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CHAPTER 3

RESULTANTS OF
COPLANAR FORCE
SYSTEMS
R
Fy

Fx

R
Fy Fy

Fx Fx
VECTOR ADDITION OF NONORTHOGONAL FORCES

Finding a Resultant Force


Parallelogram law is carried out to find the resultant force

Resultant,
R = ( P1 + P2 )
The screw eye is subjected to two forces, F1 and
F2. Determine the magnitude and direction of the
resultant force.

By Parallelogram Law

select 1 force triangle


to analyze
SOLUTION

Step 1 - Law of Cosines to find FR

FR 100N 2 150N 2 2100N 150N cos115


10000 22500 30000 0.4226 212.6 N 213N

Step 2 - Law of Sines to find angle

150 N 212 .6 N

sin sin 115
Angle of relative to X-axis
sin
150 N
0.9063
212 .6 N
39 .8
39.8 15
54.8
Scalar Notation
x and y axes are designated positive and
negative
Components of forces expressed as
algebraic scalars

F Fx Fy
Fx F cos and Fy F sin
RESULTANT BY
COMPONENTS

F2 = F2x + F2y

F1 = F1x + F1y

FRx = F1x + F2x


FRx = Fx
FRy = F1y + F2y
FRy = Fy
Magnitude of FR can be found by Pythagorean Theorem

FRy
FR F F2
Rx
2
Ry and tan -1

FRx
Determine x and y components of F1 and F2 acting on the boom.

F1x 200 sin 30 N 100N 100N


F1 y 200 cos30 N 173N 173N
By similar triangles we have

12
F2 x 260 240N
13
5
F2 y 260 100N
13

FR F2 x 240N 5
73 N tan
1

F2 y 100N 100N 12
140 N

FRX = Fx = - 100N + 240N = 140 N


FRY = Fy = 173N -100N = 73 N

tan
73
27.5
1 0

F
R
140 73 158 N
2 2

140
The link is subjected to two forces F1 and F2.
Determine the magnitude and orientation
of the resultant force.
RESULTANT FORCE

FR 236.8N 2 582.8N 2
629N

582.8 N
tan 1 ORIGINAL FORCE SYSTEM
236.8 N
67.9
RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE CONCURRENT FORCES
F1x
F1

F1y
F1

5 F
1

4 F X

F 850 N 4
F 4
X
1
680 N
5 5
5 F
1 4
tan 53.13
1 0

3 F Y
OR
3
F =90-=36.870
F 3 3 510 N
1

Y
5 F1x=850Cos 36.87 = 680N

F1y=850Sin 36.87 = 510N


625N F2x= -625sin30 = -312.5N
F2 30 750 F3
F2y= -625cos30 = -541N
F2y F3y

45

F3x
F2x
F3x=-750cos45 = -530N

F3y=750sin45= 530N
FRX = F1x + F2x +F3x
= 680N 312.5N -530N
= -162.5N

FRY = F1y + F2y +F3y


= -510N - 541N + 530N
= -521N
F (162 .5) (521)
R
2 2

= 546N
FR

521
= tan1
72.67 0

162 .5
TRANSLATION VS ROTATION

TRANSLATION

ROTATION

ROTATING TRANSLATION
M=Fxd
Characteristics of Moments

Fp

Fa
If these wheel nuts must be tightened to 85Nm, what is
the force F?
Angle = 35 degrees, d = 420mm.

From M = F * d, then F = M / d

Perpendicular distance = d * cos (35)

F = 85 / (0.42 * cos(35))
= 247.06 N
Example - Moment
A 100-lb vertical force is applied to the end
of a lever which is attached to a shaft at 0.
Determine (a) the moment of 100-lb force
about 0.(b) the magnitude of the horizontal
force applied at A which will create the
same moment about 0.(c ) the smallest
force applied at A which will create same
moment (d) how far from the shaft a 240 lb
vertical force must act to create the same
moment about 0. (e) whether any one of the
forces obtain in parts (a), (b), (c ) and (d) is
equivalent to the original force.
Example - Moment
(a) The perpendicular distance from ) to
the line of action of 100-lb force is

d 24 in. cos 60 12 in.


The magnitude of the moment about 0
M 0 Fd 100 lb 12 in. 1200 lb-in

The force rotates the lever in clockwise


about 0 and M0 is perpendicular to the
plane.
Example - Moment
(b) Horizontal force
d 24 in. sin 60 20.8 in.

Since the moment about 0 is 1200 lb-in


the resulting F
M0
M 0 Fd F
d
1200 lb-in
F 57.7 lb
20.8 in.
Example - Moment
(c) Smallest Force, since M=Fd, the
smallest value of F occurs when d is
a maximum. It will be perpendicular
to 0A
d 24 in.
M0
M 0 Fd F
d
1200 lb-in
F 50 lb
24 in.
Example - Moment
(d) A 240-lb vertical force In this case
the force is given determine the
distance
M0
M 0 Fd d
F
1200 lb-in
d 5.0 in.
240 lb
0B cos 60 5.0 in. 0B 10.0 in.
Example - Moment
(e) None of the force in parts b, c, and d
is equivalent of original 100-lb
force. Although they have the same
moment about 0, they have different
x and y components .
Example
A vertical force P of
magnitude 60 lb is applied
to the crank at A. Knowing
that = 75o, determine the
moment P alone each of the
coordinate axes.
60 lb

d = 8 cos 15 =7.727

T = 60lb x 7.727 in = 463.6 in-lb


d
Fa
75
60 lb
Fp

Fp =60Sin75 = 57.96 lb

Fa = 60cos75 = 15.53 lb

Tx = 57.96 lb x 8 in = 463.6 in-lb

T2 = 15.53 lb x 5 in = 77.65 ft-lb


The mechanism shown is used to raise a crate of supplies from a ship's hold. The crate
has total mass 56.0 . A rope is wrapped around a wooden cylinder that turns on a metal
axle. The cylinder has radius 0.310 . The crate is suspended from the free end of the
rope. One end of the axle pivots on frictionless bearings; a crank handle is attached to the
other end. When the crank is turned, the end of the handle rotates about the axle in a
vertical circle of radius 0.120 , the cylinder turns, and the crate is raised.

What magnitude of the force applied tangentially to the rotating crank is required to
raise the crate with an acceleration of 0.750 ? (You can ignore the mass of the rope
as well as the moments of inertia of the axle and the crank.)
Varigons Theorem
As with the summation of force combining to get
resultant force
R F1 F2 Fn
Similar resultant comes from the addition of
moments

M 0 R d R F1 d1 F2 d 2 Fn d n
Moment of F1

Line of action of F1 passes through Point O.


No moment is generated

Moment of F2 75 lbs

Moment of F3 60 lbs

Sum of All Moments about O


RESULTANTS OF PARALLEL FORCES

FOR MAGNITUDE

FOR LOCATION
FR 200 lb
x
MA 100 lb

A B

2
7

FR = -100lb + -200lb = -300lb

MA= -100lb x 2ft + -200lb x 7 ft


= -200 lb-ft - 1400 lb-ft
= -1600 lb-ft

MR=MA AND MR = FR x X

-300lb x (X) = -1600 lb-ft

X = -1600/-300 = 5.3 ft
Fy = Resultant = -800lb + 600lb 1200lb -400lb = -1800lb

Sum MA = 1800lb( x) = -600lb(3ft) + 1200lb(5ft) + 400lb(9ft)


= -1800lb-ft + 6000lb-ft + 3600lb-ft
MA = 7800lb-ft

x = 7800lb-ft / 1800lb = 4.33ft


DISTRIBUTED LOADS
UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED
LINE LOADS
Brimham Rocks, North Yorkshire England
NONUNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LINE LOADS

centroid is two thirds away from


the vertex and 1/3 away from the right angle.
(third from the right)
b
magnitude of distributed load comes from Value of Resultant force from
area of triangle = b x h F

Sum the moments about A

Location of Concentrated load will be 1/3


the base length away from right angle Solve for xbar

=1/3(4.5m= 1.5 m
TRAPEZOID

Magnitude of Resultants

Lines of Action

Resultant Point
Resultant of Dist. Loads
HYDROSTATIC FORCES
calculate pressure at depth

By Pascals Law

P = F/A or F = PA
The distributed load looks like this

Calculated Load Intensity

Resultant

Location of Resultant
FORCE COUPLES

T=F X 2d
F

d d

MR
Since the 2 forces form a couple

Magnitude is the same at any point in plane


About O

About B

About C

or, I could just find the


resultant of the 2 couples
Compute X resultant

Compute Y resultant
Sketch components and resultant

Compute resultant

Compute Angle

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