CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background
The translation is very important in today's global life. We can relate to the outside world
with the translation from the source language into the target language.Different people with
our language, it will be helped by the translation. In addition, a variety of knowledge from
different corners of the world can we know with the translation. The translation is very
important in all areas of life.
As we know, the language and the translation involves a fairly complex linguistic systems
that must evolve and differ from one language to another language. Because not all
translators know the system prevailing in the source language, it certainly makes its own
difficulties for a translator to translate.
In addition, translation is clear that the complexity and development of the language
system poses a problem of translation. However, there will not case and trouble if there is no
alternative solution. To overcome the difficulties mentioned above, we must first understand
the science of translation. After that when we will translate the information or text from a
source language into the target language, we have to know and learn the language system
prevailing in the source language as appropriate.1

B. Problem of Formulation
Based on the background of the above problems, the authors formulate the
problems as follows:
1. What is the definition of translation ?
2. What is types and categories of translation ?
3. What is the translation methods ?
4. What is modulation of translation ?
C. Objectives
In line with the above formulation of the problem, the paper is organized with the
aim to identify and describe :
1. To know about definition of translation

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Http://arnisariningsih-ilmuku.blogspot.co.id/2014/06/makalah-translation.html,Tuesday,04-10-2016. Time
11:16 am

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2. To know about types and categories of translation
3. To know about translation methods
4. To know about modulation of translation
5. To identify about the modulation in translation

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 Chapter II
Definition of Topic

A. Definition of Translation
Translation is process of transfer of meaning, idea, or messages from one
language to another language. A source language (SL) into a target language (TL).
There are many definitions to translations, ,any writter defines translation in different
ways but they have the same aims2. Study the following definition carefully :
According to Newmark3 translation is craft consisting in the attempt to replace a
written message or statement in one language by the same message or statement in
another language. While, Hatim and Munday 4said that translation is a phenomenon
that has a huge effect on everyday life. The first of these two senses relates to
translation as a process, the second to the product. The first sense focuses on the role
of the translator in taking the original or source text (ST) and turning it into a text in
another language (the target text, TT). The second sense centers on the concrete
translation the product produced by the translator.
Bell5 also defines translation as a replacement of a text in one language by
representation of an equivalent text in second language. Machali6 noted that
translation as an operation performed on languages: A process of substituting a text
in one language for a text in another. Larson7 stated that translation is basically a
change of form. In translation, the form of the source language is replaced by the form
of receptor (target) language. It can be concluded that translation is a process of
transferring the meaning of the source language into the target language.

B. Types and Categories of Translation

Catford divides translation into three distintive types, namely8:
1). Full Translation VS Partial Translation

2
Drs.Mosleh Habibullah 2013, Theory of Translation and Excercise. Surabaya , Pena Salsabila Page : 1
3
Peter Newmark, Approach to Translation (Pergamon institute of English,1981).Page : 7
4
Hatim, B and Munday, J. 2004. Translation: An advance resource book. London and New York: Routledge
Page : 90
5
Roger T.Bell 1991,Translation and Translating,Singapura.Longman Page : 6
6
Machali 2000,Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah.Jakarta : PT.Gasindo Page : 6
7
Larson,Mildred 1984,Meaning-based Translation : A Guide to Cross Language.Equivalence.Lanham,
MD,University Press of America Page : 20
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J.C.Catford.1965, A linguistic Theory of Translation.London.Longman Page : 21

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 2). Total VS Restricted Translation
3). Rank of Translation
In the article On Linguistic Aspects of Translation,Roman Jacobson distinguises
three types of translation :
1). Intralingual translation or rewording
2). Interlingual translation or tanslation proper
3). Intersemiotic translation or translation
Savory categorizes translation proper into four types as follows9 :
1). Perfect Translation
2). Adequate Translation
3). Composite Translation
4). The Translated of all Learned, Scientific, and Technical

C. Translation Methods
1. Word for Word Translation

This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with The TL immediately

below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly
by their most common meanings, out of context.Cultural words are translated literally.
The main use of word-for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of
the source language or construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process.
2. Literal Translation

The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents

but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre-translation
process, this indicates the problems to be solved.
3. Faithful translation
A faithful Translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the
original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It 'transfers' cultural
words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical 'abnormality' (deviation
from SL norms) in the translation. It attempts tobe completely faithful to the
intentions and the text-realisation of the SL writer.
4. Semantic translation

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Savory 1969, Theodore Horace, The Art of Translation, London : Jonatan CAPE Pages : 20-24

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 Semantic translation differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as it must take
more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sounds of the SL
text, compromising on 'meaning' where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play
or repetition jars in the finished version.
5. Adaptation
This is the 'freest' form of translation. It is used mainly for plays (comediesl and
poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to
theTL culture and the text rewritten. The deplorable practice of having a play or poem
literally translated and then rewritten by an established dramatist or poet has produced
many poor adaptations, but other adaptations have 'rescued1 period plays.
6. Free Translation
Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content
withoutthe form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the
original, also-called 'intralingual translation, often prolix and pretentious, and not
translation at all.
7. Idiomatic Translation
Idiomatic translation reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort
nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist
in the original- (Authorities as diverse as Seteskovitch and Stuart Gilbert tend to this
form of lively, 'natural' translation.)
8. Communicative Translation
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the
original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and
comprehensible to the readership.10

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Newmark,Peter 1988, A Textbook of Translation,New York : Prentice Hall Pages : 45- 47

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 Chapter III
Discussion and Example by the Text

A. Definition of Modulation
Modulation is one of translation procedures which is proposed by Vinay and
Darbelenet11.It is used because the translator focuses on the point of view of a
source language sentence therefore absolutely there will be modulation in terms of
meaning structure.Modulation is a change in point of view that allow us to express
the same phenomenon in a different way. Modulation as a procedure of translation
occurs when there is a change of perspective accommpanied with a lexical change
in the TL. There are two types of modulation are Free Optional Modulation and
Fixed or Obligatory Modulation.
Free Modulations are used by translator when TL reject literal translation.Free
Modulation is a translation procedure employed for non-linguistic purposes,such as
to clarify meaning,to create a connection in TL,to find equivalence that seems
natural in TL.
Modulation and Transposition are the two main processes in translation.
Modulation entails a change in lexical elements, a shift in the point of view.

B. Examples by the Text

Diversity and values in Indonesia

Indonesia is made up of 17,500 islands, and thirty-three provinces, meaning that the
cultural landscape is also a diverse one, mixing both foreign and indigenous customs.
Estimates put the number of different ethnic groups at three hundred or more, and these
include indigenous populations such as the Asmat people of New Guinea, and the Mentawai
tribe living in the rainforest of an island near Padang. They live a hunter/gatherer lifestyle
that is a far cry from the city life of an expat in Jakarta.

The largest ethnic group within Indonesia is that of the Javanese people, estimated to
make up around 45% of the countrys population. Native to Java, their populations can also

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Hatim Basil and Jeremy Munday. 2001. Indtroducing Translation Studies. London Routledge.Kearns Kate.
2000. Semantics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Page : 10

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be found all over the country, as well as in Singapore and Malaysia. The Javanese dialect is
spoken, and has two forms - Ngoko, for speaking to familiars, and Krama, which is used
when speaking among people who are unknown to each other, or of a higher social status.
The Sundanese are another ethnic group, from the Western part of Java, and are the countrys
second largest ethnic population. Other groups include Chinese and Malay Indonesians and
the Madurese people, to name but a few.

With this broad range of populations comes just as broad a mix of cultures, languages,
religions, traditions and histories. As a taster, Madurese bull-racing, Kerapan Sapi, is a
festival that takes place annually on the island of Madura, whilst the traditional Sundanese
marriage ceremony involves nine formal stages, and many Javanese people do not typically
have surnames. People may identify themselves according to their ethnicity, birthplace or
family, and hundreds of languages are spoken throughout the country, however most
Indonesians are united through the national language, Bahasa Indonesia, as well as through
the national philosophical foundation of Pancasila. These five principles come from age-old
traditions and are said to define Indonesias nationhood:

Belief in the one and only God

Just and civilised humanity
The unity of Indonesia
Democracy guided by the wisdom of deliberations among representatives
Social justice for all the people of Indonesia

In addition to these national philosophical principles, social values play a role in

Indonesian life. Family, for example, is given importance, with traditional structures and
defined roles for family members. The experiences and advice of elders are meant to be
respected, as is caring for parents in old age, and its not uncommon in areas outside the main
cities for the nuclear family unit to be comprised of grandparents as well as parents &
children. Marriage is seen as being how a person enters full adulthood, and the question of
whether you are married may often be put as Are you married yet?

Value is also placed on social hierarchy, with positions of status, position and age
respected and maintained. The use of bapak and ibu (Sir and Madam/Mr and Mrs)
may often be more commonly used in the workplace than you are accustomed to.

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 The cultural value of face is also important. It involves avoiding causing shame to others,
meaning care should be taken to avoid criticism of others in public and in the workplace.
Forgive and forget may be an appropriate motto to bear in mind if wanting to avoid causing
any cultural offense. Answers and communications may be more indirect than you are used
to, for this same reason. For more information on customs and etiquette in Indonesia, see our
section on Social customs.12

Discussion :
SL : Indonesia is made up of 17,500 islands, and thirty-three provinces, meaning that the
cultural landscape is also a diverse one, mixing both foreign and indigenous customs.

TL1: Indonesia terlihat atas 17,500 pulau, dan tiga puluh tiga provinsi, dimaksudkan bahwa
pemandangan kebudayaan yang juga bermacam-macam salah satunya, bercampur
dengan luar negeri dan yang berasal dari adat.

TL2 : Di Indonesia ditemukan 17,500 pulau, dan tiga puluh tiga provinsi, dimaksudkan
bahwa pemandangan budaya yang juga beraneka ragam, berpadu dengan luar negeri
dan yang berasal dari adat.

TL3 : Indonesia terdiri dari 17,500 pulau, dan tiga puluh tiga provinsi, maksudnya adalah
bahwa pandangan budaya yang juga beraneka ragam, dipadukan dengan luar negeri dan
berasal pula dari adat.

Made up have a multiple meaning. Based on the TL1, TL2. Those have same
meaning are adjective. TL1 is defined appeareance or terlihat.Then, in TL2 is defined
invented or ditemukan. And the last is TL3 is intransitive verb. The meant is consist or
terdiri. The sentences above including free modulation and literal translation. Because to
find equivalence need clarify meaning in SL to create connection in TL, and literal translation
because is a direct of SL text into grammatically and idiomatically appropriate to TL text.

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SL : The cultural value of face is also important

TL1 : Nilai kebudayaan yang dengan disepakati juga penting.

TL2 : Nilai kebudayaan yang dihormati juga penting.

TL3 : Nilai kebudayaan yang dihadapi juga sangatlah penting

Face have a multiple meaning. Based on the TL1 is verb. The meaning is deal with
or disepakati dengan. TL2 is noun. The meaning is respect or hormat. And TL3 is
noun. The meaning is menghadapi. The sentences above including free modulation and
literal translation. Because to find equivalence need clarify meaning in SL to create
connection in TL, and literal translation because is a direct of SL text into grammatically and
idiomatically appropriate to TL text.