 STAIRCASE
5.3.1 TYPES OF STAIRS
5.3.2 DESIGN OF DOGLEGGED STAIRCASE
5.4 COLUMN
5.4.1 TYPES OF COLUMN
5.4.2 DESIGN OF COLUMN
5.4.2.1 DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN
5.4.2.2DESIGN OF UNIAXIALLY LOADED COLUMN
5.4.2.3DESIGN OF BI AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN
5.5 FOOTING
5.5.1 TYPES OF FOOTING
5.5.2 DESIGN OF FOOTING

6 CONCLUSION
7. REFERENCE
 LIST OF FIGURES

Serial
No. Title PageN
o.

figure 1 analysis using substitute frame method - frame1........................17

figure 2 analysis using substitute frame method-frame2..........................31
figure 3 analysis using substitute frame method-frame3..........................45
figure 4 analysis using substitute frame method-frame4..........................59
figure 5 reinforcement details of two way slab-section..........................105
figure 6 reinforcement details of two way slab- plan..............................105
figure 7 reinforcement details of l-beams- longitudinal section...........111
figure 8 reinforcement details of l-beams- cross section........................111
figure 9 reinforcement details of t-beam-longitudinal design...............116
figure 10 cross section of t-beam......................................................................116
figure 11 reinforcement details of doglegged staircase.............................122
figure 12 reinforcement details of axially loaded column........................126
figure 13 reinforcement details of uniaxially loaded column..................129
figure 14 reinforcement details of biaxially loaded columns...................132
figure 15 reinforcement details of axially loaded column........................137
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

Mx - Moment in shorter direction

My - Moment in shorter direction

d - Effective depth

D - Overall depth

Ast - Area of Steel

P - Load

Wu (or) Pu - Design load

Mu - Design moment

Asc - Area of concrete

fy - Characteristic strength of steel

fck - Characteristic strength of concrete

B.M - Bending Moment

b - Breadth of beam

D - Overall depth

Vus - Strength of shear reinforcement

L - Clear span

Le - Effective span

N.A - Neutral Axis

MF - Modification factor

Q - Angle of repose of soil

M - Modular of rupture

c - Permissible shear stress in

concrete Nominal shear stress

v -
 CHAPTER 1
1. I
TRODUCTIO
N

1.1 GE
NERAL
Auditorium, Conference hall, Library and Indoor Games are
necessary for an Engineering college. In IRIFM (INDIAN RAILWAY
INSTITUTE OF FINANCE MANAGEMENT), Library, Conference
hall are located at different locations and also there is no special building for
Auditorium. This project reports on the analysis and design of Auditorium,
Library and Indoor Games hall in one separate block.

All structural components for the building such as beams,

columns, slabs, staircase etc are analysed and designed. Isolated footing is
adopted for all columns. Safe bearing capacity is taken as 200kN/m 2. The
structure is designed by using limit state method, adopting M20 concrete and
Fe415 HYSD bars.

Site plan, plan showing various floors, section of plan,

elevation of plan and detailing of reinforcements for Beam, Column, Slab,
Staircase and Footing are also enclosed.
 OBJECTIVES
1. To analyse the frames in the building.
2. To design the structural components of the five storey building.
3. To prepare the detailed drawing for the design carried out.

1.3 DESIG
N OF RC STRUCTURES
Reinforced cement concrete members can be designed by the
following methods:
1. Working stress method
2. Limit state method

1.3.1 Limit state design

Limit state method of design is based on elastic theory.
Partial safety factors are used in this method to determine the design
loads and design strength of materials from their characteristics
values.
The design aids to IS:456, published by the bureau of Indian
standards. The design of limit state method is very simple and hence
widely used in practice.
This method gives economical results when compared with the
conventional working stress method.
1.4 SLABS
Slabs are primary members of a structure, which support the imposed
load directly on them and transfer the same safety to the supporting
elements such as beams, walls, columns etc.
A slab is a thin flexural member used in floor and roof of a structure
to support the imposed loads.

1.4.1 Classification of slabs

1.4.1.1Solid slab
1.4.1.2Hollow slab
1.4.1.3Ribbed slab
1.5 BEAM
A beam has to be generally designed for the actions such as bending
moments, shear forces and twisting moments developed by the lateral
loads.
The size of the beam is designed considering the maximum moment
in it and generally kept uniform throughout its length.
IS:456:2000 recommends that the minimum grade of concrete should
not be less than M20 in RC works.

1.5.1 Design of beams

When there is a Reinforced concrete slab over a concrete beam, then
the beam and the slab can be constructed in such a way that they act
together.
The combined beam and slab are called as flanged beams. It may be
T or L beams. Here both T-beams and L-beams are designed.
1.6 COLUM
S
Vertical members in compression are called as columns and struts.
The term column is reserved for member which transfer load to the
ground. Classification of column, depending upon slenderness ratio is
1.6.1Short columns
1.6.2Slender columns

1.6.1 Short column

IS:456:2000 classifies rectangular column as short when the
ratio of effective length(Le) to the least dimension is less than 12. This
ratio is called slenderness ratio of the column.

1.6.2Slender columns
The ratio of Le to the least dimension is less than 12 are called
as slender column.

Classification of column
1. Axially loaded column
2. Eccentrically loaded column
3. Column subjected to axial load and moment
1.7 Footing

Foundation is the most important component of a structure.

It should be well planned and carefully designed to ensure the
safety and stability of the structure.
Foundation provided for RCC columns are called as column base.

1.7.1Types of column base

1. Isolated footing
2. Combined footing
3. Strap footing
4. Solid raft foundation
5. Annular raft foundation
1.8 Staircase
A staircase is a flight of steps leading from one floor to another.
It is provided to afford the means of ascent and descent between various
floors of the building. It should be suitably located in a building. In a
domestic building the stair should be centrally located to provide easy
access to all rooms. In public buildings stairs should be located near the
entrance. In big building there can be more than one stairs. Fire
protection to stairs is important too. Stairs are constructed using timber,
bricks, stone, steel or reinforced cement concrete.

1.8.1Classification of stairs

1. Single flight stairs

2. Quarter turn stairs
3. Dog legged stairs
4. Open well type stairs
5. Biffurcated stairs
6. Circular stairs
7. Spiral stairs
 CHAPTER 3
3.METHODOLOGY
Various methods are available for the design of a
structure. Limit state method is adopted in this project.

3.1 Limit state design

The acceptable limit for safety and serviceability requirement
before failure occur is called limit state. The aim of design is to achieve
acceptable probabilities that the structure will not become unfit for use.
All relevant limit state shall be considered in the design to ensure
adequate degree of safety and serviceability.

3.2Partial safety factor

The value of load which has a 95% probability of a structure of
structural member for the limit state of collapse the following values
of partial safety factor is applied for limit state of collapse.
Ym = 1.5 for concrete
Ym = 1.15 for steel
 CHAPTER 4
4A
NALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
A multistoried frame is a complicated statically
indeterminate structure. The analysis by moment distribution method is
very lengthy and difficult. Hence substitute frame analysis is adopted
for better and easier calculation.

4.2 Method of substitute frames

In this method only a part of the frame is
considered for the analysis. The part considered is called as substitute
frame. The moments for each floor are separately computed. It is
assumed that the moments transferred from one floor to another are
small. Each floor is taken as connected to columns above and below
with their far ends fixed. The frame taken this way is analysed for the
moments and shears in the beams and columns.
The column will carry the maximum bending moment when
any one series of alternate spans should be loaded. The moment
distribution for the substitute frame analysis is performed only for two
cycles and hence, the method is sometimes referred to as, the two cycle
method.
When it is required to find the maximum negative
moment at a joint, the spans meeting at the joint are loaded with dead
and live load. The other spans are loaded with dead load alone.
 CHAPTER 5
5.DESIG
N

5.1 SLABS
The most common type of structural element used to cover floors and
roofs of building are reinforced concrete slabs of different types. One
way slabs are those supported on the two opposite sides so that the
loads are carried along one direction only. Two way slabs are
supported on all four sides with such dimensions such that the loads
are carried to the supports along both directions.

If Ly/Lx < 2, then the slab is designed as two way slab

If Ly/Lx >2, then the slab is designed as one way slab.

Where, Ly = longer span dimension of the slab.

Lx = shorter span dimension of slab.

Restrained slabs are referred to as slabs whose corners are prevented from lifting. They may be supported
on continuous or discontinuous edges.
 5.1.1 DESIGN OF
SLAB

Dimensions
Lx =3.2
Ly =5.5
Span ratio =5.5 /3.2
=1.1<2
ie, Two way slab
Assume ,
Overall depth =150-20
D =130mm
Load calculation

Live load =10kN/m2

2
Light patrician =1kN/m
D.L =(0.15*25)

=3.75kN/m2
Floor finish =0.75kN/m2
Total load =15.5kN/m2
Factored load =1.5*15.5
= 23.25kN/m2
1)Lx=3.2+(0.23/2)+(0.23/2) =3.43

2)Ly=3.55+(0.23/2)+(0.23/2) =3.78

Lx =3.33
Ly =3.78
Bending moment
Mx =x wlx2
My =y wlx2
Lx / Ly =1.1
Lx =0.074
Ly =0.061
Mx =0.074*23.25*3.432
=20.24kNm
My =0.061*23.25*3.432
=16.69kNm

Check for depth

Mulim =0.138fckbd2
20.24*103 =0.138*20*1000*d2
D =85.63 D <
130mm
Hence the effective depth selected is sufficient to resist the design
ultimate moment.
Find the spacing
Use 10mm dia bars
Spacing =(1000**102/4)/465.86
=168.59mm
Provide 150 mm c/c spacing
Find Ast provided
Ast provided =1000ast/spacing
=(1000**102/4)/150*4
=523.59mm2
For longer span
16069*106 =0.87*415* Ast *130[1-( Ast *415/20*1000*130)]
Ast =378mm2
Using 10mm dia bars
Spacing =(1000*/4*102)/378
=207mm.
Adopt the spacing 200mm
Checks,
Ast min =0.12% of c/s of Fe 415
=0.12/100[1000*150]
=180mm2
Ast min< Ast for longer and shorter span,
Hence, provide 10mm dia bars @150mmc/c
Ast =465.86mm2[shorter span]
Hence, provide 10mm dia bars @ 200mm c/c
Ast =378mm2[longer span]

Check for shear

Shear stress
v =Vu/bd
Vu =wl/2
=23.25*3.43/2=39.87Kn
v =39.87*103/1000*100
v =0.398N/mm2
Pt =100 Ast pro / bd
=100*523.59/1000*130
To find c
From IS456:2000,
c = 0.432
kc > v
k*c=1.3*0.43
=0.5616
0.398 > 0.5616N/mm2
Hence it is safe.
Check for deflection

(L/d) basic =20

Pt =100 Ast pro/bd
=100*523.59/1000*130
=0.4
Fs =0.58*415*523.59/465.86
=270
kc =1
kf =1
kt =1.2
(L/d)max =(L/d)basic*kt*kc*kt
=20*1.3*1*1
=26
(L/d)act =3200/130=24.16
(L/d)act < (L/d)max
Hence safe against deflection.
Check for control
Reinforcement provided is more than, the minimum % of c/s area
Ast =(0.12/100)*1000*150
=180mm2
Spacing of main reinforcement should not be greater than 3d
ie, 3*130 =390mm
Diameter of reinforcement should be less than D/8
150/8 =18.75
Hence cracks will be with in safe permissible limits
Torsion reinforcement at corner
Area of torsion steel at each of the corners in 4 layers is computed as
=0.75* Ast along shorter span
=0.75*523.59
=393mm2
Length cover which torsion steel is provided
=1/5*shorter span
=1/5*3200
=640mm
Using 6mm dia bars
Spacing =1000ast/ Ast

=(1000**62/4)393
=71.9mm
Provide 6mm bars at 100mm c/c for length and 640mmat all corners in
4 layers
 Reinforcement in end strips
Ast =0.12% of c/s
=180mm2
Assume 10mm dia bars
Spacing =(1000*/4*102)/180
=436 > 300
As per code spacing should not exceed
300mm Provide 10mm dia bars at 300mm c/c
Ast =(1000*/4*102)/300
Ast =262mm2
 10mm dia bars @
150mm c/c
6mm dia bars @
100mm c/c

150

Figure 5-Reinforcement details of two way slab-section

ly/8
437.5

6mm dia @ 100mm c/c

3ly/4 10mm dia bars @
3500 2625 150mm c/c

10mm dia bars @

250mm c/c
ly/8
437.5
lx/8 3lx/4
lx/8
400 2400 400
3200

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
OF TWO WAY SLAB

Figure 6-Reinforcement details of two way slab- plan

5.2 BEAMS
Beams are defined as structural members subjected to transverse load
that caused bending moment and shear force along the length.
The plane of transverse loads is parallel to the plane of symmetry of the
cross section of the beam and it passes through the shear centre so that the
simple bending of beams occurs. The bending moments and shear forces
produced by the transverse loads are called as internal forces.
5.2.1Types of beams
Depending upon the supports and end condition, beams are classified as
below.
5.2.1.1simply supported beams
5.2.1.2over hanging beams
5.2.1.3cantilever beam
5.2.1.4fixed beam
The reinforced concrete beams, in which the steel reinforced is placed
only on tension side, are known as singly reinforced beams, the tension
developed due to bending moment is mainly resisted by steel reinforcement
and compression by concrete.
When a singly reinforced beam needs considerable depth to exist large
bending moment, then the beam is also reinforced in the compression zone.
The beams having reinforcement in compression and tension zone is called
as doubly reinforced beam.
 5.2.2 DESIG
N OF L-BEAMS

Dimensions
c/c of support = 3.2+(0.3/2)+(0.3/2) = 3.5m
Thickness of slabs = 150 mm
fy = 20 N/mm2
fck = 415 N/mm2
Width of beam = 300 mm
Overall depth = 300 mm
Effective cover = 25 mm
Effective depth = 300-25-10=265mm
Effective span
a) c/c of supports = 3.2 +(0.3/2) +(0.32/2) = 3.5 m
b) Clear span + d = 3.2 +0.265 = 3.465m
Hence, l = 3.465 m
Load calculation
Dead load of slab = (3.465/2)*0.15*25 = 6.5 kN/m
Floor finish = 0.75*(3.465/2) = 1.3 kN/m Self
weight of rib = 0.3 *0.15 *25 = 1.125 kN/m
Live load = 4*(3.465/2) = 6.93 kN/m Total
load = 16.855 kN/m

Effective flange width

a)bf = (Lo/12)+bw+3Df = 952.125 mm
b) bf = bw +0.5 times spacing b/w ribs = 1900 mm
 Ultimate BM and SF
At support,
Mu = 1.5 * wl2/12 = 25.3 kNm
Vu = 1.5 * wl / 2 = 43.8 kN
At centre of span section,
Mu = 1.5 * wl2 / 24 = 12.65kNm
Vu = 1.5 * wl / 2 = 43.8 kN
Torsion moment produced due to dead load of span and live load on it
= working load parameter-rib wt = 16.855-1.125=15.73 kN/m
Ultimate load on slab = 15.73 *3.465 * 1.5 = 81.8 kN
Total ultimate load = 82/2 =41 kN
Distance of centroid of SF from the centre line of the Beam=(952.125/2)-
150
= 326.06mm
Ultimate tortional moment = 4 * 103 *326.06= 13.37 kNm
Equivalent BM and SF
According to IS456 2000 clause 41.4.2
Mel = Mu +Mt
Mt = Tu*(1+D/b)/1.7 = 15.73 kNm
Mel = 13.37 + 15.73 = 29.09 kNm
Equivalent SF
Ve = Vu + 1.6(Tu/b)
=115.1 kN
Main reinforcement
Mu (lim) = 0.138*fck*bd2 = 58.15 kNm
Mel < Mu (lim)
Hence the section is under reinforced
 To find Ast
Mu = 0.87*fy* Ast *d[1-( Ast *fy/bd*fck)]
Ast = 332.83mm2
20mm dia rods are used
Ast pro = 628.32 mm2
Ast min = 0.85*bw*d/ fy = 162.83 mm2
Assume 20mm dia bars, Ast pro = 628 mm2
Provide 2 nos of 20mm dia bars @ side face

Reinforcement
Shear reinforcement
ve =Ve/ bw *d = 1.45 N/ mm2
Pt= (100* Ast)/( bw *d) = 0.79
Ref table 19 of IS456 2000
c=0.56N/ mm2
Hence shear reinforcement are required using 10mm dia 2 legged
stirrups with side cover 25mm top+ bottom cover of 25mm
b1= 300-25-25 = 250mm
d1= 300-25-25 = 250mm
Asv= 157 mm2
c = Asv *0.87*fy/ (v c)*b = 214.6
Provide 10mm dia 2 legged stirrups @200mm spacing
Check for deflection
(L/d)max = (L/d)basic *kt * kc* kf
(L/d)basic = 20 [for simply supported]
(L/d)max = 20*1*1*1.04 = 20.8
(L/d)actual = 3200/300 = 10.66
(L/d)max > (L/d)actual
Hence the design is safe
 2 nos of 20mm dia bars

3 nos of 20mm dia bars

10mm dia 2 legged stirrups @
200mm c/c

3500

LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF L-BEAM

Figure 7-Reinforcement details of L-beams- longitudinal section

2 bars of 20mm dia 2 bars of 20mm dia

150 150

10mm dia 2 legged stirrups 10mm dia 2 legged stirrups

@ 200mm c/c @ 200mm c/c

3 bars of 20mm dia 3 bars of 20mm dia

SUPPORT SECTION MID SECTION

CROSS SECTION OF L-BEAM

Figure 8- Reinforcement details of L-beams- cross section

 5.2.3 DESIGN OF T- BEAM
Dimensions
Slab thickness =150mm
c/c of support =3.2+(0.3/2)+(0.3/2)
=3.5m

fy =20N/mm2
Fck =415N/mm2
Cross sectional dimension
Width of beam =300mm
Overall depth =300mm
Effective cover =25mm
Effective depth =300-2-10
=265mm
Effective span
1. c/c of support =3.2+(0.3/2)+(0.3/2)
=3.5m
2. clear span+depth =3.2+0.265
=3.465m

Load calculation
Dead load of slab =(3.465/2)*0.15*25
=6.5kN/m
Floor finish =0.75*(3.465/2)
=1.3kN/m
Self weight of rib =0.3*0.15*25
=1.125kN/m
Live load =4*(3.465/2)
 =6.93kN/m
Light partition =1kN/m
Total load =16.855kN/m
Ultimate moment and shear
Mu =1.5wl2/8
=(1.5*16.855*3.4652)/8
=37.935kN/m
Vu =wl/2
=(16.855*3.465)/2
=43.8kN/m
Effective width of flange
Refer page no 36 clause 23,
1. bf =L0/b+bw+6Df
=(3.465*0.7)/6+300+(6*150)
=1604.25mm
2. c/c of rib =3000-(300/2)-(300/2)
=2700mm
Ie, bf =1604.25mm
Moment capacity of flange
Assume N.A lies with in the flange
Xu(max)=Df , b=bf
Mu(limit) =(0.36*Xu(max))/d *(1-(0.42Xu(max)/d))*(bd2fck)
=0.36*(150/265) *[1-(0.42*150)/26]*(1604.25*2652*20)
=349.98kNm
Mu < Mu(limit)
Hence the section is under reinforced.
Since the section should design as a singly reinforced beam.
Find Ast
Mu =0.87fy Ast d [1-( Ast fy /bf d fck)]
37.935*106=0.87*415* Ast *265*[1-( Ast *415/1604*265*20)]
Ast =404.46mm2
Check for Ast min
Ast min/bw d =0.85/fy
Ast =(0.85*300*265) /415
=162.83mm2
Ast > Ast min
Ast =404.46mm2
N*d2/4 =404.46
N =2 nos.
Ast provide,
Provide 2 nos of 20mm dia bars
=2*202/4
=628mm2
And two longer bars of 12mm dia on the compression face .
Shear reinforcement
v =Vu/bw d

=43.8*103/300*265
=0.55
Pt =100 Ast /bw d

=(100*/4*202*2)/300*265
=0.79
c =0.56+((0.62-0.56)/(1-0.75))*(0.79-0.75)
=0.57
v<c
Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be provided.
Design of shear reinforcement
Asv/b Sv =0.4/0.87*fy
Sv =302.47mm
The spacing should not exceed 300mm
Sv =300mm
Provide 8mm dia bars 2 legged stirrups at 300mmc/c.
Check for deflection control
(L/d)max =(L/d)basic*kt*kf*kc
(L/d)basic =20*0.8
=16
fsc =0.58*fy* Ast req/ Ast pro
=0.58*415*404.46/628
fsc =155
kt =1.5,pt=0.78,kf=1,kc=0.8
(L/d)act =3200/265
=12.075
(L/d)max =16*1.5*1*0.8
=19.2
(L/d)act < (L/d)max .

Hence safe.
 8mm dia 2 legged stirrups
@300mm c/c
2 nos of 12mm dia bars

150

3 nos of 20mm dia bars

3500

LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF T-BEAM

Figure 9-Reinforcement details of T-beam-longitudinal design

2 bars of 12mm dia 2 bars of 12mm dia

150 150

8mm dia 2 legged stirrups 8mm dia 2 legged stirrups

@ 300mm c/c @ 300mm c/c

3 bars of 20mm dia 3 bars of 20mm dia

SUPPORT SECTION MID SECTION

CROSS SECTION OF T-BEAM

Figure 10- Cross section of T-beam

5.3 STAIRCASE
Stairs are needed for ascending and descending from floor to floor.
The stairs in a structure consists of a series of steps with or without landing
and give access from floor to floor. A flight between the landings is also
called as stair. There may be 3 to 12 steps in one flight. Each step has one
tread and riser. A landing is usually provided after 12 to 15 steps. The width
of landing should not be less than the width of stair.

5.3.1Types of stairs
The different types of reinforced cement concrete stairs are:
1. Straight stairs
2. Dog-legged stairs
3. Open well stairs
4. Quarter turn stairs
5. Geometrical stairs
6. Circular stairs
7. Spiral stair
Dog-legged type of stair is selected and designed for the proposed
auditorium.
 5.3.2 DESIG
N OF DOG-LEGGED STAIRCASE

Dimensions
Room size =6.4*3.6m
Height of room =4m
Live load =5kN/m2
fy =415N/mm2
fck =20N/mm2
Assume
Tread =300mm
Riser =125mm
It is proposed to provide 2 flights for the stairway, Hence,
The height of each flight =vertical distance/2
=4/2
=2m
No of steps required =2/0.125
=16nos
No of treads in each flight = No of riser-1
=16-1
=15
Space occupied by threads =15*0.3
=4.5m
Assume width of landing =1.25m
Hence space left for passage =6.4-4.5-1.25
=0.65m
Let as assume bearing of landing as 150mm
 ie, Effective span of flight =4.5+1.25+0.15/2
=5.8m
Let the thickness of waist slab be 200mm, This
can be assumed as 40mm to 50mm/m span
Load calculation
Dead load of waist slab =w*(R2+T2)/T
=0.2*(0.1252+0.32)/0.3
=5.5kN/m2
Dead load of slab =125/2
=62.5(average)
ie, dead load =0.0625*25
=1.56kN/m2
Main reinforcement
Mu=0.87fyAst*d[1-fy Ast/bdfck]
76.699*106=0.87*415*Ast*180*[1-(415*Ast/1000*20*180)]
Ast=1408.9mm2
Spacing with 10mm dia bars
Sv=(1000*/4*102)/1408.9
Sv=55.75mm
Provide 10mm dia bars 100mm c/c

Distribution Reinforcement
Provide Astmin =0.12% of cs area and assume 8mm dia bars
Astmin

Spacing
=0.12/100*1000 *200
=240mm2
=1000(/4)*82/240
=209.44mm
 Provide 8mm dia bars@200mm Check for depth for waist slab
c/c Assume top finish =0.1kN/m2
Live =25kN/m2
load
ie, Total =5.5+1.56+0.1+0.5
=12.16kN/m2
Factored load =1.5*12.16
=18.24kN/m2
Factored =wl2/8
moment
=18.24*5.82/8
Distribution Reinforcement

Provide =0.12% and assume 8mm Dia bars

Astmin =0.12/100*1000 *200

=240mm2
Spacing =1000(/4)*82/240
=209.44mm

Provide 8mm dia bars@200c/c

Assume top finish =0.1kN/m2
Live load
=25kN/m2
ie, Total load =5.5+1.56+0.1+0.5
=12.16kN/m2
Factored load =1.5*12.16
=18.24kN/m2
Factored moment =wl2/8

=18.24*5.82/8
=76.699kNm
D =Mu/(0.138fckb)
=76.699*106/(0.138*20*1000)
=166.7
 But, D =200mm
D =200-20
=180>166.7
Hence ok.

Check for depth for waist slab

D =Mu/(0.138fckb)
=76.699*106/(0.138*20*1000)
=166.7mm
But D =200mm
D =200-20
=180>166.7
Hence ok.
 12mm dia bars @ 100mm c/c
8mm dia bars @ 200mm c/c

Tread = 300mm
Riser =125mm
Thickness of flight = 200mm
12mm dia bars @ 100mm c/c
8mm dia bars @ 200mm c/c

DETAILING OF DOG LEGGED STAIRCASE

Figure 11-Reinforcement details of doglegged staircase

 5.4 COLUMN
S
A column is defined as a structural member subjected to compressive
force in a direction parallel to its longitudinal axis. The columns are used
primarily to support compressive load. When the compression members
are over loaded then their failure may take place in direct compression
(crushing), excessive bending combined with twisting. Failure of column
depends upon slenderness ratio.

5.4.1 Types of columns

1) Short column
2) Long column
When slenderness ratio (lex/b) is less than 12, the compression member
(lex/b) is said to be short column and if the slenderness ratio is greater than
12, it is called as long column.
 5.4.2DESIG
OF COLUM

5.4.2.1 DESIG
OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUM

Dimensions
Factored load =1200kN
Concrete grade =M20
2
Characteristic strength of reinforcement =415N/mm
Unsupported length of column =3.55m
Cross sectional area of column =400*300
Leff =k*L
k =0.65(effectively held in
position at both ends)
Leff =0.65*3550
=2307mm
Slenderness ratio
Leff /D =2307/400
=5.8<12
Leff /d =2307/300=7.7<12
ie, column is designed as short column
Minimum eccentricity
emin1 =2307/500+400/30=17.9mm
emin2 =2307/500+300/30=14.6mm
From clause 39.3 Is 456-2000
400*0.05=20>17.9
 300*0.05=15>14.6
ie, codal formula for axially compressed column can be used.
Longitudinal reinforcement
Pu =[0.4fck Ac+0.67fy-0.4fck)Ast]
1200*103 =[(0.4*20*400*300)+[(.67*415)-(0.4*20)]Asc
Asc =888.7mm2
Minimum reinforcement provided
=0.008*400*300=960mm2
ie, Provide 6 nos of 20 mm dia bars of longitudinal reinforcement
Lateral ties
Tie diameter >6mm
<16mm
Provide 8mm diameter ties
Tie spacing > 16*20=320mm
ie, provide 8mm dia ties @ 300mm c/c
 Lateral ties 8mm dia bars
@ 300mm c/c
6 nos of 20mm dia bars

AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN

Figure 12-Reinforcement details of axially loaded column

 5.4.2.2 DESIG
OF U
IAXIALLY LOADED COLUM

Dimensions
Size of column = 400mm300mm
Load, Pu = 650 kN
Factored moment= 127 kNm
Eccentricity = 127/650 = 0.19
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
D =400mm
b=300mm

Assuming cover, d`=50mm

d`/D = 50/400 =0.125
Pu/ fck bD = (650*103)/(20*300*400)
= 0.27
Mu/ fck bD2 = (127*106)/ (20*300*4002)
= 0.132
From graph 45 of SP16,
p/ fck = 0.07
percentage of steel = 1.4
As = pbD/100
= (1.4*400*300)/100
=1800mm2
nd2/4 = 1800mm2
n = 6 nos
Provide 8 nos. of 20mm dia bars and they are equally arranged on all four
sides

Spacing = 400-(50+50+20)
= 280mm < 300mm
Hence safe

Design of lateral ties

Dia of lateral ties not less than 6mm and not greater than 16mm
Take 8mm dia ties
Spacing should not be greater than 300mm or 16=16*20= 320mm
Hence provide 8mm bars @ 250mm c/c
 Lateral ties 8mm dia bars
@ 250mm c/c
8 nos of 20mm dia bars

UNIAXIALLY LOADED COLUMN

Figure 13-Reinforcement details of uniaxially loaded column

 5.4.2.3 DESIG
OF BI AXIALLY LOADED COLUM

Dimension
b = 450mm
D = 600mm
fck =20 N/mm2
fy = 414 N/mm2
Pu = 590.6 kN
Mux= 150 kN
Muy= 106 kN
Reinforcements
Reinforcements are distributed equally on four sides
As a trial adopt percentage of reinforcement in the CS as p =1%
As = pbD/100 = 1*450*600/100
= 2700mm2
Provide 10 bars of 20mm dia on each face

As = 10**202/4

= 3141.6mm2
P = (100*3141.6)/(450*600)
= 1.16
p/ fck = 1.16/20 =0.058
d`= 40+10 = 50mm
Pu/ fck bD = (590.6*103)/(20*450*300)
= 0.12
d`/D = 50/600 =0.08
from chart 44 of SP16
Mu/ fck bD2 = 0.09
For moments about minor axis yy
b= 450mm
d`=40+10=50mm
d`/D = 50/450 =0.111
Pu/ fck bD = 0.12
From chart 44 for d`/D=0.15
Mu/ fck bD2 = 0.09
Muy1=0.09*20*600*4502
= 218.7 kNm
Puz= 0.45 fck Ac+0.75 fy As
=0.45*20[(600*450)-314.6]+[0.75*415*3141.6*10-3]
= 3379.55kN
Pu/ Puz = (590.6/3379.55)=0.175
According to IS456 clause 39.6
n =1.04
(Mux/ Mux1) n +( Muy/ Muy1) n = 0.97<1
Hence the section is safe
Design of lateral ties
According to IS456:2000,
Dia of lateral ties not less than 6mm and not greater than 16mm
Take 8mm dia ties
Spacing should not be greater than 300mm or 16=16*20=
320mm Hence provide 8mm bars @ 300mm c/c
 Lateral ties 8mm dia bars
@300mm c/c

10 nos of 20mm dia bars

BIAXIALLY LOADED COLUMN

Figure 14-Reinforcement details of biaxially loaded columns

 5.5 FOOTI
G
The portion of the structure above the plinth is called superstructure
and the portion of the structure below the plinth is called as substructure.
The footing or foundation is the part of substructure which remains in
contact with the soil or rock. The footing or foundation transmits safely the
load to soil stratum and distributes the load over large area of the stratum so
that the bearing pressure developed in the soil remains less than the safe
bearing capacity of the soil and is ensured that the any settlement which may
occur shall be nearly uniform as possible and the differential settlement of
the various parts of the structure shall be eliminated as nearly as possible

5.5.1Types of footing
1) Isolated footing
2) Combined footing
3) Spread footing
4) Raft footing
 5.5.2 DESIG
OF FOOTI
G
Dimension
Factored load, Pu = 1200 kN
Size of column = 400 300 mm

SBC of soil = 200 kN/m2

fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
Size footing
Load on column = 1200 kN
Weight of footing and backfill at 10% = 120 kN
Area of footing =(1200+120)/(1.5*200)
= 4.4 m2
Adopt 2.5m2m rectangular footing
Net soil pressure at ultimate load is given by,
qu = 1320/(2.5*2)
= 264 kN/ mm2
One way shear
Critical section is at a distance d from the column face
Factored shear force, Vu1 = (0.264*2500)(1050-d)
= 660(1050-d)
Assuming percentage of reinforced cement, P t = 0.25%
For M20 grade concrete, from table 19 IS456:2000
c = 0.36 N/mm2
one way shear resistance, Vc1 = 0.36*2500*d
= 900d
Equating both,
660(1050-d) = 900d
Hence d = 442.3 mm
Two way shear
Assuming effective depth = 443 mm
Two way shear resistance at a critical section (d/2) from face of
column,
Then, Vu2 = 0.264{(2500*2000)-[(400+d)(300+d)]}
= 0.264{(2500*2000)-[(400+443)(300+443)]}
= 1154.6 kN
Two way shear resistance, Vc2 is computed on,
Vc2 = Ks c [2(400+d)+2(300+d)]d
Ks = 1
c = 0.25k
= 1.118 N/mm2
Hence, Vc2 = 1565.2d+4.47d2
Equating both,
1154644=1565.2d+4.47 d2
d= 362 mm
Therefore one way shear is critical
Adopt effective depth = 450mm
Overall depth = 550mm
Ultimate moment at column face = 0.264*2000*1050 2/2
= 291.06 kNm
291.06*106 = 0.87fyAstd[1-(Astfy/bdfck)]
291.06*106 = 162472.5 Ast 7.49 Ast2
Ast = 1970.4mm2
 Pt = 100 Ast/bd
=(100*1970.4)/(1000*450)
= 0.43>0.25
Assuming 60mm dia bars, Spacing =
1000ast/ Ast
=1000**162/(4*1970.4)
=105mm
Hence, provide 16mm dia bars @100mm c/c in both directions.
 GL
Column Reinforcement

16mm dia bars @ 100mm c/c

(both ways)

FOOTING FOR AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN

Figure 15-Reinforcement details of axially loaded column

 CHAPTER 6
6. CO
NCLUSION

The study analysis and design of the structural components of

the college auditorium envisaged planning for each floor of the building with
detailed analyses of Beams, Columns, Slabs and Stairs. Isolated footings for
Columns were considered. This work throws an insight into the structural
components of the proposed college auditorium which will be constructed
soon.
 REFEREN
CES
1. Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design, by N.Krishna Raju.
2. Strength of Materials, by Ramamirtham and Narayanan.
3. Reinforced Concrete Design, by P.P.Vargheese
4. IS:875 part , Code of Practice for design loads for buildings and
structures Dead Loads.
5. IS:875 part , Code of Practice for design loads for buildings and
structures Live Loads.
6. IS:875 part , Code of Practice for design loads for buildings and
structures Wind Loads.
7. IS:456: 2000, Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice.
8. Design of Concrete Structures, by Shah