A.

Title : Blood Type

B. Objective : To determine someones blood type

C. Foundation of The Theory

Blood is a sticky red fluid containing several kinds of cell suspended in

a watery liquid called plasma: red blood cells, white blood cells and

platelets. Many chemicals are also suspended or dissolved in the plasma,

including proteins, sugars, fats, salts, enzymes and gases. Each persons

blood has certain inherited characteristics that distinguish it from the

blood of other people.

Until the 1980s, blood was primarily differentiated by ABO blood

typing, which relies on the presence of three substances on the outside of

red blood cells, called antigens. Although for forensic purposes, this

technique has since been replaced by other methods such as DNA

fingerprinting, for clinical purposes, ABO blood typing is still used before

giving someone a blood transfusion to prevent complications such as

rejection.

The presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells

determines a persons ABO blood type. This leads to the identification of

four main blood types: A, B, AB (when both antigens are present) and O

(when neither antigen is present). A third important blood antigen is the

Rhesus (Rh) factor, or D antigen. People with the D antigen are Rh positive,

and those who lack it are Rh negative.

In order to type a persons blood, antibodies (called agglutinins and

sometimes referred to as antiserums) are added to a few drops of blood.

These agglutinins bind to the antigens on the surface of the red blood

cells, causing the cells to aggregate or clump. If clumping occurs in a

blood sample, then that associated antigen is present. Once all antigens

have been tested, the blood type can be deduced

(Wikipedia)

D. Tools and Materials

Tools

Glass Object : As a place to put the observation

objects

Safety Pins : As a tool to stab the finger

Toothpick : As a tool to mix blood with serum

Cotton : To clean the stab wounds

Materials

A set of serums

Drop of blood

Physiologic Salts

*All material serves as an object of observation

E. Procedure

1. Prepare a drop of blood and place it on the glass object. We need

the blood from the three samples and place each samples blood in

different glass objcets

2. Each samples blood will be added with drops of salt solution, a

drop of anti-A and a drop of anti-B

 3. Put the glass object on white blurred paper. Then mix each samples

blood with a different toothpick

4. Observe what changes to each sample

5. Compare samples were given salt solution

If the blood clumped after given anti-A, the blood type is A

If the blood clumped after given anti-B, the blood type is B

If the blood clumped after given anti-A and anti-B, the blood

type is AB.

6. Write the result in the table and give plus (+) sign if the blood

clumped and minus (-) sign if the blood didnt clumped

F. Observation Result

Treatment Result

1. Blood + Anti-AB -

2. Blood + Anti-A +

3. Blood + Anti-B +

Blood + Anti-AB

Blood + Anti-A
 Blood + Anti-B
G. Study
At this practicum, we were given chance to determine someones blood
type. First of all, we need three samples which each sample should stab
their finger using safety pin to get their blood. Then the lab assistant will
take a drop of their blood and put it on the different glass object. On the
first glass object (1st persons blood sample), the lab assistant added a drop
of anti-A serum, on the second glass object (2nd persons blood sample),
the lab assistant added a drop of anti-B serum, and for the last glass
object (3rd persons blood sample), the lab assistant added a drop of anti-
AB serum. And then they mixed each blood on glass object using the
toothpick. After that they leave it for a while to see if anything changes
with the blood samples. For maybe 2 or 3 minutes, the lab assistant give us
a quiz to killing time. After that we were told to observe the blood
samples.
The blood on the first glass object were clumped because the
erythrocytes contains anti-A serum. Same as the blood on the second
glass object. It clumped too because the erythrocytes contains anti-B
serum. But the blood on the third glass object were not clumped because
the blood plasma doesnt contain aglutinogen so that the blood we
observed is AB blood type.
H. Closure
1. Conclusion
If your blood cells stick together when mixed with:
- Anti-A serum, you have type A blood
- Anti-B serum, you have type B blood
- Both anti-A and anti-B serums, you have type AB blood
- If your blood cells do not stick together when anti-A and anti-B are
added, you have type O blood.
2. Suggestion

I dont have any suggestion

 Bibliography

en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type

en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_blood_group_systems

www.nytimes.com/health/guides/test/blood-typing/overview

www.scienceinschool.org/content/investigating-blood-types