Fluid Mechanics I

Chapter 3: Fluid Dynamics

Dr. Esteban Valencia

April, 2017

Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 1 / 19

Fluid Dynamics

Integral Relations for a Control Volume

Eularian and Lagrangian Perspective
Reynolds Transport Theorem
Reynolds Transport Theorem
Conservation of mass
Conservation of linear momentum
Conservation of angular momentum
Conservation of Energy

Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 2 / 19

Eularian and Lagrangian Perspective

Eularian Perspective: Fixed Region of Interest (Control Volume) Can

change size and shape and mass might cross boundary

Lagrangian Perspective: Fixed Packet of Mass (System) Can change

size and shape, but we always follow that packet of mass
Our previous Physics experience applies to Systems not Control Volumes!
X
F sys = msys

a sys
X

F CV 6= mCV

a CV

Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 3 / 19

Reynolds Transport Theorem
The Reynolds Transport Theorem let us relate the Eularian and
Lagrangian perspectives of Fluid Mechanics.
Define N to be any extensive property (mass, momentum, energy)
Define to be the intensive version ( = N/m)

Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 4 / 19

Reynolds Transport Theorem

NC )t0 = Nsys )t0

Nsys )t0 +t = (NII + NIII )t0 +t
NIIt0 +t = (NC NI )t0 +t
Nsys )t0 +t = (NC NI + NIII )t0 +t

dN Nsys )t0 +t Nsys )t0

)sys = lm
dt t0 t
dN (NC NI + NIII )t0 +t NC )t0
)sys = lm
dt t0 t

dN NC )t0 +t NC )t0 NIII )t0 +t NI )t0 +t

)sys = lm + lm lm
dt t0
| {z t } t0
| {z t } t0 | {z t }
1 2 3

Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 5 / 19

Reynolds Transport Theorem

1.
NC )t0 +t NC )t0 NC
lm =
t0 t t
Z
N = dm

dm
= dm = d
d
Z
N= d
C
Z
NC
= d
t t C

Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 6 / 19

Reynolds Transport Theorem
2.
Z
NIII = d

d = LdA
L
= Vn L = Vn t
t
d = tVn dA
Z
NIII = ~ dA
t V ~
AIII
Z
NIII = t ~ dA
V ~
AIII
3. Z
NI = 4t ~ dA
V ~
AI

Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 7 / 19

Reynolds Transport Theorem

Z Z
dN NC ~ ~ ~ dA
~
)sys = + V dA + V
dt t CSI CSIII
Z I
dN ~ dA
~
)sys = d + V (1)
dt t C CS
| {z }
Inlets and Outlets

Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 8 / 19

Conservation of Mass

N=m and =1
With this substitution on equation (1) we obtain:
Z I
dm ~ dA
~
)sys = d + V
dt t C CS
The mass of the system remains constant, so:
dm
)sys = 0
dt
Then, Z I
~ dA
~ =0
d + V (2)
t C CS

Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 9 / 19

Conservation of Mass

m
N=m ; = =1
I m

~
Z
dm
= d + V dA
dt t C CS
| {z }
0


Z Z
0= ~
V n~dA + V n~dA
CS1 CS2
0 = (V2 A2 ) (V1 A1 )
= constant then,
V2 A2 = V1 A1
Q2 = Q1
Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 10 / 19
Conservation of Linear Momentum

~ N ~
N = mV and =V=
m
With this substitution on equation (1) we obtain:

d(mV ~)
Z I
)sys = V~ d + V~ V~ .dA
~
dt t C CS
d(mV ~)
Z I
)sys = V~ d + ~ V
V ~ .~
ndA
dt t C CS
From Newtons Second law:
d(mV ~) X X
)sys = F~sys = F~CV
dt
Forces acting on CV and system are the same in an instant.
Z I
X
~ ~ ~ V~ .~
FCV = V d + V ndA (3)
t C CS
Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 11 / 19
Conservation of Linear Momentum
~ is a vector! X-Momentume
Really, we have three equations, because V
equation: Z I
X
~ ~ ~ .~
FX = VX d + VX (V n)dA
t C CS
Y-Momentume equation:
Z I
X
F~Y = V~Y d + ~ .~
VY (V n)dA
t C CS

Z-Momentume equation:
Z I
X
F~Z = V~Z d + ~ .~
VZ (V n)dA
t C CS

Notice that V ~ .~
n does not lose its vector notation! A dot product produces
a scalar, and this particular factor scales for the direction of the flow
relative to the boundary, not the momentum of the flow itself.
Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 12 / 19
Conservation of Angular Momentum

d(m
v) d(
r m

v)
T =r F =r =
dt dt


d[m(

r v )] dH
= Angular Momentum
dt dt
N=H ~ ; = ~r ~v
With this substitution on equation (1) we obtain:

d[m(~r ~v )]
Z I
~ dA
~
= (~r ~v )d + (~r ~v )V
dt t C CS

I
~ = [m(~r ~v )] +
T (~r ~v )~v dA (4)
t CS

Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 13 / 19

Conservation of Energy

N=E and =e
With this substitution on equation (1) we obtain:
Z I
dE ~ dA
~
)sys = ed + eV
dt t C CS
Where,
dE
)sys = Q W
dt
Since the system and the control volume coincide at t0 ,
| Q W |sys =| Q W |CV
Then, Z I
~ dA
~
Q W = ed + eV
t C CS
V2
Where, e = u + 2 + gz
Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 14 / 19
Conservation of Energy

To obtain a formulation suitable and convenient for problem solutions, let

us take a closer look at the work term W

W = Wshaft + Wnormal + Wshear + Wother

Hence,
Z I
~ dA
~
Q Wshaft + Wnormal + Wshear + Wother = ed + eV
t C CS

V2
Z I
~ dA
~
QWshaft +Wnormal +Wshear +Wother = (u+ +gz)d+ eV
t C 2 CS
(5)

Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 15 / 19

Problem 1
The open tank contains water at 20 C and is being filled through section
1. Assume incompressible flow. First derive an analytic expression for the
water-level change dh/dt in terms of arbitrary volume flows (Q1, Q2, Q3)
and tank diameter d. Then, if the water level h is constant, determine the
exit velocity V2 for the given data V1 = 3m/s and Q3 = 0,01m3/s

Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 16 / 19

Problem 2

The jet strikes a vane that moves to the right at constant velocity Vc on a
frictionless cart. Compute (a) the force Fx required to restrain the cart and
(b) the power P delivered to the cart. Also find the cart velocity for which
(c) the force Fx is a maximum and (d) the power P is a maximum.

Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 17 / 19

Problem 3

The horizontal lawn sprinkler has a water flow rate of 4.0 gal/min
introduced vertically through the center. Estimate (a) the retarding torque
required to keep the arms from rotating and (b) the rotation rate (r/min)
if there is no retarding torque.

Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 18 / 19

Problem 4

For the water channel flow , h1 =1.5 m, H =4 m, and V1 = 3 m/s.

Neglecting losses and assuming uniform flow at sections 1 and 2, find the
downstream depth h2, and show that two realistic solutions are possible.

Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 19 / 19