Leonard Peltier

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search
Leonard Peltier

Free Leonard Peltier sign, Detroit, March 2009

September 12, 1944
Born
Grand Forks, North Dakota
Ethnicity Anishinabe-Lakota

Leonard Peltier (born September 12, 1944) is an American activist and member of the
American Indian Movement (AIM) who was convicted and sentenced in 1977 to two
consecutive terms of life imprisonment for the murder of two Federal Bureau of
Investigation agents during a 1975 shootout on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.
Peltier's indictment is the subject of the 1992 documentary Incident at Oglala, a film by
Robert Redford and Michael Apted.

Peltier's supporters present him as a political prisoner, although his murder conviction has
survived appeals in various courts. Amnesty International issued this statement:
"Although he has not been adopted as a prisoner of conscience, there is concern about the
fairness of the proceedings leading to his conviction and it is believed that political
factors may have influenced the way the case was prosecuted."[1] Numerous lawsuits have
been filed on his behalf but none have succeeded.

Peltier is currently incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary, Lewisburg,

Pennsylvania. His projected release date is October 11, 2040.[2]

On July 28, 2009, Peltier was granted a full hearing before the United States Parole
Commission. On August 21, 2009, US Attorney Drew Wrigley announced that Peltier’s
parole request had been denied. Peltier's next scheduled hearing will be in July 2024.[3]

Contents
[hide]
 • 1 Early life
• 2 Shootout at Pine Ridge
o 2.1 Aftermath
o 2.2 Doubts about the fairness of Peltier's legal proceedings
• 3 Post-trial debate
• 4 21st-century developments
o 4.1 DeMain accusations and Aquash death
o 4.2 Presidential candidate
o 4.3 Ruling on FBI documents
o 4.4 2007 political controversy
o 4.5 Beaten in Canaan
• 5 Popular culture
• 6 See also
• 7 Further reading
• 8 References

• 9 External links

[edit] Early life

Leonard Peltier was born on September 12, 1944 in Grand Forks, North Dakota, the son
of Leo Peltier and Alvina Robideau. His father was three-fourths Chippewa and one-
quarter French, his mother had a Dakota Sioux mother and a Chippewa father. His
parents divorced when he was four and he and his sister Betty Ann went to live with his
paternal grandparents Alex and Mary Dubois-Peltier on the Turtle Mountain Indian
Reservation near Belcourt, North Dakota.[4] In 1953 he was sent to the Wahpeton Indian
School, a boarding school run by the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Wahpeton, North
Dakota. After graduating from Wahpeton in 1957 he went to the Flandreau Indian School
in Flandreau, South Dakota where he completed ninth grade. He then went back to the
Turtle Mountain Reservation.

Peltier became involved in a variety of causes championing Native rights and eventually
joined the American Indian Movement (AIM). Peltier as a member of AIM became
involved in the factional difficulties on the Lakota Sioux Pine Ridge Reservation between
tribal chairman Richard A. "Dick" Wilson and his supporters and traditionalist members
of the tribe. Dick Wilson had created a private militia known as the GOONs (Guardians
of the Oglala Nation). This group was reputed to have been involved in violence and
intimidation on the reservation. The actions of Wilson and the GOONs were partly
responsible for the takeover at Wounded Knee in 1973, in which AIM and others
demanded the resignation of Wilson. The takeover did not however end Wilson's
leadership, the actions of the GOONs or the violence; there were at least 60 murders
reported on Pine Ridge between 1973 and 1975.

Peltier's journey to the Pine Ridge reservation as a member of AIM was in response to
the continued violence on the reservation.
[edit] Shootout at Pine Ridge
This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for
verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about
living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed
immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2009)

F.B.I. photograph of suburban vehicle allegedly followed by agents Coler and Williams.
Described variously as a "pickup" and (allegedly) a "van."

On June 26, 1975, Special Agents Jack R. Coler and Ronald A. Williams of the FBI were
searching for a young Pine Ridge man named Jimmy Eagle, wanted for questioning in
connection with the recent assault and robbery of two local ranch hands. Eagle had been
involved in a physical altercation with a friend, during which he had stolen a pair of
cowboy boots.[5] Williams and Coler, driving two separate unmarked cars, in piggy-back
fashion, observed and followed a red pick-up truck which matched the description of the
one belonging to Eagle. At the time, Peltier was a fugitive, with a warrant issued in
Milwaukee charging unlawful flight to avoid prosecution for the attempted murder of an
off-duty Milwaukee police officer, of which he was later acquitted.

F.B.I. photograph of Agent William's car after the shoutout.

Williams radioed that he and Coler had come under high-powered rifle fire from the
occupants of the vehicle and were unable to return fire to any effect with their .38 pistols
and shotguns. FBI Special Agent Gary Adams was the first to respond to Williams' call
for assistance, and he also came under intense gun fire from Jumping Bull Ranch.

The FBI, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), and the local police spent much of the
afternoon pinned down on US Route 18, waiting for other law enforcement officers to
launch a flanking attack. At 2:30 p.m., a BIA rifleman shot one of the shooters, Joe
Stuntz, and killed him.

At 4:31 p.m., authorities recovered the bodies of Williams and Coler at their vehicle, and
at 6 p.m. laid down a cloud of tear gas and stormed the Jumping Bull houses, finding
Stuntz's corpse clad in Coler's green FBI field jacket.

The others, authorities later reported, had slipped away from the compound after Stuntz's
death, to cross White Clay Creek and hid in a culvert beneath a dirt road. With police
focused on the storming of Jumping Bull, the group made a break for the southern hills.
In the following days, they split into smaller groups and scattered across the country,
setting off a nationwide manhunt that lasted eight months.

The FBI reported Williams had received a defensive wound from a bullet which passed
through his right hand into his head, killing him instantly. Coler, incapacitated from
earlier bullet wounds, had been shot twice in the head execution style. In total 125 bullet
holes were found in the agents' vehicles, many from a .223 (5.56 mm) rifle. The FBI
investigation concluded the agents were shot at close range by the same .223 caliber rifle.

[edit] Aftermath

F.B.I. wanted poster for Leonard Peltier.

On September 5, 1975, Agent Williams' handgun, and shells from both agents' handguns,
were found in a vehicle near a residence where Dino Butler was arrested.
On September 9, 1975, Peltier purchased a Plymouth station wagon in Denver, Colorado.
The FBI sent out descriptions of it and a recreational vehicle (RV) in which Peltier and
associates were believed to be traveling. An Oregon State Trooper stopped the vehicles
based on the descriptions and ordered the driver of the RV to exit, but after a brief
exchange of gunfire, the driver escaped on foot. Authorities later identified the driver as
Peltier. Agent Coler's handgun was found in a bag under the front seat of the RV, where
authorities reported also finding Peltier's thumb print. On December 22, 1975 Peltier
became the 335th person named by the FBI to the Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list.

On September 10, 1975, a station wagon blew up on the Kansas Turnpike near Wichita,
and a burned-up AR-15 was recovered, along with Agent Coler's .38 Special revolver.
The car was loaded with weapons and explosives which were apparently ignited when
placed too close to a hole in the exhaust pipe. Among those in the car were Robert
Robideau, Norman Charles, and Michael Anderson, said to be associates of Peltier.

Peltier fled to Hinton, Alberta, where he hid out at a friend's cabin. Shortly thereafter,
Peltier was arrested and extradited from Canada on February 6, 1976, based on an
affidavit signed by Myrtle Poor Bear, a local Native American woman. She claimed to
have been Peltier’s girlfriend at the time and to have witnessed the murders. But
according to Peltier and others at the scene, Myrtle Poor Bear did not know Peltier,
neither was she present at the time of the shooting. She later confessed that she was
pressured and threatened by FBI agents into giving the statements. Myrtle Poor Bear
attempted to testify about the FBI's intimidation at Peltier’s trial, but the judge barred her
testimony on the grounds of mental incompetence.[6]

Peltier fought extradition to the United States, even as Bob Robideau and Darelle "Dino"
Butler, AIM members also present on the Jumping Bull compound at the time of the
shootings, were found not guilty on the grounds of self-defense by a federal jury in Cedar
Rapids, Iowa. When Peltier returned to the United States, it was too late for him to be
tried with Robideau and Butler and he was tried separately.

At his trial in United States District Court for the District of North Dakota in Fargo,
North Dakota, a jury convicted Peltier of the murders of Coler and Williams and in April
1977 he was sentenced to two consecutive life sentences. Upon hearing the appeals case
on February 11, 1986, Federal Appeals Judge Gerald W. Heaney, concluded, "When all
is said and done ... a few simple but very important facts remain. The casing introduced
into evidence had in fact been extracted from the Wichita AR-15."[7] Following this,
Peltier admitted that he fired at the agents, but denies that he fired the fatal shots that
killed the agents.[8] Former United States Attorney General, Ramsey Clark has served pro
bono as one of Peltier's lawyers and has aided in filing a series of appeals on Peltier's
behalf. In all appeals the conviction and sentence have been affirmed by the 8th Circuit
Court of Appeals. The last two appeals were Peltier v. Henman, 997 F. 2d 461 in July
1993[9] and United States v. Peltier, 446 F.3d 911 (8th Cir. 2006) (Peltier IV) in 2006.[10]

[edit] Doubts about the fairness of Peltier's legal proceedings

There have been doubts raised over Peltier’s guilt and arguments that his trial was not
fair, based on allegations and inconsistencies regarding the FBI and prosecution's
handling of this case:

• FBI radio intercepts indicated that the two FBI agents had been pursuing a red
pickup truck, this confirmed by the FBI the day after the shootout. Red pickup
trucks near the reservation were stopped for weeks. However, Leonard Peltier did
not drive a red pickup truck[clarification needed]. At his trial, the FBI said they had been
searching for a red and white van that Leonard was sometimes seen driving.[11]

• Testimony from three witnesses placed Peltier, Robideau and Butler near the
crime scene. Those three witnesses later recanted, alleging that the FBI, while
extracting their testimony, had tied them to chairs, denied them their right to talk
to their attorney, and otherwise coerced and threatened them.[6][11]

• The jury, unlike the juries in similar prosecutions against AIM leaders at the time,
were not allowed to hear about other cases, in which the FBI had been rebuked for
tampering with evidence and witnesses.[11]

• An FBI ballistics expert testimony during the trial asserted that a shell case found
near the dead agents' bodies matched the rifle tied to Peltier. However it was
specified that a forensics test of the firing pin, which would have more
definitively matched the gun to the cartridge case, was not performed because the
gun was damaged in the fire. Rather, a less definitive test was done which
indicated that the extractor marks on the case and rifle matched.

Years later, after an FOIA request, the FBI ballistics expert’s records were
examined. His report stated that he had performed a ballistics test of the firing pin
and concluded that the cartridge case from the scene of the crime did not come
from the rifle tied to Peltier. That evidence was withheld from the jury during the
trial.[11]

• Though the FBI's investigation indicated that an AR-15 was used to kill the
agents, several different AR-15s were in the area at the time of the shootout. Also,
no other cartridge cases or evidence about them were offered by the prosecutor’s
office, even though other bullets were fired at the crime scene.[6][11]

• At the conclusion of Peltier’s trial, the prosecutor closed his argument saying,
"We proved that he went down to the bodies and executed those two young men
at point blank range." However, at the appellate hearing, the government attorney
conceded, "We had a murder. We had numerous shooters. We do not know who
specifically fired what killing shots...We do not know who shot the agents."[6]

• The Pennsylvania Parole Commission, which presides over the Lewisburg prison
where Peltier was held, denied Peltier parole in 1993 based on their finding that
he, "participated in the premeditated and cold blooded execution of those two
 officers." However, the Parole Commission has since stated that it "recognizes
that the prosecution has conceded the lack of any direct evidence that [Peltier]
personally participated in the executions of the two FBI agents."[12]

[edit] Post-trial debate

Peltier's conviction sparked great controversy and has drawn criticism from a number of
sources. Numerous appeals have been filed on his behalf; none of the resulting rulings
have been made in his favor. Peltier is considered by the AIM to be a political prisoner[13]
and has received support from individuals and groups including Nelson Mandela,
Rigoberta Menchú, Amnesty International, the United Nations High Commissioner for
Human Rights, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, Tenzin Gyatso (the 14th Dalai
Lama), the European Parliament,[14] the Belgian Parliament,[15] the Italian Parliament, the
Kennedy Memorial Center for Human Rights, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, and Rev. Jesse
Jackson.

Peltier's supporters have given two different rationales for overturning the conviction.
One argument asserts that Peltier did not commit the murders, and that he either had no
knowledge of the murders (as he told CNN in 1999), or that he has knowledge
implicating others which he will never reveal, or (as told in Peter Matthiessen's In the
Spirit of Crazy Horse) that he approached and searched the agents but did not execute
them. The other rationale holds that the murders (no matter who committed them)
occurred during a war-like atmosphere on the reservation in which FBI agents were
terrorizing residents in the wake of the Wounded Knee Incident in 1973.

[edit] 21st-century developments

Near the end of the Clinton administration in 2000, rumors began circulating that Bill
Clinton was considering granting Peltier clemency. This led to a campaign against the
possibility, culminating in a protest outside the White House by about five hundred FBI
agents and their families, and a letter opposing clemency from then FBI director Louis
Freeh. Clinton did not grant or deny Peltier clemency. In January 2009, President George
W. Bush denied Peltier's clemency petition before leaving office.[16][17]

In 2002, Peltier filed a civil rights lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of
Columbia against the FBI, Louis Freeh, and a long list of FBI agents who had
participated in the campaign against his clemency petition, alleging that they "engaged in
a systematic and officially sanctioned campaign of misinformation and disinformation."
On March 22, 2004, the suit was dismissed.[18]

[edit] DeMain accusations and Aquash death

In 2003 in the News from Indian Country its publisher Paul DeMain wrote that an
"unnamed delegation" with knowledge of the incident told him, "Peltier was responsible
for the close range execution of the agents..." DeMain described the delegation as
"grandfathers and grandmothers, AIM activists, Pipe Carriers and others who have
carried a heavy unhealthy burden within them that has taken its toll."[19]

In an editorial also written in early 2003, DeMain stated that the motive for the
execution-style murder of AIM activist Anna Mae Pictou Aquash "allegedly was her
knowledge that Leonard Peltier had shot the two agents, as he was convicted." DeMain
did not accuse Peltier of participation in the murder (and in 2002 two other AIM
members had been indicted for the murder). In response, Peltier launched a libel lawsuit
(on May 1, 2003) against DeMain. On May 25, 2004, Peltier withdrew the suit after he
and DeMain reached a settlement, which involved DeMain issuing a statement in which
he said: “I do not believe that Leonard Peltier received a fair trial in connection with the
murders of which he was convicted. Certainly he is entitled to one. Nor do I believe,
according to the evidence and testimony I now have, that Mr. Peltier had any
involvement in the death of Anna Mae Aquash.’’[20][21] DeMain did not, however, retract
his central allegations that Peltier was in fact guilty of the murders and that Aquash's
murderer or murderers' motive was the fear that she might inform on Peltier.[22]

In February 2004, Fritz Arlo Looking Cloud was tried for the murder of Anna Mae Pictou
Aquash and was found guilty. On June 26, 2007, the Supreme Court of British Columbia
ordered the extradition of a second AIM activist, John Graham, to the United States, to
stand trial for his alleged role in the murder of Annie Mae Aquash.[23]

In Looking Cloud's trial, the prosecution argued that AIM's suspicion of Aquash stemmed
from her having heard Peltier admit to the murders. The prosecution called as one witness
Darlene Kamook Nichols, former wife of AIM leader Dennis Banks. She testified that in
late 1975 Peltier confessed to shooting the FBI agents to a group of AIM activists who
were at that time on the run from law enforcement. The fugitives included herself, her
sister Bernie Nichols, her husband Dennis Banks, and Anna Mae Aquash, among several
others. Nichols alleged that Peltier said, “The mother fucker was begging for his life, but
I shot him anyway.”[24] Bernie Nichols-Lafferty also gave the same account of Peltier’s
statement.[25] Other witnesses have testified that once Aquash came under suspicion of
being an informant, Peltier interrogated her on the matter while holding a gun to her
head.[26] Peltier and David Hill later had Aquash participate in bomb-making so that her
fingerprints would be on the bombs. The trio then planted these bombs at two power
plants on the Pine Ridge reservation on Columbus Day, 1975.[27]

On February 10, 2004, Peltier issued the following statement: “Kamook's testimony was
like being stabbed in the heart while simultaneously being told your sister just died.” To
Peltier she has been corrupted out of fear: “I loved Kamook as my own family. I can't
believe the $43,000 the FBI gave her was a determining factor for her to perjure herself
on the witness stand. There must have been some extreme threat the FBI or their cronies
put upon her.”[28]

During the trial Nichols acknowledged receiving $42,000 from the FBI in connection
with her cooperation on the case,[29] the money she said was compensation for her
expenses in traveling to collect evidence. Some of the money was for moving expenses
so that she could move because of her fear of her ex-husband Dennis Banks, whom she
had implicated.[24]

Bruce Ellison, Leonard Peltier's lawyer since the 1970s, and one of the persons (it is said)
that interrogated Aquash for AIM before her murder[30] invoked his Fifth Amendment
rights against self-incrimination and refused to testify at the grand jury hearings leading
up to the Looking Cloud trial in 2003 and in the trial itself. During the trial, the federal
prosecutor named Ellison as a co-conspirator in the Aquash case.[31] Witnesses state that
Ellison participated in interrogating Annie Mae Aquash on December 11, 1975, shortly
before her murder.[32]

[edit] Presidential candidate

Peltier was the candidate for the Peace and Freedom Party in the 2004 Presidential race.
While prison inmates convicted of felonies are frequently prohibited from voting in the
United States (Maine and Vermont are exceptions),[33] the United States Constitution has
no prohibition against felons being elected to Federal offices, including President
(Eugene V. Debs received 913,664 votes (3.4%) in 1920 as the Socialist candidate for
President while in prison for sedition). The Peace and Freedom Party secured ballot status
for Peltier only in California, where his presidential candidacy received 27,607 votes,[34]
approximately 0.2% of the vote in that state.

[edit] Ruling on FBI documents

In a February 27, 2006, decision, U.S. District Judge William Skretny ruled that the FBI
did not have to hand over five of 812 documents relating to Peltier and held at their
Buffalo field office. He ruled that those particular documents were exempted on the
grounds of “national security and FBI agent/informant protection.” In his opinion Judge
Skretny wrote, “Plaintiff has not established the existence of bad faith or provided any
evidence contradicting (the FBI's) claim that the release of these documents would
endanger national security or would impair this country's relationship with a foreign
government.” In response, Michael Kuzma, a Buffalo lawyer and a member of Peltier's
defense team said, “We're appealing. It's incredible that it took him 254 days to render a
decision.” Kuzma further stated, “The pages we were most intrigued about revolved
around a teletype from Buffalo ... a three-page document that seems to indicate that a
confidential source was being advised by the FBI not to engage in conduct that would
compromise attorney-client privilege.” Legal action has been taken by Peltier’s
supporters in an attempt to secure more than 100,000 pages of documents from FBI field
offices located throughout the U.S. claiming that these files should have been turned over
at the time of his trial or following a Freedom of Information Act request filed soon after.
[35][36]

[edit] 2007 political controversy

In 2007, Peltier became a figure in a political controversy when billionaire David Geffen,
a Peltier supporter, detached his financial support for Hillary Clinton's presidential
campaign and funded Barack Obama's campaign instead. This caused an immense furor
in the Clinton camp, and Geffen admitted he switched his support because he became
disillusioned by Bill Clinton's refusal to pardon Peltier in circumstances where he
pardoned Marc Rich.[37]

[edit] Beaten in Canaan

Peltier was severely beaten on January 13, 2009, following his transfer from USP
Lewisburg, to the United States Penitentiary, Canaan by fellow inmates.[38][39] He was sent
back to Lewisburg after the assault.

[edit] Popular culture

• Thunderheart, a 1992 movie by Michael Apted, is based in part on Peltier's case.
• "Native Son" a song by U2, was originally written about Peltier. The title was
later changed (along with the subject matter) and it became the Grammy Award-
winning song "Vertigo", though it was no longer about Peltier.[40] The original
version of the song was later included on the Unreleased and Rare and U2:
Medium, Rare and Unreleased albums. U2 has never stated publicly why the
subject matter was changed.
• Laughing When Leonard Peltier Gets Raped In Jail, featured on grindcore band
Anal Cunt's album 1999 It Just Gets Worse, relates their hopes for Peltier's future.
• Metal band Rage Against the Machine released "Freedom", a song about Peltier's
case and conviction, on their 1992 debut album Rage Against the Machine.
• Robbie Robertson's album, "Contact from the Underworld of Redboy" contains
the song "Sacrifice", which features the spoken words of Leonard Peltier via
telephone.
• Toad the Wet Sprocket's song "Crazy Life" from the album Coil is about Peltier
and his plight.
• Buffy Sainte-Marie's song "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee" from the album
Coincidence and Likely Stories mentions Peltier going to jail even though "the
bullets don't match the gun." This song was covered, in 1995, by Indigo Girls.
• Flobot's albums Fight With Tools And Onomatopeia frequently mention Leonard
Peltier in lines such as "Leornard Peltier, trying to keep the peace by yourself
there."
• The plot of the graphic novel Scalped is partly inspired by Peltier's case.
• In the Jeffrey Rowland webcomic Wigu, the main character's father states that he
goes barefoot "to protest the unfair imprisonment of Native American activist
Leonard Peltier" Jeffrey Rowland (2002). "Wigu Adventures: Day 3 A Man a
Plan a Van". webcomic. http://www.wigucomics.com/adventures/index.php?
comic=147. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
• Sarah McLachlan performed at the Leonard Peltier Defense Fund Benefit Concert
on February 12, 1997 and went on to release a haunting cover version of
Unchained Melody created as part of her support for Peltier on her album
Rarities, B-Sides and Other Stuff Volume 2.[41]
[edit] See also
• Incident at Oglala (documentary)

[edit] Further reading

By Leonard Peltier:

• Prison Writings: My Life is my Sun Dance. New York, 1999. ISBN 0-3122-6380-
5.

About Leonard Peltier:

• "Writer Sues Peltier", Kansas City Star, July 3, 1992. Claims Peltier is "a con man
and a fraud."
• Anderson, Scott. "The Martyrdom of Leonard Peltier", Outside Magazine, July
1995.
• Matthiessen, Peter (1983). In the Spirit of Crazy Horse. Penguin. ISBN 0-1401-
4456-0.
• Churchill, Ward and Jim Vander Wall: Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret
Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement. South
End Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1988, 2002. ISBN 0-8960-8293-8.
• Legal opinions on lawful killing of arresting officers: State v. Robinson, 145 ME.
77; 72 ATL. 260 (Adams v. State, 121 Ga. 16, 48 S.E. 910). Plummer v. State, 136
Ind. 306. This premise was upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in
John Bad Elk v. U.S., 177 U.S. 529.
• Trimbach, Joseph H. (2008). American Indian Mafia. Outskirts Press, Inc..ISBN
978-0-9795855-0-0.

[edit] References
1. ^ "USA: Appeal for the release of Leonard Peltier". Amnesty International.
http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AMR51/160/1999.
2. ^ http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?
Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=leonard&Middle
=&LastName=peltier&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=0&y=0
3. ^ “American Indian activist denied parole” August 21, 2009.
4. ^ Peltier, Leonard (1999). Prison Writings: My Life is My Sundance. St. Martins
Griffin. p. 71. ISBN 0312263805.
5. ^ Multiple interviewees, Incident at Oglala (1992). [DVD] Lions Gate Studio.
Directed by Michael Apted.
6. ^ a b c d Leonard Peltier Speaks from Prison
7. ^ The Bureau by Ronald Kessler, St. Martin's Press, 2003, p. 356.
8. ^ Peltier, "Prison Writings", New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999, p. 125; The
Bureau by Ronald Kessler, St. Martin's Press, 2003, p. 356.
9. ^ Peltier v. Henman, 997 F. 2d 461 (8th Cir.1993)..
10. ^ United States v. Peltier, 446 F.3d 911 in 2006.
11. ^ a b c d e As Clinton Contemplates Clemency for Leonard Peltier, a Debate
Between the FBI and Defense Attorneys
12. ^ http://www.democracynow.org/2009/7/27/parole_hearing_to_be_held_tuesday
13. ^ http://www.aimovement.org/peltier/index.html
14. ^ Resolution on the case of Leonard Peltier. European Parliament. February 11,
1999. http://www.webcitation.org/5LSGc933r. Retrieved 2006-12-27.
15. ^ Lode Vanoost (June 29, 2000). Voorstel van resolutie betreffende Leonard
Peltier. Belgische Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers.
http://www.webcitation.org/5LSFyqMKl. Retrieved 2006-12-27.
16. ^ Clinton refuses to pardon Leonard Peltier
17. ^ "Bush denies bevy of pardons, commutations". UPI.com, 2009-01-27. Accessed
2009-07-28.
18. ^ US District Court, Peltier v. Freeh, et al.; 2004-03-22.
19. ^ News From Indian Country: Leonard Peltier. Now what do we do?
20. ^ News From Indian County Allows Peltier to Withdraw Lawsuit.
21. ^ Peltier Accepts Settlement Over Aquash Murder.
22. ^ Press Release May 28, 2004.
23. ^ News From Indian Country - Former FBI agent says: Anna Mae Awaits Justice.
24. ^ a b "Ka-Mook Testifies". jfamr.org. http://www.jfamr.org/doc/kmtest1.html.
25. ^ "Bernie Lafferty Speaks Regarding Leonard Peltier". jfamr.org.
http://jfamr.org/didit.html.
26. ^ http://www.jfamr.org/doc/troytest.html;
http://www.dickshovel.com/annatp4.html;
http://www.coloradoaim.org/history/1994RobideauslettertoPaulDemain.htm;
http://www.dickshovel.com/21705.html; Steve Hendricks, The Unquiet Grave:
The FBI and the Struggle for the Soul of Indian Country, 2006, Thunder's Mouth
Press, p. 202;
http://www.dickshovel.com/time.html;http://www.jfamr.org/doc/appeal_rspns.pdf
27. ^ Corel Office Document.
28. ^ "Leonard's Reaction to Kamook and the Arlo Looking Cloud Trial".
http://www.injusticebusters.com/04/Graham_John.htm.
29. ^ "[R-G LPDC Alerts: Begin the New year with Leonard Peltier in mind and
action"]. http://lists.econ.utah.edu/pipermail/rad-green/2005-
January/017015.html.
30. ^ Freepeltier.
31. ^ Aquash Murder Case Timeline by Paul DeMain, NFIC,
http://jfamr.org/conspire.html
32. ^ Aquash Murder Case Timeline by Paul DeMain, NFIC,
http://www.jfamr.org/trialtime.html
33. ^ Maine Today: Inmates in Maine, Vermont are allowed to vote.
34. ^ Results, by district, of Presidential vote in California, 2004.
35. ^ LDPC email to www.prisonactivist.org.
36. ^ Judge Allows FBI to Withhold Some Peltier Documents by Carolyn Thompson,
AP.
 37. ^ [1] Maureen Dowd Column Incites Hillary-Obama War of Words, Editor &
Publisher, 2007-02-21.
38. ^ The Circle News. Political Matters: Native Issues in the Halls of Government.
39. ^ Workers.org. Leonard Peltier attacked in prison.
40. ^ Stokes, Niall (2005). U2: Into the Heart: The Stories Behind Every Song.
Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 1560257652.
41. ^ Sarah McLachlan Biography at Blue Rodeo, retrieved 2010-08-11

[edit] External links

• Leonard Peltier: "When Truth Doesn't Matter. Thirty Years of FBI Harassment
and Misconduct". CounterPunch, January 9, 2007.
• Interview with Leonard Peltier from jail in 2000 by Democracy Now!
• Plazm magazine — Interview with Leonard Peltier from jail in 1995
• Documents from Leonard Peltier's FBI File
• Federal Bureau of Investigation, Minneapolis Division: Leonard Peltier Case
• Leonard Peltier Memorial Bridge
• Leonard Peltier on Earth Liberation Prisoners Support Network
• No Parole Peltier Association
• International Leonard Peltier Defense Committee Website
• A.I.M (the American Indian Movement)
• It's Time to Free Leonard Peltier by Bob Fitrakis and Harvey Wasserman,
Counterpunch, January 23, 2009
• Parole Hearing to Be Held Tuesday for Imprisoned Native American Activist
Leonard Peltier - video report by Democracy Now!
• the yet official Leonard Peltier ~ Denfense Offense Committee - LP-DOC(since
May 2008)

Party political offices

Peace and Freedom Party

Preceded by Succeeded by
Presidential candidate
Marsha Feinland Ralph Nader
2004 (lost)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Peltier"