El presente perfecto (present perfect tense) nos sirve para expresar una accin que

sucedi en un momento del pasado, o que se repiti muchas veces en el pasado, o una
accin que se inici en el pasado y continua hasta el presente. Para formar el presente
perfecto se escribe have o has segn el sujeto y el verbo principal en participio. El
participio de los verbos regulares se forma con la terminacin -ed:

I have worked (Yo he trabajado)

You have worked (T has trabajado)
He has worked (l ha trabajado)
She has worked (Ella ha trabajado)
It has worked (Eso ha trabajado)
We have worked (Nosotros hemos trabajado)
You have worked (Usted ha trabajado)
They have worked (Ellos han trabajado)

Siempre hay que recordar que existen verbos irregulares:

I have went (Yo he ido)

You have went (T has ido)
He has went (l ha ido)
She has went (Ella ha ido)
It has went (Eso ha ido)
We have went (Nosotros hemos ido)
You have went (Usted ha ido)
They have went (Ellos han ido)

Ejemplos con verbos regulares:

I have worked for my uncle. (Yo he trabajado para mi to)

She has finished her homework. (Ella ha terminado su tarea)
I have to go, we have talked for more than two hours. (Yo me tengo que ir, nosotros
hemos hablado por ms de dos horas)
We have visited them once a week for the last year. (Nosotros los hemos visitado una vez
por semana durante el ltimo ao)
He has returned my car at last. (El ha regresado mi automvil al fin)
It has rained once a week for the last month. (Ha llovido una vez a la semana durante el
ltimo mes)
They have completed the project. (Ellos han completado el proyecto)
I have cooked something special for you. (Yo he cocinado algo especial para ti)
I have worked in that firm for many years. (Yo he trabajado en esa empresa por muchos
aos)
We have loved each other for twenty years. (Nosotros nos hemos amado uno al otro por
veinte aos)
He has finished reading my book. (l ha terminado de leer mi libro)
You have invested in something revolutionary. (T has invertido en algo revolucionario)
I have played this game several times. (Yo he jugado este juego varias veces)
 We have looked everywhere for the keys. (Nosotros hemos buscado en todas partes las
llaves)
I have watched two seasons of this T.V. show. (Yo he visto dos temporadas de este
programa de televisin)

Ejemplos con verbos irregulares:

He has read the book that you gave me yesterday. (El ha ledo el libro que me diste
ayer)
She has spoken with him several times. (Ella ha hablado con l varias veces)
We have lent money to you many times. (Nosotros te hemos prestado dinero muchas
veces)
They have lost my book. (Ellos han perdido mi libro)
He has forgotten what I said. (l ha olvidado lo que dije)
I have been here before. (Yo he estado aqu antes)
We have forgiven what she did. (Nosotros hemos perdonado lo que ella hizo)
We have been in this city for five years. (Nosotros hemos estado en esta ciudad por
cinco aos)
You have slept for more than fourteen hours. (T has dormido por ms de catorce
horas)
My cousin has gone to Europe to study. (Mi primo se ha ido a Europa a estudiar)
She has told me what you said. (Ella me ha dicho lo que dijiste)
She has seen every show in the city. (Ella ha visto cada espectculo en la ciudad)
I have seen that movie several times. (Yo he visto esa pelcula varias veces)
He has given up the tournament. (l ha abandonado el torneo)
I have forgotten all my problems. (Yo he olvidado todos mis problemas)

Los pronombres personales (personal pronouns) son los que se refieren a las personas de la
oracin:

I, (yo)
You (t, usted)
He (l)
She (ella)
It (eso)
We (nosotros)
You (ustedes, vosotros, vosotras)
They (ellos, ellas

Ejemplos:

I am happy. (Yo estoy feliz)

I am a good student. (Yo soy un buen estudiante)
You are honest. (T eres honesto)
You are very smart. (T eres muy inteligente)
He is in Europe. (l est en Europa)
He is sad. (l est triste)
She is my cousin. (Ella es mi prima)
 She is my mother in law. (Ella es mi suegra)
It is a good movie. (Es una buena pelcula)
It is cold today. (Hoy hace fro)
We are brothers. (Nosotros somos hermanos)
We are teachers. (Nosotros somos maestros)
You are very serious. (Ustedes son muy serios)
You are very tall. (Usted son muy altos)
They are sisters. (Ellas son hermanas)
They are married. (Ellos estn casados)

Los object pronouns sustituyen a los objetos en las oraciones, entonces se usan como objetos
directos e indirectos. I will see your sister after the school (Ver a tu hermana despus de la
escuela) se puede cambiar a I will see her after the school (La ver despus de la escuela). A cada
pronombre personal le corresponde un object pronoun:

I, me
You, you
He, him
She, her
It, it
We, us
You, you
They, them

EJEMPLOS:

We gave them the money. (Les dimos el dinero)

He knows me well. (l me conoce bien)
She see them on the bus. (Ella los ve en el autobs)
He teaches us Math. (l nos ensea matemticas)
What is the matter with her today? (Qu es lo que le pasa hoy?)
I explain the lesson to you every day. (Les explico la leccin todos los das)
We will divide the money between us. (Dividiremos el dinero entre nosotros)
She sent me a lot of presents. (Ella me envi mucho regalos)
He always help me with my homework. (l siempre me ayuda con mi tarea)
You need to talk with them. (Necesitas hablar con ellos)
I see you in the cafeteria. (Te veo en la cafetera)
He went to the movies with us. (l fue al cine con nosotros)
She sit next to him. (Ella se sienta junto a l)
She wrote me a lot of letters. (Ella me escribi muchas cartas)
This book belongs to him. (Este libro le pertenece a l)
I understand you. (Te entiendo)

Los adjetivos posesivos expresan posesin o pertenencia: I do my homework (Yo hago mi tarea). A
cada persona le corresponde un adjetivo posesivo del siguiente modo:
 I, my
You, your
He, his
She, her
It, its
We, our
You, your
They, their

Ejemplos:

He washes his car. (l lava su automvil)

She is in her bedroom. (Ella est en su habitacin)
She has finished her work. (Ella ha terminado su trabajo)
I painted my house last weekend. (Yo pint mi casa el fin de semana pasado)
He worked in his garden yesterday. (l trabajo en su jardn ayer)
He waits for you outside of your office. (l te espera afuera de tu oficina)
My dog wags its tail when he see me. (Mi perro mueve la cola cuando me ve)
I forgot to bring my jacket. (Olvid mi chaqueta)
Does she work for your uncle? (Ella trabaja para tu to?)
Mr. Green works with my uncle. (El seor Green trabaja para mi to)
We got good marks on our examinations (Nosotros obtuvimos buenas calificaciones en
nuestros exmenes)
We enjoy our math class. (Nosotros disfrutamos nuestra clase de matemticas)
Take off your jacket. (Qutate la chaqueta)
The boy cries because his toy is broken. (El nio llora porque su juguete est roto)
They bought their home last year. (Ellos compraron su casa el ao pasado)
He does his homework everyday. (l hace su tarea todos los das)
She wrote a letter to her mother. (Ella escribi una carta su madre)

This, that, these y those son adjetivos demostrativos que nos sirven para determinar la ubicacin
de las cosas. This indica que un objeto est cerca de nosotros, that indica que un objeto est a
alguna distancia de nosotros, these indica que varios dos o ms objetos estn cerca de nosotros, y
those indica que dos o ms objetos estn cerca de nosotros.

Se usan con el verbo to be: this is (este es) y that is (aquel es); these are (estos son), those are
(aquellos son).

Ejemplos con this:

This book is mine. (Este libro es mo)

This exercise is easy. (Este ejercicio es fcil)
This room is too large. (Este cuarto es muy grande)
This bag belongs to Kelly. (Esta bolsa le pertenece a Kelly)
This is my Math book. (Este es mi libro de matemticas)
This is your wallet. (Esta es tu billetera)
This chair is very comfortable. (Esta silla es muy cmoda)
This car is dirty. (Este automvil est sucio)
 This motorbike is expensive. (Esta motocicleta es cara)
This is an old house. (Esta es una casa antigua)

Ejemplos con that:

That book is mine. (Aquel libro es mo)

That exercise is easy. (Aquel ejercicio es fcil)
That room is too large. (Aquel cuarto es muy grande)
That bag belongs to Kelly. (Aquella bolsa le pertenece a Kelly)
That is my Math book. (Aquel es mi libro de matemticas)
That is your wallet. (Aquella es tu billetera)
That chair is very comfortable. (Aquella silla es muy cmoda)
That car is dirty. (Aquel automvil est sucio)
That motorbike is expensive. (Aquella motocicleta es cara)
That is an old house. (Aquella es una casa antigua)

Ejemplos con these:

These books are mine. (Estos libros son mos)

These exercises are easy. (Estos ejercicios son fciles)
These rooms are too large. (Estos cuartos son muy grande)
These bags belongs to Kelly. (Estas bolsas le pertenecen a Kelly)
These are my Math books. (Estos son mis libros de matemticas)
These are your wallets. (Estas son tus billeteras)
These chairs are very comfortable. (Estas sillas son muy cmodas)
These cars are dirty. (Estos automviles estn sucios)
These motorbikes are expensive. (Estas motocicletas son caras)
These are old houses. (Estas son casas antiguas)

Ejemplos con those:

Those books are mine. (Aquellos libros son mos)

Those exercises are easy. (Aquellos ejercicios son fciles)
Those rooms are too large. (Aquellos cuartos son muy grandes)
Those bags belongs to Kelly. (Aquellas bolsas le pertenecen a Kelly)
Those are my Math books. (Aquellos son mis libros de matemticas)
Those are your wallet. (Aquellas son tus billeteras)
Those chairs are very comfortable. (Aquellas sillas son muy cmodas)
Those cars are dirty. (Aquellos automviles estn sucios)
Those motorbikes are expensive. (Aquellas motocicletas son caras)
Those are old houses. (Aquellas son casas antiguas)

Los pronombres posesivos (possessive pronouns) expresan posesin o pertenencia. A cada

persona le corresponde un adjetivo posesivo del siguiente modo:
 I, mine (Yo, mo, mos, ma, mas)
You, yours (T, tuyo, tuyos, tuya, tuyas)
He, his (l, suyo, suyos, suya, suyas)
She, hers (Ella, suyo, suyos, suya, suyas)
It, its (Eso, suyo, suyos, suya, suyas)
We, ours (Nosotros, nuestro, nuestros, nuestra, nuestras)
You, yours (Ustedes, suyo, suyos, suya, suyas)
They, theirs (Ellos, suyo, suyos, suya, suyas)

Ejemplos:

This book is mine. (Este libro es mo)

This magazine is yours. (Esta revista es tuya)
This pencil es his. (Este lpiz es suyo)
This bag is hers. (Esta bolsa es suya)
That car is his. (Aquel automvil es suyo)
This umbrella is hers. (Esta sombrilla es suya)
These seats are ours. (Estos asientos son nuestros)
This watch is yours. (Este reloj es tuyo)
The red handbag is hers. (La bolsa de mano roja es suya)
Those bicycles are theirs. (Aquellas bicicletas son suyas)
That overcoat is hers. (Aquel abrigo es de ella)
This toy is hers. (Este juguete es suyo)
That house is ours. (Aquella casa es nuestra)
Those cars are theirs. (Aquellos automviles son suyos)
I prefer my ideas, and she prefers hers. (Yo prefiero mis ideas, y ella prefiere las suyas)
You go to school in your bike, and I go to school in mine. (T vas a la escuela en tu
bicicleta, y yo voy a la escuela en la ma)
I found my book, but she couldnt find hers. (Yo encontr mi libro, pero ella no pudo
encontrar el suyo)
We enjoy our work, and they enjoy theirs. (Nosotros disfrutamos nuestro trabajo, y ellos
disfrutan el suyo)
That is my problem, not yours. (Ese es mi problema, no tuyo)
I am going to the movies with a friend of mine. (Voy al cine con un amigo mo)

Los pronombres reflexivos (reflexive pronouns) se utilizan para referirse al sujeto de la oracin, el
sujeto y el objeto de la oracin son la misma persona, es decir, la accin recae sobre el sujeto de
la oracin:

She burned herself. (Ella se quem a s misma)

El verbo burn (en pasado burned) describe la accin quemar, pero la accin recae sobre el sujeto
de la accin, o sea, ella.

A cada persona le corresponde un pronombre reflexivo del siguiente modo:

 I, myself (Yo, yo mismo)
You, yourself (T, t mismo)
He, himself (l, el mismo)
She, herself (Ella, ella misma)
It, itself (Eso, a s mismo)
We, ourselves (Nosotros, nosotros mismos)
You, yourselves (Ustedes, ustedes mismos)
They, themselves (Ellos, ellos mismos)

Ejemplos:

She burned herself. (Ella se quem a s misma)

I blame myself for that mistake. (Me culpo yo mismo por ese error)
He cut himself when he shaves. (l mismo se corta cuando se afeita)
The cat hurt itself when it jumped over the fence. (El gato se lastim l mismo cuando
salto sobre la cerca)
My son is old enough to dress himself. (Mi hijo tiene la edad suficiente para vestirse por l
mismo)
My sisters like to look at themselves in the mirror. (A mis hermanas les gusta verse ellas
mismas en el espejo)
She cut herself with the same knife. (Ella misma se corto con el mismo cuchillo)
The soldier shot himself by accident. (El soldado se dispar l mismo por accidente)
She hasnt been herself lately. (Ella no ha sido ella misma ltimamente)
You will hurt yourself if you are not careful enough. (T te lastimars si no eres cuidadoso)

Los pronombres reflexivos (reflexive pronouns) tambin permiten dar nfasis a la persona que se
menciona en la oracin.

Ejemplos:

He himself must talk with her. (l mismo debe hablar con ella)
I myself send the package. (Yo mismo envi el paquete)
We ourselves will lend you the money. (Nosotros mismos te prestaremos el dinero)
She herself docorated her bedroom. (Ella misma decor su habitacin)
They themselves made an offer to buy the car. (Ellos mismos hicieron una oferta para
comprar el automvil)
I myself will cut the grass twice a week. (Yo mismo cortar el csped dos veces por
semana)
You yourself will be responsible for the debt. (T mismo sers responsable de la deuda)
He himself will deliver the letter. (l mismo entregar la carta)
The idea itself surprised everybody. (La idea misma soreprendi a todos)
He himself fixed the ipad. (l mismo repar el ipad)

Se puede describir que una accin se realiz de manera solitaria por la persona de la oracin al
escribir by antes de los pronombres reflexivos (reflexive pronouns).
Ejemplos:

He should try to answer the questions by himself. (l debera tratar de responder las preguntas
solo)

She lives here by herself. (Ella vive aqu sola)

I went on vacation by myself. (Fui de vacaciones solo)
We can finish this work by ourselves. (Nosotros podemos terminar este trabajo solos)
The kids got dressed by themselves. (Los nios se vistieron por s mismos)
I plan to make a trip by myself. (Yo planeo hacer un viaje solo)
She went to the movies by herself. (Ella fue al cine sola)
He likes to spend time by himself. (A l le gusta pasar tiempo solo)
She prefers to do her homework by herself. (Ella prefiere hacer su tarea sola)
I like to take long walks by myself. (A m me gusta tomar largas caminatas solo)

El pronombre indefinido somebody (alguien) se utiliza en oraciones afirmativas, es intercambiable

por someone (alguien). Something (algo) tambin se usa en oraciones afirmativas pero de refiere
a objetos. Somewhere (algn lugar) se utiliza para hacer referencia a algn lugar en oraciones
afirmativas.

Ejemplos somebody:

There is somebody at the door. (Hay alguien en la puerta)

She saw somebody in your house. (Ella vi a alguien en t casa)
She will bring somebody with her. (Ella traer a alguien con ella)
There is somebody in the room. (Hay alguien en el cuarto)
There is somebody waiting for her. (Hay alguien esperndola)
There is somebody in your office. (Hay alguien en tu oficina)
They have been talking with somebody. (Ellos han estado platicando con alguien)
She seems to be somebody in her town. (Ella parece ser alguien en su ciudad)
There is somebody waiting the bus. (Hay alguien esperando el autobs)
I think somebody took my books. (Creo que alguien tom mis libros)

Ejemplos someone:

There is someone at the door. (Hay alguien en la puerta)

She saw someone in your house. (Ella vi a alguien en t casa)
She will bring someone with her. (Ella traer a alguien con ella)
There is someone in the room. (Hay alguien en el cuarto)
There is someone waiting for her. (Hay alguien esperndola)
There is someone in your office. (Hay alguien en tu oficina)
They have been talking with someone. (Ellos han estado platicando con alguien)
She seems to be someone in her town. (Ella parece ser alguien en su ciudad)
There is someone waiting the bus. (Hay alguien esperando el autobs)
I think someone took my books. (Creo que alguien tom mis libros)
Ejemplos something:

We heard something in the darkness. (Escuchamos algo en la oscuridad)

She told me something about her trip. (Ella me platic algo de su viaje)
You said something about my new car. (T dijiste algo de mi automvil nuevo)
I will give you something to read. (Yo te dar algo para leer)
It was something important. (Era algo importante)
He left something in the table. (l dej algo en la mesa)
I am working in something important. (Yo estoy trabajando en algo importante)
We know something about the new sales plan. (Nosotros sabemos algo sobre el nuevo
plan de ventas)
She left something in the desk. (Ella dej algo sobre el escritorio)
I think there is something wrong with my car. (Yo creo que hay algo mal con mi
automvil)
His mother gave him something to eat. (Su madre le dio algo de comer)

Ejemplos somewhere:

He lost his wallet somewhere. (l perdi su billetera en algn lugar)

She went out somewhere. (Ella sali a algn lugar)
She went somewhere with him yesterday. (Ella fue a algn lugar con l ayer)
Her keys are somewhere in this room. (Sus llaves estn en algn lugar en este cuarto)
He lives somewhere in Massachusetts. (l vive en algn lugar de Massachusetts)
They found it somewhere in the woods. (Ellos lo encontraron en algn lugar del bosque)
Ive seen you somewhere before. (Te he visto en algn lugar antes)
They found somewhere to live. (Ellos encontraron un lugar donde vivir)
The bank is somewhere between the new building and the zoo. (El banco est en algn
lugar entre el nuevo edificio y el zoolgico)
We are looking somewhere to dance tomorrow. (Nosotros estamos buscando algn lugar
para bailar maana)

El pronombre indefinido anybody (nadie al negar, alguien al preguntar) se utiliza en oraciones

negativas o interrogativas, es intercambiable por anyone (nadie al negar, alguien al preguntar).

Anything (nada al negar, algo al preguntar) tambin se usa en oraciones negativas o interrogativas
pero se refiere a objetos.

Anywhere (ningn lugar al negar, algn lugar al preguntar) se utiliza en oraciones negativas o
interrogativas.

Ejemplos anybody (al negar):

There isnt anybody at the door. (No hay nadie en la puerta)

She didnt see anybody in your house. (Ella no vi a nadie en t casa)
She will not bring anybody with her. (Ella no traer a nadie con ella)
There isnt anybody in the room. (No hay nadie en el cuarto)
There isnt anybody waiting for her. (No hay nadie esperndola)
Ejemplos anybody (al preguntar):
Is there anybody at the door? (Hay alguien en la puerta?)
 Did she see anybody in your house? (Ella vi a alguien en t casa?)
Will she bring anybody with her? (Ella traer a alguien con ella?)
Is there anybody in the room? (Hay alguien en el cuarto?)
Is there anybody waiting for her? (Hay alguien esperndola?)

Ejemplos anyone (al negar):

There isnt anyone at the door. (No hay nadie en la puerta)

She didnt see anyone in your house. (Ella no vi a nadie en t casa)
She will not bring anyone with her. (Ella no traer a nadie con ella)
There isnt anyone in the room. (No hay nadie en el cuarto)
There isnt anyone waiting for her. (No hay nadie esperndola)

Ejemplos anyone (al preguntar):

Is there anyone at the door? (Hay alguien en la puerta?)

Did she see anyone in your house? (Ella vi a alguien en t casa?)
Will she bring anyone with her? (Ella traer a alguien con ella?)
Is there anyone in the room? (Hay alguien en el cuarto?)
Is there anyone waiting for her? (Hay alguien esperndola?)

Ejemplos anything (al negar):

We didnt hear anything in the darkness. (No escuchamos nada en la oscuridad)

She didnt tell me anything about her trip. (Ella no me platic nada de su viaje)
You didnt say anything about my new car. (T no dijiste nada de mi automvil nuevo)
I will not give you anything to read. (Yo no te dar nada para leer)
It wasnt anything important. (No era nada importante)

Ejemplos anything (al preguntar):

Did they hear anything in the darkness? (Escucharon algo en la oscuridad?)

Did she tell you anything about her trip? (Ella te platic algo de su viaje?)
Did you say anything about my new car? (T dijiste algo de mi automvil nuevo?)
Will you give him anything to read? (Le dars algo para leer?)
Was it anything important? (Era algo importante?)

Ejemplos anywhere (al negar):

He didnt lose his wallet anywhere. (l no perdi su billetera en ningn lugar)

She didnt go out anywhere. (Ella no sali a ningn lugar)
She didnt go anywhere with him yesterday. (Ella no fue a ningn con l ayer)
Her keys arent anywhere in this room. (Sus llaves no estn en ningn lugar en este
cuarto)
I havent seen you anywhere before. (No te he visto en ningn lugar antes)

Ejemplos anywhere (al preguntar):

Did he lose his wallet anywhere? (l perdi su billetera en algn lugar?)

Did she go out anywhere? (Ella sali a algn lugar?)
 Did she go anywhere with him yesterday? (Ella fue a algn lugar con l ayer?)
Are her keys anywhere in this room? (Sus llaves estn en algn lugar en este cuarto?)
Have I seen you anywhere before? (Te he visto en algn lugar antes?)