6 Quadratic Equations

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Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Equations
MODULE - I
Algebra
2
Notes
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Recall that an algebraic equation of the second degree is written in general form as
m
ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a 0
.co
It is called a quadratic equation in x. The coefficient a is the first or leading coefficient, b
is the second or middle coefficient and c is the constant term (or third coefficient).
ing
5 1
For example, 7x + 2x + 5 = 0, x + x + 1 = 0,
2 2
ch
1
3x x = 0, x + = 0, 2 x + 7x = 0, are all quadratic equations.
2
oa
In this lesson we will discuss how to solve quadratic equations with real and complex
coefficients and establish relation between roots and coefficients. We will also find cube
yC
roots of unity and use these in solving problems.

kM
OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, you will be able to:
pic
solve a quadratic equation with real coefficients by factorization and by using quadratic
w.
formula;
find relationship between roots and coefficients;

ww
form a quadratic equation when roots are given; and
find cube roots of unity.
EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

Real numbers
Quadratic Equations with real coefficients.
MATHEMATICS 39
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Quadratic Equations
MODULE - I
2.1 ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION
Algebra
The value which when substituted for the variable in an equation, satisfies it, is called a root
(or solution) of the equation.
If be one of the roots of the quadratic equation
Notes then, ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a 0 ... (i)
a 2 + b + c = 0
In other words, x is a factor of the quadratic equation (i)
In particular, consider a quadratic equation x2 + x 6 = 0 ...(ii)
If we substitute x = 2 in (ii), we get
m
L.H.S = 22 + 2 6 = 0

.co
L.H.S = R.H.S.
Again put x = 3 in (ii), we get
ing
L.H.S. = ( 3)2 3 6 = 0
L.H.S = R.H.S.
ch
Again put x = 1 in (ii) ,we get
oa
L.H.S = ( 1)2 + ( 1) 6 = 6 0 = R.H.S.
x = 2 and x = 3 are the only values of x which satisfy the quadratic equation (ii)
yC
There are no other values which satisfy (ii)

kM
x = 2, x = 3 are the only two roots of the quadratic equation (ii)
Note: If , be two roots of the quadratic equation

pic
ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a 0 ...(A)
then (x ) and (x ) will be the factors of (A). The given quadratic
w.
equation can be written in terms of these factors as (x ) (x ) = 0

ww
2.2 SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATION BY FACTORIZATION

Recall that you have learnt how to factorize quadratic polynomial of the form
p ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c, a 0, by splitting the middle term and taking the common factors.
Same method can be applied while solving quadratic equation by factorization.
p
If x q and x sr are two factors of the quadratic equation
p
ax2 + bx + c = 0 ,a 0 then ( x q )( x sr ) = 0
p
either x = q or, x = sr
40 MATHEMATICS
Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Equations
MODULE - I
p
The roots of the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 are q , sr
2
Algebra
Example 2.1 Using factorization method, solve the following quadratic equation :
6x 2 + 5x 6 = 0
Solution: The given quadratic equation is Notes
6x + 5x 6 = 0
2
... (i)
Splitting the middle term, we have
6x 2 + 9x 4x 6 = 0
or, 3x (2x + 3) 2 (2x + 3) = 0
m
or, (2x + 3)(3x 2) = 0
.co
3
Either 2x + 3 = 0 x =
2
ing
2
or, 3x 2 = 0 x =
3
ch
3 2
Two roots of the given quadratic equation are ,
2 3
oa
yC
Example 2.2 Using factorization method, solve the following quadratic equation:
3 2 x + 7x 3 2 = 0
2
kM
Solution: Splitting the middle term, we have
3 2 x + 9x 2x 3 2 = 0
pic
or, 3x ( 2 x + 3) 2 ( 2 x + 3) = 0
w.
or, ( 2 x + 3)(3x 2 ) = 0
ww
3
Either 2x+3=0 x= 2
2
or, 3x 2 = 0 x=
3
3 2
Two roots of the given quadratic equation are ,
2 3
MATHEMATICS 41
Quadratic Equations
MODULE - I Example 2.3 Using factorization method, solve the following quadratic equation:
Algebra
(a + b)2 x2 + 6 (a2 b2) x + 9 (a b)2 = 0
Solution: The given quadratic equation is
(a + b)2 x2 + 6 (a2 b2) x + 9 (a b)2 = 0
Notes Splitting the middle term, we have
(a + b)2 x2 + 3(a2 b2) x + 3(a2 b2) x + 9 (a b)2 = 0
or, (a + b) x {(a + b) x + 3 (a b) } + 3 (a b) {(a +b) x + 3 (a b) } = 0
or, {(a + b) x + 3 (a b) } {(a + b) x + 3 (a b) } = 0
3(a b) 3 (b a)
m
either (a + b) x + 3 (a b) =0 x = =
a+b a+b
.co
3(a b) 3 (b a)
or, (a + b) x + 3 (a b) =0 x = =
a+b a+b
The equal roots of the given quadratic equation are

ing 3 (b a) 3 (b a)
a+b
,
a+b
ch
Alternative Method
oa
The given quadratic equation is

yC
(a + b)2 x2 + 6(a2 b2) x + 9(a b)2 = 0

This can be rewritten as
kM
{(a + b) x}2 + 2 .(a + b)x . 3 (a b) + {3(a b)}2 = 0

or, { (a + b)x + 3(a b) }2 = 0
pic
3(a b) 3 (b a)
or, x= =
w.
a+b a+b
3 (b a) 3 (b a)
ww
The quadratic equation have equal roots ,

a+b a+b
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 2.1

1. Solve each of the following quadratic equations by factorization method:
2
(i) 3 x + 10x + 8 3 =0 (ii) x2 2ax + a2 b = 0
ab c
(iii) x2 + x 1 = 0 (iv) x2 4 2x+6=0
c ab
42 MATHEMATICS
Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Equations
MODULE - I
2.3 SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATION BY QUADRATIC
Algebra
FORMULA
Recall the solution of a standard quadratic equation
a x2 + bx + c = 0, a 0 by the Method of Completing Squares
Roots of the above quadratic equation are given by Notes
b + b 2 4ac b b 2 4ac
x1= and x 2 =
2a 2a
b+ D b D
= , =
m
2a 2a
where D = b2 4ac is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation.
.co
For a quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a 0 if
(i) ing
D>0, the equation will have two real and unequal roots
ch
(ii) D=0, the equation will have two real and equal roots and both roots are
b
equal to
oa
2a
yC
(iii) D<0, the equation will have two conjugate complex (imaginary) roots.
kM
Example 2.4 Examine the nature of roots in each of the following quadratic equations and
also verify them by formula.
pic
(i) x2 + 9 x +10 = 0 (ii) 9 y2 6 2 y + 2 = 0

w.
2 t 3t + 3 2 = 0
2
(iii)
ww
Solution:
(i) The given quadratic equation is x2 + 9 x + 10 = 0
Here, a = 1, b = 9 and c= 10
D = b2 4ac = 81 4.1.10
= 41>0.
The equation will have two real and unequal roots
MATHEMATICS 43
Quadratic Equations
MODULE - I
Verification: By quadratic formula, we have
Algebra
9 41
x=
2
9 + 41 9 41
Notes The two roots are , which are real and unequal.
2 2
(ii) The given quadratic equation is 9 y2 6 2 y + 2 = 0
Here, D = b2 4 ac
= ( 6 2 )2 4.9.2
m
= 72 72 = 0
.co
The equation will have two real and equal roots.
y=
6 2 0
=
2 ing
ch
2.9 3
oa
2 2
The two equal roots are , .
3 3
yC
2 t 3t + 3 2 = 0
2
(iii) The given quadratic equation is
kM
Here, D = ( 3)2 4. 2 .3 2
= 15< 0
pic
The equation will have two conjugate complex roots.

w.

ww
3 15
t=
2 2
3 15i
= , where i = 1
2 2
3+ 15 i 3 15 i
Two conjugate complex roots are ,
2 2 2 2
44 MATHEMATICS
Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Equations
Example 2.5 Prove that the quadratic equation x2 + py 1 = 0 has real and distinct roots
MODULE - I
for all real values of p. Algebra
Solution: Here, D = p2 + 4 which is always positive for all real values of p.
The quadratic equation will have real and distinct roots for all real values of p.
Example 2.6 For what value of k the quadratice equation Notes
(4k+ 1) x2 + (k + 1) x + 1 = 0 will have equal roots ?

Solution: The given quadratic equation is
(4k + 1)x2 + (k + 1) x + 1 = 0
Here, D = (k + 1)2 4.(4k + 1).1
For equal roots, D = 0
m
(k + 1)2 4 (4k + 1) = 0
.co
k 2 14k 3 = 0
14 196 +12
ing
k=
2
ch
14 208
or k=
2
oa
= 7 2 13 or 7 + 2 13 , 7 2 13
yC
which are the required values of k.

Example 2.7 Prove that the roots of the equation
kM
x2 (a2+ b2) + 2x (ac+ bd) + (c2+ d2) = 0 are imaginary. But if ad = bc,
roots are real and equal.
pic
Solution: The given equation is x2 (a2 + b2) + 2x (ac + bd) + (c2 + d2) = 0
Discriminant = 4 (ac + bd)2 4 (a2 + b2) (c2 + d2)
w.
= 8 abcd 4(a2 d2 + b2 c2)

ww
= 4 ( 2 abcd + a2 d2 + b2 c2)
= 4 (ad bc) 2
<0 for all a, b, c, d
The roots of the given equation are imaginary.
For real and equal roots, discriminant is equal to zero.
4 (ad bc)2 = 0
or, ad = bc
Hence, if ad=bc, the roots are real and equal.
MATHEMATICS 45
Quadratic Equations
MODULE - I
Algebra
1. Solve each of the following quadratic equation by quadratic formula:
Notes (i) 2x2 3 x + 3 = 0 (ii) x 2 + 2 x =

1 0
(iii) 4 x 2 + 5 x 3 = 0 (iv) 3x 2 + 2 x + 5 = 0
2. For what values of k will the equation
y2 2 (1 + 2k) y + 3 + 2k = 0 have equal roots ?
3. Show that the roots of the equation
m
(x a) (x b) + (x b) (x c) + (x c) (x a) = 0 are always real and they can not be
.co
equal unless a = b = c.
ing
2.4 RELATION BETWEEN ROOTS AND COEFFICIENTS OF
A QUADRATIC EQUATION
ch
You have learnt that, the roots of a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 0
oa
b + b 2 4 ac b b 2 4 ac
are and
2a 2a
yC
b + b 2 4 ac b b 2 4 ac
Let = ...(i) and = ... (ii)
kM
2a 2a
Adding (i) and (ii), we have
pic
2b b
+ = =
2a a
w.
coefficient of x b
Sum of the roots = coefficient of x 2 = a ... (iii)
ww
+b 2 (b 2 4 ac)
=
4a 2
4 ac
=
4a 2
c
=
a
46 MATHEMATICS
Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Equations
MODULE - I
constant term c
Product of the roots = coefficient of x 2 = a ...(iv) Algebra
(iii) and (iv) are the required relationships between roots and coefficients of a given quadratic
equation. These relationships helps to find out a quadratic equation when two roots are
given.
Notes
Example 2.8 If, , are the roots of the equation 3x2 5x + 9 = 0 find the value of:
1 1
(a) 2 + 2 (b) + 2
2
Solution: (a) It is given that , are the roots of the quadratic equation 3x2 5x +9 = 0.
m
.co
5
+ = ... (i)
3
and =
9
3
=3 ... (ii) ing
ch
2 + 2 = ( + ) 2
2
Now,
oa
2
5
= 2.3
yC
[By (i) and (ii)]

3
kM
29
=
9
pic
29
The required value is
9
w.
1 1 2 +2
ww
(b) Now, + 2 =
2 2 2
29
= 9 [By (i) and (ii)]
9
29
=
81
MATHEMATICS 47
Quadratic Equations
MODULE - I Example 2.9 If , are the roots of the equation 3y2 + 4y + 1 = 0, form a quadratic
Algebra
equation whose roots are 2, 2
Solution: It is given that , are two roots of the quadratic equation 3y2 + 4y + 1 = 0.
Sum of the roots

Notes
coefficient of y
i.e., + = coefficient of y 2
4
= ... (i)
3
cons tan t term
m
Product of the roots i.e., = coefficient of y 2
.co
1
= ... (ii)
3
Now, 2 + 2 = ( + )2 2 ing
ch
2
4 1
= 2. [ By (i) and (ii)]
3 3
oa
16 2

yC
=
9 3
10
kM
=
9
pic
1
and 2 2 = ( )2 = [By (i) ]
9
The required quadratic equation is y2 ( 2 + 2)y + 2 2 = 0
w.

10 1
ww
or, y2 y+ =0
9 9
or, 9y2 10y + 1 = 0
Example 2.10 If one root of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a 0 be the square of

the other, prove that b3 + ac2 + a2c = 3abc
Solution: Let , 2 be two roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0.
b
+ 2= ... (i)
a
48 MATHEMATICS
10
Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Equations
MODULE - I
and . 2 =
c Algebra
a
c
i.e., 3= . ... (ii)
a
Notes
From (i) we have
b
( + 1) =
a
3
b b3
or, { ( + 1)} 3
= = 3
a a
m
.co
b3
or, 3 ( 3 + 3 2 + 3 +1) =
a3
or,
c c

a a
+3
b
+ b3
= 3 ... [ By (i) and (ii)]
a
1
a
ing
ch
c2 3 bc c b3
oa
or, + = 3
a2 a2 a a
yC
or, ac2 3abc + a2c = b3

or, b3 + ac2 + a2c = 3abc
kM
which is the required result.

pic
Example 2.11 Find the condition that the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are in the
ratio m : n
Solution: Let m and n be the roots of the equation ax2 +bx + c = 0
w.
ww
b
Now, m + n = ... (i)
a
c
and mn 2 = ... (ii)
a
b
From (i) we have, (m + n ) =
a
b2
or, (m + n)2 =
2
a2
MATHEMATICS 49
11
Quadratic Equations
MODULE - I c b2
Algebra or,
a
(m + n)2 = mn 2
a
[ By (ii)]
or, ac (m+n)2 = mn b2
which is the required condition
Notes
1. If , are the roots of the equation ay2 + by + c = 0 then find the value of :
1 1 1 1
(i) + 2 (ii) + 4
m
2
4
.co
2. If , are the roots of the equation 5x2 6x + 3 = 0, form a quadratic equation
whose roots are:
(i) 2, 2
ing
(ii) 3 , 3
3. If the roots of the equation ay2 + by + c = 0 be in the ratio 3:4, prove that
ch
12b2 = 49 ac
oa
4. Find the condition that one root of the quadratic equation px2 qx + p = 0
may be 1 more than the other.
yC
2.5 SOLUTION OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION WHEN D < 0

kM
Let us consider the following quadratic equation:

(a) Solve for t :
pic
t2 + 3t + 4 = 0
w.
3 9 16 3 7
t= =
2 2
ww
Here, D= 7 < 0
3 + 7
3 7
The roots are and
2 2
3 + 7 i 3 7 i
or, ,
2 2
Thus, the roots are complex and conjugate.
50 MATHEMATICS
12
Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Equations
(b) Solve for y : MODULE - I

Algebra
3y2 + 5 y 2 = 0
5 5 4( 3).(2)
y=
2(3)
Notes
5 19
or y=
6
Here, D = 19 < 0
5 + 19i 5 19i
,
m
The roots are
6 6
.co
Here, also roots are complex and conjugate. From the above examples , we can make the
following conclusions:
(i)
(ii)
D < 0 in both the cases
Roots are complex and conjugate to each other.
ing
ch
Is it always true that complex roots occur in conjugate pairs ?
oa
Let us form a quadratic equation whose roots are

2 + 3i and 4 5i
yC
The equation will be {x (2 + 3i)} {x (4 5i)} = 0

kM
or, x2 (2 + 3i)x (4 5i)x + (2 + 3i) (4 5i) = 0

or, x2 + (6 + 2i)x + 23 + 2i = 0
pic
which is an equation with complex coefficients.

w.
Note : If the quadratic equation has two complex roots, which are not conjugate
of each other, the quadratic equation is an equation with complex coefficients.
ww
2.6 CUBE ROOTS OF UNITY

Let us consider an equation of degree 3 or more. Any equation of degree 3 can be expressed
as a product of a linear and quadratic equation.
The simplest situation that comes for our consideration is
x 1 = 0 ...(i)
x 1 = (x 1) (x + x + 1) = 0
either x 1 = 0 or, x+x+1=0
MATHEMATICS 51
13
Quadratic Equations
MODULE - I
Algebra 1 3i
or, x=1 or, x=
2
1 3i 1 3i
Roots are 1, + and
2 2 2 2
Notes
These are called cube roots of unity.
Do you see any relationship between two non-real roots of unity obtained above ?
Let us try to find the relationship between them
1 3i
Let w= +
m
2 2
.co
Squaring both sides, we have
2
1 3 i
= +
ing

2
w
2
ch
1
= (1 +3 i 2 2 3 i)
4
oa
1
(1 3 2 3 i)
yC
=
4
kM
2 2 3 i
=
4
pic
=
(
2 1+ 3 i ) =
(
1+ 3 i )
4 2
w.
1 3i
ww
w = = other complex root.

2 2
We denote cube roots of unity as 1, w, w
52 MATHEMATICS
14
Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Equations
MODULE - I
1
Note: If we take w =
3i
, we can verify, that in this case Algebra
2 2
1 3i
also w2 = + = other complex root.
2 2
Notes
Thus, square of one complex root is same as the other complex root.
Again, sum of roots i.e., 1+ w + w
1 3 i 1 3 i
1 + + +
2 2
=
2 2
m
1 1
.co
= 1
2 2
= 11
= 0 ing
ch
1 + w + w = 0
Sum of cube roots of unity is zero.
oa
Product of cube roots of 1

yC
i.e., 1.w.w = w = 1 (since ,w is a root the equation x3 1 = 0)

kM
We can conclude that , if 1, w and w2 are cube roots of unity then

(i) square of one complex root is same as the other complex root i.e., w2 = w
pic
(ii) 1+ w + w2 = 0
(iii) w3 = 1
w.
Let us now consider another equation

ww
x + 1 = 0 ... (ii)
or (x + 1) (x x + 1) = 0
Either, x + 1 = 0 or, x x+1=0
1 1 4
or, x = 1 or, x=
2
1 3
x = 1 or, x=
2
MATHEMATICS 53
15
Quadratic Equations
MODULE - I
Algebra Roots are 1,
1

3i 1
and +
3i
which can also be written as 1 , w and w2
2 2 2 2
Therefore, cube roots of 1 are 1 , w and w2
In general, roots of any cubic equation of the form x 3 = a3 would be

Notes
a , aw and aw2
Example 2.12 If 1, w and w are cube roots of unity, prove that
(a) 1 + w2 + w7 = 0
(b) (1 w + w2) (1 + w w2) = 4
m
(c) (1 + w)3 (1 + w2)3 = 0
.co
(d) (1 w + w2)3 = 8 and (1 + w w2)3 = 8
Solution:
(a) 1 + w2 + w7 = 0 ing
ch
L.H.S = 1 + w2 + (w3)2. w
oa
= 1 + w2 + w [ since w3 =1]
yC
=0 [ since 1+ w + w2 = 0]
kM
= R.H.S
L.H.S = R.H.S
pic
(b) (1 w + w2) (1 + w w2) = 4

w.
L.H.S = (1 w + w2) (1 + w w2)

(1 + w2 w) (1 + w w2)
ww
=
(since 1 + w2 = w and 1 + w = w2)
= ( w w) ( w2 w2)
= ( 2w) ( 2w2)
= 4w3
= 4.1 = 4 =R.H.S
L.H.S = R.H.S
54 MATHEMATICS
16
Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Equations
(c) (1 + w)3 (1 + w2)3 = 0

MODULE - I
Algebra
L.H.S = (1 + w)3 (1 + w2)3
= ( w2)3 ( w)3 ( 1 + w = w2
= w6 + w3 and 1 + w2 = w)
= (w3)2 + 1 Notes
= (1)2 + 1
= 0 =R.H.S
L.H.S = R.H.S
(d) (1 w + w2)3 = 8 and (1 + w w2)3 = 8
m
Case I : L.H.S = (1 w + w2)3
.co
= (1 + w2 w)3
= ( w w)3
= ( 2w)3
8w3
ing
ch
=
= 8 = R.H.S
oa
L.H.S = R.H.S
(1 + w w)
yC
Case II : L.H.S =
= ( w2 w2)3
kM
= ( 2w2)3
= 8w6
pic
= 8(w3)2
8 = R.H.S
w.
=
L.H.S = R.H.S
ww
1. Solve each of the following cubic equations:
(i) x3 = 27 (ii) x3 = 27
(iii) x3 = 64 (iv) x3 = 64
MATHEMATICS 55
17
Quadratic Equations
MODULE - I
2. If 1, w, w2 are cube roots of unity, show that
Algebra
(i) (1 + w) (1 + w2) (1 + w4) (1 + w8) = 1
(ii) (1 w) (1 w2) (1 w4) (1 w5) = 9
Notes (iii) (1 + w)4 + (1 + w2)4 = 1
(iv) (1 + w3)3 = 8
(v) (1 w + w2)6 = (1 + w w2)6 = 64
(vi) (1 + w)16 + w = (1 + w2)16 + w2 = 1
m
.co
LET US SUM UP

ing
Roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are complex and conjugate of each
other, when D < 0.
ch
If , be the roots of the quadratic equation
oa
b c
ax2 + bx + c = 0 then + = and =
yC
a a
Cube roots of unity are 1, w, w2

kM
1 3i 1 3i
where w = + and w 2 =
pic
2 2 2 2
Sum of cube roots of unity is zero i.e., 1+ w + w2 =0

w.
Product of cube roots of unity is 1 i.e., w3 = 1

ww
Complex roots w and w2 are conjugate to each other.
In general roots of any cubic equation of the form

x 3 = a3 would be a , aw and aw2
56 MATHEMATICS
18
Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Equations
MODULE - I
Algebra
SUPPORTIVE WEB SITES
http://www.wikipedia.org
http://mathworld.wolfram.com
Notes
TERMINAL EXERCISE

2(a2 + b2 )x2 + 2(a + b)x + 1=0 are imaginary,when a b
m
.co
bx2 + ( b c)x = c + a b are always real if those of
ing
ax2 + b( 2x + 1) = 0 are imaginary.
3. If , be the roots of the equation 2x2 6x + 5 = 0 , find the equation whose

ch
roots are:

oa
1 1 1 1
(i) , (ii) + , + (iii) 2 + 2 , + 2
2
yC
4. If 1, w and w2 are cube roots of unity , prove that

(a) (2 w) (2 w2) (2 w10) (2 w11) = 49
kM
(b) ( x y) (xw y) ) (xw2 y) = x3 y3

pic
5. If x = a + b , y = aw + bw2 and z = aw2 + bw , then prove that

(a) x2 + y2 + z2 = 6 ab (b) x y z = a3 + b3
w.
ww
MATHEMATICS 57
19
Quadratic Equations
MODULE - I
Algebra
ANSWERS

Notes
4
1. (i) 2 3 , (ii) a b, a + b
3
ab c
(iii) , (iv) 3 2, 2
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b 2 2ac (b 2 2ac)2 2a 2 c 2
1. (i) (ii)
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2. (i) 25x2 6x + 9 = 0 (ii) 625x2 90x + 81 = 0

4. q2 5p2 = 0
w.

ww
1. (i) 3, 3w, 3w2 (ii) 3, 3w , 3w2

(iii) 4, 4w, 4w2 (iv) 4, 4w , 4w2
TERMINAL EXERCISE
3. (i) 5x2 8x + 5 = 0 (ii) 10x2 42x + 49 = 0 (iii) 25x2 116x + 64 = 0
58 MATHEMATICS
20
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6 Quadratic Equations

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6 Quadratic Equations

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roots of unity and use these in solving problems.

find relationship between roots and coefficients;

form a quadratic equation when roots are given; and

find cube roots of unity.

EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

L.H.S = ( 1)2 + ( 1) 6 = 6 0 = R.H.S.

There are no other values which satisfy (ii)

x = 2, x = 3 are the only two roots of the quadratic equation (ii)

Note: If , be two roots of the quadratic equation

equation can be written in terms of these factors as (x ) (x ) = 0

2.2 SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATION BY FACTORIZATION

Solution: Splitting the middle term, we have

The equal roots of the given quadratic equation are

The given quadratic equation is

(a + b)2 x2 + 6(a2 b2) x + 9(a b)2 = 0

{(a + b) x}2 + 2 .(a + b)x . 3 (a b) + {3(a b)}2 = 0

The quadratic equation have equal roots ,

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 2.1

(i) x2 + 9 x +10 = 0 (ii) 9 y2 6 2 y + 2 = 0

(ii) The given quadratic equation is 9 y2 6 2 y + 2 = 0

The equation will have two conjugate complex roots.

Verification: By quadratic formula, we have

Example 2.6 For what value of k the quadratice equation Notes

(4k+ 1) x2 + (k + 1) x + 1 = 0 will have equal roots ?

which are the required values of k.

= 8 abcd 4(a2 d2 + b2 c2)

1. Solve each of the following quadratic equation by quadratic formula:

Notes (i) 2x2 3 x + 3 = 0 (ii) x 2 + 2 x =

[By (i) and (ii)]

Sum of the roots

Example 2.10 If one root of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a 0 be the square of

or, ac2 3abc + a2c = b3

which is the required result.

2.5 SOLUTION OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION WHEN D < 0

Let us consider the following quadratic equation:

(b) Solve for y : MODULE - I

Let us form a quadratic equation whose roots are

The equation will be {x (2 + 3i)} {x (4 5i)} = 0

or, x2 (2 + 3i)x (4 5i)x + (2 + 3i) (4 5i) = 0

which is an equation with complex coefficients.

2.6 CUBE ROOTS OF UNITY

w = = other complex root.

Again, sum of roots i.e., 1+ w + w

Product of cube roots of 1

i.e., 1.w.w = w = 1 (since ,w is a root the equation x3 1 = 0)

We can conclude that , if 1, w and w2 are cube roots of unity then

Let us now consider another equation

In general, roots of any cubic equation of the form x 3 = a3 would be

Example 2.12 If 1, w and w are cube roots of unity, prove that

(b) (1 w + w2) (1 + w w2) = 4

L.H.S = (1 w + w2) (1 + w w2)

(c) (1 + w)3 (1 + w2)3 = 0

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 2.4

1. Solve each of the following cubic equations:

(ii) (1 w) (1 w2) (1 w4) (1 w5) = 9

Notes (iii) (1 + w)4 + (1 + w2)4 = 1

(v) (1 w + w2)6 = (1 + w w2)6 = 64

(vi) (1 + w)16 + w = (1 + w2)16 + w2 = 1

Cube roots of unity are 1, w, w2

Sum of cube roots of unity is zero i.e., 1+ w + w2 =0

Product of cube roots of unity is 1 i.e., w3 = 1

Complex roots w and w2 are conjugate to each other.

In general roots of any cubic equation of the form