FUNDAMENTALS OF

MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY

D. N. VASUDEVA
B.A. (hoNS.), P.E.S. (I)

Professor and Head of the Physics DepartwenI

Punjab Univer.^ity College, Hoahiarpur^.^^^*>^^

Ci '

/
r.-
^
A ^

'The patient investigation and accurate methods required to

obtain desired results in the school of experimental and
technical science cannot fail to impress, refine and ennoble
the character of those who work in this direction.'
Sir Wm. Mathkr

Sti.
M01rTA]\IAD & G0>.1-'

. IV'
Boole

THIRD
REVISED EDITION

1955

S. CHAND & CO.

PUBLISHER SV- ' '

JULLUNDtJR - DELHI
 First Edition 1951

Second Edition 1953

Price : Rs. 11/8/-

S. CHAND & CO.

Delhi : Fountain
Jullundur : Mai Hiran Gate
Lucknow : Jai Hind Cinema Building, Lai Bagh

Published by G. S. Sharma, Manager for S, Ghand d: Co.,

Printed at Pakesh Press, Delhi,
 1<REFA( E

Although a number of books on Magnetism and Electricity for

students preparing for a pass Degree have been published, the author
felt that there was ample justification for another book on the subject
with a different approach and a different method of presentation.
This elementary book was, therefore, first published in 1951. It aims
at giving a logical and systematic treatment of those fundamental
principles which are basic for obtaining a clear grasp of the subject.

In this edition the subject matter has been divided into four
parts Magnetism, Electrostatics, Current Electricity and Modern
Electricity. A brief account of electrical images, atmospheric electri-
city and elementary ideas about the J-operator and its application
has been incorporated. The subject of Wireless Communication
is very vast and highly technical, only the fundamental principles
have been given. The discussion of the Discharge of Electricity
through gases, X-rays, Radio-activity, Photoelectricity and Atomic
structure has been greatly extended. It is expected that the material
chosen will give the student sufficient background to appreciate new
discoveries as tliey are announced,and to which references have been
made in the text. About 550 diagrams and illustrations have
been
included to enable the student to have a clear grasp of
the phenomena
involved. Photographs of some eminent scientists, with a very brief
account of their and work, have been added.
life
A few solved
problems have been included, but it is expected that the solution of
problems at the end of each chapter will
enable the student to
understand the subject clearly. Selected
questions set in different
University examinations as also those set in
T.A S. examinations have
been incorporated.

Although use has been made of the Calculus,

the mathematics
involved is more or less simple. The physical meaning of the mathe-
matics involved has been kept in close
touch with the equations used.
This will enable the student to
appreciate the important part which
mathematics plays in the development of
the subject. An effort has
been made to lead the student from simple to complex phenomena
m electricity. Some ^tress has been laid on practical
applications
 *

11
PREFACE

of the subject throughout the book. It is hoped that the book

will be found lielpful to a student who plans to continue higher
in the
studies in the subject, either in the direction of investigation or
direction of engineering.

1 have already expressed in the first edition my appreciation of

the encouragement which I received from my students in writing

and I reiterate it in this edition. I also appreciate the en-

this book,
India who have
couraging response from B.Sc. students throughout
made valuable suggestions for the improvement of the text. I am
Survey of
very grateful to the Director, Geodetic and Survey branch,
India, Debra Dun, for his permission to reproduce
the values of mag-

and the magnetic maps for India for the year 1953
netic elements
;

to Kahol. M.Sc., of G.M.N. College, Ambala K.C>

Professors 0. P. ;

Puri, M.Sc.,
Sachdeva, M.Sc., of Government College, Ludhiana O.P. ;

have
of Government College, Chandigarh, for the suggestions they
improving the book. I am also grateful to the authors of
made in

several excellent books, papers and magazines from which I have

drawn material, to the artist. Mr. N.P. Dhanda, who has worked
assiduously in drawing the diagrams. My thanks are also due to the

publishers V ho have taken great pains in bringing

out this edition

within two years of the publication of the second

edition.

d.n. vasudeva
 CONTENTS
PAl^ I

MAGNETISM
CHAPTER PAOES
Magnetic poles Law of force between poles Magnetic
a

I.
fjeldLines and tubes of force intensity of Magnetic

field at a point Magnetic Potential Magnetic shell ... 1-26
II. Magnetometers Methods of measuring magnetic
moment and intensity of magnetic field 27-38
III. Magnetic induction Magnetic susceptibility and per-

meability Gausss theorem and its applications 39-45
IV. Terrestrial Magnetism Kew I^Iagnetometer and Dip
circle Magnetic maps Values of Magnetic elements
at some places in India and Pakistan Geomagnetic
prospecting Changes in magnetic elements and record*
ing instruments- 5lagnetic condition of the earth
Theories of terrestrial magnetism Everyday uses of
magnets and magnetic fields 4672
PART II

ELECTROSTATICS
V. Electricalcharges Electric induction Law of Inverse
Squares Cavendishs proof Electric Intensity Lines
and tubes of Force and Induction ... 7387
VI. Gausss theorem and its applications Coulombs
theorem Electrostatic energy in a medium ... 8899
VII. Electrostatic potential Electrical images ...100109
VIII. Capacity Condensers Energy of a charged condenser
Loss of energy on sharing charges Arrangement of
condensers Forma of condensers ...110 128
IX. Electrometers and their sensitiveness Absolute and
Quadrant electrometers Other forms of electrometers
Methods of measuring capacity Dielectric constant
and absorption Methods of measuring capacity
Dielectric constant and absorption Alethod of S. I. C.
Dielectric strength 129-149
Theory of Dielectrics Refraction of tubes of force
Piezo and Pyro-electric effects Electrostatic
machines 158
Atmospheric electricity ...159163

PART 111

CRRENT ELECTRICrry
XII. Theory of Voltaic Cell-Daniell and Leclanche cells
otandard cellsArrangement of cells
XIII. Magnetic effecte of current Laplaces Law
Applica-
tion of Laplace s Law Intensity of magnetic
field due
to a straight conductor Circular coil
Solenoid
11 CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGES
Hollow cylindrical conductor Force between
currents Equivalence of an electric circuit and a

magnetic shell Ampere's theorem and its applica-
tions ...177-192
XIV. Electrical measuring instruments Moving iron and
moving coil galvanometers Ballistic galvanometers
General characteristics of galvanometers Current
balance Dynamometer Wattmeter ...193212
XV. Ohms law Resistances in series and parallel Appli-
cation of Ohms law to grouping of cells Kirchoffs
laws and their applications Shunts Ammeters and
voltmeters ...213233
XVI. Heating effect of current and its applications Hot
wire ammeter and voltmeter ...234243
XVII. Electricalmeasurements Measurement of resistances
and currents Potentiometer and its applications
Sensitiveness of a potentiometer Crompton potentio-
meter ...244264
XVIII. Thermoelectricity Seebeck, Peltier and Thomson
effects Thermoelectric diagrams and their uses
Thermodynamics of Peltier and Thomson phenomena
Total e.m.f. in a thermocouple Application of
thermoelectric effect ...265285
XIX. Chemical current Faradays laws of electro-
effects of
lysis Theories of electrolysis Migration of ions
Applications of electrolysis Accumulators Source of
energy in a voltaic cell ...286304
XX. Electromagnetic induction Faradays laws of e.m.
induction Lenzs law Magnitude of induced e.m.f.
Self and mutual induction Calculation of inductance
i\Ieasurement of L and M
Eddy currents Jumping
ring Transient currents Charging'and discharging of
condensers- Oscillatory circuits .. .305 335

XXI. Magnetic properties of materials Permeability and

susceptibility Methods of finding g and k Para-,
ferro- anddiagmetism Cycle of magnetisation
Hysteresis Energy loss due to hysteresis Magneto-
striction-Theories of magnetism Magnetic circuit
Electromagnets Paramagnetic cooling ...336 368
XXII. Practical electromagnetism and Electromagnetic in-
duction Relay Telephony Measurement of intensity
of magnetic field Earth inductor Grasset Fluxmeter
Induction coil Principle of a generator Dynamo,
its construction Series, Shunt and Compound wound
dynamos Efficiency of a dynamo Direct current
motors and their uses ...369 396
XXIII. Alterna^big current generators two- and three-phase
generut.. ^ Star and delta connections Rotating
magnetic field and induction motor- Transformers
Tesla coil Measurement of A C. A.C. measuring
instruments ...397415
XXIV. Alternating current circuits Chokes Resonance and
resonant circuits Power in an A.C. circuit-
imaginary quantities and their applications to A.C.
circuits ...416440
 111
CONTENTS

PART IV

modern electricity
PA0E<5
CHAPTER
Wireless or Radio communication Open
and closed
XXV.
oscillatory circuit Thermionic valves-Diode and
Triode-Triode as an oscillator- Crystal receiver
Amplification of
Triode as an amplifier and rectifier
speech-other types of thermionic valves and Oieir
...441
uses Heaviside and Appleton layers
XXVI. Conduction of electricity through gases- Ionisation in
gases Ionisation potential Discharge at low pressure
Applications of discharge at low pressure-Trnnsistor
Cathode rays and their properties- and e of

cathode-rav particles Metliods of measuring (the e.

electronic)" charge Positive rays and positive rny

analysis Isotopes Applications of a mass spectro-
meter Electronic devices Electron microscope

Cathode-ray oscillograph Magnetron Radar ...474 f)l->
xxvn. X-rays and their properties Scattered and charac-
teristic radiations Measurement of wavelength of
X-ravs Origin and nature of X-rays The
Betatron ...514527
XXVIII. Photo-electricity Laws of photoemission Photo-
electric cell and its uses Talking pictures Tele-
vision ...528543
XXIX. Radio-activity a. ? and y rays and their properties
Laws of radio active distintegration The nucleus
Geiger-MuUer counter Artificial transmutation 'Ihe
Neutron and positron Artificial radio-activity ..."144 560

XXX. Structure of the atom Bohr's Theory Emission of

Spectral lines Zeeman effect Atomic energy Condi-
tions for the release of atomic energy The Cyclotron-
Uncontrolled and controlled chain reaction 'I'he atom
and hydrogen bombsThe atomic pile Cosmic rays... 501581
XXXI. Units and dimensions of electrical quantities Elec-

tromagnetic theory of light l\Ieasurement of absolute
ohm
...682689
Appendix ...590-598
Answers to Questions ...699-600
Index ...601 COG
 Mathematical Notes

Trigonometrical Relations

Til a right angled A ABC we

have
^
Sin a= =cosiS = sin (90-/9)
c

Sin ^8 =-- =cos a = sin (90 a)

c

tan a= =cot tail. (90 a)

0
Tn Fig. (//)

sin fl *
tan Q=' ^ot 0 ^
C03 Q tan Q

sec 0
"
= cos ,

cosec 5=
in 0
0
sin^ 0 + cos 0 = 1
sec* 0 = 14 - tan* 0 .

Angle 0^ 30" 45" 00" 90" 120" 135" 150* 188"

1 1 1
^/3 \/3 1
sin 0 %} 1 / 0
x/2
*>
4m 2 Vi
1 1 1
cos 1
n/3
0
1
V3 -1
0
2 "V2 >

Trigonometrical ratios for compound angles

sin {A -|-fi)=sin A cos B4"Cos A sin B

cos {/t4'5)=cos A cos B sin A sin B
tan M+ + .

1 tan A tan B
sin (^ 5)=sin A cos B cos A sin B
CO.S (/I B) = cos A cos B4-sin A sin B
* j
tan /(/! D\
B) = -ri

14* tan
A tan B
-

A tan B
sin (904-0) =cos 9
cos (904-0)= sin 0
sin (180 0)=sin $

003(180 0)= - cos 0

sin (180 0) = -sin 0

I
 n

cos (180+d)s= cos 0

sin 2/4=2 sin A cos A
cos 2/4=2 cosM 1
= 1-2 sin^ A
2 sin^ /1 = 1 cos 2/4
2 cos^ /4 = 14-cos 2/4
sin A sin cos

coS/4=2cos^
2

= 1-2 sin'
4
In a A /IBC Fig. (m)
/A
a 6 c

sin /l~sin B~sin C

X
c** = 1 + X + 2 - 4-
0
"t"

^3 c
sin x=x 0 + .

Fig. [Hi)
cos X=1 +

tan x=x+ o !-

Differentiation Integration

d{x)
l.dx^x
dx f

adx=ax
f
nx^~^dx=x*.
I
1 _
x'dx=
n +1 1 + l

(logeX) 1 1

^/x
X 1 X
-rf.Y=log^X

d (fl*)
= a^ logefl fl* logfl dx=a^
dx f
d ie^)

dx f
d (cos x) cos
~dx
= sin X sin xdx X
f
 Ill

(sin >:)
=cos cos .Y^/.v=sin A"
(fx

,dx=
1 1 1 1

A' -ha (.v+a)2 (A'+fl)- A- +n

Ja _ 1
__J 'j

dx \ ^

(a) Equation of a straight line.

>=WA'+c=A tan a + c
where m=tan a= constant
b
a

Thus v= ^ x+h

or ^-^4
a ^ b
= 1 is

also the equation of a

straight line.

(6) Equation of a circle.

If
centre C, of the circle
of radius a, is the point
p, q, then
we have

which is the general equation of a

circle.

If C is at the origin,
we get

as the equation of the circle.

(c) Equation of an ellipse.

A*
j.
^
1

a* b^