Land Invasion

Evolution of fins of lobe-fins into limbs with

Chordata 3: Tetrapods digits in tetrapods

ZOO 3
Dr. Eleanor B. Aurellado

Early Tetrapods
Acanthostega lived in Greenland 365 million
years ago

Bones
supporting
gills

Tetrapod
limb
skeleton

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 Tetrapod Adaptations (co-opted
Terrestrial vs. Aquatic Habitats
from fishes)
Air is less dense less buoyant Aside from sturdy limbs
Stronger skeletal structure, sturdier limbs Reliance on lungs for breathing air
Air has higher oxygen content which can
diffuse more rapidly
Air is drier than water
Temperature fluctuates more on land
Terrestrial environment offers a whole new
array of habitats

Tetrapod Adaptations Tetrapod Adaptations

Double circuit circulation Ears for detecting airborne sounds

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Tetrapod Radiation Class Amphibia (both life)
Aquatic larva that metamorphoses into a
terrestrial adult
Fertilization external in most species, and
eggs require a moist environment

Amphibian Integument Amphibian Diversity

Lack scales, kept moist by mucus glands
Complements the lungs in gas exchange
(cutaneous respiration)

Order Urodela. Urodeles (salamanders and newts)

retain their tail as adults

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Andrias spp.(Giant salamanders) Order Anura. Anurans, such as this poison
arrow frog, lack a tail as adults.

Frog and toads

Specialized for jumping

Order Apoda. Apodans, or caecilians,

Bufo americanus
are legless, mainly burrowing amphibians.

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Amniotes
Amniotic egg
(reptiles, birds & mammals)
Anapsids, diapsids and synapsids Have terrestrially adapted egg with
extraembryonic membranes to protect the
embryo Chorion
Allantois
Amnion Yolk sac

Embryo

Amniotic
cavity
with
amniotic
fluid Yolk
(nutrients)

Shell Albumen

Class Reptilia Eggs

Epidermal scales that create a waterproof Reptiles lay shelled eggs on land
barrier Requires internal fertilization
Made mostly of keratin

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Improvements in circulatory and
Jaws
respiratory systems
Have a rib cage to Reptile jaws have more developed
ventilate lungs musculature and more force can be applied
More efficient after prey is seized
circulatory systems
Ventricle is at least
partially divided
Completely divided
in crocodilians

Classification of modern reptiles Order Testudinata (turtles)

Anapsids No openings in the temple area behind the
O. Testudinata eye sockets (anapsid skull)
Diapsids
Appeared during Triassic period
O. Rhynchocephalia
O. Squamata
O. Crocodilia
Dinosaurs and birds

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Turtle shell
Consists of the dorsal carapace and the
ventral plastron.
Has an outer layer of keratin and an inner
layer of bone (including the ribs & vertebrae)
Diapsid reptiles
Have two pairs of temporal openings
Allows for the attachment of larger, stronger
jaw muscles, and enables the jaw to open
more widely
Eretmochelys imbricata
(hawksbill turtle, pawikan)
Arie van der Meijden
Malayan soft-shelled turtle
Order Rhynchocephalia
(tuataras)
Possess many features almost identical to
those of Mesozoic animals living 200 mya
Well-developed median parietal eye can
only register light intensity
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Order Squamata
Lizards
(lizards & snakes)
Have kinetic skulls Include geckos, skinks, iguanids, chameleons
Can move upper jaw & monitor lizards
relative to braincase Some can autotomize their tails
Assists with seizing
& manipulating prey

Gekko gecko (tuko) Varanus olivaceus (butaan, bayawak)

Snakes Hunting in snakes

Legless, evolved from lizards that gave rise to
the monitor lizards
Highly kinetic skulls for swallowing prey larger
than their own diameter
Tongue picks up scent molecules from the
environment and brings them to the
Jacobsons organs
Pit vipers have heat-sensing pit organs
Venom or constriction

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 Python reticulatus (sawa)
Order Crocodilia
(crocodiles & alligators)
Elongate well-reinforced skull and massive
jaw muscles
Teeth set in sockets (thecodont dentition)
Have bony plates (osteoderms) under scales

Sea snake

Naja philippinensis (Philippine spitting cobra)

Behavior
Have a complete secondary palate that Ambush predators
allows them to breathe while their mouth is Dismembers its prey with the death roll
filled with food or water
Parental care
Have a four-chambered heart with completely
divided atria & ventricles (as in birds)

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 Crocodylus mindorensis Dinosaurs
(Philippine freshwater crocodile)

Take ZOO 145

(Herpetology)!

Crocodylus porosus
(Saltwater crocodile)

Feathered dinosaurs Class Aves (birds)

Theropods, a group of bipedal carnivorous Have undergone modifications for flight
dinosaurs (e.g., Tyrannosaurus, Velociraptor)
Protofeathers used for insulation

Sinosauropteryx prima

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Feathers Ancient birds
Made of keratin and Archaeopteryx had reptilian characteristics
derived from the Asymmetrical flight feathers
epidermis Toothed beak Wing claw

Insulation
Courtship
Flight

Airfoil wing
with contour
feathers Long tail with
many vertebrae

Modern birds Other modifications for flight

Wishbone and
keeled sternum
Caudal vertebrae
Finger 1 reduced into
Bone structure pygostyle
Palm
Wing Finger 2
Finger 3
Loss of teeth
Forearm
Wrist Loss of urinary
Shaft
Shaft
bladder
Vane
Barb
Barbule
Hook

Feather structure

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 Respiratory System Nervous System
Air sacs connecting to lungs Well-developed cerebral hemispheres,
Air flows to the posterior air sacs, to the lung, cerebellum (important for coordinating
then to the anterior air sacs and out movement & balance), and optic lobes
Acute vision

Class Mammalia
Originated from
synapsid reptiles
Palawan peacock pheasant (have one pair of
(O. Galliformes)
Pithecophaga jefferyi (O. Falconiformes)
temporal openings
Take ZOO 146 (Ornithology)!
in the skull)

Gallicolumba luzonica Passer montanus

Anas luzonica (O. Anseriformes) (O.Columbiformes) (O.Passeriformes)

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 Mammalian Skull Rise of the mammals
Key

Articular Were probably nocturnal to prevent

Temporal
fenestra
Quadrate
Dentary
competition with dinosaurs
Jaw joint
Squamosal
Well-developed olfactory and auditory
(a) In Biarmosuchus, an early synapsid, the articular and
quadrate bones formed the jaw joint. Secondary palate abilities; most are color-blind
Thecodont dentition
Middle ear
Eardrum Middle ear Heterodont dentition Became dominant when dinosaurs went
Eardrum Stapes Inner ear

Inner ear
extinct
Stapes

Incus (quadrate)
Sound Sound

Malleus (articular)

Present-day reptile Present-day mammal

(b) In mammals, the articular and quadrate bones are incorporated into the middle ear.

Derived Characteristics Integumentary Glands

Hair or fur Mammary glands provides milk
Made of keratin, derived from epidermis Sweat glands heat regulation
Insulation, sensory, protection Sebaceous glands secretes oil

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Respiratory & Circulatory
Nervous System
Systems
Diaphragm Enlarged cerebral hemispheres and
4-chambered heart cerebellum
Enucleated RBCs

Monotremes
Mammalian Phylogeny
(egg-laying mammals)
Platypus and echidnas
Australia

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Marsupials
Embryonic development completed in a
marsupium
Australia and America

Placentals Order Rodentia

Young complete their embryonic development Largest mammalian order
within a uterus, joined to the mother by the Chisel-like continuously growing incisors
placenta

North Luzon cloud rat

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 Order Cetacea
Order Chiroptera (bats)
(whales & dolphins)
Adapted for flight Aquatic, streamlined
Wings with skinfold called patagium Forelimbs as flippers, no hindlimbs
Can echolocate (in insectivorous bats) Insulating blubber
Can echolocate
Balaenoptera musculus (blue whale)

Acerodon jubatus (fruit bat)

Order Carnivora
Order Sirenia (sea cows)
(dogs, cats & bears)
Aquatic Sharp canines and molars for shearing
Forelimbs as flippers, no hindlimbs
Herbivorous

Palawan bearcat

Dugong dugon (dugong) Canis lupus familiaris Panthera tigris (tiger)

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Order Primates
Prosimian primates
(monkeys & apes)
Have hands and feet adapted for grasping
A large brain and short jaws
Forward-looking eyes close together on the
face, providing depth perception
3 main groups:
Lemurs, lorises, and pottos
Tarsiers
Anthropoids (monkeys and apes)

Tarsius syrichta
(Philippine tarsier)

Slow loris

Anthropoids (monkeys) Anthropoids (apes) Take ZOO 148

(Mammalogy)!

Opposable thumbs, colored vision (a) Gibbon

(b) Orangutan

(c) Gorilla

(d) Chimpanzees

(e) Bonobos
(a) New World monkey (b) Old World monkey

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