Standard Method of Test for Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate AASHTO DESIGNATION: T 19/T 19M-93 (ASTM DESIGNATION: C 29/C 29M-91a) 1. SCOPE LA This method covers the determi- nation of unit weight in a compacted or loose condition, and calculated voids in fine, coarse, or mixed aggregates based fon the same determination, The method is applicable to aggregates not exceeding 6 in, (150 mm} in nominal maximum NOTE 1—Unit weight is the traditional terminology used describe the property determined by this test method. Some believe the proper term is unit mass or density of bulk density, but concensus on this alternate terminology has not been obtained, 1.2 The values stated in either inch- Pound units or acceptable metric units are to be regarded separately as standard, a appropriate for a specification with ‘which this test method is used. An excep- tion is with regard to sieve sizes and ‘nominal size of aggregate, in which the metric values are the standard as stated in M 92. Within the text, metric units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equiva lens; therefore each system must be used independently of the other, without com= bining values in any way. 13. This standard may involve haz- ardous materials, operations, and equip- ‘ment. This standard does ‘not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use It isthe responsi- bility of whoever uses this standard 0 establish appropriate safely and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 21 AASHTO Standards: M92. Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes T2 Sampling Aggregates T 84 Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine ‘Aggregate T85 Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate T 121 Weight per Cubic Foot, Yield and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete T 248 Reducing Field Sam- ples of Aggregate to Testing Size 22 ASTM Standards: © 291 Unit Weight and Voids 29M in Aggregate C125 Terminology Relating to Conerete and Con: crete Aggregates € 670 Preparing Precision Statements for Con: struction Materials D 123 Terminology Relating to Textile Materials 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.41 Definitions Definitions are in accordance with ASTM C 125 unless otherwise indicated, 341 Mass, n—the quantity of mat- ter in a body. (See also weight.) 31 Discussion—Units of mass ae the kilogram (kg), the pound (lb), or units derived from these, Mass may also be visualized as equivalent to inertia, or the resistance offered by a body’ to change of motion (acceleration). Masses are compared by weighing the bodies, ‘which amounts to comparing the forces of gravitation acting on them. ASTM D123, 342 Unit weight, n—weight per volume 321 Discussion—The term weight means the force of gravity acting on the mass 343 Weight, n—the force exerted on a body by gravity (See also mass.) BAB Discussion—Weight is equal to the mass of the body multiplied by the acceleration dv to gravity, Weight may be expressed in absolute units (new- tons, poundals) or in gravitational unis gf, Ib9, for example: on the surface of the earth, a body with a mass of 1 kg has a weight of 1 kgf (approximately 9.81 N), ora body with a mass of 1 Ib has a weight of 1 Ibf (approximately 4.45 N or 32.2 poundals). Since weight is equal to mas times the acceleration due to gravity, the weight of a body will vary with the location where the weight is determined, while the mass of the body remains constant. On the surface of the earth, the force of gravity impars to a body that i fee to fall an accelera- tion of approximately 9.81 m/s! (32.2 fY 8), ASTM D 123 32. Descriptions of Terms: 321 Voids, n—in unit volume of aggregate isthe space between particles in an aggregate mass not occupied by solid mineral mates. 3211 Discussion—Voids within paticles, either permeable oF imperme- ale, ae not included in voids as deter ined by T 19. 4. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 4.1 This test method is often used to determine unit weight values which are necessary for use for many methods of selecting proportions for concrete mixtures, 4.2. The unit weight may also be used for determining mass/volume selation- ships for conversions in purchase agree- ments. However, the relationship. be- tween degree of compaction of aggre gates in a hauling unit or stockpile and6 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING ny ina achoved in hs tod iow, een for Mesures rare pez nau uns and ea Seki euly coin abe and : surface moisture (he later affecting ee bulking), while this method determines Capacity of Measure Bovtom of Wate Wall Sow sree ee ee — es Ses rcom Tene Soe eee puting the percentage of voids between — Over 1.5 9 2.8 ft incl 0.40 in. 0.25 in, O13 in, the aggregate particles based on the unit — ver 28 10 4.0 f°. incl 0.50 in. 030 in. 0.20 in. ‘weight determined by this method, Less than TL 5.0 mm 23 mm 25 mm S. APPARATUS. 8.1 Balance—The balance shall con- form to the requirements of AASHTO. M 231 for the class of general purpose balance required for the principal sample mass of the sample being tested. 5.2 Tamping Rod—A round, straight steel rod, % in. [16 mm} in diameter and approximately 24 in. (600 mm) in length, having one end rounded to a hemispherical tip of the same diameter as the rod, 53° Measure—A cylindrical metal measure, preferably provided with han- les. It shall be watertight, with the top and bottom true and even, and suffi- ciently rigid to retain its form under rough usage. The measure should have height approximately qual tothe diam- eter, but in no case shall the height be less than 80 percent nor more than 150 percent of the diameter. The capacity of, the measure shall conform to the limits in Table 1 for the aggregate size to be tested. The thickness of metal in the TABLE ‘Nomina Size of —Atsregale__Cpacity of Measure note Li) 125 Ye -28(0.0028) 250-93 (0.0003) 35% ory) 3) a8 1 28 oop 4h 1270 OTD (olan 3% 100 (0100) The cad Se of tae al be dwt ‘alr tan thar es. The seal woke of te tere ah be a Be 958 of emi v9 "The aed ihe he aS pon Ue wal ny Be obey lacing @ fing Gnd and measure shall be as described in Table 2. The top rim shall be smooth and plane within 0.01 in, (0.25 mm) and shall be parallel to the bottom within 0.5° (Note 2). The interior wall ofthe measure shall be a smooth and continuous surface NOTE 2—The top sim is satisfactorily plane if 2 0.01 in. (0.25 mm feler gage Eannot be inserted between the rim and a Piece of "fin. (6 mm) or thicker plate glass Taid over the measure. The top and botiom are satisfactorily paale ifthe slope berwean Pieces of pate last in contact with the top tnd bottom does not exceed 0.87 percent in any direction, 53.1 If the measure may also be used for testing for unit weight of con- crete according to T 121, the measure should be made of steel or other suitable metal not readily subject to attack by ‘cement paste. NOTE 3_-Reactive materials such as aly- minum alloys may be used where, a a conse quence of an iil reaction, a surface film is formed which protects the metal against further corrosion. Measures larger than nomi nal 1-8 [28-L} capacity should be made of steel for rigidity, or the minimum thicknesses fof meal ised in Table 2 should be sit ably ineeased. SA Shovel or Scoop—A shovel or scoop of convenient size for filling the ‘measure with aggregate. SS Calibration Equipment—A piece of plate glass, preferably at least" in {6 mm) thick and at least 1 in. [25 man] Targer than the diameter of the measure to be calibrated. A supply of water pump or chassis grease that can be placed on the rim of the container to prevent leakage, 6, SAMPLING 6.1 Sampling should generally be secomplished in accordance with T 2, and sample reduction in accordance with T 28, 7. SAMPLE 1. The size of sample shall be ap- proximately 125 to 200 percent of the ‘quantity required to fill the measure, and shall be handled in a manner to avoid segregation. Dry the sample of aggregate to essentially constant mass, preferably in an oven at 230 * 9°F (110 * $°C), 8 CALIBRATION OF MEASURE 8.1 Fill the measure with water at ‘oom temperature and cover with a piece of plate glass in such a way as to elimi- nate bubbles and excess water. 82 Determine the mass of water in the measure using the balance described in Section 5.1 83 Measure the temperature of wa- ter to determine its density from Table 3, imerpolating if necessary. 84 Calculate the volume, V, of the measure by dividing the mass of water required to fill the measure by its density Alternately, calculate the factor for the measure (I/V) by dividing the density of the water by the mass required to fill the measure, NOTE 4—For the calculation of unit eight, the volume of the measure in aceeptT19 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING 7 TABLE 3 Density of Water of the measure forcibly. In rodding the of the larger pieces of the coarse aggre: “Tempers Second and third layers, use vigorous gate approximately balance the larger ee tune ym efor, but not more foree than to cause Voids inthe surface below the top of —t__S_btt_wn_ the taping ro to penetrate to the previ= the measure G16 62366 HL ous layer of aggregate 122 Determine the mass of the mea 6S 83636 SRS sure plus contents, and the mass of the a) G30) GekaTs) Gorey, NOTE Sin rodding the larger sizes of measure alone, and record the values 10 TGA MSH, ctw egg nny ws Nerpnte wae los and ect 75-239 62.261 997.32 penetrate the layer being consolidated, espe " 80267 62.216 9965 rally with angular aggregates. The intent of 85___294 62.166 995.8) the procedure wall be accomplished if vigor ous effort is used 13, CALCULATIONS able metric units should be expressed in cubic 10.3 Determine the mass of the mea- 13.1 _ Unit Weight—Calculate the unit mmeues othe factor as Veubie meen How. Sue plus contents, and the mass ofthe weight forthe roiling jigging or shov tren. for convenience te sz ofthe measure teasire alone and record the values 0 ely rrocedue we faloes tay be exreseed in ies equal orm/1000. the nearest 1 Tb (005 kg} M=G-DV 85 Measures shall be realibrated at : least once a year of whenever thet is 49, JIGGING PROCEDURE reason to question the accuracy of the ee M=(G-T)XF @ aa ILL Fill the measure in three ap- where: proximately equa layers as described in . Section 10:1 compacting each layer by _M_ unit weight of aggregate, bt ). SELECTION OF placing the measure on a firm base, such tke’) PROCEDURE as a cement-conctete floor, rising the = muss of aggregate plus the mea sure, 1b (kg site sides altemately about 2 in, ever aaa eb aE tes ese ‘mass of the measure, Ib (kg) 9.1 The shoveling procedure for min}, and allowing the measure to drop 1 loose unt weight shall be tized only when in sich a manner as to hit wih a sharp, alume of measure, i) specifically spulated. Otherwise, the slapping blow. The aggregate particles, factor for measure, ff compact wit weight salle determined by this procedure, wll arrange them” 13,4 The vnit weigh determined by the rodding procedure for aggregates sive ins densely compacted condition. py! make oe ose having 2 nominal maximum size of IY; Compact each layer by. dropping the in. (37.5 mim or less, or by the jigging measure. SO times in the mannet de- rocedore for aggregsis having anomi: scribed, 25 times on cach sie. Levelthe nonsense he cot oe Tal maximum site reser tan I", in. surface of he aprezae wih te fingers ern Seah ee ance (37.5 mm) and not exceeding 6 in. ora saightedge in sch a way tha any Se sgDntieenrbve tine ‘oven-dry condition. Ifthe unit weight in terms of saturated-surface-dry (SSD) {150 mm). slight projections of the larger pieces mula of the coarse aggregate approximately balance the larger voids in the surface Iso = M[I + (A100) 3) 10. RODDING PROCEDURE below the top of the measure. where: 11.2. Determine the mass of the mea- sure plus contents, and the mass of the — Msgp = unit weight in SSD condition, measure alone, and record the values to Tbs ikem’) the nearest 0.1 Ib [0.05 kg}. A ibsorption, percent, determined in accordance with AASHTO T 10.1 Fill the measure one-third full and level the surface with the fingers. Rod the layer of aggregate with 25 strokes ofthe tamping rod evenly distrib. uted over the surface. Fill the measure oa two-thirds full and again level and rod 12. SHOVELING PROCEDURE. 132 Void Conrenr—Caleulate the as above. Finally, fill the measure to void content in the aggregate using the overflowing and rod again inthe manner 121. Fillthe measure 1 overflowing writ welsh decrmaned by ches ton previously mentioned. Level the surface by means ofa shovel or scoop, discharg’ Ung jeewg or shoveling peredoe Of the aggregee with the fingers or a ing the aggregate from a height novo 9c eye Scaightedge in sch away that any slight exceed 2 in. [50 mim} above the top of projections of the larger pieces of the the measure. Exercise care to prevent, yoige, = 1001S» W) ~ M) : a coutse aggregate approximately balance so far as possible, segregation of the SxW the larger voids in the surface below the particle sizes of which the sample iS ere top of the measure ‘composed. Level the surface of the ag: 10.2. In rodding the fist layer, do gregate with the fingers or a straightedge M = unit weight of aggregate, thf ‘ot allow the rod to strike the bottom in such a way that any slight projections kg/m’)bulk specific gravity (dry basis) as determined in accordance with AASHTO T 84 or T 85. W = density of water, 62.3 Ibi [998 kg/m} 14, REPORT 14.1 Report the results for unit weight to the nearest 1 Ib/ft (10 kg/m’) as follows: 14.1.1 Unit weight by rodding, or 14.1.2 Unit weight by jigging, or 141.3 Loose unit weight 14.2 Report the results for void con- tent to the nearest 1 percent as follows: 142.1 Voids in aggregate compacted by rodding, percent, or 142.2 Voids in aggregate compacted by jigging, percent, oF 14.23 Voids in loose aggregate, per 1S. PRECISION AND BIAS 15.1 The following estimates of pre cision for this method are based on re- sults from the AASHTO Materials Refer- ence Laboratory (AMRL) Reference ‘Sample Program, with testing conducted by this method and ASTM C 29. There METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING fare no significant differences between the two methods. The data are based on the analyses of more than 100 paired test results from 40 to 100 laboratories. 15.2 Coarse Aggregate (unit weight) 18.2.1. Single-Operator Precision— ‘The single-operator standard deviation has been found to be 0.88 Ibi’ (14 kg/m’) (1S). Therefore, results of wo properly conducted tests by the same ‘operator on similar material should not differ by more than 2.5 lb/ft’ (40 kg/ sm] (028), 1522 Mulilaboratory. Precision ‘The multilaboratory standard deviation thas been found 10 be 187 Ib/f [30 kg/m’) (1S). Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests from two differ- cent laboratories on similar material should not differ by more than 5.3 Ib/ WP [85 kg/m’) (D25). 15.23 These numbers represen, re spectively, the (1S) and (D2S) limits as described in ASTM Practice C 670. The precision estimates were obtained from the analysis of AMRL reference sample data for unit weight by rodding of nor ‘mal-weight aggregates having a nominal maximum aggregate size of 1 in [250 ‘mm], and using a Yi-ft*[14-L] measure 183 Fine Aggregate (unit weigh): 153.1 Single-Operator Precision— ‘The Single-operator standard deviation hhas been found 10 be 0.88 Ib/f? (14 kg/m’) (IS). Therefore, results of two TI9 properly conducted tests by the same Operator on similar material should not ditfer by more than 25 Tet [40 key m} (025). 1532 Multlaboratory Precision— ‘The multilaboratory standard deviation has been found to be 2.76 Ibif [44 kg/m’ (18). Therefore, results of two properly conducted tess from two diffe. cnt laboratories on similar” material Should not differ by more than 7.8 Iby £0 (125 kg/m’) (D25). 1533. These numbers represent, re- spectively, the (1S) and (D2S) limits as described in ASTM Practice C 670. The precision estimates were obtained from the analysis of AMRL reference sample data for loose unit weight from labora- tories using art (2.8-L] measure. 154 No precision data on void con- tent are available, However as the void content in aggregate is calculated from unit weight and bulk specific gravity the precision ofthe voids content reflets the precision of these measured parameters ven in Sections 15.2 and 15.3 of this method and in T 84 and T 85. 188 Bias—The procedure in AASHTO T 19 for measuring. unit weight and void content has no bias because the values for unit weight and void content can be defined only in terms of a test method.