CHAPTER II

Biochemistry
Cell

Instructor: Dr Bui Chi Bao

 OUTLINES

1. Characteristics of biological polymers

2. Molecular building blocks of the cell
Sugars/ carbonhydrates
Fats/ lipids
Amino acids/ proteins
Nucleotides/ nucleic acids
MOLECULES OF LIFE
All living things are made up of four
classes of large biological molecules:
carbonhydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids
Small organic molecules are joined
together to form larger molecules
CARBOHYDRATES:
FUEL AND BUIDLING MATERIAL
Carbohydrate : sugars and
polymers of sugars
Monosaccharides (single sugar)
Carbohydrate macromolecules are
polysaccharides
 SUGAR
Monosaccharides have molecular formulas
that are usually multiples of CH2O
Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common
monosaccharide
Monosaccharides are classifies by
The location of the carbonyl group (as aldose
or ketose)
The number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
TWO MONOSACCHARIDES CAN
REACT TO FORM A DISACCHARIDE
hemicellulose
WHY PLANTS NEED
CELLULOSE?
Mechanical support
Water impermeability
Barrier to pathogens
The Chitin -> natural polymer applied into biological
industry
LIPIDS
HYDROPHOBIC
MOLECULES
Unsaturated Fat

Saturated Fat
Phospholipid
FOUR LEVELS OF PROTEIN
STRUCTURE:
PRIMARILY STRUCTURE
FOUR LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE:
SECONDARY STRUCTURE

Regions stabilized
by H-bonds of
polypeptide
backbone
FOUR LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE:
TERTIARY STRUCTURE

3D structrue/ shape
stabilized by side chains
FOUR LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE:
QUATERNARY STRUCTURE

Association of
multiple
polypeptides
 Disulfide bridge

Hydrophobic chain inside

Hydrophilic chain outside
Protein function
Amino acid sequence _____molecular structure protein function

Fibers
 QUIZ
The disulfide bond, a stabilizing component of
_____(1)_____ is unusual, because it ___(2)_____

A. Helical structure
B. Tertiary structure
C. Beta sheet
D. Secondary structure
E. Quaternary structure

A. Is hydrogen bond
B. Is a covalent bond
C. Leads to ionic interaction
D. Is a sulfur containing bond
E. Is containing cystein residues
Rosalind Franklin

Maurice Wilkins
Watson and Cricks Model
 STRUCTURE OF DNA
DNA is a long molecule made up of units
called nucleotides.
Each nucleotide is made up of three parts:
a 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, a
phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
(Nitrogen Containing).
The backbone of DNA is formed by sugar
and phosphate groups of the nucleotide.
The nitrogenous base stick out from the
sides and can be joined together in any
order, meaning that any sequence of
bases is possible.
NITROGENOUS BASES
There are four kinds of nitrogenous
bases.
They are divided into two classes:
purines and pyrmidines
1. Purines Adenine and Guanine
2. Pyrmidines Cytosine and
Thymine
CHARGAFFS RULES
Chargaff discovered
how the nitrogenous
bases bond together.
He discovered that
Adenine always bonds
with Thymine and that
Cytosine always
bonds with Guanine.
Which group is more stable?
 VARIATION
IN SHAPE

B-DNA A-DNA Z-DNA

 Normal smooth double helix, termed a B-helix
Deep major groove, is termed A-DNA.
It is formed under dehydrating conditions. (Also,
RNA) because its extra hydroxyl group on the
sugar gets in the way, making the B-form
unstable
The form winds in the opposite direction from
A-DNA and B- DNA, is termed Z-DNA.
It is found under high salt conditions and
requires a special type of base sequence, with
many alternating cytosine-guanine and guanine-
cytosine base pairs
http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/101/motm_disscussed_entry.do?id=1bna
DNA IS COMPACTED
INTO CHROMOSOMES
The nucleosome core
Brightfield (unstained specimen) Brightfield (HE stained specimen)

Phase contrast Fluorescence

 Deconvolution

Confocal

Super-resolution
$ 400,000
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY