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JUVINALL: Machine Design

Fig. 1-1a W-1
Fig. 1-2 W-2
Fig. 1-3a W-3
Fig. 1-3b W-3
Fig. 1-3c W-3
F

Fig. 1-4 W-4
Torque (N mm)
10 1
Force (N)
0 0
0 0.1 0 1
Cam rotation (rad) Follower
displacement (mm)
(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 1-5 W-5
n = 1000 rpm
T = 10 N mm

Fig. 1-6 W-6
10
8 Actual torque
requirement
Crank torque (kN m)
2

3
0
0 2
Crank angle (rad)

Fig. 1-7 W-7
10
Actual torque
requirement
8
Crank torque (kN m)
Average torque
4
Uniform torque
supplying equal
2
3 energy
0
0 2
Crank angle (rad)

Fig. 1-8 W-8
Hub Rim
0.8d d
Arm
0.2d

Fig. 1-9 W-9
Vehicle road load power (hp) 160
120
80
40
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Vehicle speed (mph)

Fig. 1-10 W-11
160
120
Engine output power (hp)
80
40
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Engine speed (rpm)

Fig. 1-11 W-12
1.3
1000 rpm
Specific fuel consumption of engine (lb/hp h)
1.2
1.1
1500 rpm
1.0
2000 rpm
0.9 2500 rpm
3000 rpm
0.8 3500 rpm
0.7 4000 rpm
0.6
0.5
0.4
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Engine output power (hp)

Fig. 1-12 W-13
Fig. 1-13 W-14
5 mm
1N 30
mm
g = 9.81 m /s 2

Fig. P1.18 W-15
a = 5 ft/s2
F g = 32.2 ft/s2

Fig. P1-23 W-16
Pulley
R = 3 in.
V = 5 ft /s
m = 5 lb

Fig. P1-26 W-17
I = 10 A
+ Output
V = 110 V
shaft
n = 1000 rpm
t = 2 hr T = 9.5 N m

Fig. P1-29 W-18
Curve B (half-wave rectified sinusoid)
Curve A (linear variation)
Crankshaft torque
T max
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Crankshaft rotation, revolutions

Fig. P1-42 W-18A
55 mph
2.64 axle ratio

Fig. P1-49 W-19
50 in. 3000 lb
V = 60 mph
CP Fd
CG
20 in.
25 in.
Ft
Wr 100 in. Wf

Fig. 2-1 W-20
W = 3000 lb
Engine power, 96 hp
Fd = 100 lb
Fi = 467.5 lb
Ft = 567.5 lb
Wr = 1618.5 lb Wf = 1381.5 lb

Fig. 2-2 W-21
RT
X
A
RT T
T RT
RT T
T A
RT A
RT
RT

Fig. 2-3 W-22
T = 3000 lb.in.
RT T = 5333 lb.in. (input)
Transmission
in low gear
RT = 8333 lb.in. R = 2.778
(output)
3 in.
5333 lb.in.
(a)
I
2 in. 3000 lb.in. 1087 lb

5 in. I 1087 lb
II III
2 in. A
1087 lb
(b) D
IV
II 2667 lb
2667 lb 2864 lb
2864 lb
III
4444 lb
8333 lb.in. B (d)
4444 lb
1087 lb
2864 lb C
(c)
IV

Fig. 2-4 W-23
F F F
A
Fa
(a) (b)

Fig. 2-5 W-24
a
Section
AA plane
Fixed
support (a)
F
Fa Fb (torque)
(bending moment) F (shear force)
(b)

Fig. 2-6 W-25
F32 = 40 lb
1 2
1 in.
2
1
H12
V12
1 in.
30
F42

Fig. 2-7 W-26
F32 = 40 lb
0
1
F32 = 40 lb
F12
F42
F12
F42 Force polygon for link 2

Fig. 2-8 W-27
0
Fb (bone 0.5 in. 3 in.

compression force)
Ft (tendon
force)
10 lb
10 lb
Ft = 60 lb pinch
Fb = 55 lb
Force polygon for finger

Fig. 2-9 W-28
V + V
Positive shear force
M + M
Positive bending
moment
F w
R1 R2 R1 R2
Fb a b Fa wb 2 a b wb (a + b/2 )
L L L 2L L L
b2
Fb +wb2/2L 2L
+
L
V V
Fa

L
wb (a + b/2 )
wb2 2
a+ b L
2L 4L
Fab
+
L
M M
(a) (b)
Single concentrated load Distributed load

Fig. 2-10 W-29
2667 lb Critical section
2864 lb
2667 lb
III
C
B III
4444 lb Loads
1087 lb IV
2864 lb C
4444 lb B
1087 lb
IV 2 in. 5 in. 2 in.
+ 1580 lb
Shear V
1087 lb
2864 lb
2174 in..lb
Moment M
5728 in..lb
5000 lb.in.
Torque T

Fig. 2-11 W-29A
2864 lb
4444 lb
T = 5000 lb.in.
IV
M = 5728 lb.in.*
C
V = 1580 lb * Actually slightly less, depending

upon the width of gear C

Fig. 2-12 W-30
b
F d 2b d F
F m a F

Fig. 2-13 W-31
Fork Pin Blade
4'
5
2 6
F F
4'
1 5 2 1
4'
2
2 2
3 3
F 4 4 F
4'
3 3
1 1
2 2
7

Fig. 2-15 W-33
w lb/ft

Fig. 2-16 W-34
Spring in tension
k1 = 10 lb/in.
10
100 lb
100 lb
40
Spring in
compression (b)
k2 = 40 lb/in.
(a)

Fig. 2-17 W-35
Fig. 2-18 W-36
Outer row
Middle row Inner row
h
tc
pi
1
Bottom Left Top Top Right Bottom

strap plate strap strap plate strap
(a)
Outer row Inner row

Outer row Inner row
Area
h
tc
pi
1
(c)
(b)
bp
Plate s
Plate
Bearing with plate
Strap Shear
bs
Bearing with strap
Strap
(d)
(e)
1
strap 2 straps
Straps
M id
5 Bearing with straps

O u te
In n e
d le p
4 6 8 Shear
r pa
r pa
a th
th
th
7 9 Bearing with plate
Plate
1 2
(f)

Fig. 2-19 W-37
g
Wall channel, C
2 in.
r=
1.25 in.
A
r=
Density = 1.25 in.
B
Density =

Fig. P2.2 W-38
1500 N 1500 N
B
C
45
45
1000 mm
45 45
A D

Fig. P2.3 W-40
A
1000 N
125 N

Fig. P2.4 W-39
10 in.
Direction
of rotation
Blower
6000 rpm
Motor
1 hp
1800 rpm
Gear box

Fig. P2.6 W-41
50 mm
50 mm
B
Forward
air velocity
Clockwise
rotation

Fig. P2.7 W-42
Motor 1.5 kW
4:1 ratio 1800 rpm
gear reducer
Direction
of rotation
Connecting
tube
C
Pump
450 rpm These units
C' are attached to
A a fixed support.
A'
B'

Fig. P2.8 W-43
Engine
Engine is attached
to aircraft structure here.
Reduction gear,
ratio = 1.5
Propeller

Fig. P2.9 W-44
Vertical Z
drive Rotation
shaft X
Mounting
flange
Z
Foward
direction of
boat travel X
Mx Mz My
Propeller
500 mm rotation
Y
2:1 ratio bevel
gears are inside Suggested notation
this housing for moments applied
to mounting flange
150 mm

Fig. P2.10 W-45
800 N
160
40 R
330 R 330 R
100 R
400 600

Fig. P2-11 W-46
100 mm
D
A
100 mm
Bevel gear
C B
reducer
1800 rpm
600 rpm
Attaches Attaches
to motor to load

Fig. P2-12 W-47
4 in.
8 in. Rear Output shaft

bearings
Front bearings
Mountings
6 in. Housing and

gear-shaft assembly 100 lb.ft
details
Reducer assembly
Output
6 in. dia. gear
Motor input torque

100 lb.ft
2 in. dia. pinion
Front bearings

Fig. P2-13 W-48
Engine Right-front wheel axle
2400 rpm shaft400 rpm
100 lb.ft torque
24 in.
Y
A
X
Left-front D
wheel axle 12 in.
shaft400 rpm
C Transmission
B
2.0 ratio
Front drive shaft1200 rpm

Rear drive shaft1200 rpm
X
Rear axle
(not part of
free body)
Fig. P2-14 W-51
Motor
g
Mass of mixer
system = 50 kg
A B
Direction
of rotation
Radial
flow
Mixing paddle
200 mm

Fig. P2-15 W-49
Mounting
width = 75 mm
to 150 mm
Radial
air flow g
Fan
Direction of
rotation
A Mass of blower
system = 15 kg
Motor

Fig. P2.16 W-50
Y
45 mm
D 30 mm
20 mm
FC 20
Z
Gear 1 B
50-mm dia.
A
Shaft
FA
C
20
X
Gear 2
24-mm dia.

Fig. P2-17 W-52
100 N 100 N
A B A B
200 300 200 300

140
50 N

Fig. P2-18 W-53
48 in. 12 in.
Cable
27 in.
100 lb
Cable
12-in.
pulley radius
100 lb

Fig. P2-19 W-54
Fr = 600 N
Ft = 2000 N
Fa = 1000 N
50
Motor
A B attaches
to this end
of shaft
40 60

Fig. P2-20 W-55
Fr = 200 N
Ft = 1000 N
Fa = 100 N
100
A B Pump shaft is
coupled to this
end of shaft
50 150

Fig. P2-21 W-56
Fr = 400 N
Ft = 1000 N
200 N
Fa = 200 N
40
30
A B
20 80 20

Fig. P2-22 W-57
Fr = 500 N
Ft = 1500 N
Fa = 150 N
150
A B
200 300 140 120
100 N
250 N

Fig. P2.23 W-58
A
L
F
b t/2 R Key
Section on A-A
A

Fig. P2.24 W-59
F
d
D

Fig. P2-25 W-60
Total gas force = F
a 2a a
d

Fig. P2-26 W-61
f t t
A B
d D
R L L L
P P
d D
F

Fig. P2-27 W-62
A

Fig. P2-28 W-63
k
a a
k k
100 N

Fig. P2-29 W-64
P
t'
F t F
t'
Rivet diameter = 10 mm

Fig. P2-31 W-65
C
60
Su = 66
A
Stress (ksi)
40 B F (Fracture)
Sy = 39
Se = 36
20
Slope = modulus of elasticity, E
0
0.2% offset
Strain (arbitary nonlinear scale)

Fig. 3-1 W-66
Su = 66 ksi
C
60 D
Stress (ksi)
Sy = 39 ksi
40 B F
A Se = 36 ksi
Hot-rolled 1020 steel

20
G H
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
Strain (%)
0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
Area ratio R
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Area reduction Ar

Fig. 3-2 W-67
Elastic Transition
Plastic strain-strengthening region
region region
200
Tf = 0.92
115
True stress T (ksi (log))
100 2) F
0.2
80 ks i, m =
15
m ( 0 = 1
T
T = 0
60 )
si T = Sy = 39 ksi
3 k
40 10

30 30
=
(E
E
20 T
=
T
10
3 4 5 6 7 8 0.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1.0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 100
True strain T (% (log))

Fig. 3-3 W-68
True stress T (log)
"Ideal" material
Curve I ( T = Se Sy )
Se2
Se1
Plastic line ( T = 0Tm )
Se3
Curve II
Elastic line ( T = ET )
True strain T (log)

Fig. 3-4 W-69
Su
Sy
Stress
Se
0 Se f
E
Strain

Fig. 3-5 W-70
1000
900
800
d
KB, ratio Su /HB
D
700 2
0. 3
0. 4
0.
5
600 0.
6
0.
500
d = indentation dia.
D = ball dia.
400
Steel
300
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
m, strain hardening exponent

Fig. 3-6 W-71
Shore hardness
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
22 24 26 28 32 34 38 42 46 55 65 75 85 95
100 100
120 60
140 70
150
160 80
180
200 90
200
100
220
110
250 240
Ultimate tensile strength (ksi)

120
260
280 130
300
300 140
320 150
350 160
340
170
360
180
400 380 190
Diamond pyramid hardness (Vickers)
400 200
420 210
450
220
440 230
Brinell hardness
460 240
500 250
480
260
500
270
550 520 280
540 290
600 560 300
580
600
650
620
640
700 660
680
750
700
800 720
740
850
760
900
950
(0) (10) 20 30 40 50 60 70
Rockwell C hardness
72 80 90 100 (110)
Rockwell B hardness

Fig. 3-7 W-72
Rockwell C hardness
Distance from
quenched end
(b)
(a)

Fig. 3-8 W-73
1000
Diamond
Cermets WC
W Si C
Engineering Boron
Mo alloys Si3N3
alloys
Beryllium Mg0 Al203
Steels
Ni alloys Zr 02
Cast irons CFRP
uniply Be0
Min. energy Cu alloys Ti alloys Silicon
100 Zn alloys Ge
storage per GFRP
unit volume Al alloys
Glasses
Common Brick etc Engineering
Yield before Cement rocks ceramics
buckling Sn + Mg alloys
Concrete CFRP Engineering
Laminates composites
GFRP
Lead
Ash
Oak
10
Pine
Youngs Modulus, E (GPa)
Porous
Mel
ceramics
II to
grain Epoxies PMMA
PS
Balsa PVC Nylons
S
= 0.1
S E
= 104 Woods Wood
E products
Polyester
Ash
PP
1.0 Oak
HDPE Design
Pine guide
to lines
grain PTFE Engineering
S Balsa polymers
= 103 S LDPE
E = 102 S
E =C
E Max energy
storage per
0.1
unit volume
Polymers S 3/2
foams =C
E
Buckling
Hard before yield
Elastomers
Pu
butyl
Cork S2
Silicone =C
Soft E
butyl
0.01
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10,000
Strength S (MPa)

Fig. 3-11 W-74
10,000
Engineering Si C
Diamond
Si3N4
ceramics Sialons
Al203 Engineering
Zr02 alloys
B Cermets
Mg0
Glasses Si Ge
CFRP
1000 GFRP
Uniply Steels
Engineering KFRP Ti W alloys
CFRP Be Pottery
composites alloys
GFRP
Mo alloys
Laminates Cast
KFRP irons Ni alloys
Al alloys
Cu alloys
Mg
alloys Stone, Zn
rock alloys
Ash Nylons
100
Oak PMMA
Pine Engineering
PP
Fir alloys
Strength S (MPa)
Mel
Parallel PVC
to grain Wood PS
Epoxies Lead
products alloys
Polyesters Cement
Balsa concrete
Ash HDPE
PTFE
Woods Oak
Pine Porous
Fir PU ceramics
10 Perpendicular
to grain LDPE Engineering
Silicone polymers
Balsa Soft
butyl Guide lines
Elastomers
for minimum
Polymers weight design
foams
Cork
1
S
=C

S 2/3 S 1/2
=C
=C

0.1
0.1 0.3 1 3 10 30
Density (Mg/m3)

Fig. 3-12 W-74a
10,000
Engineering
Porous ceramics
ceramics
Engineering
alloys
Engineering
SiC
composites
1000 CFRP Zr02
Uniply Glasses Mg0 Al203
KFRP Mullites Si3N4
GFRP
Al alloys
Ni alloys Compression
CFRP Steels
Zn alloys Laminates Brick
etc.
GFRP
Strength at temperature S (T) (MPa)
Mg alloys Ti-
100 to Nylons alloys
grain PC Polymides
to
PP PMMA
grain
PVC
Woods Epoxies PF
HDPE
II to Polyesters
grain PTFE
LDPE
Engineering
10 polymers
Butyls Silicones
Ice
Elastomers
1
T-Independent
Polymer
foams Yield strength
Upper limit on
strength at
Range typical temperature
of alloy series
0.1
0 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 1400
Temperature T (C)

Fig. 3-13 W-74b
70
60
Hardness (Rockwell C)
50
40
30
20
10
0 10 20 30 40 50
Distance from quenched end (mm)

Fig. P3-14 W-75
P

P
2 E
P E
2

(a) (b) (c)
Isometric view of tensile link Enlarged view of element E Direct view of element E
loaded through a pin at one
end and a nut at the other.
D2
A=
P 4
P + D =
A
(d)
Equilibrium of left half showing uniform stress distribution at cutting plane
Nut
(e)
View showing "lines of force" through the link

Fig. 4-1 W-76
P
3
1 3
4
5 1
2
5
(a) P (b)

Fig. 4-2 W-77
2
3 3
P
P
1

Fig. 4-3 W-78
P P

Fig. 4-4 W-79
T
E
E
(b)
T Enlarged view of
element
(a) Positive shear
Isometric view
E Negative E Negative
shear shear
Positive shear
(c) (d)
Direct view of Shear sign
element E convention

Fig. 4-5 W-80
T
Torque axis
Line "A"
1 2
3 2
p
To
b
Sid nt
e F ro
T Maximum shear stress exists
a along this line. (b)
(a) Enlarged view of
Zero shear stress exists element 2
along all edges.

Fig. 4-6 W-81
Neutral (bending) surface
M M
(a)
Entire beam in equilibrium
max
Neutral
c surface
y
c
M Neutral
Transverse
cutting plane bending
(b) axis and (c)
centroidal
Partial beam in equilibrium axis Typical cross sections

Fig. 4-7 W-82
Neutral (bending) surface
M M
(a)
Entire beam in equilibrium
Neutral bending axis

and centroidal axis
max
CG CG CG
c CG
y
M
Neutral
surface
(b) (c)
Partial beam in equilibrium Typical cross sections

Fig. 4-8 W-83
Hyperbolic stress distribution with
Centroidal surface increased stress at inner surface
CG
M co
e
Neutral surface ci
Neutral surface
displaced distance
M "e " toward inner
(a) (b) surface
Initially straight beam segment Typical cross section
Center of
initial curvature
(c)
Initially curved beam segment

Fig. 4-9 W-84
d
b c Centroidal surface
c'
Neutral surface
CG e
co y y
e Centroidal axis
Neutral axis
ci c
ro
a d' c
d

r
r rn
rn
M ri M
Center of initial curvature

Fig. 4-10 W-85
b
8 b r
4 c
3.5
U or T A B A b
B
c
3.0
Round or elliptical B A B A
Mc
I
Values of K in Eq. 4.11: = K
c
2.5
Trapezoidal b
B A b
2
2.0 b c
b 3
I or hollow rectangular 6
B A b
B A
1.5 Values of Ki for inside fiber as at A r
1.0
Values of Ko for outside fiber as at B

0.5 I or hollow rectangular
U or T
Round, elliptical or trapezoidal
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ratio r / c

Fig. 4-11 W-86
b b dA = b d
Centroidal axis
M M h h

r=h
c=h CG
M 2
M

Fig. 4-12 W-87
(a) (b)
Unloaded "curved beam" Loaded "curved beam"

Fig. 4-13 W-88
dA dA
b

y c
y0
Neutral axis
x dx
dA
My/I (M + dM)y/I
V
V
M
M + dM
N.A.
M
Enlarged view of beam segment

Fig. 4-14 W-89
(a) (b)
Marked and unloaded Loaded as a beam

Fig. 4-15 W-90
av = V/A av = V/A
4 3
max = V/A max = V/A
3 2
N.A. N.A.

Fig. 4-16 W-91
V V
M M

Fig. 4-17 W-92
80,000 N
60 80
X X
40
60 40,000 N 40,000 N
100 100
+40,000 N
V
40,000 N

Fig. 4-18 W-93
dx dx dx
dA = 60dy dA = 60dy dA = 60dy
10 10+
40
b = 60
b = 20 dA = 20dy

b = 20
(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 4-19 W-94
= 32.61 MPa
= 22.83 MPa
0 = 7.61 MPa

Fig. 4-20 W-95
+
max
yx S
(a) +
0 x
y
Marked eraser
S'
yx
(d)
(b) Mohr's circle
Loaded eraser
y
y S
x S' S
x x x S S'
y S'
Direct view Oblique view Direct view Oblique view
(c) (e)
Enlarged view of element Element subjected to max

Fig. 4-21 W-96
+
y
y
x +
T T #2 0 #1
(a) x
Marked eraser (for twisting) (c)
Mohr's circle
2 1
y
#2 #1
x x
y
(b) (d)
Enlarged element

Fig. 4-22 W-97
2 in.
3 in. rad.
1 in.
2000 lb

Fig. 4-23 W-98
2 in.
A
Top of shaft
"B" is at bottom of shaft, opposite "A"

Fig. 4-24 W-99
V = 2000 lb
2000 lb
A M = 4000 in.lb
B T = 6000 lb in. 4000 in.lb

Load diag.
2000 lb
Shear diag.
2000 lb V
2000 lb
Moment diag.
M
4000 lb

Fig. 4-25 W-100
x yx
yx xy
y xy A
y x
2 in. A x x A x x x y
x y xy
A y
xy yx xy yx
x yx
(b) (c) (d)

Enlarged isometric view Direct view Isometric view
(a)
Isometric view Calculated values: = 40.8 ksi

= 30.6 ksi

Fig. 4-26 W-102
+
max = 37 ksi
y (0, +30.6)
34
yx = 30.6 ksi
y xy
1 = 57 ksi
+ x A x x = 40.8 ksi
2 = 17 ksi 0
56 xy y
yx
Direct view of
x (40.8, 30.6) element A

Fig. 4-27 W-103
28
1 = 57 ksi
y
x
A x
2 = 17 ksi

Fig. 4-28 W-104
= 20 ksi
17
= +37 ksi
y
x = 37 ksi
A
x
y = 20 ksi

Fig. 4-29 W-105
+ x y
x + y 2
2
(x, xy)
2 1
2
+
0
(2, 0) (1, 0)
x y
(y, yx) xy2 +
2

Fig. 4-30 W-106
+
1 + 2 1 2
cos 2
2 2
1 2
2 sin 2
2 2
+
0
1
2
1

Fig. 4-31 W-107
y (3)
(1) (2) (3) (3)
x
A A
(1) A (1) (2)
z
(2) (= z)
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Original element Principal element 1-2 plane 1-3 plane 2-3 plane

Fig. 4-32 W-108
+
max = 37
Principal circle
3 2 1
+
(17, 0) (0, 0) (57, 0)

Fig. 4-33 W-109
Correct value of max
+
Erroneous value of max obtained if 3 is neglected
A 1 (tangential)
0 +
3 2 1
2 (axial) 3 = 0 (radial)

Fig. 4-34 W-110
3.0
r
2.8
M D d M
2.6
2.4 nom = Mc = 32M

I d 3
2.2
Kt 2.0 (a)
1.8
1.6
D/d = 6
1.4 3
1.5
1.2 1.1
1.03
1.0 1.01
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
r/d
2.6 r
P P
2.4 D d
2.2
nom = P = 4P
2.0 A d 2 (b)
Kt
1.8
1.6
D/d = 2
1.4 1.5
1.2
1.2 1.05
1.01
1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
r/d
2.6 r
2.4 T D d T
2.2
nom = Tc = 16T
2.0 J d 3 (c)
Kt
1.8
1.6
1.4
D/d = 2
1.2
1.2
1.09
1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
r/d

Fig. 4-35 W-111
3.0
r
2.8
M D d M
2.6
2.4 nom = Mc = 32M

I d 3
2.2
Kt 2.0 (a)
1.8
1.6
D/d 2
1.4 1.1
1.03
1.2
1.01
1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
r/d
3.0
r
2.8 P P
D d
2.6
2.4 nom = P = 4P
A d 2
2.2
Kt 2.0 (b)
1.8
1.6
D/d 2
1.4 1.1
1.03
1.2 1.01
1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
r/d
2.6 r
2.4 T D d T
2.2
nom = Tc = 16T
2.0 J d 3 (c)
Kt
1.8
1.6
1.4
D/d 2
1.2 1.1
1.01
1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
r/d

Fig. 4-36 W-112
3.0
M M
T T
2.8 P P
D
2.6
d
2.4 Axial load:
nom = P P
A (D2/4) Dd
2.2
Kt
2.0 Bending (in this plane):
nom = Mc M
1.8 I (D3/32) (dD2/6)
1.6
Torsion:
1.4 nom = Tc T
J (D3/16) (dD2/6)
1.2
1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
d/D

Fig. 4-37 W-113
3.0
2.8
M H h M
2.6
2.4 r b
2.2 nom = Mc = 6M
I bh2
Kt 2.0
1.8
1.6 H/h = 6
2
1.4
1.2
1.2 1.05
1.01
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/h
(a)
3.0
2.8 P P
H h
2.6
2.4 r b
2.2 nom = P = P
A bh
Kt 2.0
1.8 H/h = 3
2
1.6 1.5
1.4 1.15
1.05
1.2
1.01
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/h
(b)

Fig. 4-38 W-113A
3.0
2.8
M h H M
2.6
2.4 r
b
2.2 nom = Mc = 6M
A bh2
Kt 2.0
1.8
1.6 H/h =
1.5
1.4 1.15
1.05
1.2 1.01
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/h
(a)
3.0
2.8 P P
h H
2.6
b
2.4 r
2.2 nom = P = P
A bh
Kt 2.0
H/h =
1.8 1.5
1.6 1.15
1.05
1.4
1.2 1.01
1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/h
(b)

Fig. 4-39 W-114
3.0
2.8 M h
d b M
2.6
2.4
d/h = 0 nom = Mc = 6M
I (b-d)h2
2.2
0.25
Kt 2.0
0.5
1.8 1.0
1.6 2.0
1.4
1.2
1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
d/b
(a)
Pin
loaded
6 hole
P h b P
d
5 nom = P = P
A (b-d)h
Kt
4
Unloaded
hole
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
d/b
(b)

Fig. 4-40 W-114A
18
P
17 nom = P = P
A wt
r/w = 0.050 h/w = 0.5
16 t r/w = 0.10
w
r/w = 0.20
15
r
14 h
W
13
12
0.5
11
10 0.75
Kt 9
0.5
8
0.75
7 1.0
6
0.75
5 1.0
1.0
4 3.0
3 3.0
3.0
2
1
1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0
W/w

Fig. 4-41 W-115
Same cross-section area = K Stress con. factor = K = 2
F F F F
(a) Unnotched (b) Notched
av = Sy /2
= Sy max = Sy
Stress Stress
ASy
F = ASy F=
2
(c) (d)
Su = Sy
Sy
Stress
a
b
F c
d

(e) (f )

Fig. 4-42 W-116
0 + Sy Sy 0 0+
+ =
(a) Load causes no yielding
0 + Sy 0 0+
+ =
(b) Load causes partial yielding
0 + Sy 0 0+
+ =
(c) Load causes partial yielding
0 + Sy 2Sy 0 Sy 0+
+ =
(d) Load causes total yielding
Load stress + Load removal = Residual stress

stress change

Fig. 4-43 W-117
2
Z = bh
6
(0.025)(0.050)2
Z=
6
300 mPa
0 Z = 1.042 105 m3
F1 10 mm
F2
50 mm
F2
10 mm F1
M1 M1
300 MPa
25 mm
(a) Given information (see text)
0 300 396 396 0 96 0
62
238
+ =
(b) Load stress + Load removal stress change = Residual stress
96 0 104 0 200 0
62 62
+ =
(c) Residual stress + Load stress = Total stress (straight beam)
96 0 0 396 0 300
62
238
+ =
(d) Residual stress + Load stress = Total stress (ready to yield)
96 0 204 0 300 0
62 60
122
+ =
(e) Residual stress + Load stress = Total stress (ready to yield)

Fig. 4-44 W-118
10.000 in. 10.008 in.
T = 80F T = 480F
P = 0 lb P = 0 lb P = 60,000 lb P = 60,000 lb

Fig. 4-45 W-119
10 mm dia.
P 60 mm
P = 400 kN
20 mm

Fig. 4-61 W-142
A B C D E F

Fig. P4-2 W-120
di = 20 mm
max = 100 mm
do = 24 mm

Fig. P4-10 W-121
T
T
T
T
2r

Fig. P4-11 W-122
b
M M

Fig. P4-18 W-123
200
lb 3 in.
1-in.-dia round rod
4 in.
200 lb

Fig. P4-19 W-124
A A
60
40 80
P Q
120
70,000 N

Fig. P4-21 W-125
b
c
X
a

Fig. P4-23 W-126
3 3
in. in.
4 16
F
3
2 in. 16
in.
13
16
in.
1 in.

Fig. P4-24 W-127
A 24 mm
5 mm
30 mm 8 mm
5 mm
30 mm
A
Section AA
12,000 N

Fig. P4-25 W-128
B
100
Free end
of shaft
T
20-mm- 100 S
dia. shaft 2000 N
A
120-mm-dia.
400 N sheave
Connected to
flexible coupling
and clutch

Fig. P4-27 W-131
1
3 2 in.
1
2 in.
8 in. 3
8
in.
1
2 in.

Fig. P4-29 W-129
12 kN
Cement L L
2 2
5 5 50
5
5
40

Fig. P4-30 W-130
200 mm
25-mm-dia. round
rod bent into crank
250 mm
100 mm
1000 N

Fig. P4-34 W-132
1-in. dia.
shaft 3000-lb
belt tension
Motor
6-in. dia.
1000-lb
belt tension
1 in.

Fig. P4-36 W-133
F
100-mm dia.
50-mm dia.
30-mm dia.
A 50 mm
4000 lb
100 mm
50 mm

Fig. P4-40 W-134
B
1-in.-dia. shaft
2 in.
A 1000 lb
3 in.
4 in.
500 lb
4 in.
3 in.

Fig. P4-38 W-134a
A

Fig. P4-41 W-135
30
y x
45
18

Fig. P4-46 W-136
20 ksi
Free surface, 3 = 0
30 ksi

Fig. P4-49 W-139
75
350
100

Fig. P4-52 W-140
5000 N 30 mm 200 mm 5000 N
15 mm
25 mm

Fig. P4-52 W-141
1000 N
r = 5 mm
d = 40 mm d = 40 mm
A B
D = 80 mm
500 mm 250 mm
RA RB

Fig. P4-54 W-137
5000 N 50 mm 100 mm 5000 N
15 mm
25 mm

Fig. P4-55 W-138
400
Calculated elastic
stress (MPa)
200
200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time

Fig. P4-65 W-143
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Fig. 5-1 W-144
Y Unloaded element
Element loaded in uniaxial
tension in X direction (with
deflections shown exaggerated)
z
dy (neg.)
dx
Z
x
X
dz (neg.)
dx dy dz
x = lim y = lim z = lim
x y z
x0 y0 z0

Fig. 5-2 W-145
Y
dx
yx
xy
Z X
x
xy (shown counterclockwise, hence negative) dx

absolute value = lim = tan
yx (shown clockwise, hence positive) y
y0

Fig. 5-3 W-146
+/2
y
y
xy
2 1
x +
0

Fig. 5-4 W-147
(a) (b)
Single-element gages oriented Two-element rosettes oriented
to sense horizontal strain to measure horizontal and
vertical strain
(c) (d)
Three-element equiangular Three-element rectangular
rosettes rosettes

Fig. 5-5 W-148
2 2 2
120 120 240
120
+
+
0 0
+ + 0
240 1 1 1
+ +
240 240 120
(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 5-6 W-149
1 = +0.0020
240 gage
( = +0.00185)
17
0 gage ( = 0.00075)
2 = 0.0010
120 gage ( = +0.0004)

Fig. 5-7 W-150
+ /2
120
2 = 0.001 1 = +0.0020
0.00075 +0.00185
+
34
+0.0004
240
0

Fig. 5-8 W-151
90 2 0 2 0 2
45 + +
45
90
+ +
45 90 90
0
+
1 1 1
+
45
(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 5-9 W-152
+2600 m/m
+450 m/m 90 = +450
200 m/m 45 = 200
(a)
0 = +2600
(b)

Fig. 5-10 W-153
1 = +3560
2 = 510
90 = +450
45 = 200
29
119
0 = +2600

Fig. 5-11 W-154
+ /2
45
510 58 3560
0 450
+
200 2600
90

Fig. 5-12 W-155
+ + /2
2 = 24 2 = 0.001 3 = 0.0005
3 = 0
+ +
0 0
1 = 134 1 = 0.002
(a) (b)

Fig. 5-13 W-156
1.5 kN 2.5 kN
200 200
100
10 50 50 10
d = 30 d = 40 d = 60 d = 50 d = 40
2.2 kN 1.8 kN
2.2
V, shear force (kN)
2
Area =
1 0.7
220 kNmm
Area = 140 kNmm
0
1 Area = 360 kNmm

M, bending moment (kNmm)
2 1.8
325 360
400
220 255
200
22 Area = 58,000 kNmm2
A = 36,000 18
0
A = 11,000
12
9.80
, (106/mm)
8.46 A=
8 0.85 0.457 103 A=
5.12 5.67 0.270 103
2.67
0.69
4 2.47
0.419 1.94 0.28
M
EI
103 0.220 103 A = 0.565 103

0
A = 13 106
location of zero slope
A = 3 106
Initially assumed
1.2
0.838
0.835
0.8
Relative slope (milliradians)
0.8 0.270
Absolute slope (mrad)
0.4 A = 0.120 mm 0.4

A = 0.011
0 0
0.022
A= 0.007
0.4 0.4
0.093 mm 0.220
Location of zero
absolute slope
0.8 0.8
0.677
1.2 1.096
1.109 True line of
zero deflection +0.001
0
Deflection (mm)
0.04
0.08
0.093
0.12
0.115 Parallel to true line
0.119 of zero deflection
0.126
Tangent point

Fig. 5-14 W-159
dQ Area = dU'
Area = U'
Area = dU
Load Q
Area = U
0
Deflection

Fig. 5-15 W-160
P
x dx
P/2 L/2 P/2 b

L

Fig. 5-16 W-161
P = 5000 N
h = 50 mm
2500 N 200 mm 2500 N b = 25 mm

L = 400 mm

Fig. 5-17 W-162
x
c
b
L
h
y
a P

Fig. 5-18 W-163
R
F F R

P M
R R cos

h F
F
V
2R b
(a) (b)

Fig. 5-19 W-164
1.0
2
Avg value =
0.5

/2 2
sin d = 1; sin d = 2; sin d = 0
sin
0 0 0 0
2 can be determined)
(From this, average value =
0.5
1.0
1.0
2
Avg value =
0.5

/2 2
cos
0 cos d = 1; cos d = 0; cos d = 0

0 0 0
0.5
1.0
1.0

/2
Avg value = 0.5 sin2 d = (0.5) = ; sin2 d = (0.5) =
2 4 2
sin2
0 0
0.5

2
sin2 d =
0
0
1.0

/2
Avg value = 0.5 cos2 d = (0.5) = ; cos2 d = (0.5) =
cos2
0 2 4 0 2
0.5

2
cos2 d =
0
0
(0.707)(0.707) = 0.5
2 1
Avg value = 0.5 = = (Half of avg value shown in sin plot)
0.5

/2 1 1
sin cos
sin cos d = = ; sin cos d = 0

0 2 2 0
0

2
sin cos d = 0
0
0.5
0 /2 3/2 2
(radians)

Fig. 5-20 W-165
in.
2 .0
R=
E = 18 106 psi
G = 7 106 psi
F F

h = 0.3 in.
b = 0.2 in.
2R = 4 in.
(a)

Fig. 5-21a W-166
0.035
0.030 Copper
Cast iron
0.025 Steel
Deflection, (in.)
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.000
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Width, h (in.)
(b)

Fig. 5-21b W-167
0.035
0.030 Copper
Cast iron
0.025 Steel
Deflection, (in.)
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.000
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Radius, R (in.)

Fig. 5-21c W-168
0.06
Deflection, (in.)
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.2 0. 1
0.3
0. 2 )
Wid (in.
th ,h 0.4 ,b
(in. ess
) ckn
0.5
0. 3 Thi

Fig. 5-21d W-169
1.2 m
500 kg mass
10 m
Point of zero
deflection
F a
y
3m

Fig. 5-22 W-170
3 a Pa/2
M0
2
P/2
P
y
b M0
1 2 P/2
3'
Pa/2
b M0
2' M0 P
2
a x
P/2 P/2
M0
(a) P/2
M0
P/2
(b)

Fig. 5-23 W-171
P
P y
x x
L or Le Axis of least I and becomes

neutral bending axis when
e buckling occurs. With column
formulas, always use I and
with respect to this axis.
(b)
Column cross section
P
P
(a)
Two views of column

Fig. 5-24 W-172
0.100
0.010
Scr
E
0.001
0.0001
10 100
Slenderness ration Le /

Fig. 5-25 W-173
180
1200
1100 160
1000
140
900
Critical unit load Scr (ksi)
Critical unit load Scr (MPa)
120
800 Sy = 689 MPa
A C Arbitrary values
700 100 for illustration
600 Sy = 496 MPa
80
B D
500
400 60
300 Euler, E = 203 GPa (steel)

40
200
20
100 Euler, E = 71 GPa (alum)
E
F
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Slenderness ratio Le /

Fig. 5-26 W-174
(Buckled
shape shown
dotted)
Le
Le
Le = L L L Le L Le L
2
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Theoretical Le = L Le = 0.707L Le = 0.5L Le = L Le = 2L
Minimum
AISC
Recommend Le = L Le = 0.80L Le = 0.65L Le = 1.2L Le = 2.1L
Source: From Manual of Steel Construction, 7th ed., American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc., New York, 1970, pp. 5138.

Fig. 5-27 W-175
180
1200
1100 160
1000
140
900
800 120
A C
700 100 Sy = 689 MPa
600 Johnson, E = 203 GPa, Sy = 689 MPa

Sy = 496 MPa
80
B D
500
400 60
Johnson, Tangent Euler, E = 203 GPa
300
40 E = 71 GPa, points
200 Sy = 496 MPa Euler, E = 71 GPa
20
100
E
F
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Fig. 5-28 W-176
D
80,000 N 80,000 N
1m
SF = 2.5
Sy = 689 MPa
E = 203 GPa (steel)

Fig. 5-29 W-177
D
80,000 N 80,000 N
200 m
SF = 2.5
Sy = 496 MPa
E = 71 GPa (aluminum)

Fig. 5-30 W-178
600
550 80
500
70
450
Euler curve 60
400
ec/ 2 = 0

350 0.05 50
0.1
300
40
250 0.3
200 0.6 30
150 ec/ 2 = 1.0 20
100
10
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Fig. 5-31 W-179
(a) (b) (c)
Wrinkling, or "accordian Typical local buckling of Wrinkling of thin, unsupported
buckling" of thin-wall tube an externally pressurized flanges of a channel section
thin-wall tube

Fig. 5-32 W-180
Beam Tetrahedron
Triangle Pentahedron
Quadrilateral Hexahedron

Fig. 5-33 W-180A
1 (2) 3 (5) 5 (10) 7
(7) (9)
(3)
(6) (11)
6 W
(1)
(8)
4
(4)
2

Fig. 5-34 W-180B
3x
3'
F (7) 3x
3y F (7)
3x
3
F (7)
6y
L
6'
F (7)
6x
6x
6
6x

Fig. 5-35 W-180C
F3 F (7)
3x
3 3x
3'
F (7)
3y

A, E

6

Fig. 5-36 W-180D
3N
2N
2
2y (Constant A, E)
2'
3.464 m
2m
2x
(2) 3x
1 4m (3) 3 3'

Fig. 5-37 W-180E
F (1)
2y F (2)
2y
F (1)
2x F (2)
2x
2 2
(1) 3.464 m
2m
F (1)
1y
(2) F (2)
3y
F (1)
1x F (2)
3x
1 3
(3)
F 1y F (3)
3y
F (3)
1x (3) F (3)
3x
1 4m 3

Fig. 5-38 W-180F
1. Tension or compression PL P AE
= k= =
L AE L
Cross-section area = A
2. Torsion TL T K'G
= K= =
L K'G L
T For solid round bar and
deflection in degrees,
584TL
=
K' a = section property. For solid d 4G
round section, K' = J = d 4/32.
3. Bending (angular deflection) ML M EI

= K= =
L
EI L

I = moment of inertia about M
neutral bending axis
4. Bending (linear deflection) ML2 M 2EI

= k= =
L 2EI L2
I = moment of inertia about M

5. Cantilever beam loaded at end PL3 P 3EI

= k= =
P 3EI L3
L
I = moment of inertia about


Table 5-1 W-157
4
d K' = J = d
32
di do K' = J = (d 4 d 4i )
32 o
t
4
K' = dt
d 32
3 3
K' = a b
2b
a + b2
2
2a
K' = 0.0216a4
a
K' = 2.69a4
a
3 4
b K' = ab 16 3.36 b 1 b
16 3 a 12a4
a
a K' = 0.1406a4

Table 5-2 W-158
120 = +625
0 = +950
240 = +300

Fig. P5-4 W-181
135 = 380
0 = 300 90 = 300
45 = 380
270 = 200 0 = 200
Gage readings Equivalent rosettes

Fig. P5-9 W-183
100 mm
A
F
k = 5 N/mm 100 mm
B
F
100 mm
C
F

Fig. P5-14 W-182
200 mm
100 mm
25 mm-dia. steel
A 1000 N

Fig. P5-15 W-184
4 kN
d = 50 d = 40
d = 30
2 kN
100 200 150

Fig. P5-16 W-185
a
Solid round rod of

properties E, G, A,
I, and J.
X Y
T (used in Problem 5.18)
F (used in Problem 5.17)

Fig. P5-17 W-186
w = 200 lb/in.
0.75d 0.75d
5 in. 15 in. 5 in.

Fig. P5-19 W-186a
a F
a F

Fig. P5-20 W-187
R

Fig. P5-21 W-188
b
2
b
2
L

Fig. P5-22 W-189
500 mm 5 kN
300 mm

Fig. P05-23 W-190
2
1 1

Fig. P5-27 W-191
12 mm-dia. tie-rod
1m
0.7 m
6 kN
Boom
0.7 m
1m

Fig. P5-29 W-192
P P
2c
c
2w w
P P
(a) Center crack (b) Edge crack

Fig. 6-2 W-194
P
7075T651 Aluminum,
Su = 78 ksi, Sy = 70 ksi,
Kic = 60 ksi in.
t = 0.06 in.
2c
=1
i n.
2w
=6
in.

Fig. 6-3 W-195
P
t
a
2c
2w

Fig. 6-4 W-196
P
Ti 6Al 4V (annealed)
titanium plate
t = 1 in.
a
2c
2w =
6 in.
g = 0.73 Sy P
a/2c = 0.25

Fig. 6-5 W-197
+ +
(max = 60)
(max = 50)
2 = 40 ksi
1 = 80 ksi 1 = 100 ksi
2 = 3 = 0
3 = 0
+ +
(a) Proposed application involving (a) Standard tensile test of

1 = 80, 2 = 40, 3 = 0 proposed material. Tensile
strength, S = 100 ksi

Fig. 6-6 W-198
Uniaxial +2
Uniaxial
compression
tension Sut
+
Suc Sut Suc Sut

+ +1
0 0
Principal Mohr circle

must lie within these
bounds to avoid failure
Suc
For biaxial stresses (i.e., 3 = 0),

1 and 2 must plot within this
area to avoid failure
(a) Mohr circle plot (b) 1 2 plot

Fig. 6-7 W-199
+2
Syt
+ Uniaxial tension
Principal Mohr
circle must lie Syt Syt
within these + +1
bounds to avoid 0
failure


Fig. 6-8 W-200
Principal plane
Octahedral plane
Principal planes

Fig. 6-9 W-201
Shear diagonal (1 = 2)
+2
(0, 100)
(100, 100)
(100, 100)
Shear stress
theory
(58, 58) Distortion energy theory
(100, 0) (100, 0)
+1
0
(50, 50) Normal stress theory

(58, 58)
Note: 3 = 0
(100, 100) (100, 100)

(0, 100)

Fig. 6-10 W-202
+2
+Sut
+
Suc Sut Suc Sut

+ +1
0 0
Principal Mohr circle must

lie within these bounds
to avoid failure Suc

Fig. 6-11 W-203
+2
Sut
Suc Sut
+1
0
Shear diagonal
Suc

Fig. 6-12 W-204
2 = 25 ksi
Note: 3 = 0
1 = 35 ksi 1 = 35 ksi
Steel,
Sy = 100 ksi
2 = 25 ksi

Fig. 6-13 W-205
0 35 58 66 100
1 (ksi)
Normal load
point
25
theory
Limiting
D.E. theory
points
theory
(58, 58)
Load line
100
Shear diagonal
2 (ksi)

Fig. 6-14 W-206
Stress (% of ultimate strength) 100
Fracture
SF = 2 based on
50
strength, Eq. 6.9
SF = 2 based on
load, Eq. 6.10
0 50 100
Load (% of ultimate load)

Fig. 6-15 W-207
Frequency p(x) and p(y)
y (stress) x (strength)
y x
0 40 70
Strength (x), and stress (y) (MPa or ksi)

Fig. 6-16 W-208
Frequency p(z)
z (margin of safety)
0 30
Margin of safety, z, where z = x y

Fig. 6-17 W-209
1
1 < 2 < 3
Frequency p(x)
0 x1 x2
Quantity x

Fig. 6-18 W-210
Inflection point Inflection point
Frequency p(x)
34.13% 34.13%
of total
2.14% 2.14%
area
0.13% 0.13%
13.60% 13.60%
3 2 1 +1 +2 +3
Quantity x

Fig. 6-19 W-211
99.99 0.01
0.05
99.9 0.1
99.8 0.2
0.5
99 1
98 2
(% of survivors or % cumulative probability of survival)
95 5
% of failures or P, % cumulative probability of failure

90 10
80 20
70 30
% reliability
60 40
50 50
40 60
30 70
20 % of failures 80
10 k
5 % of 95
survivors
2 98

1 99
Fatigue life, strength, etc.
0.5
0.2 k = 4, 99.99683% reliability 99.8
Extreme
0.1 k = 5, 99.9999713% reliability 99.9
values
0.05 k = 6, 99.9999999013% reliability
0.01 99.99
4 3 2 1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4
Number of standard deviations, k

Fig. 6-20 W-212
One bolt in
x = 1 N m
Frequency p(x) and p(y)
500 twists off

y = 1.5 N m
y (wrench x (bolt twist-

twist-off torque) off strength)
y x
0 (14.8) 20.0
Torque x and y (N m)
(a)
kz
One bolt in
Frequency p(z)
500 twists off
z=xy
0 (5.22)
Torque z (N m)
(b)

Fig. 6-21 W-213
2 = 100 MPa 2 = 100 MPa
1 a 1 = 200 MPa 1 b 1 = 150 MPa
2 2

Fig. P6-13 W-214
Sy = 500 MPa
xy = 100 MPa
x x = 50 MPa
xy

Fig. P6-23 W-215
c m
m m
k k k
(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 7-1 W-216
100 100
90 90
80 80
Sy / Su (%)
Ratio Sy /Su
70 70
Su and Sy (ksi)
60 60
50 Ultimate strength Su 50
40 40
Total elongation
Elongation (%)
30 30
Yield strength Sy
20 20
10 10
0 0
106 105 10 4 103 102 101 1 101 102 103
Average strain rate (s1)

Fig. 7-2 W-217
W
Guide rod Elastic-strain energy stored

1
h Force in structure = 2 Fe
Fe
W
Work of falling weight = W (h + )
k
k
W O
st h
Deflection
(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 7-3a-c W-218
2d L/2
d2
Area = A =
4
L
L/2
d d
(a) (b)

Fig. 7-4 W-219
W
h
Bumper of
cross section A;
volume = AL

Fig. 7-5 W-220
30 in.
100 lb
2 4 white pine
E = 106 psi 12 in.
Mod. of rupture = 6 ksi
100 lb/in. 5 5 100 lb/in.

1 8 in. 3 8 in., I = bh3/12 = 6.46 in.4
Z = I/c = 3.56 in.3
60 in.

Fig. 7-6 W-221
250 mm
20-mm
dia
120-mm 100-mm
dia dia
20 mm 20 mm

Fig. 7-7 W-222
700
600 Aluminum
Cast iron
Shaft shear stress (MPa)
Steel
500
400
300
200
100
5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0
Shaft radius (mm)
40
35
Torsional deflection of shaft (deg)
Aluminum
Cast iron
30
Steel
25
20
15
10
0
5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0
Shaft radius (mm)

Fig. 7-7b W-223
K i = 1.5
K i = 1.5

Fig. 7-8 W-224
K i = 1.5
Ki = 3
d
2
d
K i = 1.5

Fig. 7-9 W-225
Head
Ki = 3.4
Ki = 3.4
Ki =1.5
A = 700 mm2
A = 300 mm2
"Very long" Shank
(>10d)
d
Ki = 1.5
Ki = 3.5 Ki = 3.0
A = 600 mm2 A = 600 mm2
"Negligible"
(a) Original design (b) Modified design

Fig. 7-10 W-226
K = 1.55
Drop
weight
K =4 24 mm dia.
30 mm dia.
K = 1.4

Fig. 7-10 W-229
Axial hole
(a) (b)

Fig. 7-11 W-227
1-in dia.
K =2
0.1-in dia. hole

"Very long"
K =2

Fig. 7-13 W-232
Steel cable
A = 2.5 in.2
E = 12 106

Fig. P7-2 W-228
v = 4 km/hr
K = 5000 N/mm m = 1400 kg
L=5m
Rope

Fig. P7-5 W-228
Thread:
Thread: Area = A
Area = 600 mm2 K = 2.6
K = 3.9
K = 1.3
Area = 800 mm2
Area = 800 mm2
"Very long"
K = 1.3
A = 600 mm2
K = 3.9
Area = A
K = 2.6
Platform
Original design New design
(a) (b)

Fig. P7-11 W-230
Hole dia., d
K = 2.2 K = 1.5
250 mm Assume that hole

dia. = 36 mm
drilled to this depth,
(Fracture does not significantly
location) change the K = 3.8
A = 800 mm2 factor at the thread.
K = 3.8
3 mm
(negligible)
Original design Modified design
(a) (b)

Fig. P7-12 W-231
Small region behaves plastically
Main body behaves elastically

Fig. 8-2 W-234
Test specimen Flexible
9 8" R
7 coupling
Motor
0.300"
Revolution
counter
C
Weights
110-Volts AC

Fig. 8-3 W-235
50 +
+
+
+
+
Peak alternating stress S (ksi)

+
40 +
+
Fatigue strength, or + Not broken
+
+
+
+
30 + +++
20
Sn' (endurance limit)
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Life N (cycles 106)
(a) Linear coordinates (not used for obvious reasons)
50 +
+
Peak alternating stress S (ksi)
+
40 +
++ + Not broken
Fatigue strength, or
++
+
30 ++ + + +
+
20
10
0
103 104 105 106 107 108
Life N (cycles (log))
(b) Semilog coordinates

Peak alternating stress S (ksi (log))
100
80
70
60 8:7 ratio
Fatigue strength, or
50 +
+ + "Knee" of curve Not broken
40 + +
+ +
+ +
30 + + + +
7:1
20 ratio
10
103 104 105 106 107 108
(c) Log-log coordinates

Fig. 8-4 W-236
S = 0.9Su (in ksi, S 0.45 Bhn; in MPa, S 3.10 Bhn)
1.0
0.9
0.8
S/Su (log)
0.7 Not broken

0.6
0.5
Sn'
0.4
103 2 4 6 104 2 4 6 105 2 4 6 106 2 4 6 107
Life N (cycles(log)) Sn' = 0.5 Su
(in ksi, Sn' 0.25 Bhn;
in MPa, Sn' 1.73 Bhn)

Fig. 8-5 W-237
Hardness (HB)
187 229 285 375 477 653
140
900
120
800
100
700
Endurance limit S 'n (MPa)

Endurance limit S 'n (ksi)
600
80
500
60
400
0.25 Bhn
40 300
SAE 4063
SAE 5150 200
20 SAE 4052
SAE 4140 100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Hardness (Rockwell C)

Fig. 8-6 W-238
Actual maximum stress
Calculated maximum
stress (Mc /I )
M M

Fig. 8-7 W-239
80
70 500
60 400
Peak alternating bending stress S (ksi (log)
50
300
40
35 250
30 200
S (MPa (log))
25 Wrought
150
20 Permanent
18 mold cast
16
14 100
12
75
10
Sand cast
8
7 50
6
5
103 104 105 106 107 108 109

Fig. 8-8 W-240
Alloys represented:
1100-0, H12, H14, H16, H18 2014-0, T4, and T6 6063-0, T42, T5, T6
3003-0, H12, H14, H16, H18 2024-T3, T36 and T4 7075-T6
5052-0, H32, H34, H36, H38 6061-0, T4 and T6
30
Fatigue strength at 5 108 cycles
150
20
S n' (MPa)
S n' (ksi)
S n' = 19 ksi 100
10 S n' = 0.4S u
50
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Tensile strength Su (ksi)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Su (MPa)

Fig. 8-9 W-241
40
35
30 200
Peak alternating stress S (ksi (log))
25
Extruded and forged 150
20
18
S (MPa (log))
16
14 100
Sand-cast
12
10 75
9
8
7 50
6
5
105 2 4 6 8 106 2 4 6 8 107 2 4 6 8 108

Fig. 8-10 W-242
(log) S103 = 0.9Su
S103 = 0.75Su
1.0 S103 = 0.9Sus ( 0.72Su)
peak alternating stress, S or Ss
Sn = Sn' = 0.5Su
0.5
Su
Bending
Sn = 0.9Sn' = 0.45Su
0.3 Axial (no eccentricity)
Torsion Sn = 0.58Sn' = 0.29Su

Ratio,
0.1
103 104 105 106 107
Life, N (cycles (log))

Fig. 8-11 W-243
2
Sn
1.2
Note: Dotted portion is
superfluous for completely 1.0
reversed stresses
0.8
0.6
0.4
Reversed bending
0.2
1 1
Sn 1.2 0.8 0.4 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 Sn
0.2
0.4 DE theory
0.6 Reversed torsion
0.8
1.0
Reversed bending
1.2

Fig. 8-12 W-245
Hardness (HB)
120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520
1.0
Mirror-polished
0.9
Fine-ground or
0.8 commercially
polished
0.7 Mac
hine
d or
cold
Surface factor Cs
0.6 -dra
wn
0.5
Hot
0.4 -rol
led
0.3 As f
orge
d
0.2
Corroded in
0.1 tap water
Corroded in salt water
0
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
Tensile strength Su (ksi)
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Su (GPa)

Fig. 8-13 W-246
Equal
surface
stresses
(a) d = (0.3" or 7.6 mm)
(b) d > (0.3" or 7.6 mm)
(c) d < (0.3" or 7.6 mm)

Fig. 8-14 W-247
a
a max
max
m
Stress
+ m
a min
0
min

m = mean stress; a = alternating stress (or stress amplitude)
max = maximum stress; min = minimum stress
m = (max + min)/2
a = (max min)/2

Fig. 8-15 W-248
103 ~ F
Values from SN curve
Sy A"
104 ~
E
105 ~ D 10 3
~
10 4
106 ~ C ~
H' H Sn 10 5
10 6 ~
~
a G
A' A B
Sy m (compression) 0 m (tension) Sy Su

Fig. 8-16 W-249
Su
100
0
10
3 le life
90 90 10 -cyc
90
3
0
80 31
Maximum stress max (% of Su)
80
80
4
70 10 4
10
70
3 5
70
60 10 6
u)
Al
(% 60
60 nat
S
te
10
of
r
50 50 stre 7
ss 0
in
10
re 5
m
g

40
ea 40
40 a(
ss
st

30
n
30 f S u
30
%
M
o
20 20
20
)
10
10
10
0
100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Minimum stress min (% of Su)
0
1
0
2
0
3

Fig. 8-17 W-250
80
80
Su
70
70
70 life
3 cycle
60 10 -
Maximum stress max (ksi)
60
60
4
10
50 4
10
50 ern 4
50
Al
)
si
t
5
(k
40 10
at
m
40
40 stre 5

in
10
ss
g
re
30
st
6
ss
M 0
30 (ks
n
10 7
3
ea
a
20 10 9
10
20
i)
20
10
10
10
0
80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
Minimum stress min (ksi)
0
1
0
2

Fig. 8-18 W-251
80
80
fe
3 - cyc le li
70 10
70
70
4
Maximum stress max (ksi)
60 10
60
60
50 4
10
(k 0
50 nat
4
Al
5
)
te
si
r
40 5
m
st 40
in
40 tres
10

5
g
ss
10
s
4 6
re
30 7
M 0
10
s
30 (ks
n
3
10
a
ea
20 9
10
i)
20
20
10
10
10
0
80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
Minimum stress min (ksi)
0
1
0
2
0
3

Fig. 8-19 W-252
Su
(f)
a
Calculated fluctuating axial stress
Sy
Sn
(ignoring yielding)
a (e)
m
a
m (d)
0
(c)
(b)
Sn
(a)

Fig. 8-20 W-253
Commercially
d < 2.0 in. polished surface P(t)
P(t) P(t)
0 t
Sy = 120 ksi
Su = 150 ksi

Fig. 8-21 W-254
Axial loading stresses in ksi
S = 0.75Su = 0.75(150) = 112
Peak alternating stress, S (log)

112
Sn = Sn' CLCGCS
92 = (0.5 150)(1)(0.9)(0.9) = 61
75
61
103 104 105 106 107

Sy
120
112 ksi
100 Axial loading stresses in ksi

92 ksi
10 4
75 ksi 80 ~ A
10 5 10 3
61 ksi ~ ~
a 10 6
~ 3 2
40
1
a
20
m = 0.67
Point O
(used in Sample Problem 8.2)
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 150

Sy m (compression) +m (tension) Sy Su

Fig. 8-22 W-255
Calculated nominal stress S
d U nn
o tc h
ed sp
e c im
Not ens
che Sn(u)
ds
pec
(a) Unnotched specimen ("u") ime S (u)
ns Kf = n
Sn(n) Sn(n)
d
103 104 105 106 107
Life N (cycles)
(b) Notched specimen ("n") (c) Illustration of fatigue stress concentration factor, Kf

Fig. 8-23 W-256
Use these values with bending and axial loads Steel
Su (ksi) and Bhn
Use these values with torsion as marked
1.0
Bhn) 180 (360 Bhn)
(400
0.9 200 0 Bhn)
120 (24
Bhn)
(2 80 0 Bhn)
0.8 140 80 (16
hn) n)
0 B 20 Bh
(20 60 (1
0.7 100 hn )
0B )
(16 Bhn
0.6 80 (120 hn)
B
60 (100 Aluminum alloy (based on 2024-T6 data)
q 0.5 50
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16
Notch radius r (in.)
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Notch radius r (mm)

Fig. 8-24 W-257
600
Calculated notch stress
(P/A)Kf (MPa)
Calculated
300
stresses
0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Sy
300
(P/A)Kf + residual (MPa)
Actual notch stress
Actual
0
stresses
300
(a) (b') (c') (d')
d'
300 d
280
c'
c
200 Constant-
a (MPa)
b' b
life
106 ~ Life fatigue
a 105 ~ Life diagram
104 ~ Life
100 103 ~ Life
0 100 200 300 400 450

m, tension (MPa) Su

Fig. 8-25 W-258
r
d D T = 1000 250 N m
T = 1000 250 N m
D/d = 1.2 Commercial ground finish

r/d = 0.05 Heat-treated alloy steel,
SF = 2.0 Su = 1.2 GPa, Sy = 1.0 GPa

Fig. 8-26 W-259
Assuming 10 mm < d < 50 mm
1200
Sn = Sn' CLCGCS = (0.58)(0.9)(0.87) = 272 MPa
Alternating torsional stress
2
300 max = Ssy

10 6
~
a (MPa)
=
life
200
150 B'
116 B
100 N'B A
NB
0' NA
200 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Ssy 0.58(1000) = 580 Sus 0.8(1200) = 960
Mean torsional stress m (MPa)

Fig. 8-27 W-260
50 mm
Ft Fn
r = 5 mm rad., machined surface
100 mm
D = 18 mm (bearing bore)
d = 16 mm (shaft dia.)
f = 0.6 (between the object Su = 900 MPa

and the disk)
T = 12 N m (friction torque) Sy = 750 MPa
900
Sn = Sn' CLCGCS = (1)(0.9)(0.72) = 291 MPa
2
Alternating bending stress
300 "Failure point"

ea (MPa)
10 6 max = Sy
200 ~=
life
Sy = 750
100 Su = 900
(15.7, 65.0)
"Operating point"
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Mean bending stress em (MPa)

Fig. 8-28 W-261
140
Reversed stress S (ksi (log))

120
100
80
80
Stress (ksi)
40
60
1.6 104
3.8 104
0
105
50
40
80 40
Representive 20-second test 103 104 105 106 107

N (cycles (log))
(a) (b)
Stress-time plot S-N curve

Fig. 8-29 W-262
Representative 6-sec test
300 500
d'
400
Reversed stress S (MPa)

200 c'
Bending stress (MPa)
300
100
250
0 200
2.5 103
2 104
100
3.5 106
150
1~ a'
200 2~ 3~ 2~ b'
d 100
a b c
300 1~ 103 104 105 106 107 108
d'' c'' b''
b N (cycles)
(a) (c)
Stress-time plot S-N plot
400 d'
d Bending stress at
c' critical notch
300 P(t)
Part
a (MPa)
c
200
Aluminum alloy
b'
Sy = 410 MPa
b
a' Su = 480 MPa
100 (d)
a
0 100 200 300 400 500

m (MPa) Sy Su
(b)
m a plot

Fig. 8-30 W-263
T
(d) Strength
Tensile stress and strength (ksi)
(c) Total stress, (a) + (b)

(a) Load stress
Pmax
(b) Residual stress

0
Compressive stress (ksi)
Axis of specimen
symmetry and
axis of load
Pmax

Fig. 8-31 W-264
P
r = 2.5 mm
P
35 mm
30 mm
30 mm
30 mm
30 mm
P r = 2.5 mm
P
(1) (2)

Fig. P8-26 W-265
F lb
3 in. 3 in.
2 in.
2 in. 1 in.
1
1 in. dia. 1 4 in. dia. 1 in. dia.
1 1 1
16
R R 8
R
8
F F
lb lb
2 2

Fig. P8-27 W-266
2-mm rad. 0.8-mm rad.
24 mm 20 mm 24 mm

Fig. P8-28 W-267
r = 81 in. 4 in.
Kt = 1.7
0.1094 in.
F
High-carbon
steel, 490 Bhn,
machined finish
3
4
in.

Fig. P8-30 W-268
0.050 in.
1
2
in.
0.191-in. rad.
0.125-in. dia.

Fig. P8-37 W-268a
1.5 rad. 5-mm rad. 5-mm rad.
+80
Nominal stress
(MPa)
60 mm 50 mm 60 mm 50 mm
0
16
Time

Fig. P8-38 W-268b
1.2-in. dia. 1.0-in. dia. 7000 lb in.
0.1-in. rad.
Torque
3000 lb in.
1
16
-in. dia. hole 0.1-in. rad.
Time

Fig. P8-39 W-268c
25-mm solid Bending Kf = 2.0
round shaft Fillet Torsional Kf = 1.5
Axial Kf = 1.8
750 N
2000 N
500 N
Pump
Helical
spur gear mm
50
25
0-m
m
dia
.

Fig. P8-44 W-268d
y
x B
A
Forces act at 500-mm dia. A B
C 550
z C D
D 400 400
Fy = 1.37 kN 450
Fz = 5.33 kN
Fz = 0.3675Fy Fx = 0.2625Fy
120 dia. E Keyway 80 dia.
Fy
Fx = 1.37 kN
(Kf = 1.6 for bend and torsion; 1.0
for axial load. Use CS = 1 with these values.)
(1) Forces act at 375-mm dia. (2)

Fig. P8-45 W-268e
30
20
Torsion stress (ksi)
10
10
20
30
30 seconds

Fig. P8-46 W-268f
Iron electrode with surplus of electrons
~ +~ + ~ + ~
+ +
~ ~ + Fe2+ ions in solution
+ ~ ~~ +~
~ + ~
+ ~ + ~
Electrolyte

Fig. 9-1 W-269a
Plating, as tin or zinc (cathode or anode)
~
~ ~~ ~ ~
~ ~
~ ~ ~ Exposed iron (anode or cathode)
~
~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~~
Electrolyte

Fig. 9-2 W-269b
A B
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~ ~
~ ~
~
~ Electrolyte
~ ~ ~
~

Fig. 9-3 W-269d
Outlet
Magnesium
anode
Magnesium Insulated copper wire
Inlet anode
(a) Water tank (b) Underground pipe
Zinc anodes
Zinc strips between steel spring leaves (d) Ship

(c) Leaf spring

Fig. 9-4 W-269e
+
Insulated copper wire
Steel tank

Fig. 9-5 W-269f
Rust particles Rust particles
Steel Steel
Steel
(a) (b)
Rust begins at center of drop "Crevice corrosion"

Fig. 9-6 W-269g
Steel bolt and nut
Aluminum plates
Nonporous, pliable
electrical insulator

Fig. 9-7 W-270
Salt water
PTFE
Epoxies
Lead alloys LDPE/HDPE GFRP All
Nickel alloys PP PS PVC Composites Ceramics,
Nylons Glasses
S-steels KFRP
All Cu-alloys Polymers Gold
Polyesters CFRP Lead
Ceramics, Ti-alloys
Phenolics Alloys
Glasses Ti-alloys
PMMA
Alloys S-steels
Ni-alloys
Al-alloys PTFE
KFRP Cast irons Al-alloys PVC
Composites HDPE
Aerated Alloys LDPE, Epoxies Strong
water GFRP Elastomers acids
Low alloy C-steel
PTFE, PP CFRP
Cast
Polymers
Epoxies, PS, PVC steels
irons Nylons
Nylons Polyesters
Polymers CFRP
PMMA C- Phenolics CFRP
HDPE, LDPE, Polyesters steels PS PU Composites
PMMA
Phenolics KFRP Glasses
Lead alloys Ceramics, Al203
Steels Alloys
Cu- Al- Glasses Si C
Ti-alloys Si3N4
alloys alloys C-steels Mg 0 Zr02 Vitreous
Ni-alloys Cast irons ceramics Si02
A B C D D C B A
Al-alloys Cu-alloys Ni-alloys
All Many Zn-alloys Steels
Ceramics, elastomers Alloys S-steels
Glasses PTFE Cast irons
PVC PMMA Elastomers Ti-alloys
KFRP PMMA
Si02 Phenomics
Composites Nylons Polymers Nylons
Glasses GFRP
CFRP GFRP Polymers PS Vitreous Polyesters LDPE/HDPE
LDPE PVC ceramics KFRP P.V.,PS,PP,PTFE
U-V
Epoxies, HDPE Most Composites PVC,Epoxy Strong
polyesters, PP, elastomers
radiation phenolics, PS CFRP alkalis
Filled Polymers Ceramics,
polymers Glasses
Phenomics
KFRP Polyesters Si C, Si3N4
PU Al203
Composites LDPE Zr02
All GFRP HDPE
Epoxies Graphites
Alloys CFRP Nylons
All PP All
Ceramics Alloys
Glasses
PTFE
A Excellent
B Good
C Poor
Organic solvents D Bad

Fig. 9-8a W-271a
Fig. 9-9 W-272
Mo Cr Co Ni Fe Nb Pt Zr Ti Cu Au Ag Al Zn Mg Cd Sn Pb In
In
Pb
Sn
Cd
Mg
Zn
Al
Ag
Au
Cu
Ti
Zr
Pt
Two liquid phases
Nb
One liquid phase, solid
Fe Increasing
solubility below 0.1%
Ni compatibility;
Solid solubility between
hence,
1 and 0.1%
Co increasing
Solid solubility above 1% wear rate
Cr
Mo Identical metals
W

Fig. 9-11 W-274
Identical Poor Good
Unlubed Excellent lube
metals lube lube
Compatible Poor Good

Unlubed Excellent lube
metals lube lube
Adhesive Poor Good Excellent

Partly compatible Unlubed
wear lube lube lube
Poor Exc.
Incompatible metals Unlubed Good lube
lube lube
Nonmetal on metal or nonmetal Unlubed Lubed
Abrasive High abr. Low abr.

2-body 3-body
wear concentr. concentr.
Fretting Unlubed Lubed
102 103 104 105 106

Wear coefficient, K

Fig. 9-12 W-275
F = 20 N
Copper pin Pin

Pin
80 Vickers Pin volume lost = 2.7 mm3
Disk volume lost

Steel disk Disk Disk = 0.65 mm3
210 Brinell
t=0h t=2h
r = 16 mm
Initial profiles Final profiles

n = 80 rpm

Fig. 9-13 W-276
z
z
Contact area
Contact area R2
p0
p
R1 p
a a
y p0 y L
x x
b
y
(a) (b)
Two spheres Two parallel cylinders

Fig. 9-14 W-277
Stress Stress
p0 0.8p0 0.4p0 0 0.4p0 p0 0.8p0 0.4p0 0 0.4p0
0 0
x = y
z
b
a
y
Distance below surface
x
2b
2a z
Distance below surface

max 3b
3a
p0 = max. contact max
pressure
4b
4a
(a)
5b
Two spheres
(a is defined in Fig. 9.13a)
6b
p0 = max. contact
pressure
7b
(b)
Two parallel cylinders
(b is defined in Fig. 9.13b)

Fig. 9-15 W-278
z 0.7p0 max 0.3p0
+
0.3p0
0.2p0
y 0.1p0
0.1p0
0 +
z 0.7p0
y 0.1p0
x 0.25p0
x 0.25p0
0.6p0 0.4p0 0.2p0 0 0.2p0

One plane of maximum shear stress

Fig. 9-16 W-279
F
b
y
z A B z
yz yz
y y
A B
0.3p0
0.5b below surface
0.2p0
0.1p0
Stress yz
0.1p0
p0 = max contact pressure
0.2p0
0.3p0
4b 3b 2b b 0 b 2b 3b 4b
Distance y from load plane

Fig. 9-17 W-280
z
Driving cylinder
Direction of rotation
yzt = fp0
yt = 2fp0 yt = 2fp0
y y
yt = 2fp0 yt = 2fp0
yzt = fp0
b b
Loaded cylinder
Direction of rotation (resists rotation to
cause some sliding)
z p0 = maximum contact pressure

f = coefficient of friction

Fig. 9-18 W-281
2000 N
10.1 mm
Hardened- 10 mm
steel sphere
Hard-bronze bearing
alloy spherical seat

Fig. 9-19 W-282
250
Cast iron
Copper
Maximum contact stress
200 Steel
p0 (MPA)
150
100
50
5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04
Sphere radius, R1 (mm)

Fig. 9-19b W-283
800
700
Computed maximum elastic contact stress
600
Pa
500 Rad ral
ial lel
bal rol
l ler
400 Ang bea s
ula ring
r-co s
p0 or z (ksi)
nta
300 ct b
Ro all
bea
lle ring
rb s
ea
rin
200 gs
150 Spur gearshigh-quality

manufacture, case-hardened
steel, 60 Rockwell C (630 Bhn)
100
105 106 107 108 109 1010

Fig. 9-21 W-285
C
Key: 10 +
C C Protected ("noble", more cathodic)
11
1 Gold, platinum, gold-platinum alloys
C C C
C
12
2 Rhodium, graphite, palladium
C C C C
C C
13
3 Silver, high-silver alloys
C C C C C
C C C
14
4 Titanium
C C C C C X
C C C X
15 Nickel, manel, cobalt, high-nickel and
5
high-cobalt alloys
Legend: C C C C X
X Not compatible Nickel-copper alloys per QQ-N-281,
6 QQ-N-286, and MIL-N-20184
C Compatible C C C C C X
P Compatible if not exposed within two miles 7 Steel, AISI 301, 302, 303, 304, 316,
of a body of salt water 321, 347*, A286
C C C C C C X
F Compatible only when finished with at least Copper, bronze, brass, copper alloys per QQ-C-551,
one coat of primer 8 QQ-B-671, MIL-C 20159, silver solder per QQ-5-561
*Applicable forms: 301, 302, 321, and 347 sheet C C C C C C X X
9 Commercial yellow brass and bronze;
and plate; 304 and 321 tubing; 302, 303, 316, 321, QQ-B-611 brass
and 347 bar and forgings; 302 and 347 casting; C C C C C C X X X
and 302 and 316 wire. 10 Leaded brass, naval brass, leaded bronze
These materials must be finished with at least C C C C C C C X X X
one coat of primer. 11 Steel, AISI, 431, 440; AM 355; PH steels
C C C C C C C C C C C
12 Chromium plate, tungsten, molybdenum
C C C C C C X P C X X X
13 Steel, AISI 410, 416, 420
C C C C C X P X P C X X X
14 Tin, indium, tin-lead solder
C C C C C X X X X X C X X X
15 Lead, lead-tin solder
F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
16 Aluminum , 2024, 2014, 7075
F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
17 Steel, (except corrosion-resistant types), iron
F F C C X C P X X X P X P C X X X
18 Aluminum, 1100, 3003, 5052, 6063,
6061, 356
C F F C P X P X X X X P X X C X X X
Cadmium and zinc plate, galvanized steel,
19 beryllium, cald aluminum
F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
20 Magnesium
Corroded ("active", more cathodic)


Tab. 9-1 W-269c
Rivets
Total exposed area = 100 cm2
Metal plates
Total exposed area = 1 m2

Prob. 9-1 W-269
Chromium-plated steel cap screws
Total exposed area = 110 cm2
301 Stainless steel plates

Total exposed area = 1.5 m2
Electrolytic environment

Prob. 9-4 W-286
Insert rod
Drain plug (magnesium)
(steel)
Oil
Crankcase
(steel)

Prob. 9-8d W-287
30 cycles/day, every day
100 N 100 N
Steel, 100 Bhn

Steel, 300 Bhn
30 mm
Latch Latch
closed open

Prob. 9-12 W-287a
Locking plate
Arm
Geneva wheel
100-mm
radius

Prob. 9-20 W-288
End of thread L End of thread L
p p

End of thread
(a) (b)
Single threadright hand Double threadleft hand

Fig. 10-1 W-289
p
p Crest
60
8
30
p
Root 4
Major dia. d
Root (or minor) dia. dr Pitch dia. dp
Axis of thread

Fig. 10-2 W-290
Nut tolerance zone
Basic profile
(as shown in
Fig. 10.2)
Basic profile Nut
Screw
Screw tolerance zone

Fig. 10-3 W-291
p p
p p
2 2 = 29 2
2 = 29
p
0.3p
2
d d
dr dm
dr dm
(a) Acme (b) Acme stub
p p p
p p 0.163p
2 2
= 7 45
p = 5 5 p
2 2
0.663p
dm dr d dm dr d dm d
dr
(c) Square (d) Modified square (e) Buttress

Fig. 10-4 W-292
Weight
a
dc
Force F
(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 10-5 W-293
w
A
n
dm fn
q
L n
n cos n n
dm
q fn A Section A A
(normal to thread)
Scale 4:1

Fig. 10-6 W-294
h
n b
b tan n =
h
Screw axis
Section B-B
(normal to thread)
A
B h
b/cos

b
tan =
h cos
Section A-A
A B (through screw axis)

Fig. 10-7 W-295
100
1
0.0
f=
90 2
0.0
f=
5
80 0.0
f=
0
0.1
70 f=
5
0.1
f=
0
60 0.2
Efficiency, e (%)
f=
50
40
30
cos n f tan
e= , where
cos n + f cos
20 1
n = tan1 (tan 14 2 cos )
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Helix angle,

Fig. 10-8 W-296
Weight = 1000 lb
a
dc = 1.5 in.
fc = 0.09
Force F
f = 0.12
1-in. double-thread
Acme screw

Fig. 10-10 W-298
Total = P
Force
flow Clamped
lines member
Total = P
Bolt
1
A - shear fracture
line for nut
thread stripping 2
t
B - shear fracture
line for bolt
thread stripping A
3 Nut
B
dr
di
dp

Fig. 10 -11 W-299
Clamped member
Nut
Bolt

Fig. 10-12 W-300
Pilot surface
of bolt

Fig. 10-13 W-301
Motor Spur gears
Motor
Ball thrust
bearings
Material Material
being being
compressed compressed
Thrust Thrust
washers washers
Ball thrust
bearings
(a) Screws in compression (poor) (b) Screws in tension (good)

Fig. 10-14 W-302
Flat washer
(a) Screw (b) Bolt and nut (c) Stud and nut (d) Threaded rod and nuts

Fig. 10-15 W-303
0.65d
d
1.5d
(b) Square head (c) Round head
(a) Hexagon head
(d) Flat head (e) Fillister head (f ) Oval head
(h) Hex socket headless setscrew

(g) Hexagon socket head (i) Carriage bolt
(j) Round head with Phillips socket

Fig. 10-16 W-304
(Plug in socket) (5-sided head) ("Spanner head")
(a) (b) (c)

Conventional screwdriver Special tool required to Break-away heads
will tighten but not tighten or loosen screw
loosen the screw

Fig. 10-17 W-305
T4
T3
Fi
Sy
Fi max = per max theory
+ 2
Stresses with torques applied
y x
Fi y y
Fi Stresses after
T2 Fi torques are relieved
y' x'
+
T1 Fi x (, )
Mohr circles

Fig. 10-18 W-307
Direct tension,
Direct tension,
galvanized
black oxide
Torqued tension,
galvanized and
lubricated
Bolt tension
Torqued tension,
black oxide
Torqued tension,
galvanized
(high friction)
Bolt elongation

Fig. 10-19 W-308
(a)
Helical (split) type
(b)
Twisted-tooth type
(Teeth may be external,
as in this illustration,
or internal.)

Fig. 10-20 W-309
(a) (b)

Fig. 10-21 W-310
(a) (b) (c)
Insert nut (Nylon insert is compressed when Spring nut (Top of nut pinches Single thread nut (Prongs pinch bolt thread
nut seats to provide both locking and sealing.) bolt thread when nut is tightened.) when nut is tightened. This type of nut is
quickly applied and used for light loads.)

Fig. 10-22 W-311
Starting Fully locked
Spring- top nut Nylon-insert nuts

(Upper part of nut is tapered. (Collar or plug of nylon exerts friction Distorted nut (Portion of nut is distorted
Segments press against bolt threads.) grip on bolt threads.) to provide friction grip on bolt threads.)
(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 10-23 W-312
Fe Fb = Fi Fb
Fc = Fi Fc
Fe Fe
(a) (b) (c)
Complete joint Free body without Free body with
external load external load

Fig. 10-24 W-313
Fb
e
F
dn
i a
F
Fc
b =
Fb
Fb and Fc
F
Fc
g Fi
Fc = Fi
Fe Fc
Fb
Soft Fc
gasket
Fb
0 Fe
(Separating force per bolt)
(a) (b) (c)
(d)

Fig. 10-25 W-314
"Rubber"
Fb portion of
bolt
Fb = Fi
Fi
Fb
Fb and Fc
Fc g
Fc Fb
Fc = Fi Fe
Fe
Fc = 0
"O-ring" Fb
gasket
0 Fe
(Separating force per bolt)
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig. 10-26 W-315
kb Fb = Fe
B
Fb = Fi + F
kb + kc e
Fb Fb Fluctuations
in Fb and Fc
Force
corresponding
Fi
to fluctuations
in Fe between
Fc 0 and C
Fc
kc
Fc = Fi F
kb + kc e Fc = 0
C A
0
External load Fe

Fig. 10-27 W-316
Conical effective
clamped volume
d
30
g
d1
(Hexagonal bolt
head and nut)
d2
d3

Fig. 10-28 W-317
P
Connecting
rod and cap
a a
A A
P
(a) (b)
Bolt bending caused by nonparallelism Bolt bending caused by deflection
of mating surfaces. (Bolt will bend of loaded members. (Note tendency
when nut is tightened.) to pivot about A; hence, bending is
reduced if dimension a is increased.)

Fig. 10-29 W-318
9 kN
Rotating
shaft Pillow block
Metric
(ISO) screw

Fig. 10-30 W-319
F F
2 2
F F
F F
2 2
(a) (b)
Normal load, carried by Overload, causing shear failure
friction forces

Fig. 10-31 W-320
150
500 24 kN 24 kN
D D
150 150
400
E
100

Fig. 10-32 W-321
144-kN applied
overload
F
150
F
144 kN
180
180 100 V
48 48
CG of bolt group
cross section
144 kN (150 mm) =
21.6 kN m
200
200
F
180
48

Fig. 10-33 W-322
Case 2 Fi = 38.3 kN
Bolt yields slightly, with no
(bolt tightened to full
increase in load or stress during
yield strength)
first application of Fe
38.3
40
Fb
35.3
Fc
30
Force (kN)
29.3
20
Case 1 Fi = 10 kN
13
Fb
10
9 Fc
4 Fe
0
Bolt tight, Machine
Machine
machine not operating at
turned off
yet turned on normal load
Time
(a) Fluctuation in Fb and Fc caused by fluctuations in Fe
900
Su = 830
800
Sp = 660
700
600 Sp = 600
Stress, (MPa)
Fluctuation in thread root stress Case 2, Fi = 35.3 kN

500 505
400 Fluctuation in thread root stress Case 1, Fi = 10 kN
300
12% elongation @ Su specified for class 8.8
200
= 0.0032 @ Sy = 660 on idealized curve

100
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
Strain,
(b) Idealized (not actual) stressstrain curve for class 8.8 bolt steel

Fig. 10-34ab W-323
Sn = Sn' CLCS CG = 830 (1)(1)(0.9) = 373 MPa
Alternating stress, a (MPa)
400 2
300 Life Operation at overload on verge

of causing eventual fatigue failure
4
200 During normal
130 operation
2
100 Sy = 660
77 Su = 830
0
0 200 400 600 800
Mean stress, m (MPa)
3 1 After initial
tightening
After shut-down
following normal operation
(c) Mean stress-alternating stress diagram for plotting thread root stresses

Fig. 10-34 W-324
Steel bolt, 1 '' 13 UNC,
2
grade 5 with cut threads Fmax
External load Fe
0 to Fmax 0 to Fmax,
Fe
fluctuating
external force
Steel
g = 2'' member
Time
(a) (b)
Simplified model of machine Fluctuating separating
members bolted together force versus time
120
120
SSnn == SS'n' CLCG CS == (1)(0.9)(1)
(1)(0.9)(1) == 54
54 ksi
ksi
22
60
Limiting point for case a

Limiting point for case a
40 a = 37
a (ksi)
Limiting point for case b

Limiting point for case b
a = 23
20
a = 22.7
Suy = 120
Sy = 92
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
m (ksi)
(c)
Fatigue diagram for thread root

Fig. 10-35a-c W-325, 326a
Aluminum cover plate,
E = 70 GPa Class 8.8
steel bolt
g/2
g/2
Fe
"O-ring" gasket Cast-iron cylinder,
E = 100 GPa
250 mm
350 mm

Fig. 10-36 W-327
Weight = 10,000 lb
a
dc = 2.0 in.
fc = 0.10
Force F
f = 0.13
1-in. double-thread
Acme screw

Fig. P10-1 W-328
1/2 in. Acme thread
dc = 5/8 in.
5 in.

Fig. P10-09 W-330
Fe
Fe = 0 to 8,000 lb
kc = 6kb
Fe

Fig. P10-17 W-329
Spring A
A washer
1000 N 1000 N
1000 N 1000 N
Spring washer
(1) (2)

Fig. P10.26 W-331
Fig. P10-28 W-332
230 mm
140 mm
280 mm

Fig. P10-39 W-333
80 Fb and Fc
60
Force (kN)
Heavy load
40
Light load 30 kN Light load
Fe
20 15 kN 15 kN
Initial
tighten
0
Time

Fig. P10-41 W-334
22 22 22 22
22 22 22 22
22 22 22 22
22 22 22 22

Fig. P10-44 W-335
Table 10-4 W-306
Before setting
After setting

Fig. 11-1 W-336
Full tubular
Bifurcated (split)
Metal-piercing
(a) (b) (c)

Semitubular Self-piercing Compression

Fig. 11-2 W-337
Back (blind) side not accessible Back (blind) side
not accessible
Acute corner
"Built-up" lightweight structure

Fig. 11-3 W-338
Mandrel breaks
after seating and
rivet expansion
Trim or grind
Pulling mandrel
head
Self-plugging
blind rivet
Blind
side upset
Mandrel head collapses

as rivet is expanded
and pulled through rivet
Pull-through
blind rivet
Blind
side upset
Closed-end
break mandrel
blind rivet
Blind
side upset
Open-end
break mandrel
blind rivet
Blind
side upset
Drive pin
blind rivet
Blind
side upset

Fig. 11-4 W-339
(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 11-5 W-340
60 45
60
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig. 11-6 W-341
t = 0.707
t
h h
t
h h
(a" ) (a' )
Concave weld Convex
bead (poor weld bead
practice)
(a) (b)
F F
A A
B D B D
C C
50
mm mm
50
F F
(c) (d) (e)

Parallel loading Transverse loading Transverse loading

Fig. 11-7 W-342
Y
300
100
B A
X X
y
G
x
150
20 kN
Y
(a)
T (45) 295.7 295.7

20 80 =
B J t A t
B
T 802 + 452 G 525.8 674.1

G J t t
20 kN 80
T T (80) 525.8 t
= 5600 N m
J t
105
T 1052 + 202
691.9
J t
131.4
T (105) 690.0 T (20) 131.4 690.0 80 t
= = t t
J t J t
(b) (c)
Torsional stresses Torsional plus direct shear stresses

Fig. 11-8 W-343
70 A
X
B A
60
B
121.2
D
26.3 =
= t
X 120
t
124
C Resultant stress = t
160
10 kN
(a) (b) Stresses on weld AB

Fig. 11-9 W-344
Y'
Y
t
G (CG of total weld group)
L /2 X X
y
b
X' X'
G ' (CG of this weld segment)

L /2
Y' Y

Fig. 11-10 W-345
13.6 a 30
m = 60 = 0.5
a (ksi)
0 19 50 62
m (ksi)

Fig. 11-11 W-346
Removing this
material reduces
stress concentration
at bond edges
(a) Adhesive-bonded metal lap joint (b) Brazed tubing fittings (c) Glued wood joint

Fig. 11-12 W-347
Weld length = 90 mm
Sy = 400 MPa
F F
SF = 3
E70 series weld
15 mm

Fig. P11-4 W-348
F
E60 series welding rods

Sy = 50 ksi (plates)
3.0 in.
h = 0.375 in.
SF = 3
Note: There are two

3 in. welds.

Fig. P11-07 W-349
60 kN
100 mm
75
mm
55
mm
Note: Each plate has two 75 mm

welds and one 100 mm weld.

Fig. P11-11 W-350
4 in.
4000
lb
3 in.
Note: There are two 4 in. welds.

Fig. P11-12 W-351
Fixed
end
Bearing
Spline Torsion bar

portion
Generous
radius
d Bearing
Spline
(a) (b)
Torsion bar with splined ends Rod with bent ends serving as torsion bar spring
(type used in auto suspensions, etc.) (type used for auto hood and trunk counterbalancing, etc.)

Fig. 12-1 W-352
F FF
F F
d
FD
T=
2 d
D
F FD
T=
2
F D
F
D
F (d)
d Top portion of tension
spring shown as a free
body in equalibrium
End surface
ground flat (c)
Tension spring
(a)
Compression spring
(ends squared and ground)

Fig. 12-2 W-353
Plane m
n
Plane
= Tc T

Tc
0 J c d J
T
Tc 0
T = a b
J
T Tc
(a)
J
Straight torsion bar
(b)
Curved torsion bar

Fig. 12-3 W-354
1.8 18
0.5
Ks = 1 + (shear correction only,
C
1.7 use for static loading) 16
Kw = 4C 1 + 0.615 (shear and curvature
4C 4 C corrections, use for
fatigue loading)
1.6 14
1.5 12
KwC
KwC and KsC

Kw and Ks
1.4 KsC 10
1.3 8
1.2 Kw 6
Ks Preferred range,
1.1 ends ground 4
Preferred range, ends not ground

1.0 2
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Spring index, C = D/d

Fig. 12-4 W-355
Fig. 12-5 W-356
Fig. 12-6 W-357
Wire diameter (in.)
0.004 0.008 0.020 0.040 0.080 0.200 0.400 0.800
450
3000
400
Minimum ultimate tensile strength (MPa)
2500
Minimum ultimate tensile strength (ksi)

350
ASTM A313 ASTM A228 music wire (cold-drawn steel)
(302)
300
2000 ASTM A401 (Cr-Si steel)
ASTM A229
ASTM A227 250
ASTM A230 ASTM A232 (Cr-Va steel)

1500 (oil-tempered carbon steel)
200
ASTM A229
Inconel alloy X-750 (spring temper) (oil-tempered carbon steel)
150
1000 ASTM A227
ASTM B159 (cold-drawn carbon steel)
(phosphor bronze)
ASTM A313 100
(302 stainless steel)
500
50
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91 2 3 4 5 6 7 891
0.10 1.0 10.0 100.0
Wire diameter (mm)

Fig. 12-7 W-358
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Ls = (Nt + 1)d Ls = N t d Ls = ( Nt + 1)d Ls = N t d

Fig. 12-8 W-359
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Contoured
and plate

Fig. 12-9 W-360
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
Ratio, deflectionfree length, /L f
0.55 Unstable
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
A
0.3
B
0.25
0.2
Stable
0.15
0.1
0.05
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Ratio, free lengthmean diameter, L f /D
A- end plates are constrained parallel

(buckling pattern as in Fig. 5.27c)
B- one end plate is free to tip
(buckling pattern as in Fig. 5.27b )

Fig. 12-10 W-361
D+d 60 lb
1.5 in.
105 lb
Cash Fs
1 allowance
in.
2
(Spring
Lf (Spring
free)
with 2.5 in. (Spring
min. load) with (Spring Ls
max. load) solid)

Fig. 12-11 W-362
80
0.9Sus 0.72 Su
70
60
0.54 Su Sn = Su CLCS CG
Stress S (% Su)(log)
50 2
0.395 Su Su
= (0.58)(1)(1)
40 2
= 0.29 Su
30
20
103 104 105 106

Fig. 12-12 W-363
0.8
m = 0 0
0.72 a
0.7 m = 1
0
0.6
0.54
Region of interest
0.5 103
a /Su
a
0.395 104 m 1
0.4
(0.38, 0.38) 0
0.29 105
0.3 (0.325,
0.325)
106 + P
0.2
Static load
0.1 (0.265, 0.265) a
(0.215, 0.215) m = 0
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
m /Su

Fig. 12-13 W-364
0.80
0.76
103
0.65
104
0.60 0.53
105
0.43
106 +
max /Su
P
0.40
0.20
0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80

min /Su

Fig. 12-14 W-365
80 76 Calculated curve (from Fig. 12.14)
Torsional stress Ss, max (% Su)
70 65 Note: For zero-to-max torsional

stress fluctuation
60 53
50
43
Shot-peened wire
40
Design curves [1]
Non-shot-peened wire
30
103 104 105 106 107

Life N, (cycles)

Fig. 12-15 W-366
1000
(965, 965)
800
Infinite life with
689 shot peening
800
(862, 862)
510 Infinite life without

600 shot peening
max (MPa)
(Static load line)

400
200 (Load line, slope 600/300

for Sample Problem 12.2)
0 200 400 600 800 1000

min (MPa)

Fig. 12-16 W-367
Load stress
Load stress
plus residual
stress
+ Without presetting
With presetting
0
resid from presetting

Fig. 12-17 W-368
600 N 300 N
Squared and
ground ends,
ASTM A232
spring wire 25 mm
600 N
Cam 300 N
n=
650
rpm Shaft
Key
+ 25

Fig. 12-18 W-369
1200
1000 975
800
750
max (MPa)
600
540
400
max 600
=
min 300
200
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

min (MPa)

Fig. 12-19 W-369A
F F
r1 d
d A
r3
r2
r4 B
D
D
Bending stress at Sec. A: Torsional stress at Sec. B:

16FD r1 8FD r4
= r3 =
d3 d3 r2

Fig. 12-20 W-370
F

Fig. 12-21 W-371
2F
L F F L L F L L
2F
6FL 2F
=
bh2 6FL 6FL
= =
6FL3 bh2 bh2
=
Ebh3 6FL 3
12FL3
= =
3
Ebh Ebh3
(a) (b) (c)

Quarter-elliptic Semi-elliptic Full-elliptic
(simple cantilever)

Fig. 12-22 W-372
Mc 6Fx If and t are If and w are
= =
I wt 2 constant, then x /w constant, then x /t 2
must be constant. must be constant.
L L
b
b
x
b
F
F F
w h
h h
L
t
(a) (b) (c)

t is constant; w varies linearly with L w is constant; t varies parabolically with L

Fig. 12-23 W-373
L F L F
h h
n leaves
Half of nth leaf
Half of 3rd leaf

Half of 2nd leaf
b Main leaf
Half of 2nd leaf
b
Half of 3rd leaf
n
Half of nth leaf
(a) (b)

Fig. 12-24 W-374
Shackle (permits
Clips small fluctuations
in spring length)
Fixed pivot
Fixed pivot

Fig. 12-25 W-375
800 a
life, bending m = 0.67
F F = 1000 to 5000 N Sn
2F
a (MPa)
Design overload point
a = 525
Bolt, Kf = 1.3
400
h = 7 mm
k = 30 N/mm
Sy Su
0 400 800 1200 1600
m (MPa)
(a) (b)

Fig. 12-26 W-376
6FL3 FL3 F Eh3
b = 416 = = 0.0144 ; k= = 69.33
Ebh3 Eh3 L3
L = 682
(a) Triangular-plate solution to Sample Problem 12.4
L = 682 L = 682
L = 682
b = 416 83 = b = 333 + 83
6FL3 FL3 4FL3 FL3

k = k1 + k2 1 = = 0.0180 2 = = 0.0482
3
Ebh 3
Eh 3
Ebh Eh3
3 3 3
Eh F Eh Eh
k = 76.30 k1 = = 55.55 k2 = 20.75
L3 1 L3 L3
(b) Trapezoidal plate solution to Sample Problem 12.5

Fig. 12-27 W-377
F F
d
a

Fig. 12-28 W-378
Thickness = h
F F
a b

Fig. 12-29 W-379
Factors for inner surface stress concentration 1.6
1.5
1.4
Ki, round and Ki, rect
1.3
1.2 Ki, round
Ki, rect
1.1
1.0
2 4 6 8 10 12
D D
Spring index, C = or
d h

Fig. 12-30 W-380
Belleville Wave Slotted Finger Curve Internally slotted
(as used in automotive clutches)

Fig. 12-31 W-381
In series In parallel In series-parallel

Fig. 12-32 W-382
Fig. 12-33 W-383
(b) Electric motor brush spring
(a) Constant-force extension springs
+ + + +
Storage drum Output drum Storage drum Output drum
(c) Two forms of constant spring motors

Fig. 12-34 W-384
Door stop
Center of gravity
of 60-lb door
24 in.
110
Torsion bar
End attached
to door
Fixed
end

Fig. P12-3 W-385
Force
Threaded bolt
Nut
B
Support
C
Force
A
Spring
Deflection
Deflection
Retainer

Fig. P12-11 W-386
F = 3.0 kN
di
do
Do = 45 mm
do = 8 mm
No = 5
Di = 25 mm
di = 5 mm
Ni = 10
Di
Do

Fig. P12-15 W-387
F
F = 45 to 90 lb
Deflection = 0.5 in.
D = 2 in.
F
Squared and
ground end

Fig. P12-28 W-388
3600 engine rpm
1800 camshaft rpm
Valve acceleration
0
Cam angle

"Reversal point"
"Reversal point"
Valve lift is 0.201 in. Valve lift is 0.384 in.
(maximum-on "nose" of cam)

Fig. P12-34 W-389
Adjusting nut
Spring Cap screw
Support
Roller follower Stationary guide
Oscillating assembly
Cam
Key Shaft

Fig. P12-35 W-390
F

Fig. P12-37 W-392
Stationary
support
Handle Tire
35 mm
Pivot A Brake
shoe
Spring
Stationary Pin stops

support

Fig. P12-39 W-391
110 mm dia.
25 mm shaft
Cable
110 mm dia.
Torsion springs
Cable

Fig. P12-46 W-393
Connecting rod
Connecting rod bearing
Thrust bearing
(flanged portion of main bearing)
Main bearing
Main bearing
Crankshaft
Main bearing cap

Connecting rod bearing cap

Fig. 13-1 W-395
(a) Hydrodynamic (b) Mixed film (c) Boundary (continuous
(surface separated) (intermittent local contact) and extensive local contact)

Fig. 13-2 W-396
Oil inlet Bearing
Journal
Oil flow
W W W
Resultant oil
Minimum film film force
thickness, h0
W W
W
(a) (b) (c)
At rest Slow rotation Fast rotation
(boundary lubrication) (hydrodynamic lubrication)

Fig. 13-3 W-397
Boundary lubrication
f
Mixed-film lubrication
Hydrodynamic lubrication
n/P
(viscosity rps load per unit of projected bearing area)

Fig. 13-4 W-398
T
Rubber element
Fluid element
Cross-sectional area, A (a)

Surface velocity, U
F F
h h
Fh Fh
= U=
AG A
where G = shear modulus where = absolute viscosity
(b) (c)
At equilibrium, torque T At equilibrium, torque T
produces elastic displacement, produces laminar flow
, across a solid element velocity, U, across a fluid
element

Fig. 13-5 W-399
Temperature (F)
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280
104 103
5
3
2 3
2
103
102
5
5
3
2 3
2
102
10
SA
5 E
Absolute viscosity (mPa s)
Absolute viscosity (reyn)

60 70
4 50 5
3 40
4
2 20 3
10
1.0
0.9
5
0.7
4 0.6
0.5
3
0.4
0.3
2
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Temperature (C)

Fig. 13-6 W-400
Overflow rim
Level of liquid
in bath
Saybolt viscometer
Oil Bath
Kinematic viscosity,
58 s at 100C
Bottom of bath
Orifice

Fig. 13-7 W-401
n
R c
D

Fig. 13-8 W-402
5000 N
Oil viscosity,
50 mPa s
D = 100 mm
n = 600 rpm
R = 50 mm
c = 0.05 mm
L = 80 mm

Fig. 13-9 W-403
Oil hole
W Partial bronze
bearing
Oil level
Journal

Fig. 13-10 W-404
Fixed bearing
Lubricant
Rotating journal
W
Lubricant flow ( + dy) dx dz

y
dx dp
p dy dz dy (p + dx) dy dz
Coordinates: dx
dy x = tangential dx
y = radial
z = axial dx dz

Fig. 13-11 W-405
Rotating journal
h Lubricant flow
Stationary bearing

Fig. 13-12 W-406
1.0 0
0.9 0.1
L /D =
0.8 1 0.2
h0
c
0.7 1 0.3
Max.load
Minimum film thickness variable,
0.6 0.4
Eccentricity ratio, e/c

Min. friction
1
4
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.6
0.3 0.7
0.2 0.8
0.1 0.9
Optimum zone
1.0
0 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2 4 6 8 10
R 2 n
Bearing characteristic number, S =
c P

Fig. 13-13 W-407
200
100
50
40
30
f
R
c
Coefficient of friction variable,
20
1
L /D =
4
10
1
2
5
4
3 1
0 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2 4 6 8 10
R 2 n
c P

Fig. 13-14 W-408
1.0
0.9
L /D =
pmax (gage)
0.8
P
0.7
Minimum film pressure ratio,
0.6
1
0.5
1
0.4 2
1
0.3 4
0.2
0.1
0 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.81.0 2 4 6 8 10

R 2 n
c P

Fig. 13-15 W-409
100
90
Position of minimum film thickness, (deg*)
80
L /D =
70
60
1
50
1
40 2
1
30 4
20
10
0 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2 4 6 8 10
R 2 n
c P
* Defined in Figure 13.20

Fig. 13-16 W-410
100 25
L /D = 1 1
2
90 1
4
80 20
(deg*)
Terminating position of film, p (deg*)
70
max
0
Position of maximum film pressure, p

60 1 15
4
50
1
40 2 10
30
1
20 5
p
0
10 p
max
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2 4 6 8
R 2 n
c P
* Defined in Figure 13.20

Fig. 13-17 W-411
1
6 L /D =
4
1
L /D =
2
L /D = 1
4
RcnL
Q
Flow variable,
L /D =
3
0 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.81.0 2 4 6 8 10

R 2 n
c P

Fig. 13-18 W-412
1.0
1
L /D =
4
0.9
0.8
1
0.7
2
Qs
0.6
Q
Flow ratio,
0.5
0.4 1
0.3
0.2
L /D =
0.1
0 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 1.0 2 4 6 8 10

R 2 n
c P

Fig. 13-19 W-413
W
Oil of viscosity
and flow rate Q
e
R = D/2
h0

p
0
p
max
Film pressure, p
Average film pressure = P = W

DL
pmax

Fig. 13-20 W-414
1000 lb
SAE 20 Oil
Tavg = 130F
D = 2.0 in.
n = 3000 rpm
R = 1.0 in.
c = 0.0015 in.
L = 1.0 in.

Fig. 13-21 W-415
Steel backing
Bearing material
Oil hole
Axial groove

Fig. 13-23 W-417
Ungrooved bearing
Grooved
Oil film pressure
bearing
Oil inlet hole
L L
2 2
Circumferential D
groove

Fig. 13-24 W-418
Piston
Piston pin or wrist pin
"Rifle drilled" passage

in connecting rod*
Oil in Oil in
Circumferential groove
in main bearing
Drilled passage in crankshaft

Circumferential groove in rod bearing
Circumferential groove in main bearing
*If omitted, piston pin bearing is splash lubricated.

Fig. 13-25 W-419
W = 17 kN
Force feed,
SAE 10 oil
Tavg = 82C
D = 150 mm
n = 1800 rpm
R = 75 mm
c = ? mm
L = ? mm
f=? Power loss = ?

Qs = ? Oil temperature rise = ?

Fig. 13-26 W-420
0.010 0.020 200
Min. friction
0.009 h0
h0, minimum oil film thickness (mm)

Q
Max. load
0.008
Q and Qs, oil flow rate (cm3/s)

0.015 150
f, coefficient of friction
0.007
0.006
0.005 0.010 Qs 100
0.004
f
0.003
0.005 50
0.002
0.001 Optimum band*

0
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15
c, radial clearance (mm)
*As defined in Fig. 13.13

Fig. 13-27 W-421
Runner
Ro
Ri
a>b
a Pads
b

Fig. 13-28 W-422
SAE 10 Oil
Tavg = 150F
D = 4.0 in.
n = 900 rpm
R = 2.0 in.
c = 0.002 in.
L = 6.0 in.

Fig. P13-12 W-423
Fig. P13-27 W-424
4.5 kN
SAE ? Oil
Tavg = ?C
D = ? in.
n = 660 rpm
R = ? in.
c = ? in.
L=? L=?

Fig. P13-29D W-425
1 2 3 4
(b)
Steps in assembly

Fig. 14-1b W-426
Extra-
Extra- Extra- extra- Extra-
extra- light Light Medium light light Light Medium
light
series series series series series series series series
(LL00) (L00) (200) (300)

(LL00) (L00) (200) (300)
(a) (b)
Relative proportions of bearings Relative proportions of bearings
with same bore dimension with same outside diameter

Fig. 14-2 W-427
Loading
grooves
(a) Filling notch (loading groove) type

Fig. 14-3a W-428
(c) Double row

Fig. 14-3c W-428
(d) Internal self-aligning

Fig. 14-3d W-428
(e) External self-aligning

Fig. 14-3e W-428
One Two One seal Two seals Shield Snap ring
shield shields and seal
Snap ring Snap ring Snap ring Snap ring Snap ring
and one and two and one and two shield and
shield shields seal seals seal

Fig. 14-4 W-429
Added
stabilizing ring
(b) One-direction locating (c) Two-direction locating

Fig. 14-5 W-430
Spherical roller head
Crowned roller body
Ro
ller
axi
s
Bearing axis
Common
apex

Fig. 14-8 W-433
(d) Idler sheave
(unground bearing)
(e) Rod end bearing

Fig. 14-10 W-436
(h) Integral spindle, shown with V-belt pulley

Fig. 14-10h W-437
+
dS
dH

Fig. 14-11 W-438
24
22
20
18
Percentage of failures
16
14
12
10
8
6
Median
4
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Life

Fig. 14-12 W-439
1.0
0.9
0.8
Life adjustment reliability factor Kr
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Reliability r (%)

Fig. 14-13 W-440
Radial bearing Angular bearing
1800 rpm 1800 rpm
Ft = 1.5 kN, Fr = 1.2 kN

Light-to-moderate impact
Eight hours/day operation

Fig. 14-14 W-441
Case a: 90 percent reliability Case b: 30,000-hour life
No. 211 radial-contact bearing,

1800 rpm C = 12.0 kN
Fr = 1.2 kN
100 mm Ft = 1.5 kN
55 mm Light-to-moderate impact,
Ka = 1.5
21 mm

Fig. 14-15 W-442
7 Fr
6
Radial load (kN)
5 No. 207 radial-

1000 rpm
4 contact bearing
3
2 Ka = 1.0 (uniform load)
1 2 3 1
1
0
50% 30% 20% Time
100%

Fig. 14-16 W-443
Note spacers

Fig. 14-17 W-444
Fig. 14-18 W-445
F1 F2 F2
L1 2L1 3L1

Prob. 14-6 W-446
3500 rpm No. 204 radial ball bearing
Fr = 1000 N, Ft = 250 N
90% reliability
Light-moderate shock loading
L = ? hr life

Prob. 14-10 W-447
Gear Shaft Bearing

Prob. 14-19 W-449
A
150-mm dia.
1.2 kN
20
60
mm
B
300 mm
60
mm
100 Gear
mm
120-mm dia.

Prob. 14-20 W-448
Chain sprocket
Clamping supports
2.25 ft
Rotating shaft
Chain
1.75 ft 0.75 ft
600 lb 600 lb

Prob. 14-21d W-450
Right-angle gearing
Parallel gearing

Fig. 15-1 W-451
Fig. 15-2 W-452
Driven gear
Line of centers
Point of contact
Pitch point
P
Driving gear
Common normal (to tooth surfaces
at point of contact)

Fig. 15-3 W-453
Involute curves
Base pitch, pb
Base circle

Fig. 15-4 W-454
p
Pinion
pitch
dp circle
c
g
P (pitch point)
Gear
dp pitch
circle

Fig. 15-5 W-455
p
Pinion
base
circle
a
(pressure angle)
P
g
b
Gear
base
circle

Fig. 15-6 W-456
Base circle Pinion
Pitch circle
rp

a
d
g
c
P
Pitch circle
f
e
b
Base circle
rg
Gear

Fig. 15-7 W-457
Pinion (driving)
Dedendum circle
rp
Base circle
Pitch circle
0p
Addendum circle
Angle of Angle of
approach recess
Dedendum
Addendum Position of
n teeth leaving
Position
of teeth a contact
entering
contact p c
Addendum
b
Angle of Angle of n
approach recess
Dedendum
Addendum circle
Pitch circle
Base circle
Dedendum circle
rg
Gear (driven)
0g

Fig. 15-8 W-458
t0
b
h
dt
wi
ce
Fa
nd
la
p
To
Addendum ci
rcle
ce
Fa
Addendum Circular pitch p
Working Whole Pitch

circle
k
Tooth
an
depth depth Width of
Fl
thickness t space
Dedendum
nd
la
m
tto
Bo
Clearance Fillet
radius
Dedendum
circle Clearance circle
(mating teeth extend
to this circle)

Fig. 15-9 W-459
6
7
18
20
16
8
40 36
5
22
32
48
30
14
9
64
80 28
24
12
10
26 4
11

Fig. 15-10 W-460
Rack
Circular pitch
Pinion

Fig. 15-11 W-461
Pitch circle Dedendum
circle

Base circle
Pitch circle
Addendum
Base circle circle

Fig. 15-12 W-462
Gear blank rotates
in this direction
Rack cutter reciprocates in a direction

perpendicular to this page

Fig. 15-14 W-464
01
1
Driven gear

Base circle
(This portion of profile
is not an involute)
Pitch point, P

b
a Addendum circles
Interference is on flank
of driver during approach
Base circle
(This portion of profile

is not an involute)
Driving gear
2
02

Fig. 15-15 W-465
rp
P = 6 teeth/in.
= 20
p
= 3.0
g
c = 4 in.
rg

Fig. 15-16 W-466
(Driving pinion rotates clockwise)
p
Pitch circle
dp (pinion)
P
Ft

Fr
F
Fr F

Ft
P
Pitch circle
dg (gear)

Fig. 15-17 W-467
b c
N = 36 teeth N = 28 teeth
(idler) (output gear)
(a)
a N = 12 teeth (input pinion)

P=3
600 rpm; 25 hp
Resultant force (applied by shaft to gear) = (1313 + 478) 2 = 2533 lb.
20
45 Hcb = 478 lb
(b)
b c
20 Vcb = 1313 lb
a Hab = 1313 lb
Vab = 478 lb

Fig. 15-18 W-468
Fr F
Ft
h
b
rf
a
Constant-
x
strengh
parabola
t

Fig. 15-20 W-470
0.60
0.55
25
=
th
tee
0.50 stub
0,
=2
0.45

Lewis form factor Y
20
=
0.40
1
0.35 14 2
=
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
12 15 17 20 24 30 35 40 4550 60 80 125 275
Number of teeth N (Rack)

Fig. 15-21 W-471
Load 1 revolution
Fa = Fm = F
F 2
0 Time
Driving and driven gears
Fa = F
Load
F Fm = 0
Driving gear Idler gear Driven gear
0
Time
F
1 revolution
Idler gear
40% higher fat. strength

for o-max loading
(driver and driven)
Fat. strength
for reversed a
loading (idler)
a m
Sn
0 m Su
(b) Stress fluctuation

Fig. 15-22 W-472
0.60
1000
0.55 Load applied at
85 highest point of
r 50 single-tooth
0.50 gea 35
ating 25 contact
in m 17 (sharing)
0.45 th
tee
Geometry factor J
of
er
mb
0.40 Nu
0.35
Load applied at
0.30 tip of tooth
(no sharing)
0.25
0.20
35 45 60 125
0.15
12 15 17 20 24 30 40 50 80 275
Number of teeth N
(b) 20 full-depth teeth
1000 Load applied at

0.60 85 highest point of
50 single-tooth
0.55 25 contact
ear 17
gg (sharing)
0.50 matin
h in
eet
er of t
0.45 mb
Geometry factor J
Nu
Load applied at
0.40 tip of tooth
(no sharing)
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
35 45 60 125
0.15
12 15 17 20 24 30 40 50 80 275
Number of teeth N
(b) 25 full-depth teeth

Fig. 15-23 W-473
Pitch line velocity V (m/s)
0 10 20 30
5
E D
Velocity factor Kv
4
*
rs
tte
cu
3
m
*
tters
or
g cu
,f
pin
bs
sha C
Ho
s,
Hob
nd B
2 and grou
, shaved
Precision
d
shaved and groun
High precision, A
d
Highest precision, shaved and groun
1
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Pitch line velocity V (ft/min)
* Limited to about 350 Bhn

Fig. 15-24 W-474
Pinion
P = 10
Electric Np = 18 (teeth)
motor
1720 rpm 20 full-depth teeth
Steel, 330 Bhn
Conveyor
drive
(involves
moderate Gear
shock Steel, 290 Bhn
torsional
loading) (manufacture of pinion and gear corresponds
860 rpm to curve D, Fig. 15.24)

Fig. 15-25 W-475
Gear Gear
(driver) (driver)
Common Vpt Common

normal tangent
Sliding
velocity
Vp Common
Vgt normal Vpt = Vgt
Vp = Vg
Vg
Vgn = Vpn
Vgn = Vpn
Common
tangent
Pinion Pinion
(driven) (driven)
(a) General contact position (b) Teeth in contact at pitch point

sliding velocity as shown no sliding

Fig. 15-26 W-476
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
CLi 1.0
0.8
0.6
104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011

Surface fatigue life (cycles)

Fig. 15-27 W-477
Negligible shock loading
Win = 100 hp Life: 5 years, 2000 hours/year

Full power: 10 percent of time
Half power: 90 percent of time
3600 rpm Failure in 5 years: 10 percent likely
900 rpm

Fig. 15-28 W-477A
p1
g2
Motor Driven machine
(input) a c (output)
b
g1
p2

Fig. 15-29 W-478
Ring
R R
Planet
Arm
P P
Sun
A S A S
P P
(a) (b)
With three planets (typical) With one planet (for analysis only)

Fig. 15-30 W-479
Ti 2Ti /3R
4Ti R + S
2Ti To =
4Ti /3R 4Ti /3R R 4
R
3R P S
= Ti 1 +
R/2 R+S R
2Ti /3R 4
4Ti
A
2Ti 3R
2Ti
3R
3R 4Ti
To i
3R = =1+ S
Ti o R
(R = input; A = output; S = fixed member)

Fig. 15-31 W-479A
i
V
P
V
R 2
2 R+S
4 0 V
i R/2
A 0 = V/2
S (R + S)/4
i S
0 = 1 + R
R
(R = input; A = output; S = fixed member)

Fig. 15-32 W-480
1
R 90 = 17 2 teeth (ring)
Planet will
fit here
P
S
Planet will Planet will
NOT fit here NOT fit here
Planet will
fit here 90 = 5 teeth (sun)
P

Fig. 15-33 W-481
45 teeth
P = 5, = 25
15 teeth Driven machine
coupled to this
shaft
1 kW, 1200-rpm
motor coupled
to this shaft
B
a
A
b
25
mm
100
mm
45 teeth
25
mm

Prob. 15-21 W-482
To driven
machine
36T
B
24T, P = 6
64T
2''
A
8''
2'' 18T, P = 9
Coupled to 20 lb.in.
torque motor

Prob. P15-23 W-482A
Motor
Driven machine

Prob. 15-26 W-483
1700-rpm
motor
100-lb.in.
16T
torque
32T
1''
2.0''
90
24T To driven
machine

Prob. 15-27 W-484
4
5
1
9 3
2
Low (L)
8 7
Neutral (N)
6 High (H)
7 4
Hub 4 can
"overrun"
in this
direction 3
Member 2
pushes here to
disengage pawl 3
(a) (b)

Prob. 15-45 W-485
P2 P1
Arm
Output
S1
Input S2
P2 P1

Prob. P15-47 W-485A
P1 (101 teeth)
P2 (102 teeth)
Arm
S2 (99 teeth)
Output
Input
S1 (100 teeth)
P1 P2

Prob. P15-50 W-485B
P3 (33 teeth) P1 (27 teeth)
P2 (24 teeth)
S1 (27 teeth)
S3 (21 teeth)
S2 (30 teeth)
Input Output
Low brake band Reverse brake band

holds S3 fixed holds S2 fixed

Prob. 15-51 W-486
(b) Rotated spur gear laminations
approach a helical gear as laminations
approach zero thickness.

Fig. 16-1 W-487
b pn
d
Section NN
(normal plane) N p
R R
b
e pa
n
a c
pn Section RR
p (in plane of rotation)
N

Fig. 16-4 W-490
N
R
R
d
Re =
2 cos2
Section NN
(normal plane)
d
Section RR
(plane of rotation)

Fig. 16-5 W-491
Spur gear
(helical gear with = 0) Helical gear
Ft
Fr
Pitch Pitch
cylinder cylinder
Fa
Ft Ft Section RR
(plane of rotation)
F Fr Fr
N

Isometric view
showing helical
gear forces
Ft Ft

Fb
R R
Top of tooth N Fa Top of tooth
d
Fr
F
n
Fb
Section NN
(normal plane)

Fig. 16-6 W-492
Fr
Ft Fa
Input shaft of
driven machine
= 30 600 rpm
(left hand)
Direction of
rotation
Np = 18 (teeth)
Pn = 14
(normal
n = 20 plane)
Electric motor
1
2
hp 1800 rpm = 30
(right hand)
(a) (b)
Isometric view of
motor shaft and pinion

Fig. 16-07 W-493
0.70
0.60
Geometry factor J
Number of teeth
0.50 500
150
60
30
20
0.40 18
16
14
12
0.30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Helix angle
1.05
500
Teeth in mating gear

J-factor multiplier
150
1.00 75
50
30
20
0.95
0.90
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Helix angle

Fig. 16-8 W-494
Pitch cone
angles Pinion back cone
Pinion
Pitch cone pitch dp
length, L p cone r bp
p
b Gear Dedendum
pitch cone
Addendum
Dedendum
Gear pitch
dia., dg
Gear Developed back

back cone radius, r bg
cone

Fig. 16-9 W-495
Circular pitch
Face advance
Mean
radius

Spiral
angle

Fig. 16-10 W-496
Fn
b Ft
b
2
Note: Fn is normal
Fr to the pitch cone.
Fr Fn
Ft Fa
d
2 dav
2

Fig. 16-12 W-498
0.40
0.38 100
0.36
80
0.34
0.32 Teeth in mating gear

Geometry factor J
0.30 60 50
0.28 40
0.26 30
0.24
20
0.22
15
0.20
0.18
0.16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Number of teeth in gear for which geometry factor is desired

Fig. 16-13 W-499
65
mm
140 mm Load
B D
Rotation A
Motor C
250 mm
140 mm

Fig. 16-13 W-517
0.36
100
0.32
80
Geometry factor J
60
0.28
50
0.24
40
0.20 30
25 Teeth in mating gear
20 12
0.16 15
0 20 40 60 80 100
Number of teeth in gear for which geometry factor is desired

Fig. 16-14 W-500
0.11
Ng = 100
90
0.10
80
0.09 Ng = 70
Geometry factor I
60
0.08
Ng = 50
0.07 40
30
25
20
0.06
15 Teeth in gear
0.05
0 10 20 30 40 50
Number of teeth in pinion NP

Fig. 16-15 W-502
0.18
0.16
Ng = 100
0.14
Geometry factor I
80
0.12
60
0.10
50
40
0.08
30 Teeth in gear
20 25
0.06 15
0 10 20 30 40 50
Number of teeth in pinion NP

Fig. 16-16 W-503
P P (planet)
R
R (ring)
S (sun)
S
S R
P
Fixed arm, A
P

Fig. 16-17 W-504
Arm
(input member)
P
S R
Left axle Right axle

Fig. 16-18 W-505
Lead, L
Axial pitch, P
Worm
outside dia.,
dw, out
Pitch
Worm lead dia., dw Center
angle, , and distance
gear helix c
angle,
Pitch
dia., dg
Keyway
Note: and are

measured on pitch
surfaces.
Face
width, b

Fig. 16-19 W-506
Worm-driving
torque
Fwt
Fwa
Fwr
Fgr
Fgt Fga

Fig. 16-20 W-507
f Fn cos
Fn cos n sin f Fn cos

Fn
f Fn
f Fn sin
Fn cos n cos
Direction of Direction of
f Fn sin
Fgt and Fwa Fn cos n cos Fgt and Fwa

Fn cos n
Direction of Fn cos n sin
Fga and Fwt
n Direction of
Fn Fga and Fwt
Direction of Fn sin n
Fn cos n Fgr and Fwr
Fn sin n Fn
n
Direction of Fn cos n
Fgr and Fwr
(a) Worm driving (as in Fig. 16.20) (b) Gear driving (same direction of rotation)

Fig. 16-21 W-508
Vs
Vg Gear
rotation
Vw
Worm
Worm rotation
Gear

Fig. 16-22 W-509
0.14
0.12
0.10
Coefficient of friction f
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 1 2 4 6 10 2 4 6 100 2 4 6 1000 2 4 6 10,000
Sliding velocity Vs (ft /min)

Fig. 16-23 W-510
Worm: Steel, hardened and ground
5 1
Nw = 2, RH, p = 8
in., n =14 2
Motor Worm
2 hp., 1200 rpm
Gear c = 5 in.
60 rpm
Gear: Bronze

Fig. 16-24 W-511
80
70
With fan
(as in Fig. 16.26)
60
min ft2 F
ft lb
50
40
Coefficient C
Without fan
30
20
10
0
0 400 800 1200 1600
Worm rpm, nw

Fig. 16-25 W-512
Worm: hardened steel
Worm rpm =1200
c 6 in.
Gear
Gear: Chill-cast bronze
Speed ratio, 11:1

Fig. 16-27 W-514
Table 16-1 W-501

Pa

Fig. P16-5 W-516
24 teeth Input
40 teeth
60 teeth
Output
20 teeth

Fig. P16-08 W-515
100
50 teeth
200
25 teeth 125 B
= 0.35 rad Motor
right hand
20 teeth
= 0.50 rad
left hand
50 teeth
Output

Fig. P16-14 W-518
Pinion
Bevel gears:
35 hp
Np = 36
Gear Ng = ?
1000 rpm b = 2 in.
= 20
400 rpm P=6

Fig. P16-19 W-519
1500 rpm
Pinion
A B Bevel gears:
50 hp
Flexible Np = 30
coupling to
machine Ng = 60
b = 3 in.
= 20
Gear P=6
3 in. 3 in.

Fig. P16-23D W-520
Worm
c = 8 in.
Gear
Nw = 2
Ng = 55
P=?

Fig. P16-30 W-521
1200
rpm
Gear material: Chill-cast bronze

c = 4.5 in. Worm material: Hardened steel
Nw = 3 p = 0.5 in. f = 0.029
Ng = 45 n = 20
b=
1.0 in.

Fig. P16-34 W-522
w h
2 2
w h
w w
d d
Key usually has drive
w d/4 w d/4; h 3w/4 fit; is often tapered
(a) Square key (b) Flat key (c) Round key
Keys are tapered and

driven tightly; for Widely used in automotive and
heavy-duty service machine tool industries
(d) Kennedy keys (e) Woodruff key
Usually tapered, giving tight Key is screwed to shaft; hub is free to

fit when driven into place; slide axially easier sliding is obtained
gib head facilitates removal with two keys spaced 180 apart
( f ) Gib-head key (g) Feather key

Fig. 17-1 W-523
d
D
(a) Straight round pin (b) Tapered round pin
(c) Split tubular spring pin Grooves are produced by rolling,
and provide spring action to
retain pin
(d) Grooved pin

Fig. 17-2 W-524
Basic Inverted
Basic Inverted
Internal rings (fit in housing)
E-ring
External rings (fit on shaft)
(a) Conventional type, fitting in grooves
I I
I Section II I Section II
External ring (fit on shaft) Internal ring (fit in housing)
(b) Push-on type no grooves required
Teeth deflect when installed to "bite in" and resist removal

(less positive than conventional type)

Fig. 17-3 W-525
4-spline 6-spline 10-spline 16-spline
(a) Straight-sided (b) Involute

Fig. 17-4 W-526
(a) Single mass
Mass, m
st Gravitational
force, w
Shaft of spring rate k = w/st

Fig. 17-5a W-527
(b) Multiple masses
1 2 3
m1
m2 m3
w1 w3
w2
m1 m3 m4 m5
m2
w1 w5
w2 w3 w4

Fig. 17-5b W-527
(c) Shaft mass only
st

Fig. 17-5c W-527
Fc (= 2500 N)
30
50 300 50
60 Chain FT (= 1000 N)
Chain
Track sprocket
100 diameter
d
T1 Track T2 Track
sprockets C
A B
Track sprocket
250 diameter
(a) General arrangement

Fig. 17-6a W-528
A B
T1 T2 C
55 Small gap or
spring washer
(b) Shaft layout
Vertical forces 2490 687.5 Horizontal forces 1250
A T1 S T2 C T1 S T2 B
B A 500 500 C
325 2165 (Ft /2) (Ft /2)
937.5
50 55 50 60
245
VV
VH
113,700 130,000
95,800 MH
MV
80,300 75,000
125,000 90,600
62,500
Torque
(c) Loading diagrams
Sn = S'n CLCGCS = (0.5)(550)(1)(0.9)(0.78) = 186
200
"Design overload" point
165
ea (MPa)
100
ea
em = 2.9
530
0 100 200 300 400 450 500
em (MPa)
(d) Fatigue diagram

Fig. 17-6b-d W-530
d/8
d/4
(a) Loosely fitted key (b) Key tightly fitted at top and bottom
d/4
(c) Shear failure of a tightly fitted key

Fig. 17-7 W-531
Sled-runner keyway Profiled keyway
Fatigue stress concentration factor, K f *

Steel
Bending Torsion Bending Torsion
Annealed
1.3 1.3 1.6 1.3
(less than 200 Bhn)
Quenched and drawn

1.6 1.6 2.0 1.6
(over 200 Bhn)
* Base nominal stress on total shaft section.

Fig. 17-8 W-532
Fig. 17-9 W-533
Bonded rubber element
(a) Basic shear-type coupling
(b) Constant-stress, (c) Tube form shear coupling

constant strain
shear coupling

Fig. 17-10 W-534
(a) Basic Oldham type (b) Modified type

Fig. 17-12 W-536
Fig. 17-13 W-537
Flexible coupling
Motor 0.25-in.-dia. shaft
20 in.

Fig. P17-1 W-538
50 kg
25-mm dia.
600 mm 600 mm

Fig. P17-7 W-539
120 lb
80 lb
2-in.-dia. shaft
20 in. 40 in. 30 in.

Fig. P17-11 W-540
Driven machine
Motor Coupling (2)
Shaft
Bearing (2)
(a) Connecting shaft
Electric
generator
rotor
Driver Bearings
56 kw Shaft
Shaft
Driven
28 kw Hydraulic
turbine
Driven
Bearing (2) 28 kw
(b) Gear input shaft (c) Hydroelectric generator shaft
Bearing (2)
Driver
Idler Shaft
Driven
(d) Idler gear shaft
Needle bearing (2)

Shaft
Driven Driver
Shaft
Driver Driven
(e) Gear countershaft ( f ) Stationary countershaft

Fig. P17-13a-f W-541,542,543
Fr = 450 lb
Fa = 400 lb
3 in. rad
Bearing B
Bearing A
Ft = 800 lb
5 in.
2 in.

Fig. P17-14 W-544
Fr = 2.4 kN
Ft = 4.0 kN
B Fa = 1.5 kN
Note: Gear forces act

125 mm at a 75-mm radius
from shaft axis.
50 mm

Fig. P17-15 W-545
Chain sprocket Chain sprocket
Clamping supports
Clamping supports
Rotating shaft
Stationary shaft
(a) (b)

Fig. P17-16 W-546
Friction lining
material
dr
Ring element
subjected to clamping
Driving Driven pressure, p
shaft shaft ri r
ro
Provision for
axial movement

Fig. 18-1 W-547
Clutch plate
Flywheel (driven disk)
Pressure plate
Friction
planes Spring
Cover
Release
Housing
Engine bearing
crankshaft
To transmission
To release
Release
lever

Fig. 18-2 W-548
Disks a driving disks (4 disks, 6 friction surfaces)
Disks b driven disks (3 disks, 6 friction surfaces)
Seals
Oil chamber
(pressurized to
engage clutch)
Bushing Piston
Oil passage
Output Key ri ro
Key Input
Oil passage

Fig. 18-3 W-549
Cone angle
Cone dr
sin
Key Spline (sliding fit)
dr
ro
r ri
F
Spring
Cup Shifting groove
Local pressure = p
(a) (b)

Fig. 18-5 W-551
c Av
F F
b
Lever
Ah
Shoe a A fN A
(block)
N
Direction of rotation
(b)
r Shoe and lever as a free body
O
Drum
b
(a)
Brake assembly
a
N
fN
Inertial and/or
Oh load torque, T
O
Ov
(c) (d)
Drum as a free body Lever proportions for a
self-locking brake

Fig. 18-6 W-552
120
120 F
400
4
5
3
400 2
250 300 Shoe width, 80 mm
6
rad. f = 0.20
45 pmax = 0.40 N/mm2
45
(a)
90 90
1
300
F
H45 = 4F
H25 = 4F
5
1
80 O25
80 V25 = F
All dimensions in millimeters (b)
(c)
H43 = 4F H34 = 4F H54 = 4F
V52 = F
4 H52 = 4F
3
V26 = 1.41F 2
V16 = 0.70F
V63 = 0.2H63
H16 =
H63 = 10.53F H36 = 10.53F 3.46F H26 = 7.07F H62 = 7.07F
6 O16 T = 880F
V36 = 2.11F V62 = 0.2H62
(rotation) V12 = 2.41F
H13 = 6.53F (f)

H12 = 3.07F
O13 V13 = 2.11F O12
(d) (e)
Fig. 18-7 W-553
A'
A

n O3' O2

O3

Fig. 18-8 W-554
c
)
F 0
(18
in
d s sin
=d
dN
A
d

N 2 O2
fd
r 1
O3
180
Drum rotation B
Note: d = O2O3
b = width of shoe
d cos (180 )
= d cos

Fig. 18-9 W-555
F
Force to
release brake
300
Spring
compressed
to force F
45
150 C = 500 O3 2
150
300
rpm Cast-iron drum 45
200 Molded composite
shoe lining of 1 200
width b = 50
150 150 All dimensions in millimeters O2

d
150
(a) Complete brake
(b)
Drum and right shoe

Fig. 18-10 W-558
F N
Pivot P
fN
rf O2
2 2

Fig. 18-10 W-556
f dN2 + f dN2'
P
f dN1
f dN2'

dN1 rf
f dN2 dN2
dN2'
r

Fig. 18-12 W-557
Hydraulic wheel cylinder
Drum Return spring
Rotation
r
O3
C
Adjusting 2
cam
d 1
Brake lining
O2
Anchor pins

Fig. 18-13 W-559
Anchor pin Brake lining
Hydraulic wheel cylinder Brake shoe
Adjusting cam
and guide
Brake drum
Return
spring
Forward
rotation
Adjusting cam
and guide
Hydraulic wheel cylinder
Anchor pin

Fig. 18-14 W-560

Band of width = b

Rotation
r Cutting plane for

free-body diagrams
F
a P2
P1
P1 P2

Fig. 18-15 W-561
d/2 d/2
P + dP P
d
dN
Rotation

Fig. 18-16 W-562
Band of width = b
Rotation
P2
F
s
P1
a
c

Fig. 18-17 W-563
Band width, b = 80 mm
Rotation
= 270 Friction coefficient, f = 0.20
Maximum lining pressure,

pmax = 0.5 MPa
r = 250 mm
P2
F
P1
s = 35 mm a = 150 mm
c = 700 mm

Fig. 18-18 W-564
Pads of diameter = 60 mm
125 mm
320 mm
pmax = 500 kPa
f = 0.30

Fig. P18-12 W-567
4m/s
1000 kg

Fig. P18-14 W-565
Rotary inertial load,
Friction clutch I = 0.7 N m s2
Electric Gear
motor reducer
T = 6 N m, 600 rpm

Fig. P18-17 W-568
F = 1500 N
400 mm 500 mm
200 mm Rotation
340 mm

Fig. P18-17 W-569
F
250 mm 320 mm
Rotation
240 mm 150 mm
400 mm

Fig. P18-22 W-570
500 mm
Spring
400 mm
300 mm
350 mm

Fig. P18-23 W-571
Woven lining
23 in.
6
1
Cast- iron
5 in. 3 drum
30 in.
5 in. 5
Rotation
5
25 in.
18 in. 18 in.
2
150

Fig. P18-24 W-572
Rotation

500 mm
F = 300 N

Fig. P18-31 W-573
75
258
240
72
55
370

Prob. 18-33 W-574
270
a
s
Wt.

Prob. 18-34 W-575
Tight
side
Pivot
Motor
rotation Overhang
(b) Pivoted, overhung motor
Adjustment
Pivot Idler
Weight
Tight
side
(a) Manual adjustment
(c) Weighted idler pulley

Fig. 19-1 W-576
0.66 in. 0.88 in.
0.50 in.
C 0.53 in.
A 0.31 in. 0.41 in.
1.50 in.
1.25 in.
E 0.91 in.
D 0.75 in.
(a) Standard sizes A, B, C, D, and E
1.0 in.
0.62 in.
0.38 in.
8V
0.88 in.
0.54 in.
3 V 0.32 in.
5V
(b) High-capacity sizes 3V, 5V, and 8V

Fig. 19-2 W-577
dN/2
sin
dN
2 dN
2
36
(a) (b)

Fig. 19-4 W-579
Rubber
Fabric cover
Tension-
carrying cords

Fig. 19-5 W-581
p p Chordal rise, r rc
B A A
B
r Pitch
circle rc rc r
(a) (b)

Fig. 19-7 W-583
Pitch p
(a)

Fig. 19-9 W-584A
A Gasket
Core or inner Case

shroud
i
Impeller
Turbine
Oil particle
Fluid r2
circulation
r4
(D/2)
Input Oil seal r3
r shaft
Output shaft
D r1
To
Ti
i o
Blades
A
Section AA

Fig. 19-10 W-584B
360
320
100
280
Percent slip
20
240 16 14
12 8
10
Percent rated torque
7
200
Electric motor 6
torque curve
160
5
120
Maximum 4
coupling
torque 3
80
2
40
0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800
Input speed i (rpm)

Fig. 19-11 W-584C
Impeller
Turbine
Fluid
circulation
Input
shaft Output
shaft
Reactor

Fig. 19-12 W-585
Impeller
Turbine
One-way
Reactor clutch
Input
shaft Output
shaft

Fig. 19-13 W-586
3.2
2.8 100
Converter efficiency
2.4 80
Efficiency (%)
Coupling
Torque ratio
efficiency
2.0 60
1.6 40
Converter
torque ratio
1.2 20
Coupling torque ratio
0.8 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Speed ratio

Fig. 19-14 W-587

r2 2
1 r1

Fig. P19-3 W-588
C
A
D

Fig. P19-4 W-589
V-belt
= 18
f = 0.20
n = 4000 rpm
r = 100 mm
Pulley radius
= 170
Belt maximum tension = 1300 N

Belt unit weight = 1.75 N/m

Fig. P19-8 W-590
Driven
Electric motor
machine
n = 1780 rpm
55% rated power
Fluid coupling
performance curves
Fig. 19.11

Fig. P19-15 W-591
3.7 in. dia.
Multiple V-belt, = 18, size 5V
Unit weight = 0.012 lb/in.
Driving
Power input = 25 hp
pulley
Pmax = P1 = 150 lb
n = 1750 rpm f = 0.20
165 angle of wrap Driven

pulley
Number of belts = ?

Fig. U19-1 W-580
Fluid Torque Front Fluid Rear
Gear
coupling B1 B2 Gear ratio planetary coupling planetary
interface
Tout /Tin train train
C1 C2 B3
Neutral Bearing
Neutral No clutches or brakes engaged

S1, P1, R1 S2, P2, R2 S3, P3, R3
B1 B2 1.44 2.53
1 3.66
C1 C2 B3
1 B1 engaged B2 engaged
2 2.53 1.00 2.53

S1, P1, R1 S2, P2, R2 S3, P3, R3
C1 engaged B2 engaged
B1 B2 39%
C1 C2 B3 1.44 1.00
3 1.44 61%
2
B1 engaged C2 engaged
39%
S1, P1, R1 S2, P2, R2 S3, P3, R3
4 1.00 1.00 1.00
61%
C1 engaged C2 engaged
B1 B2
C1 C2 B3
3
Reverse 4.31 1.44 2.99
B1 engaged B3 engaged
S1, P1, R1 S2, P2, R2 S3, P3, R3
(b) Power flow block diagram
B1 B2
Gear Ratio C1 B1 C2 B2 B3
C1 C2 B3
4
Neutral
S1, P1, R1 S2, P2, R2 S3, P3, R3 1 3.66
2 2.53
B1 B2
C1 C2 B3 3 1.44
Reverse
4 1
S1, P1, R1 S2, P2, R2 S3, P3, R3

Reverse 4.31
(a) Internal power flow diagram (c) Gear shift pattern

Fig. 20-2 W-594
54-tooth ring
Ti P

3 27
Input torque 15-tooth planet
Ti Ti P
81 Ti P
40.5
7.5 P1 12-tooth sun

P Ti P
27 81
R1 Ti P
P
81
12 S1
P
Ti P
81
Ti P
81
Torque from B1:
Ti P
T P 12
81 TB1 = i (3)
81 P
Ti P
81 TB1 = 0.44Ti
Arm
Ti P
40.5
Output torque:
Ti P 19.5
To = (3)
40.5 P
To = 1.44Ti 19.5
P
Ti P
To A1 40.5
Ti P
40.5

Fig. 20-3 W-595
Ti P Ti P 34.5
TB2 = (3)
67.5 67.5 P
12-tooth planet TB2 = 1.53 Ti
Ti P
P2
Ti P 33.75
Ti P
67.5 67.5
6
P
Ti R2
S2
Ti P 22.5
67.5 P
Ti P Ti P

3 22.5 67.5 34.5
45-tooth sun
P
Ti P
67.5
69-tooth ring
Output torque:
Ti P
Ti P 28.5
33.75 To = (3)
33.75 P
To = 2.53 Ti
28.5
P
Ti P
A2 33.75
Ti P
33.75
Arm

Fig. 20-4 W-596
12-tooth planet
Ti P
P2 Ti P
33.75
Ti P 67.5
67.5
34.5Ti P R2, S3
Ti
675
S2
Ti P 34.5

67.5 10
Ti P 22.5 10
67.5 P P
Ti P Ti P Ti P
34.5Ti P
67.5 67.5 67.5
67.5 34.5
45-tooth sun
P
P3
69Ti P 34.5Ti P
675 675
69-tooth ring
and 20-tooth sun
16-tooth planet
Ti P
33.75
69Ti P
675
Output torque:
Ti P 28.5 69Ti P 18
28.5 18 To = 3
33.75 P 675 P
P P
To = 2.99Ti
A2, A3
Arms

Fig. 20-5 W-597
Torque from reverse lock, B3
34.5Ti P 26
TB3 = (3)
675 P
TB3 = 3.99Ti
34.5Ti P
675
26 R3
P
34.5Ti P
675
34.5Ti P
675
52-tooth ring

Fig. 20-5 W-598
Torque from C1:
T P 12
TC1 = i 3
81 P
TC1 = 0.44Ti
Ti P
40.5
24-tooth sun
Ti P
81 Output torque: TC1
To = 1.00Ti
12
P TC1 A1
To
Ti P Ti P
81 S1 19.5 40.5
P
Ti P
81
Ti P
40.5
Arm

Fig. 20-6 W-599
For equilibrium of P2:
Tf P T P
= C2 Tf = 0.39Ti
67.5 103.5
TC2 = 0.61Ti
Tf + TC2 = Ti
TC2P
Planet pin force = 0.0117Ti P
103.5 Clutch
torque
Tf P TC2 Output torque:
P2
0.0117Ti P 28.5
67.5
To = 0.117Ti P (3)
P
To = 1.00Ti
12-tooth
planet
Tf R2
S2 28.5
P
To A2
22.5
P 34.5
P
45-tooth sun
Arm
69-tooth ring

Fig. 20-7 W-600
h
y
Rectangle
Triangle
Circle
di
Hollow circle

Fig. B-1 W-601
y
d
z L
x
Rod
t
d
x
z
Disk
y
z c
a
Rectangular prism
z L
x
Cylinder
di
do
z L
x
Hollow cylinder

Fig. B-2 W-602
240
4130
220
Ultimate strength
200
4130 1095 Yield strength
180
160 1050
ksi
140 1095
1040
120 1030
1050
100 1040
80 1030
60
1030, 1040, 4130

60 Reduction of area
1050
40 1095 Elongation
%
20 1030, 1040
1095, 4130
1050
0
400 600 800 1000 1200
Tempering temperature (F)

Fig. C-5a W-603
200
180 1095
Ultimate strength
160
1050 Yield strength

140
ksi
1095
120
1040
100 1050
1040
80
60
60
1040
Reduction of area
1050
40
1095
% Elongation
20 1040
1095
1050
0
400 600 800 1000 1200

Fig. C-5b W-604
300
280
9255
Ultimate strength
260 9255
4140, 4340
Yield strength
240
4140
220 4340
ksi 200
180
160
140
120
100
60
Reduction of area
4140
40 Elongation
4340
% 9255
9255
20
4140
4340
0
400 600 800 1000 1200

Fig. C-5c W-605
Diameter of test specimen (mm)
0 200 400 600 800 1000
190
Su 1300
180 Sy
1200
170 4340
160 1100
4340
150
1000
140
4140
130 900
ksi 3140 MPa

120
800
110
4140
700
100
3140
90
1040 600
80
500
70
60 1040 400
50
0 1 2 3 4
Diameter of test specimen (in.)

Fig. C-6 W-606
L P
x
PL
max
P

V=P
+
V
0
0
M

M = PL

Fig. D-1(1) W-607
P
a b
x
Pa
max
P

V=P
+
V
0
0
M

M = Pa

Fig. D-1(2) W-607
L
w
wL2
2 x max
wL
+ V = wL
V
0
0
M
M = wL2/2

Fig. D-1(3) W-608
L
x
Mb
max
P
Mb
V 0
0
M
Mb

Fig. D-1(4) W-608
P
L
2
P P
2 x 2
L
+ P/2
V 0

P/2
PL/4
+
M 0

Fig. D-2(1) W-609
P
a b
Pb Pa
L x L
L
+ Pb/L
V 0

Pab/L Pa/L
+
M 0

Fig. D-2(2) W-609
w
wL x wL
2 L 2
wL /2
+
V 0
wL2 wL
2
2
+
M 0

Fig. D-2(3) W-610
Pb L
a P
z
x PL max
a
a
b
+ P
V 0

Pb/a
M 0
Pb

Fig. D-2(4) W-610
a M0 M0
x L
M0 b
L L
M0
+
L
V 0
M0a
+ L
M 0
M0b

L

Fig. D-2(5) W-611
M0 L
a x'
x M0 max
a a
b M0
0
V M
a0
M 0

M0

Fig. D-2(6) W-611
L
P L
PL x 2 PL
8 8
P P
2 2
P
+ 2
V 0
P
PL
2
+ 8
M 0
PL PL

8 8

Fig. D-3(1) W-612
L
a P b
2 x
Pab Pa2b
L2 Pb 2 L2
(3a + b)
L3 Pb2
Pb2 (a + 3b)
+ (3a + b) L3
L3
V 0
2Pa2b2 Pb2
(a + 3b)
+ L3
L3
M 0
Pa2b

Pab2 L2

L2

Fig. D-3(2) W-612
L
x
w
wL2 wL2
12 12
wL wL wL
2 2 2
+
V 0
wL2
24 wL

+ 2
M 0

wL2 wL2

12 12

Fig. D-3(3) W-612
8.68 kN
175.84 PITCH
144.81 ROOT
206.88 O.D.
2582.21 N m
RB
122.17
RA
101.6
85.00
82.63
95.00
2
1 3 7
107 4 5 6 10
8
152 9
276
400
530
646
680
716
1060
A shaft with integral worm, dimensions in millimeters.

Fig. D-4 W-613
Class
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
of fit
h hole s
s
h s
h h h s h h h
Bar
a s
graph a
(basic a s
hole s
system)
s shaft
Heavy
Medium force and
Loose fit Free fit Medium fit Snug fit Wringing fit Tight fit force fit shrink fit
Cb .0216 (.0025) .0112 (.0013) .0069 (.0008) .0052 (.0006) .0052 (.0006) .0052 (.0006) .0052 (.0006) .0052 (.0006)
Cs .0216 (.0025) .0112 (.0013) .0069 (.0008) .0035 (.0004) .0035 (.0004) .0052 (.0006) .0052 (.0006) .0052 (.0006)
Ca .0073 (.0025) .0041 (.0014) .0026 (.0009) 0 (0)
Ci 0 (0) .00025 (.00025) .0005 (.0005) .0010 (.0010)
Note: Numbers in the table are for use with all dimensions in millimeters, except for those in parentheses, which are for use with inches.

Fig. E-1 W-614
p754 b1 W-???
p754b2 W-604

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7 9 Bearing with plate

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