Occupational Safety & Health

(OSH) - EVT 471

3 hours / week
By: Ahmad Husaini Mohamed
 SYLLABUS CONTENT

1.0 Introduction;
2.0 Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment;
3.0 Incident Prevention;
4.0 OSH Incident Investigation and Corrective
Action;
5.0 OSH Management System (OSH MS);
6.0 Factories & Machineries Act 1967; and
7.0 The OSH Legislation in Malaysia.
 ASSESSMENT

i. Test 20 %
ii. Assignment 20 %
iii. Presentation 10 %
iv. Guided Task 10 %
v. Final Exam 40 %
CHAPTER 2:
HAZARD
IDENTIFICATION
AND RISK
ASSESSMENT
 Learning Outcomes
1. Understand that behind each fatality or serious injury
there are thousands of at-risk behaviors and
unidentified hazards that contributed to the incident

2. State the definition of a hazard and explain how to

identify hazards in the workplace

3. Determine methods for controlling hazards in the

workplace

4. Complete a job hazard analysis

 Terms & Definition
Hazard Source, situation or act with a potential for
harm in terms of human injury or ill health or a
combination of these.

Hazard Identification Process of recognizing that a

hazard exists and defining its characteristics

Incident Work related event(s) I which an injury or ill

health or fatality occurred or could have occurred

Interested Parties Person or group inside/outside the

workplace concerned with or affected by he
Occupational Health and Safety performance of an
organisation

Risk Combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of

a hazardous event or exposure(s) and the severity of
injury/ill health that can be caused by the event or
exposures
 Terms & Definition
Risk Assessment Process of evaluating the risk arising
form a hazard taking into account the adequacy of any
existing controls and deciding whether or not the risk is
acceptable

Risk management The minimisation of the adverse

affects of risks to which an organisation is exposed

Ill Health Identifiable, adverse effect or mental condition

arising from and/or made by a work activity and/or work
related situation

Acceptable Risk Risk that has been reduced to a level

that can be tolerated by the organisation having to its legal
obligation and its own OSH Policy

Workplace any physical location in which work related

activities are performed under the control of the
organisation
HAZARDS CAN BE DIVIDED AS:

Obvious Hazards
Concealed Hazards
which is apparent to the
which is not-apparent to the
senses
senses

Developing Hazards
Transient Hazards
which cannot be recognised
which is intermittent or
immediately but will develop
temporary hazards
over time
 Type of Hazards
SAFETY HAZARD HEALTH HAZARD

Deals with chronic

effects of hazards
Deals with acute
Occupational
effect of hazards
illness
Physical harm &
Chronic a long
injuries
term deterioration
Acute a sudden
due to a prolonged
reaction to a
exposure to a
severe condition
milder adverse
condition
 Example of Hazards
Safety Hazards Health Hazards
include unsafe conditions that can cause Biological Agent - associated with
injury, illness and death:- working with animals, people, or
infectious plant materials.
Spills on floors or tripping
hazards such as blocked aisles or (eg.: viruses, bacteria, fungus, insects,
cords running across the floor animal etc.)
Working from heights including Chemical Agent - present when a
ladders, scaffolds, roofs, or any worker is exposed to any chemical
raised work area preparation in the workplace in any form
Unguarded machinery and (solid, liquid or gas).
moving machinery parts; guards
removed or moving parts that a (eg.: Liquids like cleaning products,
worker can paints, acids, solvents, pesticides)
accidentally touch
Electrical hazards like frayed Ergonomic - occur when the type of
cords, missing ground pins, work, body positions and working
improper wiring conditions put strain on your body.

(eg.: repetition, lifting, awkward

postures)
 Example of Hazards
Safety Hazards Health Hazards
Confined spaces Physical Agent - factors within the
Machinery - related hazards environment that can harm the body
(lockout / tagout, boiler safety, without necessarily touching it.
forklifts, etc.)
(eg.: radiation, UV ray exposure,
extreme temperature)
Psychosocial - affects the mental well-
being or mental health of the worker and
may have physical effects by
overwhelming the individual coping
mechanisms and impacting the workers
ability to work in a healthy and safe
manner

(eg.: bullying, sexual harassment,

marital issues, family issues etc.)
HAZARDS ANALYSIS: WHAT IS
THIS??
Three (3) Traditional procedures which
emphasis on the Hazard Analysis:-

Hazard
Job Identification,
Get Risk
Safety
Analysis Assessment
Analysis and Risk
(GA)
(JSA) Control
(HIRARC)
 GET ANALYSIS (GA)

1. Physical 2. Document 3. Audit

Inspection Review

6. Brainstorming 5. Interview 4. Law Review

1. Physical Inspection at the Workplace

is a planned walkthrough of a workplace or

selected areas or locations of a workplace

Critically needed to examine all factors

(equipment, processes, materials,
buildings, procedures) that have the
potential to cause injury or illness

to identify where action is necessary to

control hazards
 Continue..
A physical examination of the workplace
requires:-

a) an inquiring mind;
b) lateral thinking; and
c) the ability to be and remain open
minded
2. Document Review

Review reports of accident, accident

investigation and audits report
Information from publications such as:-

i. Regulation & Code of Practice

ii. Statistics
iii. Handbooks
iv. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
3. Audit
systematic examination to determine whether activities
and related results conform to planned arrangements
and whether these arrangements are implemented
effectively and are suitable for achieving the
organization's policy and objectives.

It evaluates:
a) Are procedures in place, Are people aware of them,
Are they being followed, Are they adequate? Are
there anybody accountable?
b) How well the management system is functioning?
4. Law Review
Legislative framework plays a significant role in
ensuring the progress of safety practices in any
country

The law concerning safety and health is a

combination of statute law and common law

Once a safety regulation is enforced, it means

statutory obligation for those involved.
Clauses with the word shall are indication that
the particular items are absolute duty, also
known as strict liability
There are two main references involving OSH in Malaysia:
a) Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, Act 514. (OSHA 1994)
b) Factories and Machinery Act 1967, Act 139. (FMA 1967)

Apart from these two Acts, there are also other applicable or related Acts
on construction and plant safety, namely:
a) Explosive Act 1957.
b) Social Security Act 1969.
c) Environmental Quality Act 1974.
d) Street Drainage and Building Act 1974.
e) Destruction Disease Bearing Insect Act 1975.
f) Town and Country Planning Act 1976.
g) Uniform Building By-Laws 1984.
h) Fire Service Act 1988.
i) Electrical Supply Act 1990.
j) Construction Industrial Development Board (CIDB) Act 1994.
k) Waters Act 1920.
l) Forestry Act 1984.
m) Other Acts which may depend on actual activities or location.
5. Interview
conducted for the purpose of to discover
the thinking and feeling of the employer
and employees

to determine surface/root causes

(system weaknesses) for the behaviour

as a responses to the safety inspection

report
6. Brainstorming
Process of conducting group meetings
with people who are familiar with the
operation of the area under review,
recording all ideas and thoughts relating
to possible hazards and then sorting the
results into some sort of priority order
 Exposure Monitoring
Exposure monitoring can be done in the
organisation through:-

a) Excessive noise
b) Excessive heat
c) Inadequate ventilation
d) Radiation exposure
e) Excessive air contaminants
f) Ergonomic hazards
Biological & Medical Surveillance

Employees requiring Health

i. Substance is used in
Surveillance and are exposed
workplace to hazard for which there is:
ii. Substance is
hazardous i. identifiable health
iii. Evidence or reason effect/disease
to suspect injury ii. likelihood that it could
iv. Atmospheric occur
monitoring insufficient iii. valid techniques for
v. Techniques available detecting effect
vi. Will benefit those at iv. valid biological
risk monitoring method and
reason to believe values
might be exceeded.
KNOWLEDGE OF EMPLOYEES
skills and knowledge required for
employees to perform work activities in a
safe and healthful manner

Employer need to provide appropriate

OSH training. It is necessary to identify
competencies for each level of
responsibility or role in the agency or
department

Organisation should identify

competencies by taking into account
the work activities of the position or role
and any risks associated with the
conduct of these activities

Employees should be encouraged to

report any hazards they are aware of
REVIEW PREVIOUS ACCIDENT REPORTS

a) Location
b) Machine
c) Person
d) Age of Person
e) Time of Day
f) Day of Week
g) Part of Body
h) Severity of Injury
i) Occupation
 OSH PUBLICATIONS

These publications can be of particular

benefit as they concentrate on reporting
issues relating to safety and health
 CONTACTS
A counter-part in another subsidiary of the
company or even a contact in a competitive
company could be a good source of
information as they probably share similar
safety problems.
INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS

Safety and health is often brought up at

industry association meetings or during
informal discussions before or after meetings.
 ASK, "WHAT IF . . . ?

Its important to try to anticipate how human

behaviour, equipment, and system failures could
combine to create a hazardous
situation.
Constantly ask yourself "What if?...."
 INSPECTION WORK SHEET
Checklist and inspection worksheet (standard
approach and record)

Safety Audit Worksheet (Involve supervisors,

managers and employees)
 JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS / JOB
HAZARD ANALYSIS
Technique that focuses on job tasks as a
way to identify hazards before they occur

Focuses on the relationship between:-

a) the worker
b) the task
c) the tools
d) the work environment
 Is an accident prevention technique which seeks
to:-

a) Identify the hazard associated with each stage of

a job;
b) Develop precautions that will eliminate or guard
against these hazard;
c) Provide a safe job procedure which can be used
in job training or the development of a safe
system of work.

The technique of JSA has evolved from work-study

techniques such as Method Study and Work
measurement.
 Why is job hazard analysis important?

Completed JSA can be served as:-

a) To formulate a b) Teaching aid

c) A briefing guide
safe work for initial job
for infrequent jobs
procedure training

e) Assist in
d) As standard for completing
safety inspections accident
investigation
i. For a job hazard analysis to be effective,
management must demonstrate its
commitment to safety and health and follow
through to correct any uncontrolled hazards
identified

ii. Otherwise, management will lose credibility

and employees may hesitate to go to
management when dangerous conditions
threaten them
 What jobs are appropriate for a
job hazard analysis?
Priority go to the following type of:-

a) Jobs with the highest injury or illness rates

b) Jobs with the potential to cause severe or disabling injuries

or illness, even if there is no history of previous accidents

c) Jobs in which one simple human error could lead to a severe

accident or injury

d) Jobs that are new to your operation or have undergone

changes in processes and procedures

e) Jobs complex enough to require written instructions

 Where to Begin Job Safety Analysis
2) Review your accident
1) Involve your employees 3) Conduct a preliminary
history
They have a unique job review
Review your worksites
understanding of the job, Brainstorm with the
history of accidents and
and this knowledge is employees for ideas to
occupational illnesses that
invaluable for finding eliminate or control those
needed treatment and
hazards hazards
action

4) List, rank, and set

priorities for hazardous jobs
List jobs with hazards that
present unacceptable risks,
based on those most likely
to occur and with the most
severe consequences.
5) Outline the steps or tasks
Record enough information
to describe each job action
without getting overly
detailed
 How do I identify workplace hazards?

A job hazard analysis is an exercise in detective

work. Your goal is to discover the following: -

a) What can go wrong?

b) What are the consequences?
c) How could it arise?
d) What are other contributing factors?
e) How likely is it that the hazard will occur?
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, RISK ASSESSMENT
& RISK CONTROL (HIRARC)

Guidelines for
Hazard Identification,
Risk Assessment
and Risk Control

Published by
Department of
Occupational Safety
and Health (DOSH)
 Therefore, a tiger in cage is less risk as compared to a tiger out of cage.
Furthermore, a tiger in cage is less dangerous than a tiger out of cage since the
hazard is already controlled.
 WHAT IS HIRARC
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
Identify hazard source or situation

RISK ASSESSMENT
Estimate level of risk and determine tolerability

RISK CONTROL
Reduce or eliminate risk
Purpose of HIRARC
Enable organization to
identify, evaluate and
control its OSH risk on
an on-going basis

To reduce accidents at
workplaces

HIRARC to cover for all

existing and new
processes
 Process of HIRARC
i. classify work activities
ii. identify hazard
iii. identify the risk
iv. conduct risk assessment
v. likelihood /probability of
occurrence
vi. severity / consequence of hazard
vii. decide risk level/ risk score
viii. rank the risk according to the
score
ix. identification of control measures
x. construct the safety work
procedures
FLOW CHART OF HIRARC PROCESS
 Process of HIRARC:
Classify work activities
Taking into account all activities at the workplace:-

i. Routine and non-routine activities (incl.

emergencies)
ii. Activities at workplace (incl. contractors and
visitors)
iii. Infrastructure, equipment and materials at the
workplace
iv. geographical or physical areas within/outside
premises
v. stages in production / service process
 Process of HIRARC:
Hazard Identification
PURPOSE
To highlight the critical operations of tasks
(tasks posing significant risks to the health
and safety of employees as well as
highlighting those hazards pertaining to
certain equipment due to energy sources,
working conditions or activities performed)
 Process of HIRARC:
Hazard Identification
To keep workplace safe and healthy
- employers should make sure there are no hazards
to which employees could be exposed

Employers should look for hazards in

advance
- as part of their risk management plan to prevent
potential hazards
Hazard Identification Technique
The employer shall develop a hazard identification and assessment
methodology taking into account the following documents and
information:-
4) any results of 5) any employee 6) any government
work place complaints and
inspections
or employer
comments reports, studies and
tests concerning the
3) work place
health and safety of
health protection
programs employees
7) any reports
2) first aid records made u the record
and minor injury of hazardous
records substances under
the regulation of
1) any hazardous Occupational
occurrence 8) the record of Safety and Health
investigation hazardous Act,1994
reports
substances
 The Hazard Identification and
Assessment Methodology
The hazard identification and assessment methodology
shall include:-

a. Steps and time frame for identifying and assessing

the hazards

- One must define the steps for the identification of

hazards and a time frame for this identification.
 The Hazard Identification and
Assessment Methodology
The following information should be included

3) the identification
2) the way in which
1) who will be time frame.
the identification
responsible for the (for example: the
reports are
identification. identification of
processed.
(for example: it may hazards for
(for example:
be the workplace workshop A must be
they may be compiled
health and safety completed in
and processed by
committee / an December, for
the committee or
individual / workshop B in
by individuals
individuals appointed April and
appointed by the
by the committee) for workshop C in
committee)
November)
 The Hazard Identification and
Assessment Methodology
b. The keeping of a record of the hazards.
- After having identified the hazards, one must
establish and maintain an identification record,
either in print or electronic format.

c. A time frame for reviewing and, if necessary,

revising the methodology
- The date for the review of the identification: for
example, the review of the identification method will
be carried out every three years.
 The Hazard Identification and
Assessment Methodology
To complete hazard identification, one can use
techniques to identify hazards. Some examples of
techniques include but are not limited to:-

i. work place inspections

ii. task safety analysis or job hazard analysis
iii. preliminary investigations
iv. potential accident factors
v. failure analysis
vi. accident and incident investigations
 The Hazard Identification and
Assessment Methodology
It is in your interest to adopt your own
process and your own identification
techniques so that they match owner
management procedures and the size of
business. In fact, the identification method
may vary depending on the size of the work
place.
 Process of HIRARC: Risk
Assessment
Risk is the determination of likelihood and
severity of the credible accident/event
sequences in order to determine magnitude
and to priorities identified hazards

RISK = LIKELIHOOD X SEVERITY

It can be done by qualitative, quantitative
or semi quantitative method
 i. Qualitative Method
A qualitative analysis uses words to describe the
magnitude of potential severity and the likelihood that
those severity will occur.

These scales can be adapted or adjusted to suit the

circumstances and different descriptions may be used
for different risks.

This method uses expert knowledge and experience to

determine likelihood and severity category.
ii. Semi-Quantitative Method
Using qualitative scales

The objective is to produce a more expanded

ranking scale than is usually achieved in
qualitative analysis, not to suggest realistic
values for risk such as is attempted in
quantitative analysis.
 iii. Quantitative Method
uses numerical values (rather than the descriptive scales
used in qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis) for both
severity and likelihood using data from a variety of sources
such as past accident experience and from scientific
research.

Severity may be determined by modeling the outcomes of

an event or set of events, or by extrapolation from
experimental studies or past data. Severity may be
expressed in terms of monetary, technical or human impact
criteria, or any of the other criteria. The way in which
severity and likelihood are expressed and the ways in which
they are combined to provide a level of risk will vary
according to the type of risk and the purpose for which the
risk assessment output is to be used.
 Likelihood of an Occurrence
This value is based on the likelihood of an event occurring

Question ask - How many times has this event

happened in the past?

Assessing likelihood is based worker experience, analysis or

measurement

Likelihood levels range from most likely to

inconceivable

For example: a small spill of bleach from a container when filling a spray bottle is
most likely to occur during every shift. Alternatively, a leak of diesel fuel from a
secure holding tank may be less probable.
Probability / Likelihood / Exposure

Very Likely -- Could happen frequently

Likely -- Could happen occasionally
Unlikely -- Could happen, but only rarely
Highly Unlikely -- Could happen but probably
never will

Very Rare -- Once per year or less

Rare -- A few times per year
Unusual -- Once per month
Occasional -- Once per week
Frequent -- Daily
Continuous -- Constant
 Severity of Hazard
Severity can be divided into five (5) categories:-

i. CATASTROPHIC (5)- Numerous fatality, irrecoverable property damage and

productivity.

ii. FATAL (4) - Death

iii. MAJOR INJURIES (3) - Normally irreversible injury or damage to health

requiring extended time off work to effect best recovery.

iv. MINOR INJURIES (2) - Typically a reversible injury or damage to health

needing several days away from work to recover. Recovery would be full and
permanent.

v. NEGLIGIBLE INJURIES (1) - Would require first aid and may need the
remainder of the work period or shift off before being able to return to work.

Severity are based upon an increasing level of severity to

an individuals health, the environment, or to property
EXAMPLES & SEVERITY RATING
Example of Hazard Rating in Health Effects
The HAZARD CONSEQUENCES / HARM can be rated as:
1. Slight Health Effects: Not affecting work performance or causing
disability
2. Minor Health Effects : Hazards capable to cause minor health effects
which are REVERSIBLE for instance (eg.: Irritant Chemical)
3. Major Health Effects : Hazards capable of causing IRREVERSIBLE health
damage without loss of life (Eg.: Noise which can cause Hearing loss
and impairment)
4. PERMANENT TOTAL DISABILITY or One to 3 Fatalities:
Hazards capable of causing IRREVERSIBLE DAMAGE with SERIOUS
disability or Death. (Eg.: Corrosive chemicals, Psychological Stress,
Carcinogens)
5. Multiple FATALITIES: Hazard that has potential to cause multiple
fatalities. (Eg.: Chemicals with Acute Toxic Effects - Carbon Monoxide
Poisoning)
 Risk assessment
Risk can be presented in variety of ways to
communicate the results of analysis to make
decision on risk control.
For risk analysis that uses likelihood and
severity in qualitative method, presenting result
in a risk matrix is a very effective way of
communicating the distribution of the risk
throughout a plant and area in a workplace.
Risk can be calculated using the following
formula:
L x S = Relative Risk
where L = Likelihood S = Severity
An example of Risk Matrix Table
 Risk Matrix Table
To use this matrix, first find the severity
column that best describes the outcome of
risk.
Then follow the likelihood row to find the
description that best suits the likelihood that
the severity will occur. The risk level is given
in the box where the row and column meet.
The relative risk value can be used to
prioritize necessary actions to effectively
manage work place hazards.
 THE RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIX TABLE
Classification of Risk Level
4 Risk Level:
1. Extremely High
2. High Risk Mishap Probability
3. Medium Risk Frequent Likely Occasional Seldom Unlikely
4 Low Risk
A B C D E
S I
E
Catastrophic Extremely
V
E
Critical II High High
R
I Moderate III Medium
T
Y Negligible IV Low

Risk Levels
 THE ENHANCED RISK
ASSESSMENT MATRIX

Assigning
Numbers to Rank Mishap Probability
Risks More Frequent Likely Occasional Seldom Unlikely

Quantitatively A B C D E

S Catastrophic I 6 8 12
E
1 2
V II
Critical 3 4 7 11 15
E
R
I Moderate III 5 9 10 14 16
T
Negligible IV
Y 13 17 18 19 20
Matrix table Probabilty vs. Severity
Determining the Risk Score Value
Probability/likelihood
Severity/Consequences

Highly Very Less

Likely Unlikely
likely likely Likely

Value 5 4 3 2 1
Fatal 25 20 15 10 5
5
Major 20 16 12 8 4
4
Minor 15 12 9 6 3
3
Near Miss 10 8 6 4 2
2
Risk level and Risk Score
Value
25 20 15 10 5

20 16 12 8 4

15 12 9 6 3

10 8 6 4 2

4 Risk Level:
1. Extremely High = 20 to 25
2. High Risk = 12 to 16
3. Medium Risk = 8 to 10
4 Low Risk = 2 to 6
Risk Priority Based On The Ranges
Hazards assessed, as High Risk must have
immediate actions, to resolve risk to life safety
and or the environment. Individuals responsible
for required action, including follow up must be
clearly identified. A further detail risk
assessment method may require such as
quantitative risk assessment as means of
determine suitable controls measures.
 Multi Entry Risk Assessment Form

Activities/
Current Action &
process/ Legal
Hazard Effect Risk Risk Recommend
facilities/ Reqmnt
Control ation
equipments

Risk
Sev Prob
Rating
 5.0 Control
Definition: Control is the elimination or inactivation of a hazard in a
manner such that the hazard does not pose a risk to workers who
have to enter into an area or work on equipment in the course of
scheduled work.
Hazards should be controlled at their source (where the problem is
created). The closer a control to the source of the hazard is the
better. This method is often referred to as applying engineering
controls. If this does not work, hazards can often be controlled
along the path to the worker, between the source and the worker.
This method can be referred to as applying administrative controls.
If this is not possible, hazards must be controlled at the level of the
worker through the use of personal protective equipment (PPE),
although this is the least desirable control.
 5.1 Selecting a Suitable Control
Selecting a control often involves
a. evaluating and selecting short and long term controls;
b. implementing short-term measures to protect
workers until permanent controls can be put in place;
and
c. implementing long term controls when reasonably
practicable.
For example, suppose a noise hazard is identified.
Short-term controls might require workers to use
hearing protection. Long term, permanent controls
might remove or isolate the noise source.
 5.2 Types of Control :
5.2.1 At the source of the hazard
a. Elimination - Getting rid of a hazardous job,
tool, process, machine or substance is
perhaps the best way of protecting workers.
For example, a salvage firm might decide to
stop buying and cutting up scrapped bulk fuel
tanks due to explosion hazards.
 5.2 Types of Control :
5.2.1 At the source of the hazard

b. Substitution - Sometimes doing the same

work in a less hazardous way is possible. For
example, a hazardous chemical can be
replaced with a less hazardous one. Controls
must protect workers from any new hazards
that are created.
 5.2.2 Engineering control
a. Redesign - Jobs and processes can be reworked to
make them safer. For example, containers can be
made easier to hold and lift.
b. Isolation - If a hazard cannot be eliminated or
replaced, it can some times be isolated, contained or
otherwise kept away from workers. For example, an
insulated and air-conditioned control room can
protect operators from a toxic chemical.
c. Automation - Dangerous processes can be automated
or mechanized. For example, computer-controlled
robots can handle spot welding operations
 5.2.2 Engineering control
d. Barriers - A hazard can be blocked before it reaches
workers. For example, special curtains can prevent
eye injuries from welding arc radiation. Proper
equipment guarding will protect workers from con
tacting moving parts.
e. Absorption - Baffles can block or absorb noise.
Lockout systems can isolate energy sources during
repair and maintenance. Usually, the further a control
keeps a hazard away from workers, the more effective
it is.
f. Dilution - Some hazards can be diluted or dissipated.
For example, ventilation systems can dilute toxic
gasses before they reach operators.
 5.2.3 Administrative controls
a. Safe work procedures - Workers can be required to use
standardized safety practices. The employer is expected to ensure
that workers follow these practices. Work procedures must be
periodically reviewed with workers and updated.
b. Supervision and training Initial training on safe work procedures
and refresher training should be offered. Appropriate supervision
to assist workers in identifying possible hazards and evaluating
work procedures.
c. Job rotations and other procedures can reduce the time that
workers are exposed to a hazard. For example, workers can be
rotated through jobs requiring repetitive tendon and muscle
movements to prevent cumulative trauma injuries. Noisy
processes can be scheduled when no one is in the workplace.
 5.2.3 Administrative controls
d. Housekeeping, repair and maintenance programs -
Housekeeping includes cleaning, waste disposal and spill
cleanup. Tools, equipment and machinery are less likely to
cause injury if they are kept clean and well maintained.
e. Hygiene - Hygiene practices can reduce the risk of toxic
materials being absorbed by workers or carried home to
their families. Street clothing should be kept in separate
lockers to avoid being contaminated by work clothing.
Eating areas must be segregated from toxic hazards. Eating
should be forbidden in toxic work areas. Where applicable,
workers should be required to shower and change clothes
at the end of the shift.
 5.2.4 Personal protective equipment
Personal protective equipment (PPE) and clothing is
used when other controls measures are not feasible
and where additional protection is needed. Workers
must be trained to use and maintain equipment
properly. The employer and workers must understand
the limitations of the personal protective equipment.
The employer is expected to require workers to use
their equipment whenever it is needed. Care must be
taken to ensure that equipment is working properly.
Otherwise, PPE may endanger a workers health by
providing an illusion of protection.
 5.3 Monitoring controls
The effectiveness of controls must be checked regularly. Evaluate and
monitor hazard controls during inspections, routine maintenance,
and other activities. Ask the following questions
a. have the controls solved the problem?
b. is any risk to workers posed by the controls contained?
c. are all new hazards being identified?
d. are significant, new hazards appropriately controlled?
e. are accident reports being analyzed?
f. are any other measures required?

Document control activities to track their effectiveness, if necessary

re-evaluate hazards and implement new control measures.
 5.4 Safe work procedures
Through the completion of a Job Hazard
Analysis, sometimes hazards are identified
and cannot be eliminated or engineered out
of a particular task. Safe Work Procedures are
step by step instructions that allow workers to
conduct their work safety when hazards are
present. A Safe Work Procedure identifies the
materials and equipment needed, and how
and when to use them safety.
 Safe Work Procedures are generally
prepared for
a. critical high risk jobs where accidents have or
could result in severe injuries;
b. hazardous work where accidents occur
frequently;
c. new or altered tasks have been introduced;
d. new equipment has been added to a process;
e. a job that requires many detailed tasks;
f. where two or more workers required for a job,
and each must perform specific tasks
simultaneously; and
g. specific tasks are done infrequently
 Safe Work Procedures must include:
a. regulatory requirements;
b. necessary personal protective equipment;
c. required training;
d. worker responsibilities;
e. specific sequence of steps to follow to complete the work
safely;
f. required permits; and
g. emergency procedures.
An example of a task that requires the development of a safe
work procedure is confined space entry. Individuals who
must work within confined spaces must ensure that safe
work procedures are developed and followed to maximize
life safety.
 5.5 Personal protective equipment
(PPE)
Personal protective equipment means any equipment
which is intended to be worn or held by a person at
work and which protects him against one or more risks
to his health or safety and any additional accessory
designed to meet that objective;
PPE is usually chosen to provide protection appropriate to
each of type of hazard present. There are specifications for
the types of PPE used for protecting an individuals head,
eyes, footwear, limb and body, fire retardant clothing,
respiratory, hearing, and personal flotation devices.
It may also include required apparel for example when
traffic hazards are present high visible and distinguishable
vests must be worn
 6.0 Documenting HIRARC
6.1 Responsibility and accountability
Proper management of hazards sporadically identified in
the workplace can be done through effective process.
Ultimately, the individual or team who identified the
hazard must ensure proper communication of the hazard
to the appropriate workplace authority (manager,
department head, or designated person). Each HIRARC
must be fully documented. The HIRARC form must be
completed by the HIRARC team and signed by the in
charge personnel of the area. Departments responsible for
the hazards and their control are required to maintain all
records of assessments for at least 3 years. (In some cases,
legislative requirements will determine the minimum time
to retain records).
 The appropriate authority is responsible for
ensuring that effective and timely controls are
applied to the hazard and communicating the
results back to the originator. Management or
employer must endorse and approve the HIRARC
results. Employer must communicate all HIRARC
to employees, monitor the follow up action and
keep the records. The HIRARC Form (see
APPENDIX C) is an example to document the
HIRARC process.
 6.2 Documenting process
Instructions to team leader and persons
conducting HIRARC -
a. complete HIRARC Form. It is recommended to
use a single form for each work process;
b. record the names and designation of HIRAC
team members;
c. outline the process workflow and indicate in the
form under process/ location column;
e. list all activities ( routine and non-routine) for
each work process under the Work Activity
column;
f. identify the hazards associated with each activity
and record in Hazard column;
g. determine the effect of each hazard identified
and record in Effect column;
h. record any existing hazard control measures;
i. determine likelihood (L) from Table A and
severity (S) from Table B for each hazard. Assign
P and C rating in respectively column. The
existing control measures should be take into
consideration while determine (L) and (S);
j. by using Risk Matrix ( Table C and D ) assign
one risk and record in Risk column;
k. based on the risk assigned, recommend
appropriate risk control measures ( see Table
D);
l. assign a suitable person to implement the
recommended risk control and indicate the
follow up action date and status;
m. repeat the HIRARC for other activities and
process;
n. conduct another round of HIRARC after
control measures have been implemented;
and
o. review HIRARC for every three years or
whenever there are changes in process or
activities.
 7.0 Consultation
If practicable, there must be consultation with
the relevant health and safety
representative(s) when identifying, assessing
and controlling risks. Consulting directly with
employees and drawing on their experience
and knowledge is more effective in reducing
risk.
 8.0 Training
Information, instruction and training provide
employees with the skills and knowledge to
perform their work in a manner that is safe and
without risks to health. It enables them to -
a. follow health and safety procedures;
b. use risk controls set in place for their protection;
and
c. have an appreciation of the nature of the hazard;
the risks associated with their use; and the
reason why risk controls are used.
Managers, Supervisors Health and Safety
Representatives and others who may be required to
perform risk assessments by agreement with
management shall be trained in hazard
identification risk assessment and control methods.
They must be trained in the risk assessment process
and be familiar with -
i. the regulations associated with the hazard;
ii. have a practical understanding of the work hazards;
and
iii. consult with the Health and Safety Representative.