UNIVERSITY OF JOS

DIVISION OF GENERAL STUDIES

GST 101 USE OF ENGLISH

(4 CREDIT UNITS)
1. The Use of English course was introduced in Nigerian Universities and other tertiary
institutions as a result of persistent complaints by lecturers and employers of labor
that many undergraduates and even graduates were unable to express themselves
effectively in the English language. It was really worrisome and quite disturbing that
Nigerian graduates could not even write simple applications for jobs in a language
which serves as our lingua franca. Use of English was introduced as a finishing
course in Nigeria.

The main objectives of the course are therefore:

1. To give students in all departments a good grounding in, and effective mastery of
the English Language in its various applications.
2. To produce skillful and inspiring users of English who can express themselves
adequately.
3. To teach students effective methods of organizing time; taking, organizing and
developing notes.
4. To teach students how to make effective use of the library

In summary therefore, what can be seen as the course outline is as follows:

1) Study skills

a) Organizing ones study time

b) Summarising
c) Outlining

2) Listening skills
a) Listening to lectures
b) Listening to take notes
c) Listening for important ideas

3) Reading skills
a) Skimming
b) Scanning
c) Intensive reading
d) Lexis and structure (Cloze passage)

4) Writing
a) Development of vocabulary (words, their structures, spellings and meanings)
b) Use of Punctuation marks
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 c) Parts of sentences
(i )Types of sentences (simple, compound, complex, statements, questions,
directives)
(ii) Sentence length and variety
d) Verb, subject agreements
In the teaching of the writing component of the course, it is expected that the lecturer should
examine:

1 words, their structure, spellings and meanings

2 punctuation marks
3 parts of sentences
4 types of sentences e.g. statements, questions, directives (sometimes called
commands or requests)
5 sentence length and variety (simple, compound, complex)
6 verb subject agreement, objects, complement, adverbial
7 paragraphing
8 coherence and clarity

Also one is expected to look at the four main ways of communicating which are:

Narrative

Descriptive

Expository

Argumentative

If there is enough time, one should also briefly touch on how to write term papers, long essay
or dissertations e.g. planning, drafting, writing and revising and presentation.The average
educated or modern person is daily confronted with doing one or more of the above tasks. It
could involve the writing of business letters, e-mail, Job applications, memoranda,
reports, essays, papers, dissertations etc.

5) Essay writing
a) Narrative
b) Descriptive
c) Expository
d) Argumentative

6) Writing term papers and dissertations

There are seven or more main purposes for writing and speaking. These are:

1 to interact
2 to inform
3 to find out
4 to influence
5 to regulate
6 to entertain
7 to record
2
7) Public speaking
It is very easy to recognize a Nigerian speaking on TV or over the radio. This is because we
have our way of speaking English which many native speakers consider abominable,
prostituted and are appalled and driven wild with. Take an everyday word such as church
which simple enough is yet pronounced depending on where one comes from. Instead of
/t3:t / one would hear pronunciations such as /tt/, /D/, /tt or tD:tI/.

Students therefore need to be exposed to the speech sounds of English such as vowels,
diphthongs and consonants as well as the segmentals and supra-segmentals. The second part
of this aspect should briefly touch on the principles and techniques of public speaking as well
as ways of presenting a public speech.

8) Interview

9) English for specific purpose

These exercises are done using any medium of communications for us in Nigeria, such
communication are mostly carried out in the English language. One therefore needs to
understand the type of English to be adopted for each purpose i.e. English for Specific
Purposes (ESP).

Use of Library
This is the second component of Use of English. The course familarises students with various
facets of the library system locally and globally. This is against the background that every
student must register with the University library as a user throughout his/her stay in the
University and consequently access all the resources availableph
Course content:
1 Introducing the course and its importance in education
2 Brief history of the Book and Libraries (their types and functions)
3 Organisation of University of Jos Library (from inception to date)
4 Types of Library Resources (Their Physical Forms and Care)
5 Electronic Information Resources
6 Reference Services and Reference Works
7 Organisation of Library Resources: The catalogue, serials list and classified
8 The identification and location of library materials
9 Sanctions on defaulters of library Rules and Regulations

REFERENCES

Corder, Jim W. and Lyle H. Kendall, Jr. A. College Rhetoric. New York: Random House,
1962.

Ojoade, J.O, J.A. Adeiyongo and D.E. Musa (eds.). The Use of English: A Publication of
the Division of General Studies, University of Jos. Lagos: Dat and Partners Logistics Ltd,
2001.

Seely, John.Oxford Guide to Effective Writing and Speaking. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2005.
3
Verderber, Rudolf F. Communicate! Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing
Company, 1987.

GST 101 Lecture Notes

Know your libraries Handbook

Information and communication Technology Handbook for library users by Nedosa, P.S. and
Ajao, R.O.

4
GST 102: PHILOSOPHY AND LOGIC
(2Credits)
Introduction:

In order for students in Nigerian Universities to be well grounded in interdisciplinary studies

so as to compare favourably with their counterparts in universities in other parts of the world,
the National University Commission (NUC) has approved a minimal standard for academic
activities through the introduction of the General Studies programme into the Universitys
curricula.

One of those courses under the General Studies Programme is Philosophy and Logic and it is
expected of every undergraduate student to have passed this course at graduation.

Aims and Objectives

Philospohy and Logic seeks to explore very many avenues through which students on
graduation, would have been enormously equipped with necessary potentialities for the most
efficient funtional citizenship. This is achieved through its capacity for interrogating other
disciplines such as religion, education, Mathematics, Science, Literature, Social Sciences,
History, Langauge, and even recently Oil and Gas. This is the reason why philosophy is
usually called a second-order discipline. Philosophy therefore aims at advancing a
comprehensive knowledge of the Universe through investigation of data of our knowledge.
This is in keeping with Betrand Russells position that the aim of philosophy is to seek
knowledge arising from a critical and cognitive examination of the grounds of our conviction
and at the same time to free our minds from the dogmas and excesses of traditions and
customs.

This focus of philosophy has won for it the endorsement of the Federal Government of
Nigeria through the NUC which mandates all Nigerian Universities to teach students its basic
fundamentals and rudiments in order to entrench in students the values of positive and moral
character and a tradition of rational enquiry which are necessary for the challenges of life in a
post-tertiary society. The curriculum aimed at achieving these goals has the following.

Course Contents
Rudiments of Philosophy: An Introduction.
Epistemology
Metaphysics
Ethics
Logic
History of Philosophy
African Philosophy

5
Course Modules

Rudiments of Philosophy: This module examines a general introduction into

philosophy; its definition, its importance, and ultimate goals.

Epistemology: This module examines briefly the nature of knowledge and its
justification. It equally explores various theories of truth, namely: coherence,
correspondence and pragmatic.

Metaphysics: This module presents a fundamental study of Being and the world
(ontology and cosmology). Under this section, various fundamental problem of
philosophy shall be discussed.

Logic: The focus here is limited to five areas of interests: (1) Understanding basic
concepts in Logic, such as statement, argument, logic, types of arguments, truth,
validity and soundness, (2) theory of syllogiam as a form of deductive reasoning, (3)
formal and informal fallacies, (4) truth- functional logic and (5) methods of natural
deduction. The last two are generally classified under Symbolic Logic. Section 5 shall
only be limited to the Rules of Inference.

History of Philosophy: This topic examines the unfolding history of philosophical

thought from the ancient period through the medieval into the modern period. Again,
a close look shall be given to the contemporary period of history of philosophy.

Contemporary Philosophy: This is the period that succeeds the modern period in the
history of philsoophy. Predominantly the contemporary period is a reaction to the
monism and idealism of Hegel. As a background to this discourse, it will be very
significant to show the metaphysical skepticism of Immanuel Kant that led to the
emergence of the Absolute idealism of Hegel. The response to Hegels idealism is
culminated in the emergence of 2 conversations namely; The analytic tradition which
was the predominant movement in Britain which later extended to America, on the
one hand, and the continental tradition, a reaction by scholars to the German Idealism
in other parts of continental Europe, on the other hand.

African Philosophy: The focus of this course is to examine the debate on the idea of
African Philosophy and what should constitute an authentic philosophy for the
African people. Issues relating to the nature, definition, character and direction of
such philosophy would be equally considered. In so doing, this discourse shall equally
examine the various schools of thought and trends that have so far emerged. However,
the main thrust of this course would be, (not only to show the clear demarcation
between scholars who argue for a Euro-centric affliation for African Philosophy on
one hand, and those that advocate for consideration of African beliefs, world-views,
culture, traditions, etc as the authentic and legitimate philosophy for Africa, on the
other hand), to demonstrate the need for African Sholars to make their works more

6
 relevant to the socio-political millieu of the Africans. It shall be shown that the
question of crises of relevance and identity should begin from the classroom of
African Universities.

Suggested Reading Lists

Adebanjo, A. (et al).(2004)Essentials of General Studies: Ago Iwoye: Centre for Sandwich
Programmes.

Adiegbo, F. (ed). (2004): Philosophy and Logic. A Critical Introduction. Ibadan. General
Studies, University of Ibadan

Uduigwomen, A. (ed) (2004): Footnotes on African Philosophy.

Akinyemi, O.O (2002). What is Philosophy? Ibadan:Frontline Resources Ltd. Bell, A. G.A.
introduction to Logic.

Bello, A.G.A. (2000). Introduction to Logic, Ibadan University Press Plc.

Brook N. Moore et al. Philosophy: The Power of Ideas. 5th edition (New Yor: Mc Grand
Hill. (2002).

Dancy, J.An Introduction to Comtemporary Epistemology, Cambride: Basil Blackwell,

1991.

Ebun, O and Mabol , O. (2001). Fundamental Theories and Issues in Ethics, Ibadan: Ben-
ElBooks.Ibadan: University Press Plc. 2000.

Irving M. Copi, Introduction to Logic, New York, Macmilla Publishing Company 1986.

Irving M. Copi, Symbolic Logic, New York, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1979.

Jeje, K.O (2003). A Short Account of the History of Western Philosophy,Ijebu-Ode: Dean
Printing Press.

Joseph Omoregbe: (1985) African Philosophy: Yesterday and Today, in Bodunrin P.O. (ed):
Philosophy in African: Trends and Perspectives: (Ille-Ife, University of Ife Press, 1985).

Offor F. (2010) .Essential of Logic.Ibandan: Book Wright Nigeria,

Ogundowole, E.K. (2002). Philosophy and Logic: A Student Companion, Lagos:

Obaroh&Ogbinaka Publishers Ltd.

OladipoOlusegun: (2000). The Idea of African Philosophy- A Criticial Study of the Major
Orientationsin Contemporary African Philosophy. 3rd edition, (Ibadan: Hope Publication, .

Omoregbe, J. (1990). Epistemology: A Systematic and Historical Study, Knowing

Philosophy: A General Introduction, Lagos: Joja Educational Research and Publishers
Ltd.

7
Ostien, P. ( 2002) Introduction to Logic for Nigerian University Students, Jos: Jos Univejrsity
Press Ltd.

OzunmbaG.O:( 1995). An Examination of Bodunrins The Question of African of African

Philosophy in Nigerian.

Uduigwomen, A. (Ed) (1995) Footmarks on African Philosophy: (Nigeria:

Obaroh&Ogbinaka Publishers Ltd.,

Stumpf, E.S. (1994). Philosophy: History and Problems. (5th Ed) New-York: McGraw-hill.

KwasiWiredu, (1995)Conceptual Decolonisation in African Philosophy, Ibadan: Hope

Publication.1995

Gyang, J. & Thomas, J.(eds.) (2011)Rudiments of Philosophy, Jos: Division of General

Studies, University ofJos.

8
 GST 103: NIGERIAN PEOPLES AND CULTURE (2
Credits)
AIM/OBJECTIVE

The aim of GST 103: Nigerian Peoples and Culture, is clearly captured in the National
Policy on Education (1981-1985), Par 37(V), which states inter alia:

For Universities to serve as effective instruments for cementing National Unity

Widespread ignorance among Nigerian groups about each other and about themselves will
be remedied by instituting a compulsory first year course in the social organization of the
country.

That culture is the fountain spring of Nigerias national policies, be it economic, education,
politics, religious or social lives, is incontrovertible. This course, consequently, is important
in order to help students understand and thus be able at the end of the course content, develop
and project the cultural heritage of the indigenous Nigerian and African, as well as other
world traditions.

This Course is expected to inculcate in students, an awareness of the plurality of Nigerian

culture as well as the possibilities of creating a melting pot of this pluralism into one Nigerian
(National) Culture in the African and world cultures. Indeed, the course will sufficiently
foster Nigerias unity with emphasis on the common ties that unite Nigerians in diversity and
homogeneity out of the heterogeneity of cultures.

Finally, it will enable the students to know that the University exists to serve Nigeria as a
whole, and each student has an important role to play in fostering national unity, which is the
basic pre-condition for growth and development.

COURSE CONTENT

The course content for GST 103 has the following:

History
Colonialism & Nationalism
Post-Colonial Political, Social and Economic Developments
Culture
Law & Society
Communication and Society/Media and National Development
Theatre/Drama in National Development
Nigerian Political Economy
Gender/Child Studies
Religion & Nation Building

9
COURSE TOPICS MODULES & BRIEFS

History: Nigerian Ethnographic Survey, Ethnic composition, distribution, population,

religion, sex, etc. Other topics include origins, traditions and state formation and
political economy, and socio-cultural organs of kingdoms of empires and segmented
societies The Atlantic Slave Trade organization, slave acquisition, legacies of slave
trade in Nigeria

Colonialism & Nationalism: The colonial experience, theories of colonialism,

colonial resistance and war. The rise of Nigerian nationalism and attainment of
independence meaning and definition, origin of modern nationalism, origin and
growth of Nigerian politics, the political leaders, the political associations and parties,
constitutions, constitutional conferences and independence.

Post Independence Politics in Nigeria: Military rule and national development,

constitutional changes. Formation of political parties and growth of democracy in
Nigeria. Foreign relations and Nigerias role in international affairs. Globalization and
its impact in Nigerias development.

Culture: Aspects of culture of Nigerian peoples. Basic features and components of

culture. Culture and social control, arts and culture, festivals and social and political
aspects of culture. Ethics and Morals.

Law and Society: The necessity of Law in the Society. Law and Custom. Law and
Culture. Law and other Social rules. Classifications of Law. Law in Social context.
The Rule of Law and good governance. Characteristics and functions of Law in the
society. Organs and institutions of government and their functions. Doctrine of
Separation of Power. Methods of Social Control through Law. Methods of Dispute
Resolution in Law.

Communication and Society: Origin and development of all forms of

communication. Indigenous African mass communication tools and methods.
Communication and culture. Functions of mass communication in developing
societies. Media and national development. Mass communication and the growth of
Nigerian democracy. The Freedom of Information Bill and freedom of the Press in
Nigeria. Challenges and obstacles of an effective media practice in Nigeria.

Theatre/Drama in National Development: Origin and development of theatre in

Nigeria. Functions of theatre and drama in national development. Theatre and drama
in nationalism and political governance in Nigeria. Theatre and drama of national
rebirth and renaissance. Radical theatre/drama. Theatre and drama in the military era.
Theatre and drama in the pursuit of good governance and leadership. Feminist drama.
Community Theatre for Development, and Modern Theatre and Drama.

10
 Nigerian Political Economy: Nigerian economy during colonialism. Growth of
Nigerian economy (groundnut, cocoa, palm oil to petroleum). Post-independence
economic policies Indigenization, SAP, Commercialization, Privatization,
Regulation, Deregulation. Oil politics and the Nigerian economy. Minimum wage
issues and national development.

Gender and Child Studies: Gender issues in Nigerian political development. Child
Right Protection Laws. Women development and political governance in Nigeria.
Growth of the feminist question and political agitation in Nigeria. Women in Nigerian
political development.

Religion and Nation Building: Traditional religion, Christianity and Islam and their
contributions to national development and nation building. Religion and the
challenges of national development in Nigeria.

11
 SUGGESTED READING LIST

Abah, O.S., (1990). Participatory Theatre: Issues and Cases. In The Practice of Community
Theatre in Nigeria.Hagher, I.H. (Ed.). Lagos: SONTA,

Abah, O. S.,(2005). Performing Life: Case Studies in the Practice of Theatrefor

Development. Kaduna: Tamaza Publishers,

Achebe, C., (1958). Things Fall Apart. London: Heinemann,

Akinwunmi, O., et al (Eds.), (2006).Inter-Group Relations in Nigeria During the !9th and 20th
Centuries. Makurdi: Aboki Publishers,

Baran, S. J., (2002).Introduction to Mass Communication: Media Literacy andCulture(2nd

Edition). Boston: McGraw Hill,

Benedict, R., (1935). Patterns of Culture. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Clark, E., Hubert Ogunde: (1980). The Making of Nigerian Theatre. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.

Coleman, J. S. ( 1986) Nigeria: Background to Nationalism. Benin City: Brouburg and

Wistrom,

Crowther, M. A., ( 1978). The Story of Nigeria. London: Faber and Faber.

Etherton, M., (1982).The Development of African Drama. London: Hutchinson University

Press.

Gbilekaa, S. (1990). Harnessing Radical Theatre as a Potent Tool for Community

Development in Nigeria: A Methodological Approach. In The Practice of Community
Theatre in Nigeria.Hagher, I.H. (Ed.) Lagos: SONTA,

Gbilekaa, S., (1995).Radical Theatre in Nigeria. Ibadan: Caltop Publications,

Geertz, T., ( 1949). The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books,

GumucioDagron, A.(1994). Popular Theatre in Nigeria. Lagos: UNICEF.

Ibitokun, B. M. (1995). African Drama and the Yoruba Worldview. Ibadan: Ibadan
University Press,

Ikime, O. (Ed.),(1999). Groundwork of Nigerian History. Ibadan: Heinemann Books,

Isichei, E., (Ed.), Studies in the History of Plateau State, Nigeria.

Logams, P. C., (2004) .The Middle Belt Movement in Nigerian Political Movement: A Study
in Political Identity (1946-1967). Abuja: Centre for Middle Belt Studies.

Ojoade, J. O., et al (Eds.) (2008). Nigerian Peoples and Culture. Jos: Division of General
Studies, University of Jos, 2008.

12
Osuntokun, A. &Olukoju, A., (Eds.)(1997). Nigerian Peoples and Cultures. Ibadan:
Davidson.

Salami-Agunloye, I., (Ed.) (2006).Women, Theatre and Politics: Contemporary Perspectives.

Ibadan: Saniez Books.

Cyril B. Umoh, (2005). Topics in Communication. Jos: Mono Expressions.

Usman, Y. B. (Ed.) (1979). Studies in the History of the Sokoto Caliphate: The Sokoto
Seminar Papers. Zaria: Department of History, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

13
GST 104 : HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE (2 CREDIT
UNITS)
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

This course is aimed at acquainting students with basic knowledge of the humble beginning of
science and technology while keeping them abreast of contemporary issues and advances in various
disciplines of science and technology. Emphasis is laid on how various fields in these disciplines
directly affect the society, the environment, the individual, the nation and the world at large. The
key role of science and technology in sustainable national development is brought to the fore while
highlighting the achievements of some scientific establishments in Nigeria. Nigerias national policy
on science and technology is x-rayed. The students are then challenged to embrace scientific
reasoning, apply technology correctly and become veritable agents of positive change in the society.

Course Content

Synoptic History of World Science and Technology

Definition, historical development, scope and importance of Information and Communication

Technology (ICT) and major disciplines of science and technology.

Scientific reasoning, Principles and Laws

Basic concepts, principles and laws of college levels mathematics and major disciplines in science
and technology; application of these to contemporary issues on development, the society, energy
and the environment.

Earth Science, Environmental Science and National Development

Understanding the Earth and the activities therein; the environment and man; topical issues on the
earth and the environment; role of geological materials and environmental resources in national
development; natural and man-induced hazard hazards prevention, prediction and management;
population as a resource.

Environmental effects of chemicals

Introduction to environmental pollution, sources and adverse effects of chemical reactions on the
environment, global environmental related issues in chemistry such as acid rain, global warming,
greenhouse effect and ozone layer depletion

Development of Science and Technology in Nigeria

History and highlights of Nigerian scientific and technological achievements (home grown and
otherwise induced); challenges to the advancement of science and technology in Nigeria; federal
Republic of Nigeria National Policy on Science and Technology; Local content policy of the Federal
republic of Nigeria; foremost Nigerian scientific and technological establishments; the place of
Nigeria in World Science and technology.

14
Information and Communication Technology

Basic concepts, definitions and terminologies in the application of ICT for teaching, research and
learning; examples of use of these by the society in governance, the economy, education sector;
etc.; doing research with ICT browsing, navigating, on-line research and learning, identifying
relevant webs sites, use of search engines, maximizing ICT for on-line literature searches,
documentation of web resources.

Medical Science and Health Issues

Reproductive Health, Sexually transmitted infections (STIs and Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV)

Health education stress in the University and how to cope , IT in health, Microbes and Human
health Education, nutrition and health, Microbes and human health, overview of human
reproductive system and health, human sexuality and adolescent behaviour; sexually transmitted
infections; gonorrhoea, syphilis, chancroidLymphagranulomaVereveum (LGV) , trichomoniasis, volva
candidiasis, introduction to etiology and epidemiology of HIV and AIDS; pre-disposing factors and
transmission of HIV infection; prevention and control of HIV/AIDS including Prevention of Mother to
Child Transmission (PMTCT); HIV counselling and Testing (HCT), treatment, care and support, youths
and life skills; other contemporary health issues.

Traditional Medicine and Medical Plants of Nigeria

Introduction, history, definition and terminologies of traditional medicine and medicinal plants;
medicinal plants as meeting point of traditional medicine , orthodox medicine, pharmacy and
researchers; plants used for managing various ailments (sickling in haemoglobin, malaria, diabetes,
skin diseases, hypertension, muscular aches, sores, etc) and for other purposes ( eg .insect
repellents, anti vomiting, flavouring, aphrodisiac, cleaning the teeth, etc); Nigerian, Chinese,
Ghanaian and other examples of rapport between traditional healers and orthodox doctors;
regulation of practice of traditional medicine; mandate of National Institute for Pharmaceutical
research and Development Abuja.

15
 REFERENCES
Cray,D., Downer, J. And Thompson,D. (1997). Uncovering the secrets of Mars. Time Magazine,

Atlantic edition 150(2), 14 July, 1997. Time Inc. New York: pp36-44.

Gass, I.G., Smith, P.J., Wilson, R.C.L. (Eds) (1971). Understanding the Earth, The Artemis Press

Sussex: 355p

Holmes, A. (1975). Principles of physical geology. Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., London: 1288p

Ihemegbulem, V.C. and Osagbemi, M.O. (1999). Resources, environmental and population

issues in Nigerian development. In: History and Philosophy of Science, Ike, E.E. and

Ugodulunwa, F.X.O. (Eds). Unijos Consultancy Limited: pp 191214.

Long, L.E. (1974).Geology. McGraw-Hill Inc. New York: 526p.

Park, C.F., and MacDiarmid, R.A. (1975). Ore Deposits, 3ed. W.H. Freeman and Company, San

Francisco, U.S.A.: pp4-5.

Ramsey, W.L., Burchley, R.A., Philip, C.R. and Watenpaugh, F.M. (1973).Modern Earth Science.

Holt Rinehartand Winston Inc. New York: pp210-211.

Raw Materials Research and Development Council (1989). Guide to the non-metallic mineral

industrial potentials in Nigeria. RMRDC, Lagos: 76p.

________________(1990). Raw materials sourcing for manufacturing in Nigeria. RMRDC,

Lagos: 284p.

Ugodulunwa, F.X.O. (1999). Geology and national development. In:History and Philosophy of
Science, Ike, E.E. and Ugodulunwa, F.X.O. (Eds). Unijos Consultancy Limited: pp 162188.

Whitten, D.G.A. and Brooks, J.R.V. (1982).The Pengium dictionary of geology.Pengium Books,

New York: 516p.

16
 GST 222: PEACE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION
STUDIES (2 CREDIT UNITS)
Introduction

Conflict, as a social reality has been part and parcel of human existence. Whether it is in the
State of Nature as described by Thomas Hobbes, or the history of ancient or modern
empires, or even in contemporary history, marked by the emergence of the modern nation-
state, all have witnessed one form of conflict or the other. Africa, like other continents of the
world has witnessed series of conflicts. Some of the conflicts witnessed by the continent are
the anti-colonial and anti-apartheid struggles in Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, South
Africa; the civil wars in Nigeria, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Rwanda, Burundi,
and Democratic Republic of Congo, among others; and communal cum ethno-religious
conflicts such as those experienced in Nigeria the Tiv-Jukun, Ife-Modakeke, Pan-Gamai,
and Hausa/Fulani-Birom, Afizere and Anaguta, among several others.It is due to the effects
of conflict in terms of either moving a society forward or backward that it has increasingly
attracted the attention of both policy makers and scholars.
This course is designed to expose students to Peace and Conflict Resolution as necessary
ingredients in national development. Using case studies from within Nigeria, Africa and other
parts of the world, the course aims at stimulating students consciousness of desiring peace
and working towards it at both the micro and macro levels of human existence, especially in
their immediate societies.

The Major areas of focus of this Course include:

Basic concepts of Peace Studies Conflict, Violence, Peace, Mediation, Ceasefire,

Peacemaking, Peace Enforcement, Peacebuilding, Alternative Dispute Resolution
(ADR), Terrorism, etc.

Peacekeeping Theoretical and institutional frameworks in peacekeeping, with

special emphasis on the roles of the United Nations, African Union, NATO, Non-
Aligned Movements, ECOMOG, etc., in many peacekeeping efforts in the world.
Special focus in this area shall be in Africa, where many of the peacekeeping efforts
are on-going.

17
 Identity Conflicts This aspect attempts to discuss the positive and negative
consequences of ethnic/tribal, religious, ethno-religious, regional, sub-regional,
feminine, masculine, etc, identities in shaping conflicts.

Gender, Conflict and Peace This aspect highlights the gender gap and how it brings
about conflict in societies. It particularly focuses on the role of women as advocates
and catalysts of peace and conflict resolution, being the main victims of armed
conflicts. It equally focuses on local and international initiatives towards addressing
the gender gap.

Non-Violent Change This aspect highlights the use of effective communication and
drama in conflict resolution and management. Drawing from similar examples in
Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, etc., this section uses the Theatre for Development (Community
Theatre) methodology as a tool in peace and conflict resolution within its parameter
as a tool of non-violent change through action/speech, effective dialogue and
communication.

African Traditional Methods of Conflict Resolution this aspect focuses on

indigenous African methods/techniques of conflict resolution. These include
institutions and methods used in pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial periods.
Some of these include the utility of traditional institutions/rulers and the
Gacacacourts in Rwanda and Ubuntu in South Africa, among others.

It is expected that this course shall equip students, as catalysts of peace with the tool of
mediation in the larger society.

18
 SUGGESTED READING LIST

Aboagye, C. E. (1999), ECOMOG: A Subregional Experience in Conflict Resolution,

Management and Peacekeeping in Liberia, Accra, Ghana: Sedco Enterprise.

Barash, David P. ed., (2000): Approaches to Peace: A reader in peace studies New York,
Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bellamy, Alex, Williams, Paul and Griffin, S. (2004) Understanding Peacekeeping

(Cambridge: Polity Press).

Best, S. G. (ed.), Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies in West Africa (329-349).Ibadan:
Spectrum Books Limited.

Best, S. G. (ed.), (2008).Causes and Effects of Conflicts in the Southern Zone of Plateau
State, Nigeria, Ibadan:JOHN ACHERS (publishers) Ltd.

Best, S. G. (ed.), (2011).Religion and Post Conflict Peacebuilding in Nigeria, Ibadan: JOHN
ACHERS (Publishers) Ltd.

Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace, Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and

Peacekeeping, UN Document A/47/277-S/2411, 17 June 1992, paragraph 20.

Cilliars, J. and Malan, M., (1997). South Africa and Regional Peacekeeping World Politics,
18th ed. USA: Duskin/McGraw-Hill.

Cilliers, J. and Mills G., (ed.). (1999). From Peacekeeping to Complex Emergencies: Peace
Support Missions in Africa, The South African Institute of International Affairs,
Johannesburg and the Institute of Security Studies, Pretoria, SAIIA and ISS.

Corum, J. S. (1995). Operational Problems in Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Operations

in Cilliers, J. and Greg Mills (ed.), Peacekeeping in Africa, Johannesburg: IDP & SAIA.

Croker, C. A., &Hampson, F. O. (eds.) with Aall, P. (2001): Turbulent Peace: The
Challenges of Managing International Conflict Washington, D. C.: United States Institute of
Peace Press.

Daniel, D. C. F. and Bradd C. Hayes (1996).Beyond Traditional Peacekeeping, New York:

St. Martins Press.

Diehl, P. F. (1987) When Peacekeeping Does Not Lead to Peace: Some Notes on Conflict
Resolution, Bulletin of Peace Proposals 18, No. 1.

Diehl, P. F. and Chetan Kumar (1992) United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Some Win-
Win Applications, Urbana, IL: Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International
Security, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Durch, W. J. ed. (1993).The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping: Case Studies and Comparative

Analysis. New York: St. Martins Press.
19
Druckman, D. (2005): Doing Research: Methods of Inquiry for Conflict Analysis, Thousand
Oaks, London, New Delhi: SAGE Publications.

Ejiga, G. O. (1996). Analysis of Operational Aspects of the OAU Peacekeeping in Chad

M.A. Vogt and L.S. Aminu (ed.), Peacekeeping as a Security Strategy in Africa: Chad and
Liberia as Case Studies, Enugu, Fourth Dimension Publishing Co. Ltd.

Fetherston, A.B., Oliver Ramsbotham, and Tom Woodhouse (1997) UNPROFOR: Some
Observations from a Conflict Resolution Perspective International Peacekeeping Londn:
Frank Cass.

Fetherston, A.B., (1994). Towards a Theory of United Nations Peacekeeping, London,

Macmillan Press.

Galtung, Johan, (1906): Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and
Civilization London: International Peace Research Institute

Groom, A. J. R. (1990): Paradigms in Conflicts: the strategist, the conflict researcher and the
peace researcher in J. Burton and F. Duke (eds.) Conflict: Readings in Management and
Resolution, London: Macmillan.

Jeong, Ho-Won, ed. (1999): Conflict Resolution Dynamics, Processes and Structures
Aldershot: Ashgate

Jeong, (2000): The New Agenda for Peace Research, Institute for Conflict Analysis and
Resolution, Virginia: George Mason University Fax.

Lederach, J. P. (1997): Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies,

Washington, U.S.A.: United States Institute for Peace.

Johan, G. (1969): Violence and Peace Research Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 3

Murphy, Sean D. (1996): Humanitarian Intervention: The United Nations in and Evolving
World Order Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press

Organization of African Unity (2000): Rwanda: The Preventable Genocide, July 7 [Online]
Available at http://www.oau-oua.org/Document/ipep/report/Rwanda-e/EN-III-T.htm.

United Nations (1999): Report of the Secretary-General to the Security Council on the
Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, UN Doc. No. S/1999/957, 8 September.

United Nations 1995, Report of the Secretary-General on the Work of the Organization:
Supplement to an Agenda for Peace, UN Doc. A/50/60-S1995/1, 3 January.

See also John Gerard Ruggie, The UN and the Collective Use of Force: Whither or
Whether? International Peacekeeping, 3 (Winter 1996), 1, 4

20
Vogt, M. A. (1996). The Management of Conflicts in Africa, in Vogt, Margaret A. and L. S.
Aninu (eds.) Peacekeeping as a Security Strategy in Africa: Chad and Liberia as Case
Studies, Enugu, Fourth Dimension Publishing Co. Ltd.

Vogt, M. A. ed. (1992).The Liberian Crisis and ECOMOG: A Bold Attempt at Regional
Peacekeeping, Lagos: Gambumo Press.

Zartman, I. W. (ed.), (2000). Traditional cures for modern conflicts: African Conflict
Medicine Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.

21
GST 223: ENTREPRENEURSHIP STUDIES (2 CREDIT
UNITS)

1.0 INTRODUCTION

There is undoubtedly a growing need for entrepreneurship education as a basic skill in the
Nigerian educational system. Integration of Entrepreneurship Studies into university
education will prepare the youths to be responsible enterprising individuals who will become
entrepreneurs or entrepreneurial thinkers and contribute economic development and
sustainable communities.
The goal is to empower graduates, irrespective of their areas of specialization, with skills that
will enable them engage in income yielding ventures if they choose torefuse paid job
employment. It is a re-orientation from the take-a-job mentality to the make-a-job mentality.

The general philosophy of developing this curriculum is to produce graduates with some
value addition over and above their field of study for the purpose of self reliance.

2.1 Objectives of the GST Entrepreneurship

To redirect education/training for relevance and quality by developing in the
undergraduate/graduate an entrepreneurial mindset (spirit) and equipping each with the skills
necessary to start and run a business successfully.
The course contents are reproduced from NUC manual Part (1):ENTREPRENEURSHIP
AND INNOVATION

Course Description

This course is an introductory course for studying Entrepreneurship for the first time. The
design and flow of the course are aimed at creating awareness, providing the knowledge and
skills that are important to achieving success in all human endeavours.

Course Objectives
To provide a hands-on, practical guidance to understand and discover critical aspects
of Entrepreneurship;
To develop competencies, know-how, experience, attitudes, resources, and network
required to pursue different Entrepreneurial opportunities;
To introduce students to the key requirements for starting an enterprise; and
To expose students to the many of the vital issues and immerse them in key learning
experiences, such as the theories of Entrepreneurship, the Nigerian business
environment, and the concept and management of innovation.

Course Contents
Module 1: Development Entrepreneurship/Intrapreneurship
Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this module, students would have been able to:
Define the concept of Entrepreneurship /Intrapreneurship
Appraise the theories of Entrepreneurship
Examine the concept of Corporate Entrepreneurship

22
 Discuss the Entrepreneurial/Intrapreneurial mind - the strategies, habits, attitudes and
behaviours that work for Entrepreneurs/lntrapreneurial.
Study Biographies of great entrepreneurs
Explore barriers to Entrepreneurial Culture.

Content
The concept Organizations and Theories of Entrepreneurship
The Entrepreneurship Culture
Biographical Studies of Entrepreneurs
Barriers to Entrepreneurial practice.

Module 2: The Nigerian Entrepreneurial Environment

Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this module, students would have been able to:
Discuss the Nigerian business environment (political, legal, socio-cultural, economic,
natural, technology etc)
Appraise the cultural issues at work in the entrepreneurial process.
Master how to monitor and identify opportunities / threats and how to deal with such
opportunities/threats in the environment
Discuss barriers to Entrepreneurship

Content
The Business External Environment (political, legal, socio-cultural, economic,
natural, technological etc.)
Identifying Business Opportunities and Threats
Strategies for exploiting opportunities in the environment
Approaches to addressing environmental barriers.

Module 3: Creativity and Intellectual Rights

Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this module, students would have been able to:
Define what an intellectual property is and how it is protected
Discuss the Nigerian copyrights laws
Explore how to protect original ideas, concepts and products as well as your
enterprise from piracy.

Content
Intellectual Property and its Dimensions
Copyright Laws in Nigeria
Strategies for Protection of Intellectual Property (original ideas, concepts, products
etc.).

Module 4: Technological Entrepreneurship

Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this module, students would have been able to:
Explain the interface between Entrepreneurship and technology development
Discuss how advances in technology have opened up a whole range of new
opportunities for Entrepreneurial mind-set
23
 Examine the impact of technology on business.
Identify new technology and entrepreneurship opportunities

Content
The Interface between Technology Development and Entrepreneurship
Technological Development and Entrepreneurial Opportunities
Technological Environment and Business.
New Technology and Entrepreneurship Opportunities

Module 5: Management of Innovation

Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this module, students would have been able to:
Discuss the concept, nature and types of innovation
Appraise the theories of innovation
Examine critical issues in financing new innovation and new ventures.
Identify change and how it could be successfully managed
Explore the impact of technological change

Content
The Concept, nature and types of Innovation
Theories of Innovation
Financing Innovation and New Ventures
Change management
Technical Change and management of Innovation

Module 6: Family Business and Succession Planning

Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this module, students would have been able to:
Discuss the concept of family business and the factors that make it unique
Explore the cultural context of the family business
Appraise the complex roles and relationships involved in a family business
Identify entrepreneurial practices that enable a family business to function effectively
Examine the process of managerial succession in a family firm.
Analyze the major issues involved in the transfer of ownership to a succeeding
generation.

Content
The Concept of Family Business.
The Cultural Contexts of Family Business
Roles and Relationship in Family Business
Ownership Transfer and Succession in Family Business.

Module 7: Women Entrepreneurship

Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this module, students would have been able to:
Discuss the concept and nature of women Entrepreneurship
Examine barriers to women Entrepreneurship
Identify the contributions of women Entrepreneurs to the economy.

24
Content
The Concept of Women Entrepreneurship
Role orientation and women Entrepreneurial Aspirations
Contributions of Women to National Socio-economic and Human Development.
Barriers to Women Entrepreneurial Practice.

Module 8: Social Entrepreneurship

Learning Outcome
Upon completion of this module, students would have been able to:
Discuss the concept of social Entrepreneurship
Discuss how social Entrepreneurs create value for the society.
Explore factors that facilitate social Entrepreneurship

Content
The concept of Social Entrepreneurship
Social Entrepreneurship and Value Creation
The Roles of Non-governmental organizations in Social Entrepreneurship
Social Entrepreneurship and Funding Opportunities
Social Entrepreneurship Enhancement Factors.

Module 9: Business Opportunity Evaluation

Learning Outcome
Upon completion of this module, students would have been able to:
Examine opportunity, taking into consideration the criteria used by successful
entrepreneurs, "Angels" and venture capital investors In evaluating potentials
ventures.
Discuss the difference between an idea and an opportunity
Identify sources of information for finding and screening venture opportunities.
Generate some new venture ideas that will eventually be used in the business planning
process.

Content
Sources of Business Opportunities in Nigeria
The difference between Ideas and Opportunities
Scanning Business Opportunities in Nigeria
Environment and New Venture Idea generation.

PART 2: BUSINESS CREATION AND GROWTH

Course Description
The aim of this course is to develop students' competence and confidence in creating viable
businesses with high potentials for new value addition and high income. The course is
designed to enable students achieve economic independence after graduation. Its main goal is
to help change students' mindset away from paid jobs and over-dependence on families and
government. By the end ofthe course, students will be able to start and manage businesses at
micro or family level. They will also be able to grow ventures capable of generating
employment and better utilize resources.

25
Course Objectives
To enable students appreciate the importance of businesses in the society
To make students recognize the need to grow existing businesses
To enable students appreciate the value and importance of family businesses
To challenge students to continuously diversify the scope of businesses
To expose students to management principles and best practices

Module 1: Concept of Business and New value Creation

Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this module, students would have been able to:
Describe the concept of business planning
Define the concept of business start-up
Explain the process of opportunity search and identification
Discuss the legal issues of start-ups
Undertake viability analysis of new ventures and new venture financing

Content
Business planning process
Start up decision - what motivates people to begin new businesses
Opportunity search and identification
Legal issues at start up
Feasibility analysis of new ventures and new venture financing

Module 2: Theories of Growth: An Overview

Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this module, students would have been able to:
Describe the concept of business growth
Explore the strategies for growth (franchising, buy in and buyout)
Examine merger and acquisitions
Discuss the challenges of growth
Analyse viability criteria of new ventures and new venture financing

Content:
Concepts and reasons of growth
Challenges of growth
Strategies for growth (External growth strategies, Franchising, Buy-in and Buy-out)
Mergers and Acquisition

Module 3: Sources of Funds

Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this module, students would have been able to:
Discuss the source of funds for new and entrepreneurial ventures
Appraise the importance of formal and informal sources of funds for new ventures
Explore the concept, method, and type of finances provided by venture capital
Describe the various government initiatives in funding new ventures and small and
medium enterprises in Nigeria.

26
Content:
Internal sources and external sources
Formal and informal sources
Efficiency in the use of resources

Module 4: Marketing
Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this module, students would have been able to:
Discuss the concept of small marketing
Appraise the fundamental differences between small business marketing and large
business marketing
Explore the use of the marketing mix in new ventures
Apply the unique/modem selling proposition of new firms

Content
Concept of marketing: Small and big business marketing
Marketing mix
Modem marketing tools

Module 5: Ethics and Social Responsibility

Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this module, students would have been able to:
Describe the concept and importance of business ethics
Discuss the concept of social responsibility
Apply concepts to the operations and success of ventures.

Content
The importance of ethics in business
Ethical behavior and practices in Nigeria
Community development projects/ welfare

Module 6: New Opportunities for Expansion

Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this module, students would have been able to:
Learn the new technique of E-Commerce; E-business; E-trade
Discuss in a practical way the application of these techniques in real business
Explore the challenges to E-commerce; E-business; E-trade, especially in the context
of Nigeria.

Content
E-commerce
E-business
E-trade

Module 7: Managing Transition: From start up to growth

Learning Outcomes
Upon completion ofthis module, students would have been able to:
Discuss the issue of transition in business
Learn about personal discipline that is required to manage a business from start-up to
growth
27
 Explore issues related to planning, managing business and decision making in
transition Situation
Discuss the stress and pressures, and various resources constraints associated with
transitory stage of business growth

Content
Personal disciplines
Learning
Decision making
Control

28
 REFERENCES

Robert, D. Hisrich, Michael, P. Peters & Dean, A. Shepherd (2005) Entrepreneurship

Edwin, S. Echu, Meshack, G. Goyit&Reuel, J. Dakung (2010) Entrepreneurial Skills

development: A Practical Approach

Benjamin, M. Oviatt, Patricia, P. Mcdougall (2007) International Entrepreneurship

Dollinger, M. J (2003) Entrepreneurship: Strategies and Resources.

Tijani Alawe, B. A. (2004). Entrepreneurship Processes and Small Business Management

Donald, F. Kuratko (2007) Corporate Entrepreneurship.

Michael , H. Morris, Donald, F. kuratko, Jeffery , G. Corin. (2010): Corporate

Entrepreneurship and Innovation.

29
ESP 311:SKILLS INENTREPRENEURSHIP
(2 CREDIT UNITS)
Introduction

The Centre for Entrepreneurship is equipped with a Lab/workshop/Resource room to network

skills acquisition hands on testing of prototypes for interested students from all fields on the
academic offerings in the University. This will be on a demand/pull basis to constitute
economical class sizes. Skills requisitions are in 3 categories, A , B, and C. They are briefly
described

3.0 TRADES (SKILLS)

3.1 GROUP A
1. Soap/Detergent, Tooth Brushes and Tooth Paste Making
2. Cloth dying/Textile blocks making
3. Rope making
4. Brewing
5. Water treatment/conditioning/packaging
6. Food Processing/Packaging/Preservation
7. Taning Industry
8. Vegetable Oil And Salt Extractions
9. Fisheries/Aquaculture
10. Bakery
11. Leather tanning

SOAP/DETERGENT, TOOTHBRUSH AND TOOTHPASTE MAKING

Course Content
Introduction to soap/detergent, tooth brushes and tooth paste, basic ingredients/raw materials;
physical, chemical characteristics of soap/detergent and tooth paste; preparation of
soap/detergent, tooth paste and tooth brush; Economic and Environmental consideration,
safety precautions.

Resources Needed
Laboratories and Chemicals e.g oil, caustic soda etc
Resource person
Entrepreneurship study centre

CLOTH DYEING/TEXTILE
Course Content
History of dyes and textiles, principles of dyes, types of dyes, chemistry of dyes and textiles.
Methods of application of dyes - continuous dye process and printing, types of dyeing. Art
and design of textiles, Differences in fibres, dye operational machines, safety precautions.

Resources Needed
Fabrics or cloths (absorbent with higher percentage of cotton). Dye stuff (vat dye). Mordants
(chemical used to fix the dye). Buckets, water, raffia or non-absorbent string. Dye rods and
rubber gloves, Rachs.

30
ROPE MAKING
Course Content
History of rope production.Types, characteristics and physical properties of polymers.Raw
materials for rope making, rope making process, sources of energy in rope making
industry.Finishing, packaging and distribution, safety precautions.
Resources Needed
Raw materials such as poly-ethylene, PVC and colorant, Jute etc.

WATER TREATMENT AND PACKAGING

Objectives:
To train students on how to prepare clean and safe water for drinking.

Course Content
Meaning of water supply system; Identification of sources of water supply and water capacity
of the available water source; techniques of water level measurement; regular water checks;
strategies for water quality tests; types and sources of water contamination; sources of
improving water quality and treatment; pump types of water supply; trouble shooting
situation in water supply; service overhaul of simple water supply system; water packaging
and sales; safety precautions.

Resources Needed
Bore-hole complete with pump, sacheting machine; bottling machine; treatment plant;
moulds for bottles; energy source; over-head tanks; vehicles; building (fourroom flat);
furniture fittings.

FOOD PROCESSING
Course Content
Basic principles, unit operations, and equipment involved in the commercially important food
processing methods and unit operations; materials and containers used in food packaging;
food laws, regulations, and standards, food chemistry, microbiology, sanitation, quality
assurance, safety precautions.

Resources Needed
Processing equipment, farm produce, energy, land, labour, preservatives, packaging materials
etc.

TANNING
Course Content
Hide and skins classification, defects in hides and skins (ante-mortem and postmortem
defects), various methods of curing, basic principles involved in pre-tanning process,
soaking, liming, deliming, pickling, deplickling, degreasing, principles of tanning, objects of
tanning-vegetable, tanning, chrome tanning, alum and aldehyde tanning, oil tanning, methods
of various process, post-tanning processes, mechanical operations carried out in tannery,
neutralization, dyeing, fat-liquoring, finishing, safety precautions and waste disposal.

Resources Needed
Raw hides and skins, tanning and curing chemicals, UV light, other forms of energy, labour,
location of tannery machines.

31
EXTRACTION OF VEGETABLE OILS
Course Contents:
Oil extraction processes for seed and mesocrap oil, refining processes, physical and chemical
refining techniques, processes to derive different oil and fat products (cooking oil, shortening,
cocoa butter substitutes, bakery and chocolate fats, etc.), processes such as
crystallization/fractionation, hydrogenation, inter-esterification, texturization, etc.
Sustainability techniques - planting of required seeds, safety precautions.

Resources needed:
Extraction and purification equipment, vegetable oil sources, treatment chemicals, water,
energy, packaging materials.
AQUACULTURE (FISH FARMING)
Course Contents
Fish pond ecosystem, site selection, pond planning and water management, pond design and
types, pond layout, construction and routine management, commonly cultured fish, fish
production (the production of larvae, fry and fingerlings), fish feeds and pond fertilization,
fish feed formulation, diseases, parasites and predators and fish, different stocking and
harvesting systems, fish farming cycle: PlanningConstruction-Stocking- Feeding- Recording-
Harve~ting- Marketing, safety precautions.

Resources Needed:
Fisheries/aquaculture set-up for practices and trainings; Access to finance; Fresh and salt
water; labour; Harvesting and preserving equipment; Metal or concrete tanks.

BAKERY
Course Content
Introduction to bakery practices; preparation of breads and pastes; preparation of cakes and
pastries; icing, fillings and desserts; Preparation of biscuits and cookies; Fast food concepts;
safety precautions.
Resources Needed
Manuals and recipes, text-books, lab-note books, baking equipment (ovens, molds, scale,
measuring cups, flour, leavening agents etc.). A standard bakery and/or fast food shop.

LEATHER WORKS
Course Content
Hides and skins classification, types of leather goods - lining - reinforcement threads -
adhesives - accessories - study, safety precautions.

Resources Needed
Leather, adhesives, stitches, dyes

3.2 GROUP B
1. Photography
2. Paper Production
3. Farming (Crop)
4. Tailoring
5. Interior decoration
6. Printing
7. Animal Husbandry (Poultry, Piggery, Goat Etc)
8. Book - keeping.
32
PHOTOGRAPHY
Course Content
History of photography: Colouroflight in their visible spectrum; principles oflight sensitive
materials and their response to exposure to light; chemical reactions; photosensitive
materials; introduction to camera (care and maintenance principles); types and parts of
camera; interchangeable lenses and other accessories, film processing - Dark room printing;
lighting techniques; digital imaging; studio photographs; photographic business; safety
precautions.
Resources Needed
Laboratory, cameras; presentation portfolios, films and relevant chemicals and papers; dark
room and development equipment

BRICK/BLOCK MAKING
Course Content
Introduction to different types and sizes of bricks and blocks. Basic raw materials such as
sand, cement and water. Equipment such as moulds, hand-trowels, shovel and spade, etc.
moulding techniques, mixing techniques, equipment maintenance, Safety precautions.

Resources Needed
Wheel barrows and shovels. Watering can/pressure watering hose,moulders, etc.

PAPER PRODUCTION
Course Content
History of paper production, types, characteristics and physical properties of paper, raw
materials for paper making, recycling in paper industry.Chemical additives in small scale
paper making enterprise, paper making process, sources of energy in paper making
industry.Finishing, packaging and distribution.

Resources Needed
Raw materials - rice straws, maize stalk, jute bags and bamboo. Chemicals - caustic soda,
lime, ammonia, etc.

CROP FARMING
Content
Cropping and cropping systems with specific reference to the cropping systems in the tropics,
cultural practices employed in the production of tropical crops with emphasis on cereals and
legumes, methods of propagation, sexual and asexual, micro and macro propagation
techniques, seed production and storage, principles involved in breeding and maintaining
economic crops, crop improvement, identification of currently and potentially important
tropical field and vegetable crops, economic importance, distribution, botany, environmental
requirements, alternative production technologies, mechanization, operation and maintenance
of machines, safety precautions.

Resources Needed
Land, farming tools and equipment, energy, seeds, labour.

TAILORING AND FASHION DESIGN

Course Content
Coordination pattern design and fabric to complement client. Knowledge of commercial
paper pattern alterations for client fit, construction of a fitting toile (muslin working pattern),
application of apparel engineering and haute couture techniques, types of fabric, construction
33
of tailored jacket and slacks or skirt, costing of garments, tools and equipment maintenance,
displaying and showcasing, safety precaution.

Resources Needed
Fashion designing/tailoring shop, basic sewing supplies.Basic drafting supplies. Garment
project supplies, muslin, fashion fabric, thread, interfacing, buttons, zippers, fasteners and
other necessary design notions.

INTERIOR DECORATION
Course Content
Introduction to interior decoration, elements of design, theory of colour, texture and pattern,
colour schemes, floor finishes, window treatments, furniture styles, accessories, paints and
painting techniques, lighting, characteristics of textiles and fabric application, material
professionalism in the design field, cleanup operations, safety precautions.

Resources Needed
Photo packs, scale ruler, triangle, T-square, graph paper, color wheel, drawing paper, water
colour set, tracing paper, furniture templates, client needs analyzer forms, independent
project sheets, etc.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY - POULTRY

Course Content
Concept of poultry farming and management, terminologies used in poultry farming and
management; poultry management function and techniques, incubation and hatching process
in birds, post-hatching management requirements, poultry environment, feeds and feeding
methods, health-care and sanitation, marketing strategies of poultry produce.

Resources Needed
Poultry site, stable water and power supply, incubator, cages, egg trays, drinking troughts,
freezers (for dressed birds), labour, vaccines and drugs.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY - PIGGERY

Course Content
Production and its development, principles of breeding and management of stocks, housing
and equipment, feeds and feeding health management of the animals, diseases and treatment,
marketing. Problems and prospects of the piggery industry, waste management, safety
precautions.

Resources Needed
Pig-house, feeds, water, pigs, veterinary support, labour.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY (SHEEP/GOATS)

Course Content
Characteristics and types: performance traits, reproduction, goat management practices,
prevention and control of diseases, production enterprise, marketing .strategy, feeds and
feeding, waste management (recycling and disposal).

34
Resources Needed
Pen, feeds, water, sheep/goats, veterinary support, labour, slaughtering unit, waste
management tools.

3.3 GROUP C
1. Bricks, Nails, Screws making 2 Plumbing
3. Vulcanizing
4. Glassware Production/Ceramic Production
5. Metal Working/Fabrication-Steel Aluminium doors And Windows
6. Refrigeration! Air-conditioning
7. Plastic Making
8. Domestic Electrical Wiring 9 Radio/TV Repairs
10. Carving
11. Weaving
12. Brick Laying/Making
13. Iron welding
14. Building drawing
15 . Carpentry
16. Metal Craft- Blacksmith Tinsmith etc
17. Sanitary Wares
18. Vehicle Maintenance

BRICK/BLOCK MAKING
Course Content
Introduction to different types and sizes of bricks and blocks. Basic raw materials such as
sand, cement and water. Equipment such as moulds, hand-trowels, shovel and spade, etc.
moulding techniques, mixing techniques, equipment maintenance, Safety precautions.

Resources Needed
Wheel barrows and shovels. Watering can/pressure watering hose,moulders, etc.

PLUMBING
Course Content
Introduction to pipes and fittings. Pipe joining methods - brazing, clamping, compression,
threading, flange, flaring, gasket joints, gluing and soldering. Plumbing fixtures, appliances,
materials and equipment.Valves by types, size, materials and applications.Plumbing
codes.Basic plumbing systems, pipe installation and use of safety devices and control.Storm-
draining systems.Principles of back-flow and cross-connection control.Blue print and
specification; safety precautions.

Resources Needed
Pairs of pliers, diggers, shovels, hand-trowels, saw, gum, tape rules, threading machine etc.
VULCANISING
Course Content
Tyre removal procedure, repamning and fixing procedure for tyres and tubes.Assessment of
types of damage to tyres and tubes. Grinding of tubes and patching rubber procedures.
Confirmation of proper repairs, pumping and gauging oftyres. Techniques for fixing damaged
tyres of earth-moving equipment.

Resources Needed
Pumping machine, compressor, gauge, iron bar, gum, burning pot, etc.
35
DOMESTI~ ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE
Course Content
Safety precautions; Use of measuring instruments; Types of electrical cables and cable
jointing; electrical principles and content; techniques in surface and conduit wiring; use of
meters and each conducting tests managing domestic installation and maintenance.

Resources Needed
Well equipped electrical workshop for practical instruction sessions (e.g. multimetre,
electrical soldering iron, electrical bench vice, blow lamps, screw drivers, electrical tool box,
motorized drilling machine, pliers); modem electrical laboratory for experiments and some
other practices; alternative power supply.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

Course Content
Equipment operation, charging with refrigerant, function of each component, diagnosis of
problems, effective repairs, preventing further breakdown, accessories, sequence of
operation, components and repair, electrical schematics, and troubleshooting electronic
components in air conditioning and refrigeration, emphasis on safety for the electrical,
mechanical and sealed system.

METAL WORKING AND FABRICATION

Course Content
Developing original ideas for design, evaluating forms in terms of aesthetic criteria,
Vocabulary of terms, Spatial illusion through overlapping, diminution of size, placement or
interpenetration of shapes Qualities of movement and rhythm through use of line or edge of
shape. Tension through size differences, placement, and visual weight of shapes.
Symmetrical and asymmetrical balance through horizontal or vertical alignment forms.
Repetition and variation through similarity and difference in size, shape, color, and
texture.Three-dimensional space through use of actual spatial intervals between forms.
Structural factors (- organization, management, production, efficiency, technology and
quality control) Recycling, Pollution, Legislation, Sustainability, Safety precautions.

Resources Needed
Well equipped workshop with appropriate tool kits and safety wears, Energy source.

PLASTIC MAKING
Course Contents
Plastic moulding, raw materials specifications, grades and uses for different applications, the
moulds - the details of the moulds, safety, method of using, maintenance, different categories
of moulding machine, operation - description, purpose, capacity, operation methods, settings,
controls and safety maintenance of machines - electrical, mechanical and
Hydraulic/pneumatic, pre-heating arrangements and purpose, assembly of plastic parts and
use of tools, jigs and fixtures, quality measures generally adopted, on-line quality checking
and remedial action, safety precautions.

Resources Needed
Moulds, plastic raw materials, energy, moulding machines, testing tools, labour, source of
energy.

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WOODWORK AND CARPENTRY
Course Content
The workshop and safety; Measurement and woodwork material; Source and types of wood;
Hand tools; Basic woodwork operation and joints; maintenance and repair of woodwork
tools; Design, planning and decorative woodworking; Wood finishing; Seasoning and
preservation of wood; types and source of wood; woodwork industry.
Resources Needed
Workshop, equipments and materials (planes, chisel, saw, hammer etc)

BRICK/BLOCK MAKING INDUSTRY

Course Content
Sourcing of raw materials such as sharp sand, water (which must not be salty), cement, etc.
Techniques of Production; Vibrated blocks; Hand moulding; Maintenance of machine;
Procedures for daily cleaning; Mixing techniques; Manual and Mechanical; Post production
procedure; Factors to consider in site selection; Wetting of block - mechanical and manual
methods; Quality Specification; types of blocks; Hollowed, solid and Stabilised; Safety
precautions.

RADIO AND TELEVISION REPAIRS

Course Content
Basic concepts in electronic component, workshop set-up and safety precautions, tools for
repairs and maintenance, models of circuit diagrams, troubleshooting techniques.

Resources Needed
A fully-equipped workshop with professional technologists.Power supply.Workshop overall
and rubber gloves for staff and students.

WELDING
Course Content
Safety; Principles of welding; oxy-Acetylene Welding; and electric Arc welding; hand tools
and power equipment; Oxy-Acetylene start-up; shut-down and Cutting; Oxy-
Acetylenewelding; Electric Arc Welding; Electrodes andAccessories; Shielded metal Arc
welding (S.M.A.W.) Procedures; Electric Arc welding Assignments. MIG Welding safety
and equipment; Start-up and Shut-down (MIG; PlasmaArc).

Resources Needed
Workshops; metals stand for cutting metals; measurement apparatus or tubes; Welding
machine; Soldering machine/equipment; cylinders; materials for hammering; Bending of
metals etc.

BUILDING DRAWING
Course Content
Structural and facade components of building, bonds and brickworks, doors and windows,
roofs, staircases, simple foundations, trusses and other building components, building
planning, principles of planning, simple one - roomed facilities, single double bedroom
houses. Two storied houses, restaurant planning, planning of bank, doctor's clinic, school,
incorporating basic architectural principles, drawing plan, section and elevation of the

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above.Computer aided drawing: Basic principles of A UTOCAD drawing, drawing plan,
section and desertion of simple one bedroom house.
Resources Needed
Computer and necessary soft wares, drawing set, drawing board and drawing laboratory.

CARVING
Course Content
Art and Science of carving, types and materials to carve, selection by type, drying, selection
by job requirement, tools, types and identification, use, sharpening and care, storage,
manufacturing, styles of carving and carving concepts, bas relief, low to high relief, applique,
ground treatments, three dimensional, finishing, repairs and duplication of parts. Design
elements in carving, safety precautions.

Resources Needed
A well equipped workshop and power supply, chisel, planes, saws hammer, finisher and
polishers.

VEHICLE MAINTENANCE
Course Content
Introduction to vehicle parts, knowledge and skills in the use of basic maintenance tools,
maintenance and replacement of vehicle parts, sources of vehicle parts, workshops safety
precautions, vehicle repairs and servicing, application of lubricants, basic mechanical and
electrical problems diagnosis and solution in vehicles, elements of panel beating, welding and
spraying, safety precautions.

ResourcesNeeded
Battery charger and meter, vulcanizing unit, motorized air pump, manual air pump, toolbox,
screw drivers, wheel & plug spanners, greasing pump, gas welding kit.

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