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Analysis and Design of Steel Roof Trusses to EC3.....

Ubani Obinna U (2017)

PRACTICAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STEEL ROOF


TRUSSES TO EUROCODE 3: A SAMPLE DESIGN
Ubani Obinna Uzodimma
Department of Civil Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University
PMB 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
E-mail: rankiesubani@gmail.com

Problem statement

The skeletal structure of a roof system (18.0m long and 7.2m wide) is as shown in Figure 1 below.
The truss is made up of Howe Truss configuration spaced at 3m intervals. It is desired to specify the
appropriate angle sections that will safely carry the anticipated loading using Eurocode design code
(Specified steel grade S 275).

Figure 1: 3D skeletal representation of the roof to be designed

Figure 2: Idealised 2D model of the roof truss system for manual analysis

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Analysis and Design of Steel Roof Trusses to EC3..... Ubani Obinna U (2017)

1.0 LOAD ANALYSIS

Span of roof truss = 7.2m

Spacing of the truss = 3.0m

Nodal spacing of the trusses = 1.2m

Permanent (dead) Loads

Self weight of long span aluminium roofing sheet (0.55mm gauge thickness) = 0.019 KN/m2

Weight of ceiling (adopt 10mm insulation fibre board) = 0.077 KN/m2

Weight of services = 0.1 KN/m2

Weight of purlin (assume CH 150 x 75 x 18 kg/m) = (18 x 3m)/(1.2 x 3) = 15 kg/m2 = 0.147 KN/m2

Self weight of trusses (assume) = 0.2 KN/m2

Total deal load (Gk) = 0.536 KN/m2

Therefore the nodal permanent load (GK) = 0.536 KN/m2 1.2m 3m = 1.9296 KN

Variable (Imposed) Load

Category of roof = Category H Roof not accessible except for normal maintenance and repairs
(Table 6.9 EN 1991-1-1:2001)

Imposed load on roof (Qk) = 0.75 KN/m2

Therefore the nodal variable load (QK) = 0.75 KN/m2 1.2m 3m = 2.7 KN

Wind Load

Wind velocity pressure (dynamic) is assumed as = qp(z) = 1.5 kN/m2

When the wind is blowing from right to left, the resultant pressure coefficient on the windward and
leeward slopes with positive internal pressure (cpe) is taken as 0.9

Therefore the external wind pressure normal to the roof is;

qe = qpcpe = 1.5 0.9 = 1.35 kN/m2

Vertical component pev = qe cos = 1.35 cos 36.869 = 1.08 kN/m2 acting upwards

Therefore the nodal wind load (WK) = 1.08 KN/m2 1.2m 3m = 3.888 KN

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Analysis and Design of Steel Roof Trusses to EC3..... Ubani Obinna U (2017)

2.0 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

2.1 Analysis for dead load

The nodal dead load from section 1.0 is now placed on the nodes of the trusses. It should be realised
that at the first and last nodes, the loads are halved because the inter-nodal load distance will be 1.2/2.
The loading is shown in Figure 3 below.

Figure 3: Truss carrying the nodal dead loads (GK)

Support Reactions

Let the summation of moment about joint 12 be zero; =

7.2R1 (0.965 7.2) (1.93 6) (1.93 4.8) (1.93 3.6) (1.93 2.4) (1.93 1.2) = 0
.
R1 = .
= 5.79 KN

Let =

We can verify that R12 = R1 = 5.79 KN

Since there are no horizontal loads, then there are no horizontal reactive forces

ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES

In all cases note that Fi-j = Fj-i

JOINT 1
.
= tan = 36.869
.

Let =
5.79 0.956 + F1-2 (sin ) = 0
.
F1-2 = si = 8.0568 KN (COMPRESSION)
.

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Analysis and Design of Steel Roof Trusses to EC3..... Ubani Obinna U (2017)

Let =
F1-2 (cos ) + F1-3 = 0

F1-3 = (8.0568 cos . = 6.445 KN (TENSION)

JOINT 3

Let =

F3 2 = 0 (NO FORCE)
Let =
F3 5 F3 1 = 0

F3 1 = F3 5 = 6.445 KN (TENSION)

JOINT 2
.
= tan = 36.869 =
.

Let =
1.93 + F2 - 4(sin ) F2 3 F2 - 5(sin ) - F2 - 1(sin ) = 0

1.93 + F2 - 4(sin . ) 0 F2 - 5(sin . ) (8.0568(sin


. )) = 0

0.6 F2 4 0.6 F2 5 = 2.904 ------------------ (1)

Let =

F2 - 4(cos ) + F2 - 5(cos ) - F2 - 1(cos ) = 0

F2 - 4(cos . ) + F2 - 5(cos . ) (8.0568(cos . )) = 0

0.8 F2 4 + 0.8 F2 5 = 6.4455------------------ (2)

Solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously;

F2-4 = 6.448 KN (COMPRESSION)

F2-5 = 1.608 KN (COMPRESSION)

JOINT 5

Let =
F5 - 2(sin ) + F5 4 = 0

-1.608 (sin . ) + F5 4 = 0

F5 4 = 0.9646 KN (TENSION)

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Analysis and Design of Steel Roof Trusses to EC3..... Ubani Obinna U (2017)

Let =

F5 3 F5 2 (cos ) + F5 7 = 0

. (1.608 (cos . )) + F5 7 = 0

F5 7 = 5.1586 KN (TENSION)

JOINT 4
.
= tan = 56.309
.

Let =
1.93 F4 2 (sin ) F4 5 F4 7 (sin ) + F4 6(sin ) = 0

1.93 (6.448(sin . )) 0.9646 F4 - 7 (sin . )+


F4 6 (sin . )) = 0

0.832 F4 7 + 0.6 F4 6 = 0.9742 ------------------ (1)

Let =

F4 7 (cos ) + F4 - 6(cos ) F4 - 2(cos ) = 0

F4 - 7(cos . ) + F4 - 6(cos . ) (6.448(cos . )) = 0

0.5547 F4 7 + 0.8 F4 6 = 5.1584 ------------------ (2)

Solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously;

F4 - 7 = 2.319 KN (COMPRESSION)

F4 - 6 = 4.8398 KN (COMPRESSION)

JOINT 6

Let =

F4 - 6(cos ) + F6 - 8 (cos ) = 0

(4.8398 cos . ) + F6 - 8 (cos . )=0


.
F6 - 8 = c = 4.8398 KN (COMPRESSION)
s .

Let =

1.93 F6 4 (sin ) F6 7 F6 8 (sin ) = 0

1.93 (4.8398(sin . )) F6 7 (4.8398(sin . )) = 0

F6 7 = 3.8777 KN (TENSION)

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Analysis and Design of Steel Roof Trusses to EC3..... Ubani Obinna U (2017)

By symmetry of load and structure, what is happening at the left hand side is what is happening at the
right hand side. The summary of the result for analysis of dead load is given in Table 1.0 below.

Table 1.0: Summary of analysis results for dead load (GK)

MEMBER FORCE (KN) NATURE


BOTTOM CHORD
1-3 6.445 TENSILE
3-5 6.445 TENSILE
5-7 5.1586 TENSILE
TOP CHORD
1-2 8.0568 COMPRESSIVE
2-4 6.448 COMPRESSIVE
4-6 4.8398 COMPRESSIVE
VERTICALS
2-3 0 NO FORCE
4-5 0.9646 TENSILE
6-7 3.877 TENSILE
DIAGONALS
2-5 1.608 COMPRESSIVE
4-7 2.319 COMPRESSIVE

2.2 Analysis for imposed load

Figure 4: Truss carrying the nodal imposed loads (QK)

Following the steps in section 2.1, the following result as shown in Table 2.0 can be obtained;

Table 2.0: Summary of analysis results for imposed load (QK)

MEMBER FORCE (KN) NATURE


BOTTOM CHORD
1-3 8.992 TENSILE
3-5 8.992 TENSILE
5-7 7.198 TENSILE
TOP CHORD
1-2 11.241 COMPRESSIVE
2-4 8.998 COMPRESSIVE

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Analysis and Design of Steel Roof Trusses to EC3..... Ubani Obinna U (2017)

4-6 6.748 COMPRESSIVE


VERTICALS
2-3 0 NO FORCE
4-5 1.346 TENSILE
6-7 5.391 TENSILE
DIAGONALS
2-5 2.242 COMPRESSIVE
4-7 3.238 COMPRESSIVE

2.3 Analysis for wind load

Figure 5: Truss carrying the nodal wind loads (WK)

Following the steps in section 2.1 also, the following result for the wind load as shown in Table 3.0
can be obtained;

Table 3.0: Summary of analysis results for imposed load (QK)

MEMBER FORCE (KN) NATURE


BOTTOM CHORD
1-3 -12.948 COMPRESSIVE
3-5 -12.948 COMPRESSIVE
5-7 -10.365 COMPRESSIVE
TOP CHORD
1-2 16.187 TENSILE
2-4 12.957 TENSILE
4-6 9.717 TENSILE
VERTICALS
2-3 0 NO FORCE
4-5 - 1.938 COMPRESSIVE
6-7 -7.763 COMPRESSIVE
DIAGONALS
2-5 3.228 TENSILE
4-7 4.662 TENSILE

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Analysis and Design of Steel Roof Trusses to EC3..... Ubani Obinna U (2017)

3.0 STRUCTURAL DESIGN TO EC3

All structural steel employed has the following properties;

Fy (Yeild strength) = 275 N/mm2

Fu (ultimate tensile strength = 430 N/mm2)

3.1 Design of the bottom chord (considering maximum effects)

LOAD CASE 1: DEAD LOAD + IMPOSED LOAD only

Fu = GjGk + QkQk

ULTIMATE DESIGN FORCE (NEd) = 1.35GK + 1.5QK

NEd = 1.35(6.445) + 1.5(8.992) = 22.189 KN (TENSILE)

LOAD CASE 2: DEAD LOAD + IMPOSED LOAD + WIND LOAD acting simultaneously

We use a partial factor for the accompanying variable actions of wind loads equal to Wk0 = 1.5
0.6 = 0.9 (for the value of 0, refer to Table A1.1 of BS EN 1990: 2002(E) (Eurocode, 2002b).
Therefore the ultimate design force in the member is;
Fu = GjGk + QkQk + Wk0Wk = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk + 0.9Wk.
NEd = 1.35(6.445) + 1.5(8.992) 0.9(12.894) = 10.584 KN (TENSILE)

LOAD CASE 3: DEAD LOAD + WIND LOAD acting simultaneously

Partial factor for permanent actions (DK) = Gj = 1.0 (favourable).


Partial factor for leading variable actions (WK) = Wk = 1.5.
Therefore ultimate design force in the member = Fu = GjGk + WkWk = Gk + 1.5Wk.
NEd = 1.0(6.445) 1.5(12.894) = 12.896 KN (COMPRESSIVE)

Therefore, all bottom chord members should be able to resist an axial tensile load of 22.189KN and a
possible reversal of stresses with a compressive load of 12.896 KN

Length of longest bottom chord member = 1200mm


Consider EQUAL ANGLES UA 50 X 50 X 6
Gross Area = 5.69 cm2
Radius of gyration (axis y-y) = 1.5 cm
Considering one M12 bolt (14mm diameter allowance) Equivalent tension area = 3.72 cm2
Equivalent tension area for welded connection = 4.88cm2
.
Nt,Rd is the lesser of and

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Analysis and Design of Steel Roof Trusses to EC3..... Ubani Obinna U (2017)

Fu = 430 N/mm2; Fy = 275 N/mm2


.
Nt,Rd =
.
= 102.3 KN
. .
Also check; = 115.17 KN
.
.
,
= = 0.216 < 1.0 (Section is ok for tension resistance)
.

Compression and buckling resistance


Thickness of section t = 6 mm. Since t < 16mm, Design yield strength Fy = 275 N/mm2 (Table 3.1
EC3)

Section classification

= = = 0.9244

h/t = 50/6 = 8.33.


Referring to Table 5.2 (sheet 3) of Eurocode 3, Part 1-1, for class 3 classification,
h/t 15 and (h + b)/2t 11.5. In our case,
15 = 15 0.92 = 13.8 > h/t (8.3) OK
(h + b)/2t = 8.33 < 10.8 (11.5 0.92) OK
Thus, the section satisfies both of the conditions.

Resistance of the member to uniform compression


.
NC,Rd = =
.
= 156475 N = 156.475 KN

.
= = 0.0824 < 1 Therefore section is ok for uniform compression.
, .

Buckling resistance of member (clause 5.5 ENV 1993-1-1:1992)

Since the member is pinned at both ends, critical buckling length is the same for all axis; Lcr =
1200mm

Slenderness ratio =

= 93.9 = 93.9 0.9244 = 86.801

In the planar axis

= = 0.9216
.

Buckling curve b is appropriate for all angle sections according to Table 6.2 of Eurocode 3

= 0.5 [ + ( . ) + ]

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Analysis and Design of Steel Roof Trusses to EC3..... Ubani Obinna U (2017)

= 0.5 [ + . . . + . ] = 1.0473

=
+

= = 0.6473 < 1
. + . .

. .
Therefore Nb,Rd = = = 101286.2675 N = 101.286 KN

.
= = 0.127 < 1 Therefore section is ok for buckling
, .

Therefore, the section is ok to resist all axial loads on it.

3.2 Design of the top chord (considering maximum effects)

LOAD CASE 1: DEAD LOAD + IMPOSED LOAD only

ULTIMATE DESIGN FORCE (NEd) = 1.35GK + 1.5QK

NEd = 1.35 8.0568) + 1.5 11.241) = -27.738 KN (COMPRESSIVE)

LOAD CASE 2: DEAD LOAD + IMPOSED LOAD + WIND LOAD acting simultaneously

We use a partial factor for the accompanying variable actions of wind loads equal to Wk0 = 1.5
0.6 = 0.9 (for the value of 0, refer to Table A1.1 of BS EN 1990: 2002(E) (Eurocode, 2002b).
Therefore the ultimate design force in the member is;
Fu = GjGk + QkQk + Wk0Wk = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk + 0.9Wk.
NEd = 1.35(8.0568) + 1.5(11.241) + 0.9(16.187) = -13.169 KN (COMPRESSIVE)

LOAD CASE 3: DEAD LOAD + WIND LOAD acting simultaneously

Partial factor for permanent actions (DK) = Gj = 1.0 (favourable).

Partial factor for leading variable actions (WK) = Wk = 1.5.

Therefore ultimate design force in the member = Fu = GjGk + WkWk = Gk + 1.5Wk.

NEd = 1.0(8.0568) + 1.5(16.187) = +16.2237 KN (TENSILE)

Therefore, all the top chord members should be able to resist an axial tensile load of 16.2237KN and a
compressive load of 27.738 KN

Length of longest TOP chord member = 1500mm


Let us also consider EQUAL ANGLES UA50 X 50 X 6

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Analysis and Design of Steel Roof Trusses to EC3..... Ubani Obinna U (2017)

Gross Area = 5.69 cm2


Radius of gyration (axis y-y) = 1.5 cm
Considering one M12 bolt (14mm diameter allowance) Equivalent tension area = 3.72 cm2
Equivalent tension area for welded connection = 4.88cm2
.
Nt,Rd is the lesser of
and

Fu = 430 N/mm ; Fy = 275 N/mm2 2

.
Nt,Rd = .
= 102.3 KN
. .
Also check; = 115.17 KN
.
.
,
= .
= 0.158 < 1.0 (Section is ok for tension resistance)

Compression and buckling resistance


Thickness of section t = 6 mm. Since t < 16mm, Design yield strength Fy = 275 N/mm2 (Table 3.1
EC3)

Section classification

= = = 0.9244

h/t = 50/6 = 8.33.


Referring to Table 5.2 (sheet 3) of Eurocode 3, Part 1-1, for class 3 classification,
h/t 15 and (h + b)/2t 11.5. In our case,
15 = 15 0.92 = 13.8 > h/t (8.3) OK
(h + b)/2t = 8.33 < 10.8 (11.5 0.92) OK
Thus, the section satisfies both of the conditions.

Resistance of the member to uniform compression


.
NC,Rd = =
.
= 156475 N = 156.475 KN

.
= = 0.177 < 1 Therefore section is ok for uniform compression.
, .

Buckling resistance of member (clause 5.5 ENV 1993-1-1:1992)

Since the member is pinned at both ends, critical buckling length is the same for all axis Lcr =
1500mm

Slenderness ratio =

= 93.9 = 93.9 0.9244 = 86.801

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Analysis and Design of Steel Roof Trusses to EC3..... Ubani Obinna U (2017)

In the both planar axis

= = 1.152
.

Buckling curve b is appropriate for all angle sections according to Table 6.2 of Eurocode 3

= 0.5 [ + ( . ) + ]

= 0.5 [ + . . . + . ] = 1.325

=
+

= = 0.5051 < 1
. + . .

. .
Therefore Nb,Rd = = = 79035.5225 N = 79.0355 KN

.
= = 0.351< 1 Therefore section is ok for buckling
, .

Therefore, the section is ok to resist all axial load on it.

3.3 Design of the vertical members (considering maximum effects)

LOAD CASE 1: DEAD LOAD + IMPOSED LOAD only

Fu = GjGk + QkQk

ULTIMATE DESIGN FORCE (NEd) = 1.35GK + 1.5QK

NEd = 1.35(3.877) + 1.5(5.391) = 13.32 KN (TENSILE)

LOAD CASE 2: DEAD LOAD + IMPOSED LOAD + WIND LOAD acting simultaneously

We use a partial factor for the accompanying variable actions of wind loads equal to Wk0 = 1.5
0.6 = 0.9 (for the value of 0, refer to Table A1.1 of BS EN 1990: 2002(E) (Eurocode, 2002b).
Therefore the ultimate design force in the member is;
Fu = GjGk + QkQk + Wk0Wk = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk + 0.9Wk.
NEd = 1.35(3.877) + 1.5(5.391) 0.9(7.763) = 6.334 KN (TENSILE)

LOAD CASE 3: DEAD LOAD + WIND LOAD acting simultaneously

Partial factor for permanent actions (DK) = Gj = 1.0 (favourable).

Partial factor for leading variable actions (WK) = Wk = 1.5.

Therefore ultimate design force in the member = Fu = GjGk + WkWk = Gk + 1.5Wk.

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Analysis and Design of Steel Roof Trusses to EC3..... Ubani Obinna U (2017)

NEd = 1.0(3.877) 1.5(7.763) = 7.7675 KN (COMPRESSIVE)

Length of longest bottom chord member = 2700mm


Consider EQUAL ANGLES 30 X 30 X 4
Gross Area = 2.27 cm2
Radius of gyration (axis y-y) = 0.892 cm
Considering one M12 bolt (14mm diameter allowance) Equivalent tension area = 1.24 cm2
Equivalent tension area for welded connection = 1.95 cm2
.
Nt,Rd is the lesser of
and

Fu = 430 N/mm2; Fy = 275 N/mm2


.
Nt,Rd = .
= 34.1 KN
. .
Also check; .
= 38.3904 KN
.
,
= .
= 0.3906 < 1.0 (Section is ok for tension resistance)

Compression resistance
Thickness of section t = 6 mm. Since t < 16mm, Design yield strength Fy = 275 N/mm2 (Table 3.1
EC3)

Section classification

= = = 0.9244

h/t = 30/4 = 7.5


Referring to Table 5.2 (sheet 3) of Eurocode 3, Part 1-1, for class 3 classification,
h/t 15 and (h + b)/2t 11.5. In our case,
15 = 15 0.92 = 13.8 > h/t (7.5) OK
(h + b)/2t = 7.5 < 10.8 (11.5 0.92) OK
Thus, the section satisfies both of the conditions.

Resistance of the member to uniform compression


.
NC,Rd = = = 62425 N = 62.425 KN
.

.
= = 0.1244 < 1 Therefore section is ok for uniform compression.
, .

Buckling resistance of member (clause 5.5 ENV 1993-1-1:1992)

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Analysis and Design of Steel Roof Trusses to EC3..... Ubani Obinna U (2017)

Since the member is pinned at both ends, critical buckling length is the same for all axis; Lcr =
2700mm

Slenderness ratio =

= 93.9 = 93.9 0.9244 = 86.801

In the both planar axis

= . .
= 3.48717

Buckling curve b is appropriate for all angle sections according to Table 6.2 of Eurocode 3

= 0.5 [ + ( . ) + ]

= 0.5 [ + . . . + . ] = 7.13899

=
+

= = 0.0748 < 1
. + . .

. .
Therefore Nb,Rd = = = 4669.39 N = 4.669 KN

.
= = 1.663 > 1 Therefore section is NOT OK for buckling resistance
, .

Try another section UA 50 X 50 X 6 (see data from previous designs)

= .
= 2.0737

Buckling curve b is appropriate for all angle sections according to Table 6.2 of Eurocode 3

= 0.5 [ + ( . ) + ]

= 0.5 [ + . . . + . ] = 5.9372

=
+

= = 0.0869 < 1
. + . .

. .
Therefore Nb,Rd = = = 13597.6775 N = 13.597 KN

.
= = 0.5712 < 1 Therefore section is ok for buckling
, .

Therefore, provide UA 50 X 50 X 6 for all vertical members

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Analysis and Design of Steel Roof Trusses to EC3..... Ubani Obinna U (2017)

3.4 Design of the diagonal members (considering maximum effects)

LOAD CASE 1: DEAD LOAD + IMPOSED LOAD only

Fu = GjGk + QkQk

ULTIMATE DESIGN FORCE (NEd) = 1.35GK + 1.5QK

NEd = 1.35( 2.319) + 1.5( 3.238) = -7.98765 KN (COMPRESSIVE)

LOAD CASE 2: DEAD LOAD + IMPOSED LOAD + WIND LOAD acting simultaneously

We use a partial factor for the accompanying variable actions of wind loads equal to Wk0 = 1.5
0.6 = 0.9 (for the value of 0, refer to Table A1.1 of BS EN 1990: 2002(E) (Eurocode, 2002b).
Therefore the ultimate design force in the member is;
Fu = GjGk + QkQk + Wk0Wk = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk + 0.9Wk.
NEd = 1.35( 2.319) + 1.5( 3.238) + 0.9(4.662) = -3.7918 KN (COMPRESSIVE)

LOAD CASE 3: DEAD LOAD + WIND LOAD acting simultaneously

Partial factor for permanent actions (DK) = Gj = 1.0 (favourable).

Partial factor for leading variable actions (WK) = Wk = 1.5.

Therefore ultimate design force in the member = Fu = GjGk + WkWk = Gk + 1.5Wk.

NEd = 1.0( 2.319) + 1.5(4.662) = . KN (TENSILE)

With a maximum length of 2163mm, a little consideration will show that UA 50 X 50 X 6 will
satisfy all the necessary limit state requirements.

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION


Employing UA 50 X 50 X 6 in all members of the roof truss; the deflection due to unfactored imposed
load calculated using STAADPRO V8i software is 1.028mm
Allowable deflection for roofs (Table 4.1 ENV 1993-1-1:1992) = L/250 = 7200/250 = 28.8mm
1.028mm < 28.8mm. Therefore deflection is ok

4.0 Conclusion
The analysis and design for the section members have been successfully carried as shown in the
calculations above. Whenever the wind load effect is greater than the live load effect, one should
always watch out for possible reversal of stresses during load combinations. The design has shown
that the provision of UA 50 X 50 X 6 for the entire roof truss will be adequate.

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