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Properties of
Pure Substances
Fig. 9.2
Fig. 9.4
w1 = 5t/h, w3 = w1 + w2
h1 at 5 bar, 300C = 3064.2 kJ/kg
h3 at 3 bar, 0.95 dry = 561.47 + 0.95 2163.8
= 2617.08 kJ/kg
h2 = hf at 40C = 167.57 kJ/kg
By energy balance (Fig. 9.4),
w1h1 + w2h2 = (w1 + w2) h3
w1(h1 h3) = w2(h3 h2)
5000 (3064.2 2617.88) = w2 (2617.08 167.57)
447.12 5000
\ w2 = = 912.67 kg/h Ans.
2449.51
Properties of Pure Substances 115
9.5
Fig. 9.5
9.6
Fig. 9.6
In Fig. 9.6,
3
L1 = L2 = = 0.6 m3/kg
5
L2 = 0.6 = Lg at p2
The pressure at which Lg = 0.6 m3/kg is found from steam table to be
equal to 0.3 MPa, where hg = 2163.8 kJ/kg.
At 0.2 MPa, L1 = 0.6 m3/kg = Lf + x1 Lfg
= 0.001061 + x1 0.8847
\ x1 = 0.677
h1 = 504.7 + 0.677 2201.9 = 1995.39 kJ/kg
Heat transfer, Q = m (u2 u1) = m [(h2 h1) L1 ( p2 p1)]
= 5[(2163.8 1995.39) 0.6 100]
= 542.05 kJ Ans.
5000
9.7 ws = = 1.389 kg/s
3600
3040.0 + 3034.8
h1 = = 3037.4 kJ/kg
2
0.18228 + 0.15862
L1 = = 0.17045 m3/kg
2
Properties of Pure Substances 117
d-Wx V 2 - V22
\ = h1 h2 + 1 + g (z1 z2)
dm 2
80 2 - 40 2
= 3037.4 2488.92 + 103 + 9.81 2 103
2
= 548.48 + 2.4 0.0196 = 550.8996 kJ/kg
Shaft power = 1.389 550.8996
= 765.2 kW Ans.
Without considering KE and PE changes,
Shaft power = 761.84 kW
765.2 - 761.84
% error = 100 = 0.439% Ans.
765.2
A1V1 AV
w = 1.389 kg/s = = 2 2
L1 L2
1.389 0.17045 p
A1 = = 2.9594 103 m2 = d 12
80 4
1.389 14.085 p
A2 = = 0.4891 m2 = d22
40 4
\ d1 = 0.0614 m = 6.14 cm
d2 = 0.789 m = 78.9 cm Ans.
100.2
9.8 h2 at 0.1 MPa, 120C = 2676.2 + 20 = 2716.28 kJ/kg
50
From Fig. 9.8,
h 1 = h2
1008.42 + x1 1795.7 = 2716.28
\ x1 = 0.951 Ans.
118 Solution Manual for Engineering Thermodynamics
Fig. 9.8
9.9
Fig. 9.9
= 640.23 + x1 2108.5
\ x1 = 0.97
Properties of Pure Substances 119
Fig. 9.10(b)
Fig. 9.10(b)
9.11
Fig. 9.11
Properties of Pure Substances 121
3.4
w= = 0.011333 kg/s
5 60
100.2
h2 at 1 bar, 130C = 2676.2 + 30
50
= 2736.2 kJ/kg
By energy balance,
wh1 + Q = wh2
Q 2
h 1 = h2 = 2736.2
w 0.011333
= 2559.724 kJ/kg
h1 = hf1 + x1 hfg1 = 2559.724
442.285 + x1 2242.25 = 2559.724
\ x1 = 0.9443 = Quality of steam at engine exhaust. Ans.
100.2
h2 at 1 bar, 105C = 2676.2 + 5 = 2686.22 kJ/kg
50
0.011333 (2686.22 h1) = 2
\ h1 = 2509.744 kJ/kg
h1 = hf1 + x1 hfg1
2509.74 = 442.285 + x1 2242.25
\ x 1 = 0.922
1 x1 = 0.078
Maximum moisture content that can be determined
= 7.8%
9.12
Fig. 9.12(a)
122 Solution Manual for Engineering Thermodynamics
h1 = 2942.6 kJ/kg
s1 = 6.6247 kJ/kgK
s1 = s2 = 6.6247
= sfp + x2 sfgp
2 2
= 0.6493 + x2 7.5010
\ x 2 = 0.7966
h2 = 191.81 + 0.7966 2392.8
= 2097.95 kJ/kg
h1 h2 = 2942.6 2097.95
= 844.65 kJ/kg
By SFEE., Fig. 9.12(b)
V12 V2
h1 + = h2 + 2
2 2
Since V 12 /2 is small,
V2 = 2 ( h1 - h2 ) 10 3 = 44.72 h1 - h2
11.705
\ A2 = 104 = 90 cm2 Ans.
1300
h3 = hfp = 191.81 kJ/kg
2
Fig. 9.14
\ h3 = 3122.56 kJ/kg
At 2 MPa, h = 3122.56 kJ/kg from superheated steam table, temperature
= 340C
Rate of increase of entropy of the universe
5 A V A 1518.22
w= = 4 4 = 4
60 L4 100.914
A4 = 0.005539 m2 = 55.39 cm2 Ans.
9.15 Given: p1 = 8 bar, t1 = 250C
p2 = 7 bar, t2 = 200C
p3 = 5 bar, p4 = 0.1 bar, x4 = 0.9
2850.1 + 2839.3
h1 = 2950 kJ/kg; h2 = = 2844.7 kJ/kg
2
124 Solution Manual for Engineering Thermodynamics
Fig. 9.15
By first law,
Q = u2 u1 + W
= 2793.3 2722.8 200 = 129.5 kJ Ans. (a)
(b) By SFEE,
h1 + Q = h2 + W
Q = W + h2 h1
= 200 + 3051.2 2960.7 = 109.5 kJ Ans. (b)
(c) h2 = 3051.2 kJ/kg
u1 = 2722.8 kJ/kg
m1 = 0
dUCV
= m i hi + QCV WCV
dt Fig. 9.17(c)
m2 u2 m1L1 = 0 = QCV + h1m2 WCV
QCV = (u2 h1) m2 + WCV
= (2793.3 2960.7)1 200
= 167.4 200 = 367.4 kJ Ans. (c)
9.18
Fig. 9.18
p1 = 4 bar
p2 = 2 bar, t2 = 160C
w = 0.008 kg/s
W = 3.91 230 = 899.3 W
101.7
h2 = 2768.8 + 10
50
= 2789.14 kJ/kg
Properties of Pure Substances 127
By energy balance,
w h1 + W = w h2
W 899.3
h 1 = h2 = 2789.14
w 0.008 1000
= 2676.73 kJ/kg
= hf + x1 hfg = 604.74 + x1 2133.8
\ x 1 = 0.97 Ans.
hg at 4 bar = 2737.72 kJ/kg
h1 = h2 = 2676.73 kJ/kg (for throttling of steam)
Since h2 < hg, simple throttling cannot be used to determine the quality of
steam.
9.19
V1 = 0.7 m3 V2 = 0.35 m3
p1 = 1.5 bar p2 = 6 bar
t1 = 200C x2 = 0.9
Fig. 9.19
= 2442.7 kJ/kg
m1L1 + m2 L2 0.43 1.6262 + 1.231 0.2843
Lm = =
m1 + m2 1.661
= 0.6317 m3/kg
Now, hm = um + pf Lm
hm - u m 2632.28 - 2442.7
\ pf = =
Lm 0.6317
= 300.11 kPa @ 3 bar Ans.
At 3 bar,
h = 2632.28 = hf + xhfg
= 561.34 + x 2163.37
\ x = 0.957 = Quality of mixture
\ s3 = 1.6714 + 0.957 5.3198 = 6.7639 kJ/kgK
s1 = 7.671 and s2 = 6.2814 kJ/kgK
\ D S = m3 s3 (m1s1 + m2 s2)
= 1.661 6.7639 (0.43 7.671 + 1.231 6.2814)
= 11.235 11.031 = 0.204 kJ/K Ans.
9.21
w1 = 3 kg/min p4 = 5 bar
w2 = 5 kg/min p5 = 2 bar
Fig. 9.21
h1 = 2942.6 kJ/kg,
h2 = 762.2 + 0.75 2013.86
= 2273.67 kJ/kg
w1h1 + w2h2 = w3h3
3 2942.6 + 5 2273.67 = (3 + 5) h3
h3 = 2524.53 kJ/kg = hf + x3hfg
= 762.28 + x3 2013.86
\ x3 = 0.875
Properties of Pure Substances 129
V52
h 4 = h5 +
2
s4 = s5 = 6.2941 = 1.5295 + x5 5.5984
x 5 = 0.851
h5 = 504.52 + 0.851 2201.8
= 2378.25 kJ/kg
\ V5 = 2000 (2524.53 - 2378.25)
= 540.89 m/s Ans. (d)
L5 = 0.001 + 0.851 0.887 = 0.7558 m /kg 3
8 A 540.89
w= = 5
60 0.7558
\ A5 = 0.0001863 m2 = 1.863 cm2 Ans. (e)
9.22 T0 = ambient temperature = 300 K (assumed)
3079.9 + 3161.1
h1 =
2
= 3120.5 kJ/kg
6.5473 + 6.4542
s1 =
2
= 6.5007 kJ/kgK
h 1 = h2 Fig. 9.22
For h2 = 3120.5 kJ/kg and p2 = 59 bar,
from Mollier chart, s2 = 6.57 kJ/kgK
y1 = h1 T0 s1
130 Solution Manual for Engineering Thermodynamics
Fig. 9.23
At 165C,
h1 = 697.38 + 0.8 2066.1 = 2350.26 kJ/kg
s1 = 1.9963 + 0.8 4.7087 = 5.7633 kJ/kgK
At 3 bar, tsat = 133.5C
Superheat, D t = 66.5C
\ Steam temperature, t = 133.5 + 66.5 = 200C
h2 = 561.47 + 0.8 2163.8 = 2292.51 kJ/kg
s2 = 1.6714 + 0.8 5.32 = 5.9274 kJ/kgK
At 3 bar, 200C,
h3 = 2865.7 kJ/kg, s3 = 7.3166 kJ/kgK
h2 h1 = 2292.51 2350.26 = 57.75 kJ/kg
s2 s1 = 5.9274 5.7633 = 0.1641 kJ/kgK
h3 h2 = 2865.7 2292.51 = 573.19 kJ/kg
s3 s2 = 7.3166 5.9274 = 1.3892 kJ/kgK Ans.