Load Combinations Strength Reduction Factors, Working Strength Design (WSD)
choose largest U in design
(a) Flexure w/o axial load 0.90 or Alternate Strength Design (ASD) Basic Loads: (b) Axial tension & axial tension w/ flexure . 0.90 (c) Axial comp. & axial comp. w/ flexure: Allowable Stresses (if not given): = 1.4 + 1.7 (1) Spiral .. 0.75 Horizontal members Vertical members With Wind Load: (2) Tie ... 0.70 (i.e. beam, slab, footing, etc.) (i.e. column, wall, etc.) = 0.75(1.4 + 1.7 + 1.7) (d) Shear & torsion .. 0.85 fc = 0.45 fc fc = 0.25 fc (e) Bearing on concrete .,. 0.70 fs = 0.50 fy fs = 0.40 fy = 0.9 + 1.3 = 1.4 + 1.7 where: Design Conditions Values fc compressive strength of concrete at 28 days With Earthquake Load: Over-reinforced: fy axial strength of steel Choose Smaller Value/ Structural Grade ASTM Gr.33 / PS Gr.230 fy = 230 MPa = 1.32 + 1.11 + 1.1 concrete fails first Round-down Intermediate Grade ASTM Gr.40 / PS Gr.275 fy = 275 MPa fs < fy (USD) Moment Capacity = 0.99 + 1.1 Ms > Mc (WSD) High Carbon Grade ASTM Gr.60 / PS Gr.415 fy = 415 MPa
With Earth Pressure Load: 424.3.2 for fy = 275 MPa; fs 140 MPa Under-reinforced: for fy = 415 MPa; fs 170 MPa = 1.4 + 1.7 + 1.7 steel fails first Choose Larger Value/ fs > fy (USD) Round-up = 0.9 Ms < Mc (WSD) Modular Ratio, n (if not given):
= 1.4 + 1.7 Estronger Esteel 200,000 Balance Condition: n= = = With Structural Effects: concrete & steel Eweaker Econcrete 4700fc simultaneously fail = 0.75(1.4 + 1.7 + 1.4) fs = fy (USD) 424.6.4 n must be taken as the nearest whole number & n 6 = 1.4( + ) Ms = Mc (WSD) 424.6.5 for doubly, use n for tension & use 2n for compression
Internal Couple Method: Solutions for Cracked Section (Singly): Solutions for Cracked Section (Doubly):
Location of neutral axis, NA: Location of neutral axis, NA:
Factor k: n Factor j: Ayabove NA = Aybelow NA Ayabove NA = Aybelow NA k= 1 x x fs j= 1 k bx ( ) = nAs (d x) bx ( ) + (2n 1)As (x d ) = nAs (d x) n+ 3 2 2 fc x obtained x obtained Moment Resistance Coefficient, R: 1 Solve transferred moment of inertia at NA: Solve transferred moment of inertia at NA: R = fc kj 2 bx 3 bx 3 Moment Capacity: INA = + nAs (d x)2 INA = + (2n 1)As (x d )2 + nAs (d x)2 3 3 1 Mc = C jd = fc kdb jd = Rbd2 INA obtained INA obtained 2 Solve for Stresses or Resisted Moment: Solve for Stresses or Resisted Moment: Ms = T jd = As fs jd For concrete: For tension steel: For concrete: For tension steel: For comp. steel:
Provisions for Uncracked Section:
Mc x fs Ms (d x) Mc x fs Ms (d x) fs Ms (x d) fc = = fc = = = Solve for inertia of gross section, Ig. INA n INA INA n INA 2n INA Solve for cracking moment, Mcr. Solve for actual moment, Ma: Solutions for Gross Section (Singly): Solutions for Uncracked Section (By Sir Erick): 2 wL Location of neutral axis, NA: Ma = (for simply supported beam) 8 Ayabove NA = Aybelow NA 409.6.2.3. if Ma < Mcr, no crack; Ig = Ie x dx if Ma > Mcr, w/ crack; solve for Ie bx ( ) = b(d x) ( ) + (n 1)As (d x) 2 2 Solve for inertia of cracked section: x obtained bx 3 Icr = + nAs (d x)2 Location of neutral axis, NA: Solve transferred moment of inertia at NA: 3 bx 3 b(d x) 3 Solve for effective moment of inertia, Ie: h INA = + + (n 1)As (d x)2 yt = ; y obtained 3 3 Mcr 3 Mcr 3 2 t INA obtained Ie = ( ) Ig + [1 ( ) ] Icr Solve moment of inertia of gross section at NA: Ma Ma Solve for Stresses or Resisted Moment: 3 bx For concrete: For tension steel: 409.6.2.4. For simply supported, Ie = Ie (mid) Ig = For cantilever, Ie = Ie (support) 12 Mc x fs Ms (d x) Ig obtained fc = = Ie mid + Ie support INA n INA Ie = 2 Solve for cracking moment:
409.6.2.5. Factor for shrinkage & creep due
Mcr yt to sustained loads: fr = 0.7fc = time-dep factor, : Ig 5 yrs + 2.0 Mcr obtained = 12 mos 1.4 1 + 50 6 mos 1.0 3 mos 1.0 Solve for instantaneous deflection: 4 5wL i = (for uniformly distributed load) 384Ec Ie Solve for additional deflection: add = sus add = (% of sustained load)i Say, 70% of load is sustained after n yrs. add = 0.7i Solve for final deflection: final = i + add