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Electrical Conductivity Studies of Polyaniline Nanotubes
Doped with Different Sulfonic Acids
Correspondence should be addressed to Mohd. Khalid; mkansarister@gmail.com and Andre A. Pasa; andre.pasa@ufsc.br
Copyright 2013 Mohd. Khalid et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Self-assembled polyaniline (PANI) nanotubes were prepared in the presence of three different sulfonic acids as dopant, namely,
p-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, and tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin, by oxidative polymerization using
ammonium peroxydisulfate as the oxidant. The morphology of the PANI nanotubes was determined by SEM and TEM and the
electrical conductivity was measured as a function of temperature. The PANI nanotubes were also characterized by FTIR, XRD,
UV-Vis, and cyclic voltammetry. We have found that the dopants had a noteworthy effect on the electrical conductivity whithout
significant changes in the morphology of the PANI nanotubes.
Na+O
O
+
S O O Na
O S
O
NH
HN
OH
O S O N
O
O O
S S O
O S
+ O O
CH3 OH Na O O Na+
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 1: Molecular structure of (a) TSA, (b) CSA, and (c) TSPP.
from Synth Chem. Co., Brazil. Tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl) instrument (with CuK radiation). Electrical characteriza-
porphyrin was from Sigma Aldrich Co. Aniline was distilled tion of the doped polyanilines was performed by four-
twice before use. All solutions were prepared using Milli-Q probe method, under collinear contact geometry on top of
grade water. compressed pallet, as shown in the button-right inset of
Figure 7(a). The data was collected at temperatures ranging
2.2. Synthesis. The preparation procedure for the PANI nan- from 100 to 300 K, in low vacuum ambient (103 mbar). The
otubes was followed as described in our previous publication electrical conductivity was determined from the conductance
[2]. Solutions of 0.1 mL aniline (dissolved in 20 mL deionized measurements multiplied by the geometrical factor. The four-
water) and 20 mL sulfonic acids in question of 0.02 mL1 probe method eliminates the influence of leads resistance or
TSA, 0.02 mL1 CSA, or 0.0001 mL1 TSPP were mixed under contact resistance, providing a better accuracy for measuring
supersonic stirring for 10 min (the molecular structures of conductance. Samples were pelletized to a diameter of 13 mm
TSA, CSA, and TSPP are given in Figure 1). Then, precooled and a thickness of 0.4 mm using a vacuum press at 8 MPa for
aqueous solution of ammonium peroxydisulfate (0.54 g in 5 min.
40 mL deionized water) was rapidly mixed into the above
reaction mixture. The mixture was left overnight in an ice 2.4. Cyclic Voltammetry. The electrochemical response of
bath without disturbing. These conditions were optimized to the material was determined using an Autolab PGSTAT-30
obtain high quantity of nanotubes. The product was filtered electrochemical workstation. Each sample was first dispersed
and washed with deionized water, methanol, and finally ether, in CHCl3 and the dispersion was dropped onto a gold plate
and then dried in vacuum for 24 h to obtain a green-black
(1 2 cm2 ) working electrode which was allowed to dry
PANI powder.
at room temperature. The cell was filled with 0.1 M H2 SO4
and purged with N2 for approximately 15 min. Following
2.3. Characterization. The morphologies of the products this, N2 was allowed to flow over the solution to prevent
were investigated with JEOL JSM-6701F field-emission scan- O2 from reentering the cell for the remaining experiment.
ning electron microscope (SEM) and JEOL JEM-1011 trans- Cyclic voltammograms were recorded in the potential range
mission electron microscope (TEM). The samples for SEM from 0.5 V to 1.0 V at scan rates of 60 mV s1 , using a
were mounted on aluminum stubs without sputter-coating saturated calomel as reference electrode and a Pt foil as
of gold. Samples for TEM measurements were dispersed in counter electrode.
ethanol and coated on copper microgrids with a carbon
support film. Infrared spectra in the range 4004000 cm1
on sample pellets made with KBr were measured by means 3. Results and Discussion
of an infrared spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer Tensor 100).
After dissolving 1-2 milligrams of the product (TSA-PANI, 3.1. Morphology. SEM images (Figures 2(a)2(c)) show the
CSA-PANI, and TSPP-PANI) in 10 mL NMP and filtering, tubular morphology of the resulting PANI in the pres-
UV-visible spectra of the products were recorded from 300 ence of TSA, CSA, and TSPP as the depots. TEM images
to 1000 nm using Perkin Elmer 750 spectrophotometer. X-ray (Figures 2(a )2(c )) prove the hollow-tube morphology of
scattering of the samples was carried out on X-ray diffraction the PANI. The SEM images point up that the molecular
Indian Journal of Materials Science 3
(a) (a)
(b) (b)
(c) (c)
Figure 2: SEM and TEM images of PANI nanotubes obtained from solutions that contained different sulfonic acids: (a) TSA, (b) CSA, and
(c) TSPP.
structures of dopants had an effect on the length and agreement with previous reported data for PANI [23], con-
diameter of the nanotubes, with less effect on the surface firming that the nanotubes are in doped state. For example,
morphology. The TSA doped PANI nanotubes have bigger the nanotubes show the characteristic peaks of PANI at
diameter of about 140 nm as compared to CSA doped of about 1600 and 1497 cm1 (quinoid and benzenoid rings, resp.),
100 nm and TSPP doped of about 120 nm. These differences 1301 cm1 (CN stretching), 1172 cm1 (C=N stretching), and
could be due to the difference in molecular structure of 823 cm1 (1,4-substituted phenyl ring stretching), which are
the dopants. During polymerization, aniline cation-radical identical to the emeraldine salt form of PANI [24]. A peak
surfactant could be aggregated in different sizes and types of at 1246 cm1 , ascribed to the CN+ stretching vibration in
micelles by introducing dopant counterions [22]. the polaron structure, is also observed, indicating that the
PANI is in a doped state [25]. The peaks at 1080 cm1
3.2. FTIR. Figure 3 shows FTIR spectra for the PANI nan- can be assigned to the asymmetric and symmetric O=S=O
otubes doped with different organic acids (CSA-PANI, TSA- stretching vibrations, respectively, denoting the existence of
PANI, and TSPP-PANI). The spectra of nanotubes are in SO3 groups [26, 27]. The SO stretching peak is at 750 cm1 ,
4 Indian Journal of Materials Science
CSA-PANI
TSA-PANI
Transmittance (%)
(a)
TSPP-PANI
(b)
(c)
2.0 3.4. XRD. Figure 5 shows the XRD patterns of PANI nan-
otubes with the different sulfonic acids. The present X-ray
Absorbance
1.5 (b)
scattering patterns of nanotubes, showing five peaks centered
1.0 (c) at 2 = 6.3 , 8.1 , 15 , 20 , and 25 . The sharp peak centered
at 2 = 6.3 assigned to the periodic distance between the
0.5 dopant and the N atom on adjacent main chains [33]. The
latter two bands may be attributed to the repeat unit of the
0.0 polyemeraldine chain (2 = 6.3 ) [34] and the periodicity
parallel to the polymer chains of PANI (2 = 8.1 and 15 ) [35].
0.5
As one can see, two sharp broad bands centered at 2 = 20 ,
400 600 800 1000
25 compared to the CSA and TSPP doped PANI nanotubes
Wavelength (nm)
are observed in the pattern of TSA doped PANI nanotubes,
Figure 4: UV-visible absorption spectra of PANI nanotubes dis- which indicates that the TSA doped nanotubes are more
solved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. (a) TSPP doped PANI nan- crystalline than those of CSA and TSPP doped nanotubes,
otubes, (b) TSA doped PANI nanotubes, and (c) CSA doped PANI which may also be the reason of higher conductivity of TSA
nanotubes. doped PANI nanotubes.
103
0.2 40 300 K 100 K
(a)
0.1 (b)
20
(c)
Current (A)
0.0
Current (A)
0
0.1
V
0.2 20
0.3
40
20 10 0 10 20
0.4
Voltage (mV)
0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Voltage (V) 100 K 220 K
140 K 260 K
Figure 6: Cyclic voltammetric response of polyaniline nanotubes in 180 K 300 K
1 M of H2 SO4 solution at a scan rate of 60 mV/s. (a) TSPP doped, (b) (a)
TSA doped, and (c) CSA doped.
103
was observed for all samples measured in this work and
102
allowed us to calculate the conductivity from the slope of
the straight lines. The electrical conductivities are shown 101
Electrical condutivity (S/m)
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