Privie of Engineering Mathematics III by Prof. P. D Wasankar

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Prof. P. D. Wasankar Engineering Mathematics III Second Year BE Semester III For All Branches
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ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS-III
SECOND YEAR BE (ALL BRANCHES)
FOR SEMESTER III
BY
Prof. P. D. Wasankar
M. Sc. (Mathematics) B. Ed.
Price: 325 Rs.
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Engineering Mathematics-III
B. E. SECOND Year (All Branches)
SEMESTER III
Publisher
All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever
without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a book review.
ISBN : 978-93-5267-462-6
Published by
Mrs. Jyoti P. Wasankar
Sai Nagar Shegaon
Dist. Buldhana 444203
Mob 9422925819
E-mail jyotiwasankar@gmail.com
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Contents
Sr.No. Name of Chapter Page No.
1 Ordinary Differential 4
Equations
2 Laplace Transform 33
3 Difference Equations 80
4 Z- Transforms 88
5 Partial Differential 112
Equations
6 Statistics and Probability 131
7 Fourier Transforms 145
8 Numerical Analysis 170
9 Functions of Complex 209
Variable
10 Vector Calculus 259
4
= ! " +
! " + . + ! "
1 b. The first root is repeated twice

i.e. , , # . then the CF of differential
equation 1 is
= +
! " + . . + ! "
ORDINARY LINEAR
DIFFRENTIAL EQUATION c. The first root is repeated three times
i.e. , , , # . then the CF of
Definition of Linear Differential Equation:- differential equation 1 is
The differential equation in which degree of = +

+ #
! " + . + ! "
differential coefficient is one then the differential
$ & , #, . then the CF of differential

d. The one pair of root is complex i.e.
equation is called as linear differential equation.
The differential equation of the type equation 1 is

+ +
+ . . + = is
= ! ( cos & +
sin & + + ! "

e. The complex pair $ & repeated twice i.e. $
,
, . is constants & , $ & , ., . then the CF of
called as linear differential equation where
= ! ( / +
01 & + # + . 123 &4
differential equation 1 is
This can be also written as
+ +

+ + = + + ! "
Where =
Procedure for finding PI:-
+ +

+ + =
The PI of linear differential equation 1 is

1
=
Solution of Linear Differential Equation:-
+ +

+ . . +
1
Complete solution = complimentary function +
=

particular integral
= +
Procedure for finding CF:- Case I:-
To find the roots of is an exponential function i.e. = ! 5 then
+ +

+ + = 0 . .1
the PI is
= 67 ! 5 Where = 8 0 :;< = 8

Let ,
, . are the roots of equation 1
then If = 8 = 0 :;< = 8 then to find
and > = 8 0 then the PI is = 6? 5 ! 5

f.
Where > 8 0

a. The roots are real and distinct then the CF of
differential equation 1 is
5
g. If and > = > 8 = 0 then the PI is = 1 1

= ! 5 ; = ;

! 5 Where >> 8 0 + 8
6?? 5
Proceed in this way

Case V:-
If = sin 8 0 cos 8 then the PI is
1
Case II:-
is the trigonometric function i.e. = 123 8

= sin8 + @ 0 cos8 + @then the PI is Express as a function of
2. !. = A

1 1
= 1238 + @ = 123 8
A

Express as a function of
2. !. = A
:;<
= 0!!22!3< 0

= 8
1
= 1238 + @ = D5 123 8is required PI if A8
0

A

:;<
= 0!!22!3< 0

= 8
a. If A8
= 0 then to find A> 8
and A> 8
0 then
= D? 5 123 8 is required PI

= 1238 + @is required PI if A8 0

D5
b. If A> 8
= 0 then to find A>> 8
and A>> 8
0 then

> 8
> 8

a. If A8 = 0 then to find A and A 0 then
= D?? 5 123 8is required PI

= D? 5 1238 + @is required PI

Apply same procedure for cos 8

b. If A> 8
= 0 then to find A>> 8
and A>> 8
0
then Case VI:-
=
D?? 5 1238 + @is required PI If = E sin 8 0 E cos 8 then the PI is

Apply same procedure for cos8 + @ Since ! G5 = cos 8 + 2 sin 8
HI! G5 J = cos 8 83K I! G5 J = sin 8

Case III:-
1 1
If = E then the PI of differential equation 1 is = E sin 8 = I! G5 J E
+ 28
1
= E = 1 + A

1 1
Similarly
= E cos 8 = HI! G5 J E

1 + 28
= E
1 + A
1. Solve ILM + ML + NJO = P QRS PS2007Solution:-
= /1 + A4 E
The given linear differential equation is

+ 2 + 1 = cos
Case IV:-
If = ! 5 ; then the PI of differential equation 1 is

+ 2 + 1 = 0 + 1
= 0
6
+ 1 + 1 = 0 = 1, = 1 1 1
= +
! + 01 + 1 123
2 2
CF = +
!
2. Solve the differential equation
ILM + _JO = P Sà P

To find PI
PI = cos = 01

W2010
7 U
7U 7U
1 1
Solution:-
= HI! G J = HI! G
J
+ 2 + 1
/1 + 2 + 4
The given differential equation is
1
+ 4 = sin
= HI! J G

+ 4 = 0
= 4
= 42
= 22
1 + 2
V1 +
1 + 2W
= cos 2 +
sin 2
HI! G J
= X1 + Y
1 + 22 + 2
1+2 To find PI
HI! G J
1
= Z1 + 2[ + 2[ = 123
1 + 22 1 1+2 1 + 2

+ 4
+ \ 1
= I! G J
+ 2
+ 4
K K
1
HI! J

G
= ] 2 K + 2[ K + .^ = I! G J
22 1+2 1 + 2

+ 22 + 2
+ 4
1
= I! G J
2HI! G J 2
+ 22 1 + 4
= X + 0 + .Y
22
1+2 1
= I! G J

+ 22 + 3
2 21 2
= HI! G J Z + .\
2 1 2
1
=

+ 22
2 3 X1 + 3 Y
= HI! G J 1 + 2 +
2
1
+ 22

2 = I! G J Z1 + \
= H01 + 2 123 / 1 + 24 3 3
2
1 1
+ 22
= Hcos + 2 sin /2 1 2
4 = I! G J Z1 + \
2 3 3
1 1 22
= H01 + 2 123 /1 2 14 = I! G J d e
2 3 3
1 1 1 22
= cos + 1 sin = 01 + 2 123 d e
2 2 3 3
1 2
= sin cos
3 9
Required complete solution of given liner differential
equation is
7
1 2 K
K
= 01 2 +
123 2 + 123 01 HI! G J 1 2!

3 9 = k
2 K + K
n
4
22 2! 4! 42
3. Solve IL_ + MLM + NJO = PM QRS PS2012
HI! G J 1 2 2! 2
= d
2 + e
4
22 2! 4! 42
Solution:-
HI! G J 1 2 3 4! 2
. + 2
+ 1 =
cos = d
2 + e
4
2 2 4! 42
. + 2
+ 1 = 0 HI! G J 1 3
= d
2 e

+ 2
+ 1 = 0 4
2 2

+ 1
= 0
Derivatives and integration are anti process
HI! G J 2

+ 1
+ 1 = 0 = Xo do
Ke K o do Ke K
4 2

= 1 , 1
= 2
, 2
= 2 , 2 3
o do 1 Ke KY
2
HI! G J # 2
3
Complex roots are repeated
= +
cos + # + . sin = Zo K o K o K\
4 3 2 2 2
H01 + 2 123 . 22 # 3
= Z
\
To find PI
1 4 12 2 6 4
=
cos
. + 2
+ 1
H01 + 2 123 . # 3
= Z + 2
\
1 4 12 2 4
= cos

+ 1
3
. #
1 = i j cos sin
= HI! G J
16 48 12
/ + 2
+ 14
= +
01 + # + . 123
1
= HI! J
G

3 . #
/ + 22 + 2
+ 14
+ i
j 01 123
16 48 12
1
= HI! G J
4. Solve IL_ MLr + LM JO = Pr S2009
/
+ 224
HI! G J 1
=

Solution:-
4 2

g1 + 22 h The given differential equation is
. 2 # +
= #
HI! G J

= d1 + e
4
22 . 2 # +
= 0
HI! G J 1

2 + 1 = 0
= i1 + 2 + 2 + j
4
[
22 [
42

1
= 0

= 0 , 1
= 0
8
= 0 , 1 1 = 0 The given differential equation is
= 0 , = 0 , = 1, = 1
+ 3 + 2 = ! sin
= +
! s + # + . !
+ 3 + 2 = 0
= +
+ # + . ! + 1 + 2 = 0
To find PI +1 = 0 , + 2 = 0
1 = 1 , = 2
= #
. 2 # +
= ! +
!

1
= #

2 + 1 To find PI
1 Use PI = 67 ! 5 ;

= #

/1
+
24
1
1 = ;
= /1 +
24 # + 8

1 1
= /1
2 +
2

2# = ! 123

+ 3 + 2
+ . . 4 # 1
= 123
1 + 1
+ 3 + 1 + 2
= 1
+ 2 + . 4 # + 4
+ . #

1
= sin
1
+ 2 + 1 + 3 + 3 + 2
= 1 + 2 + 3
+ 4 # + . #

1
= sin :;<
= 1
1 #
+ 5 + 6
= + 6
+ 18 + 24

1
= sin
1 + 5 + 6
1
= o do # Ke K + 6 o do
Ke K = sin
5 + 5
+ 18 o do Ke K + 24 o do 1 Ke K 1 1
= sin
5 + 1
. #
1 1 1
= o K + 6 o K + 18 o K + 24 o K = sin
4 3 2 5 + 1 1
t . 1 1
= + + 3 # + 12
= sin :;<
= 1
20 2 5
1
t . 1 1
= +
+ # + . ! + + + 3 # + 12
= sin
20 2 5 1 1
5. Solve ILM + rL + MJO = uP Sà P 1
= 1 sin
10
W2012
Solution:-
9
cos sin = ! E +
! E + # 01 x + . 123 x
= + 01 x
10 10 +
4 x#
01 123
= ! +
!
+
10 10 7. Solve ILM _L + _JO = |PM uMP Sà MPW2011
6. Solve IL_ w_ JO = Sà wPW2011 Solution:-
Solution:- The given differential equation is

4 + 4 = 8
!
sin 2
. x. = sin x
4 + 4 = 0 2
= 0
. x. = 0 2 2 = 0

x

= 0 2 = 0, 2 = 0 = 2, 2

x

+ x
= 0 = +
!

x
= 0 ,
+ x
= 0
= x
,
= x
To find PI

= x
,
= 2
x
= x , = 2x 1
= 8
!
123 2

4 + 4
= ! E +
! E + # cos x + . sin x
1
= !
8
1232
To find PI + 2 2
1 1
= sin x = 8!
1232
. x.
y!< = . x. :;<

= x
1
= 8!
I!
G J
+ 22
= 0
1
To find > = 8!
I!
G J

+ 22 + 42
1 1
> = 4 # > 0 = sin x = 8!
I!
G J
4 #
+ 22 4
1
= 8!
I!
G J

+ 22
4 d1 e
= z sin x K 4
4

+ 22

cos x = 4! I!

G
J i1 j
= { K 4
4 x
sin x
+ 22
+ 22
= o K = 4!
I!
G J i1 + + +. . . j
4 x
4 16
cos x
=
4 x#
10

+ 22 1
+ 22

= 4!
I!
G J i1 + = I! J i1
G
j
4 2 2
+ 42 # + 42

.
1
+ +. . . e
+!
X1 + Y 1 +

16 2 2
2 + 42 8 1
+ 22
= 4!
I!
G J d
+ e = I! G J i1 + + ..j
4 16 2 2
= 4!
cos 2 + 2 sin 2
+ 2 1
+ ! i1 + j 1 +

2 2 4
= 4!
/
sin 2 + cos 24
1

/ = cos + 2 sin + 2
= +
!

4! 123 2 +
+ 1 01 24 2
1 1
+ ! d1 +
+ e
8. Solve ILM NJO = P Sà P + IN + PM JuPS2014 2 2
1 1 1 3
= sin cos + ! d
+ e
2 2 2 2
Solution:-

1 = sin + 1 +
!
1 1 1 3
= sin cos + ! Xo d
+ e KY
1 = 0 = 1 = 1

2 2 2 2
= ! +
! 1 1 1 #
3
= sin cos + ! i + j
2 2 2 3 2 2
}0 23K
1 1 #
3
1 = 123 01 + ! i + j
=
/ 123 + 1 +
! 4 2 2 6 4 4
1
1 1 1 1
=
sin +
1 +
! = ! +
! 123 01
1 1 2 2
#

3
1 1 + ! i + j
1 +
6 4 4
= I! G J + !
+ 2 1

+ 1
1
9. Solve ILr LM ~LJO = PM + M Sà P
1
= I! G J

+ 22 + 2
1
1
+ !
1 +

W2009, W2013
+ 2 + 1 1 Solution:-
1 1
= I! G J + ! 1 +

+ 22 2 + 2
#
6 =
+ 8
sin
1
= I! G J

+ 22 #
6 = 0
2 d1 e
2
1
6 = 0
+ ! 1 +

2 g1 + 2 h = 0 ,
6 = 0
= 0 , 3 + 2 = 0
11
=0, 3 = 0, + 2 = 0 1 #
7
= +
!
+ # ! # i + j
6 3 2 18
= 0, =3, = 2
8
78
+ 123 + 01
= +
!
+ # ! # 50 50
}0 23K _ + NrO = uMP Sà rP + _PS2011

M O O
PM P
10. Solve
1
=
+ 8
123
#
6
Solution:-
1 1
= #
+ # 8
sin

6
6 K
K
4 + 13 = !
sin 3 + 4
1 1 K
K
=
+ 8

sin

6
6
4 + 13 = !
123 3 + 4
:;<
= 1

4 + 13 = 0
1
=
4 16 52

=
6 d1 6 e 2
1
+ 8
sin 4 36 4 2
36
1 1 6 = =
2 2
1
1

= i1 j
+ 8
sin = 2 32 = !
cos 3 +
sin 3
6 6 1 7
1

To find PI
= i1 + + + j
1
6 6 36 = !
123 3 + 4
1 + 7
4 + 13
+ 8
sin
1 49
1 1
= !
123 3 +
4
;<
= 1
23 1!03K <! x
4 + 13 4 + 13
1 2 2 2 1 + 7 :;< = 1
= d
+ + e + 8
123
6 6 36 1 491
1
= !
sin 3
+ 2
4 + 2 + 13
1 1 1 8
= d
+ + e + 1 + 7 sin 1
6 3 18 50 + 4
1 4 + 13
1 7 8
1
= d
+ e + sin + 7 cos = !
sin 3
6 18 50
+ 4 + 4 4 8 + 13
1
+ 4
27 2
1 7 8
78
= o d
+ e K + sin + cos 1 1 7 + 2
6 18 50 50 = !
sin 3 + 4

+9 2 49 4

1 #
7 8
78
= i + j + 123 + 01 y!< =

+ 9
6 3 2 18 50 50
:;<
= 3
= 9 + 9 = 0
12
To find > 1 1

= !
sin 2 + 4!

+
+ 7 + 12
1 1
= !
sin 3 + 7 4 + 2 4 log 4 :;<
= 2
23 2 1< <! x
2 90
!
4 1 4! 1
= o sin 3 K + 7 + 2 log = !
sin 2 +
2 90 2
+ 12
+ 7
d1 + e
12
!
4
= cos 3 + 7 + 2 y0A
1 !
+ 7

6 90
= !

sin 2 + i1 + j
4 3 12
!

= !
01 3 +
123 3 01 3
6 +4
4 = !
sin 2
+ 7 + 2 y0A
4
90 !
+ 7
+ 7
+ i1 +
3 12 144
+ . e
+ P + ~O = uMP Sà MP + _PM uPS2010

M O O
PM
+4
= !
123 2

16
Solution:-
!
+ 7
+ 7
+ i1 + + j
K
K 3 12 144
+5 + 6 = !
sin 2 + 4
!
K
K y!< =
16 :;<
= 2

+ 5 + 6 = !
123 2 + 4
!
= 4 16 = 20

+ 5 + 6 = 0
!
! 2 + 14 49
= + 4 sin 2 + d
+ e
+ 2 + 3 = 0 = 2, = 3 20 3 12 72
= !
+
! # !
! 1 7 4
= 2 cos 2 + 4 sin 2 + d
+
20 3 6 6 7
}0 23K
!
! 7 37
= cos 2 + 2 sin 2 + d
+ e
1 10 3 6 72
= !
123 2 + 4
!

+ 5 + 6
!

1 1 = !
+
! # cos 2 + 2 sin 2
= !
123 2 +
4
! 10

+ 5 + 6 + 5 + 6 ! 7 37
+ d
+ e
3 6 72
1
= !
123 2
2
+ 5 2 + 6 12. Solve ILM _L + rJO = Sà rP QRS MPW2008
1
+ 4!
+ 1 + 5 + 1 + 6

Solution:-
1
= !
sin 2

4 + 4 + 5 10 + 6
1
4 + 3 = sin 3 cos 2
+ 4!

+ 2 + 1 + 5 + 5 + 6

4 + 3 = 0 1 3 = 0
13
= 1, = 3 K

+ 9 = sin 2 123
K
= ! +
! #

+ 9 = sin 2 sin
}0 23K

+ 9 = 0
= 9
1
=
sin 3 cos 2
4 + 3
= 2
9 = 32
Apply sin cos = /sin + + sin 4 = cos 3 +

sin 3

1 1
= sin 5 + sin
4 + 3 2
To fond PI

1
= 123 2 123
1 1 1 1
+ 9
= sin 5 + 123
2 4 + 3

2 4 + 3

Apply sin sin =

/cos cos + 4

;<
= 5
23 2 1< <! x 83K
1 1

= 1
23 1!03K <! x = cos cos 3

+ 92
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 = cos cos 3
= sin 5 + 123 2 + 9

2
+ 9
2 5 4 + 3

2 1 4 + 3

:;<
= 1
23 2 1< <! x 0 83K
1 1 1 1
= sin 5 + 123
2 22 4 2 2 4
= 3
23 1!03K <! x = 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= sin 5 + sin = cos cos 3
4 2 + 11 41 2 1 + 9

2 2
1 1 2 11 1 1 1
= sin 5 + 1
4 2 + 11 2 11 41 = cos o cos 3 K
16 4
1+
sin
1+ 1 1
= cos sin 3
1 2 11 1 1 16 12
= sin 5 + sin
4 4 121

4 1
1 1
= 01 3 +
123 3 + 01 123 3
1 2 11 1 1 16 12
= sin 5 + sin
4 45 121

4 1 1

14. Solve PM + r P + MO = _ QRS M PS2007
M O O
1 1
= 10 cos 5 11 sin 5 + sin cos
884 8 Solution:-
1
= ! +
! # 10 01 5 11 123 5
884
1 K
K
+ 123 01 +3 + 2 = 4 cos

8 K
K
13. Solve PM + O = Sà MP PW2007

M O
+ 3 + 2 = 4 cos

+ 3 + 2 = 0
+ 2 + 1 = 0
Solution:-
14
= 2, = 1 = 01 2 +
123 2
= ! +
!
To find PI
}0 23K 1
= sin

+4
1
= 4 01

+ 3 + 2 cos 2 = 1 2 sin

1 1
cos 2 = 2 cos
1 cos
= 1 + cos 2 sin
= 1 cos 2
2 2
1 1 1 1
= 4 1 + 01 2 = 1 01 2

+ 3 + 2 2
+4 2
1 1 1 1
1 1 = cos 2
= 2+
2 cos 2 2
+ 4 2
+ 4

+ 3 + 2 + 3 + 2
1 1 1 1
1 1 = RIe
J
= 2
cos 0 + 2
cos 2 8
2 + 22
+ 4
d1 +
+ 3 + 2 + 3 + 2 4e
1 1
= 2 cos 0 + 2
cos 2 1
1 1

0
+ 3 + 2 2 + 3 + 2 = i1 + j HI!
G J
8 4 2 + 42 + 42
+ 4
1 3 2 1 3 + 2
= 2 cos 0 + 2 cos 2 1
1 1
3 + 2 3 2 3 2 3 + 2
= i1 + j HI!
G J
8 4 2 + 42 4 +
3 2 3 + 2
= 2 cos 0 + 2
cos 2
9 4

9 4 1 1 1
= HI!
G J
1 3 + 2 8 2 42 g1 + h
= 3 21 + 2 01 2 42
2 92
4
1 1
1 = HI!
G J d1 + e
= 1 3 + 2 cos 2 8 2 42 42
20
1 2
1 = HI!
G J d
e i1 + ..j
= 1 6 sin 2 + 2 cos 2 8 2 42 42 162
20
1 2 1 1
= 1 3 sin 2 + cos 2 = + H01 2 + 2 123 2 d e
10 8 8 42
1 2 1
= ! +
!
+ 1 3 123 2 + 01 2 = + H01 2 + 2 123 2 do K o 1 Ke
10 8 8 42
15. Solve ILM + _JO = P SàM PW2009 2

2
= + H01 2 + 2 123 2 i + j
8 8 2 4
1
1
Solution:-
= + H01 2 + 2 123 2 i 2 j
The given differential equation is 8 8 2 4

+ 4 = sin
1 1
= cos 2 +
sin 2
8 32 16

+ 4 = 0
= 4

= 2
2
= 22
15
1 ! 2 + 1 ! 2 1
= 01 2 +
123 2 + 01 2 = cos 01
8 32 2 41
1 2 41
1
1
+ 123 2 ! !
16 = 2 sin + cos + 2 123 01
10 10
! !
= 2 sin cos + 2 123 01
M O
O = QRS P . QRS PW2010 10 10
PM
2 ! ! 1 ! + !
= sin i j cos i j
5 2 5 2
Solution:-
2 1
= sin 123 cos 01
The given differential equation
K
5 5
= cos . cos
K
2 1
= ! +
! + 123 123 01 01

1 = 01 . 01 5 5

1 = 0
= 1 = 1
ILr + rLJO =. MP rPW2012

= ! +
!
}0 23K Solution:-
1 ! + !
= 01 . 01 @;< cos =

1 2
# + 3 = 01 2 . 123 3

1 ! + !
= . 01 # + 3 = 0

1 2
1 1 1 1
+ 3 = 0
= ! cos + ! cos
2 1

2
1
= 0,
+ 3 = 0
!
1 !
1
= cos + cos = 0,
= 3
2 + 1 1

2 1
1
! 1

= 0,
= 2
I3J
= cos
2 + 2 + 1 1

! 1 = 0, = 32
+ 01
2 2 + 1 1

= +
cos 3 + # sin 3
! 1 ! 1
= cos + 01
2 + 2

2 2

To find PI
! 1 ! 1 1
= cos + cos = cosh 2 . sinh 3
2 1 + 2

2 1 2

# + 3
! 1 2 + 1 ! 1 2 1
Apply cos sin =
/sin + sin 4

= cos cos
2 2 1 2 + 1 2 2 + 1 2 1
! 2 + 1 ! 2 1 1 1
= sinh 5 sinh
= cos 01
+ 3 2
2 4
1 2 4
1
16
1 1 1 + 2 + + 1
= sinh 5 + sinh =

+ 3 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2
1 1 1 1 1 = + 2 + + 1
= sinh 5 + sinh
2 + 3

2 + 3

:;< = 1 1 = , :;< = 2 = 1
1 1 1 1
= sinh 5 + sinh 1 1 1
2 5 + 3

2 1 + 3

= +
+ 1 + 2 + 1 + 2
1 1 11
= sinh 5 + sinh 1 1
56 8 = d + e !

+1 +2
1 1
= o sinh 5 K + o sinh K 1 1
56 8 = d e !

+1 +2
1 cosh 5 1 1 1
= + cosh = cosh 5 + cosh 1 1
56 5 8 280 8 = !

!

+1 +2
1
= +
01 3 + # 123 3 + 01 5 1
280 ::y ;
1 +8
+ 01
8 = ! 5 o ! 5 ; K ! ! ; 21 8 ;3203 0
18. SolvePM + r P + MO = uu S2010 , W2013

M O O P
= ! o ! ! K !
o !
! K

Solution:-
= ! o ! ! K !
o!
! K

K
K
+3 + 2 = !

K
K
Use substitution method
:;< ! = < ! K = K<

+ 3 + 2 = !
= ! o ! K< !
o < ! K<

+ 3 + 2 = 0
+ 2 + 1 = 0
= ! ! !
d< o ! K< o 1! K<e
= 2, = 1
= ! ! !
! ! + !
!

= !
+
!
= ! ! ! ! + !
!

}0 23K
= !
!

1
=
!

+ 3 + 2 = ! +
!
+ !
!

1
= ! 19. Solve PM + r P + MO = SàuP S2008

M O O
+ 1 + 2
0312K! Solution:-
1
= +
+ 1 + 2 + 1 + 2
17
K
K :;< ! = < ! K = K<
+3 + 2 = !

K
K
= ! o sin < K< !
o < sin < K<

+ 3 + 2 = !

+ 3 + 2 = 0 = ! cos < !
d< o sin < K< + o 1 cos < K<e
+ 2 + 1 = 0 = 2, = 1
= ! cos < !
< cos < + sin <
= ! +
!

= ! cos! + !
! 01! !
sin!
}0 23K
= !
123!
1
= 123! = ! +
!
!
123!

+ 3 + 2
1 M O
P
O
MO = M R P + P + PM S2013
N N
= 123!
+ 1 + 2 PM
20. Solve
0312K!
Solution:-
1
= +
+ 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 K
K 1 1
2 = 2 log + +
1 + 2 + + 1 K
K
=
+ 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 1 1

2 = 2 y0A + +

1 = + 2 + + 1
1 1
:;< = 1 1 = , :;< = 2 = 1
2 = 2 y0A + +

1 1 1
2 = 0
= +
+ 1 + 2 + 1 + 2
+ 1 2 = 0
1 1
= d + e 123!
+1 +2 = 1, =2
1 1 = ! +
!

= d e 123!
+1 +2
}0 23K
1 1
= 123! 123!
+1 +2 1 1 1
= d2 y0A + + e

2
1
::y ;
+8 1 1 1
= d2 y0A + +
e
= ! 5 o ! 5 ; K ! ! ; 21 8 ;3203 0 + 1 2
1 1 1 1
= X d2 y0A + +
eY
= ! o ! 123! K !
o !
123! K 2 +1
::y
!
= !
o 123! K !

o ! 123!

! K
1
; = ! 5 o ! 5 ; K
+8
18
! ! ; 21 8 ;3203 0
+ 5 + 6 = 0
1 1 2 1 + 2 + 3 = 0 = 2, = 3
= X! o ! d2 y0A +
e KY
2
= !
+
! #
1 1 2 1
= X! o ! d2 y0A e + d +
e KY }0 23K
2
Apply ! / + > 4 K = ! + 1

= !
1!
1 + 2 <83
+ 2 + 3
1 2 1
! ! = 2 y0A > = +
1 1
= X !
1!
1 + 2 <83 Y
+ 3 + 2
1 1
= X! ! d2 y0A eY 1
2
= !
o !
!
1!
1 + 2 <83 K
+3
1 1
= d2 y0A e
2 :;< tan = < sec
K = K<
1 1
= !
o !
d2 y0A e K = !
o1 + 2<K<
+3
1 1 <
= !
Xo log 2!
K o !
KY = !
i< + 2 j
+3 2
= !
Xlog o 2!
K 1
= !
tan + tan

K +3
o log do 2!
Ke K
K
1 = ! # o ! # !
<83 + tan
K
o !
KY

= ! # o ! <83 + sec
1 K
2!
1 2!
1
= !
Zlog o K o !
K\
2 2
= ! # Xo ! tan K + o ! sec
K o ! KY
1 1
= !
X!
log + o !
K o !
KY

= ! # Xtan ! o sec
! K + o ! 1!
K
= log
! Y
= !
+
!

log
21. SolveS2009 = !
tan !
= !
tan 1
= !
+
! # + !
<83 1
ILM + L + ~JO = uMP SQ M P N + M a P
Method of variation of parameters

Solution:- Consider the second order differential equation
K
K
+ +
=
K K

+ 5 + 6 = !
sec
1 + 2 tan

+ +
= =
19
Let its complementary function is 1

= 0
= +
A 1 1 1 = 0 = 1, 1
To find PI by substituting = ; 83K

= The roots are real and repeated
= ; + A =( +

!
= 18 2
}0 23K by substituting = ; 83K
=
= ; + A
= = /; + 4! = ;! + !
Differentiate both sides w. r. t.
;> + > A = 0
> > >
= ;
>
+ ; + A + A
;> > + > A> =
= ;
> >
+ A >
+ /;> + A4
Here = ! , A = ! , = ! log
:;< ;> + > A = 0 .3
> = ! , A> = ! + ! = 1 + !
> = ; > + A> ! ;> + ! > = 0 1
Again differentiate both sides w. r. t. ! ;> + 1 + ! > = ! log . .2
>> = ; >> + > ;> + A>> + A Equation 2Equation 1
Putting , > , >> in the given second order differential 1 + ! > ! > = ! log
! > + ! > ! > = ! log

equation we get
;> > + > A> = 4

! > = ! log > = log
Solve equation 3 and 4 for ;> 83K >
Putting the values of > in equation 1 we get
Integrating ;> 83K > with respective to then we
! ;> + ! log = 0
get the values of ;83K
! ;> = ! y0A
Putting the values of ;83K in equation 2 we get the
required PI ;> = log
22. Solve by method of variation of parameters ;> = log

M O
M P + O = uP R PS2012
O Integrating both sides with respective to
PM
Solution:- ; = o log K
K
; = Xlog o K o d y0A o Ke KY
K
K K
2 + = ! log
K
K
1
; = log + o K

2 + 1 = ! log 2 2

2 + 1 = 0

; = y0A +
2 4
20
> = log sin ;> + cos > = 01! . .2
Integrating both sides with respective to !831 123 + !32 01
sin 01 ;> + 123

> = 0
= o log K = o 1 y0A K
123 cos ;> + 01
> = cos 01!
K
= log o 1 K o d y0A o 1 Ke K
K 123
> + 01
> = cot
1 > = cot :;< 23 !3 1

= log o K = y0A

cos ;> + sin cot = 0

= i y0A + j ! + y0A ! cos

2 4 01 ;> + sin =0
sin

cos ;> = cos ;> = 1
= ! log + ! +
! log
!
2 4
;> = 1 83K > = 0<
1 3
=
! log
!
2 4 Integrating both sides with respective to
1 3
= +
! +
! y0A
! ; = o 1 K 83K = o cot K
2 4
23. Solve by method of variation of parameters ; = 83K = log|sin |

M O
+ O = uPS2007,W2012 = cos + sin log|sin |
PM
Solution:- = 01 +
123 01 + 123 y0A|123 |
The given differential equation is 24. Solve by method of variation of parameters
K
+ O = a PW2007
M O
+ = 01! PM
K

+ 1 = 01!
+ 1 = 0
Solution:-

= 1
= 2
= 2
K

= cos +
sin + = tan
K

=
+ 1 = tan
+ 1 = 0
= = ; cos + sin
= 1
= 2
= 2
;> + > A = 0 = cos +
sin
;> > + > A> = }0 23K by substituting = ; 83K
=
Here = cos , A = sin , = 01! = = ; cos + sin
> = sin , A> = cos ;> + > A = 0
cos ;> + sin > = 0 1
21
;> > + > A> = M O

O=
M
PM NUuP
S2008, S2011
Here = cos , A = sin , = tan
> >
= sin , A = cos
> > K

2
cos ; + sin = 01 =
K
1 + !
sin ;> + cos > = tan . .2
2

1 =
1 = 0
!831 123 + !32 01 1 + !

= 1
= 1
= 1
sin 01 ;> + 123
> = 0
= ! +
!
123 cos ;> + 01
> = cos tan
=
= = ;! + !
123
> + 01
> = sin
;> + > A = 0
> = sin :;< 23 !3 1
;> > + > A> =
cos ;> + sin sin = 0 01 ;> = sin

Here = ! , A = ! , = U

>
sin

; =
cos
> = ! , A> = !
123
! ;> + ! > = 0 1
;> = 83K > = sin
01
2
! ;> ! > = . .2
Integrating both sides with respective to 1 + !
123
!;8<203 1 !;8<203 2
; = o K 83K = o sin K
01
2
2! > =
1 cos
1 + !
; = o K 83K = cos
cos 1 !
> = >
=
! 1 + ! 1 + !
; = osec cos K 83K = cos
!
> = :;< 23 !3 1
1 + !
; = o cos K o sec K 83K = cos
! 1
! ;> + ! X Y = 0 ! ;> =
; = sin log|sec tan | 83K = cos 1+! 1 + !
= /123 y0A|1! <83 |4 cos cos sin 1

;> =
! 1 + !
= sin cos cos log|sec tan | cos sin
1 !
;> = 83K >
=
= cos log|sec tan | ! 1 + ! 1 + !
= 01 +
123 01 y0A|1! <83 | Integrating both sides with respective to
1 !
; = o K 83K = o K
! 1 + !
1 + !
25. Using method of variation of parameters solve
22
1 1 ! ;> + ! > = 0 1

; = o d e K
! 1 + !
! ;> ! >
|
83K = log|1 + ! = ! 123! + 01! .2
1 1 !;8<203 1 + !;8<203 2
; = o K o K
! ! ! + 1
2! ;> = ! 123! + 01!
|
83K = y0A|1 + !
1
! ;> = /! 123! + 01! 4
; = o ! K o K 2!
! +1
1
| ;> = /! 123! + 01! 4!
83K = log|1 + ! 2
; = ! + log|! + 1| Integrating both sides with respective to
83K = log|1 + ! | 1

; = o/! 123! + 01! 4! K
2
= /! + y0A|! + 1|4! ! y0A|1 + ! |
:;< ! = < ! K = K< ! K = K<
|
= 1 + ! log|!

+ 1| !
y0A|1 + !
1
; = o/< 123 < + 01 <4K<
= ! +
! 1 + ! log|!

+ 1| 2
! y0A|1 + ! |
1 K
; = < o sin < K< o X < o 123 < K<Y K<
26. Use the method of variation of parameters 2 K<
+ o 01 < K<
ILM NJO = uP SàuP + QRSuP
1
; = X< cos < o cos < K< + sin <Y
2
W2008, S2013, S2014
1
; = /< cos < + 2 sin <4
Solution:-
The given differential equation is 2

1 = ! 123! + 01!
1 = 0 !
; = cos! sin!
2

= 1
= 1
= 1
1
;> = /! 123! + 01! 4
= ! +
! 2!

= :;< 23 !;8<203 1
1
= = ;! + ! ! /! 123! + 01! 4 + ! = 0
2!
;> + > A = 0 1
= /123! + ! 01! 4
;> > + > A> = 2
Integrating both sides with respective to

Here = ! , A = ! ,
1
= ! 123! + 01! = o/123! + ! 01! 4 K
2
> = ! , A> = !
23
1 1 }0 23K by substituting = ; 83K

=
= o 123! K o ! 01! K
2 2
= = /; + 4! #
1
= o 123! K
2 = ;! # + ! #
1
Xcos! o ! K ;> + > A = 0
2
K
o d 01! o ! Ke KY ;> > + > A> =
K
1 1 Here = ! # , A = ! # , =

= o 123! K ! 01!
2 2
1 > = 3! # , A> = 3! # + ! # = 1 + 3! #
+ o sin! ! ! K
2 ! # ;> + ! # > = 0 1
1 1 ! #
= o 123! K ! 01! ! # ;> + 1 + 3! # > = . .2
2 2
1
+ o 123! K
2 Equation 2Equation 1
1 ! #
= ! 01! 1 + 3! # > ! # > =
2
! 1 ! #
= X 01! 123! Y ! ! 01! ! ! # > + 3! # > ! # > =
2 2
1 1 1 1
= 01! ! 123! 01! > + 2 > = 1 + 2 > =
2 2

= ! 123! 1
> =

1 + 2
= ! +
! ! 123!
Integrating both sides with respective to x
1
27. Using method of variation of parameters solve
= o K
M O
~ P +
O
O =
urP

1 + 2
PM PM
S2009
1 + 2 2
= o K

1 + 2
Solution:-
1 + 2 2
= o K o
K
K

K ! #
1 +2 1 + 2
6 + 9 =
K
K 2
= o
K o K
! # 1 + 2

6 + 9 =

= + U
U
=

U
U
U
U

6 + 9 = 0 3 3 = 0 = 3, 3
Consider
2 = 1 + 2 + :;< = 0 , = 2
1 1
The roots are real and repeated
=( +
! # :;< = , 2 = = 4
2 2
24
2 2 4 1 + 2 #
= = +
! # + 1 + 2 y0A ! ! #
1 + 2 1 + 2
1 1 2
= 2 o K + 2 o K
1 + 2
28. Solve by method of variation of parameters
ILM + _JO = _ SQ M MPW2010

1
= 2 log|| + 2 log|1 + 2|
Solution:-
Putting the values of v > x in equation 1 we get The given differential equation is
1
+ 4 = 4 sec
2
! # ;> + ! # =0

1 + 2

+ 4 = 0
= 4
! #
! # ;> =
= 2
4 = 22
1 + 2
1 = cos 2 +
sin 2
;> =
1 + 2
=
Integrating both sides with respective to x
= = ; cos 2 + sin 2
1
; = o K ;> + > A = 0
1 + 2
;> > + > A> =
= + U
U
=
U
U
U
U

Here = cos 2 , A = sin 2 , = 4 1!
2
Consider
1 = 1 + 2 + :;< = 0 , = 1
> = 2 sin2 , A> = 2 cos 2
1 1 cos2 ;> + sin 2 > = 0 1
:;< = , 1 = = 2
2 2
2 sin 2 ;> + 2 cos 2 > = 4 1!
2 .
1 1 2
=
1 + 2 1 + 2 !83 1 2 123 2 + !3 2 01 2
1 2 2 sin 2 01 2 ;> + 2 123

2 > = 0
; = o d e K
1 + 2
2 123 2 cos 2 ;> + 2 01
2 > =
; = log|| + log|1 + 2| 4 cos 2 1!
2
= / y0A|| + y0A|1 + 2|4! # 2/123

2 > + 01
2 > 4 = 4 sec 2
1
+ X 2 y0A|| + 2 y0A|1 + 2|Y ! #
> = 2 sec 2 :;< 23 !3 1
= ! # y0A|| + ! # y0A|1 + 2| ! # 2! # y0A|| cos 2 ;> + 2 sin 2 sec 2 = 0
+ 2! # y0A|1 + 2|
01 2 ;> = 2 tan 2
= 1 + 2! # y0A|| + 1 + 2! # y0A|1 + 2|
;> = 2 sec 2 tan 2
! #
1 + 2 # ;> = 2 1! 2 <83 2 83K > = 2 sec 2

= 1 + 2 y0A ! ! #
25
1
; = o 2 1! 2 <83 2 K 83K > =
1
! g1 + h
!
= o 2 sec 2 K
!
> =
1 + !
; = sec 2 83K = y0A|1! 2 + <83 2| g h

!
= 1! 2 cos 2 + y0A|1! 2 + <83 2| sin 2 ! #
> = :;< 23 !3 1
1 + !
= 1 + sin 2 y0A|1! 2 + <83 2|

! #
= 01 2 +
123 2 1 ! ;> + ! Z \=0
1 + !
+ 123 2 y0A|1! 2 + <83 2|

!
!
! ;> = ; >
=
1 + !
1 + !
O = N + uP MW2011
M O
! ! #
;> = >
PM
83K =
1 + !
1 + !

K
2
=
K
1 + ! !
; = o K 83K
1 + !
2

1 =
1 = 0
1 + ! ! #
= o K

= 1
= 1
= 1 1 + !
= ! +
! :;< 1 + ! = < ! K = K< 83K

= 1 + ! = ! K = K
= = ;! + ! K< 1
; = o
K< 83K = o K
<
;> + > A = 0

2 + 1
; > >
+ > A>
= ; = o <
K< 83K = o K

Here = ! , A = ! , = 1 + !

1 1
; = 83K = o 1 K + 2 o K o
K
<
> = ! , A> = !
! ;> + ! > = 0 1 1 1
; = 83K = + 2 log +
!
! ;> ! > = 1 + !
. .2
1
!;8<203 1 !;8<203 2 ; = 83K
!
1
2! > = 1 + !
= 1 + ! + 2 log|1 + ! | +
1 + !
1 1 1
> = = ! 1 + ! + 2 y0A|1 + ! | +
! 1 + !
! 1 + !
26
1 1 123
1
= ! + 2 y0A|1 + ! | + ;> = 83K > = sin 2
1 + ! 2 01 2 2
1 Integrating both sides with respective to
= ! +
! ! + 2 y0A|1 + ! | +
1 + !
1 123
2 1
; = o K 83K = o sin 2 K
2 01 2 2
ILM + _JO = a MPW2013 1 1 cos

2 1
; = o K 83K = cos 2
2 cos 2 4
1

+ 4 = tan 2
+ 4 = 0 ; = osec 2 cos 2 K 83K
2

= 4
= 2
2
= 22 1
= cos 2
4
= cos 2 +
sin 2
1 1
= ; = o cos2 K o sec 2 K 83K
2 2
1
= = ; cos 2 + sin 2 = cos 2
4
;> + > A = 0 1 1
; = sin 2 log|sec 2 tan 2| 83K
;> > + > A> = 4 4
1
= cos 2
Here = cos 2 , A = sin 2 , = tan 2 4
1 1
> = 2 sin 2 , A> = 2 cos 2 = X 123 2 y0A|1! 2 <83 2|Y cos 2
4 4
cos 2 ;> + sin 2 > = 0 1 1
cos 2 sin 2
2 sin 2 ;> + 2 cos 2 > = tan 2 . .2 4
1
!83 1 2 123 2 + !3 2 01 2 = sin 2 cos 2
4
1
2 sin 2 01 2 ;> + 2 123
2 > = 0 cos 2 log|sec 2 tan 2|
4
2 123 2 cos 2 ;> + 2 01
2 > = 1
cos 2 sin 2
cos 2 tan 2 4
1
2 123
> + 2 01
> = sin 2 = cos 2 log|sec 2 tan 2|
4
1 = 01 2
> = sin 2 :;< 23 !3 1
2 +
123 2
1 1
cos 2 ;> + sin 2 sin 2 = 0 01 2 y0A|1! 2 <83 2|
2 4
1
01 2 ;> = sin
2
2
The Cauchys Linear Differential Equations
>
1 sin
2
; =
The differential equation of the type
2 cos 2 K K K

+
+
+ . . + =
K
K
K
27
K

= 1
,
, . . are constant and is a function of K
is called as Cauchys Linear Differential Equations where
K#
#
= 1 2
K #
We solved the Cauchys Linear Differential Equations by
using the substitution
= ! Procced in this way
Taking log both sides Legendrs Linear Differential Equations

log = log ! log = log ! log = The differential equation of the type
= log K K
8 + @ + 8 + @
K
K
+
8 + @
+ . . + = is called as

K 1
= 1
K
,
, . . are constant and is a function o
Legendrs Linear Differential Equations where
K K K
= . 2
K K K We solved the Legendrs Linear Differential Equations by
K K 1 K K
= . =
using the substitution
K K K K 8 + @ = !
K K
= ! ! =
K K
Taking log both sides
Again differentiate eqn. 1 w. r. t. log8 + @ = log !
log8 + @ = log ! log8 + @ =

K
1
=
K
= y0A8 + @
2! !3<28<! !;8<203 2 . . <.
K K K K K
d e= d . e K 1 K
K K K K K = 8 + @
K 8 + @ K
K
K K
K K K K 8
= + d e = 1
K
K K
K K K K 8 + @
K
K 1 K K K K K K K
= d
e + d e = . 2
K
K K K K K K K K
K
1 K K
K
K K 8 K K
=
+d e = . 8 + @ =8
K
K K K
K K 8 + @ K K
K
1 K 1 K
K K
=
+ 8 + @ = 8 ! ! =
K
K
K
K K
K
K
K K

Again differentiate eqn. 1 w. r. t.

=
=
K
K
K K
K
8
=
K
8 + @
28
2! !3<28<! !;8<203 2 . . <. = ! +

! . = ! +
! .
K K K K K = ! D

+
! D

d e= d . e
K K K K K
= +
.
K
K K
K K K
= + d e 1
K
K K
K K K
= +
.

K
K 8
K K K K
= Z \+ d e }0 23K
K
K 8 + @
K K K K
1
K
8
K K
K
=
!
+ 2
= +d e 34
K
8 + @
K K K
1 1
K
8
K 8
K
=
!
+
2
= + 34 34
K
8 + @
K 8 + @
K
1 1
K
K
K = !
+2
2
32 4
3
8 + @

= 8

8
4 d1
K K K 4 e
K
1 1
3

8 + @ = 8

8

= !
i1 j
K
464 2 4
K

8 + @
= 8
1 !
1
K
= 1 + i +
j i j + .
K# 6 2 4 4
8 + @# # = 8# 1 2
K
!
1 3
= d e :;< = log
Procced in this way 6 2 4
!
1 3
= dlog e
6 2 4
31. Solve differential equation
PM PM MP P _O = PM + M R PW2011,S2014
M O O
! D 1 3

= dy0A e
Solution:- 6 2 4

1 3
= dy0A e
6 2 4
K
K

2 4 =
+ 2 y0A 1
1 3
K
K = +
. dy0A e
6 2 4
32. Solve the differential equationP PM = P + PM

M O MO N
This is Cauchys Linear Differential Equation
:;< = ! log =
P
K K

= ,

= 1
S2012
K K Solution:-
1 2 4 = !
+ 2 The given differential equation is

2 4 = !
+ 2 K
2 1
=+
3 4 = 0 + 1 4 = 0 = 1 , 4 K

29
K
1 log
log
1

2 = d +
e = = d e
K
3 3
K
1 1 log
1

2 =
+ = +

+ d e
K
3
K
:;< = ! log = =
K
Pr Pr + MPM PM + MO = N gP + PhW2012
r O M O N
K

= 1
K
1
Solution:-
1 2 = !
+
!

2 = !
+ ! K# K
1
# + 2
+ 2 = 10 d + e
K # K

}0 23K
2 = 0 + 1 2 = 0

:;< = ! log =
= 1 , 2
K K

= ,

= 1
= ! +
!
= ! +
!
K K
= ! +
! = +

K#
# = 1 2

K #
1
= +

1
1 2 + 2 1 + 2 = 10 d! + e
!
}0 23K
1
/ 1 2 + 2 1 + 24 = 10 d! + e
1 !
=
!
+ !
2
1 2 + 2 1 + 2 = 0
1 1
=
!
+
!
2 + 2 + 2
2 + 2 = 0
2 2
1 1 #
3
+ 2 + 2
2 + 2 = 0
=
!
+ !
2 22 1
1 2 #

+2=0
! ! K " = 0 <0 23K >
+ 1
2 + 2 = 0 = 1, 1 2
1 1
= !
+ ! = ! + ! /
cos + # sin 4 @;< = log
21 21
1 1 = ! + ! /
coslog + # sinlog 4
= !
+ !
221 21 1
= ! + ! /
coslog + # sinlog 4

1 1
= log !
log ! = + /
01y0A + # 123y0A 4
3 3
1 1 1
= log ! D log ! D = + /
01y0A + # 123y0A 4

3 3
30
}0 23K = cos +
sin
1 1 = coslog +
sinlog
= # 10 d! + e

+2 !
}0 23K
1
= # 10! + ! 1

+2 =
123
+1
1 1
= 10 ! + 10 # ! 1
#
+2
+2 = I! G J
+ 2
+ 1
1 1
= 10! + 10!
1# 1 +2

1 1
+ 2
# 1
= I! G J

+ 22 + 2
+ 1
1
= 5! + 10! 1
3
2 = I! G J

+ 22 1 + 1
1
= 5! + 10! 1
31
21 = I! G J

+ 22
= 5! + 2! = 5! + 2!
1
= I! G J
= 5! + 2! = 5 + 2

22 d1 +
22 e
2
= 5 + 1
= I! G J g1 + h
22 22
1 2
= + /
01y0A + # 123y0A 4 + 5 + 2 2
= I! G J d1 + ..e
22
22
2 2
= I! G J d e d1 + e
IP L + PL + NJO = R P SàR PW2012

M M 2 2
2 2
= cos + 2 sin d e d + e
2 2
Solution:-
1 1 2
= 01 + 2 123 i2 + j

+ + 1 = log sinlog 2 2
K
K 1 1 1

+ + = y0A 123y0A = 01 + 2 123 d2 e
K
K 2 2
1 1
= 01 + 2 123 X2 o K o 1 KY
2 2
:;< = ! log =
1
1
= 01 + 2 123 i2 j
K K
2 2 2
= ,

= 1
K K
1
= 01 + 2 123 2

1 + + = sin 4

+ + 1 = sin 1
= 2
cos 0 + 2

sin 2 sin
4

+ 1 = 0
= 1
= 2
= 2
31
1 1
= I cos +
sin + 2
cos sin J = sin 2 = sin 2
4 2 + 1
1 = sin 2/log1 + 4
=
01 123
4
= 01/y0A1 + 4 +
123/y0A1 + 4
1 123 2/y0A1 + 4
= /log
01log log 123log 4
4
= 01y0A +
123y0A
1 M O O
/y0A
01y0A N + MPM ~N + MP + N~O = |N + MP
4 P M P
y0A 123y0A 4
S2007
N + PM + N + P + O = Sà/M RN + P4 S2012

M O O
Solution:-
PM P
K
K
1 + 2
61 + 2 + 16 = 81 + 2
Solution:-
The given differential equation is K

K
K
K :;< 1 + 2 = ! log1 + 2 =
1 +
+ 1 + + = sin/2 log1 + 4

K
K K
1 + 2 = 2 .
K
K
This is Legendrs Linear Differential Equation
:;< 1 + = ! log1 + = 1 + 2 = 2

K
K K
1 + = 1 . 1 + = K

K K 1 + 2
= 2
. 1
K
K

1 +
= 1
. 1 K

K
1 + 2
= 4 1
K
K

1 +
= 1 4 1 6 2 + 16 = 8 !
K
4
4 12 + 16 = 8 !
1 + + = sin/2 log ! 4

4
16 + 16 = 8 !

+ + 1 = sin 2
4
4 + 4 = 8 !
+ 1 = 0
= 1
= 2
= 2

4 + 4 = 2!
= cos +
sin

4+4=0
= cos/log1 + 4 +
sin/log1 + 4
2 2 = 0
}0 23K
1 = 2 ,2
=
sin 2 :;<
= 2
+1 = +
!
= +
!
DU

32
= +
! DU

}0 23K
= +
1 + 2
1 1
=
123 2 =
sin 2
+1 2 +1
}0 23K
1 1
= sin2 log = sinlog

1 5 5
=
2!
4+4
1
= 01y0A +
123y0A + 123y0A

2 = 2 8 + 4 2 = 0

5
1
= 2 !
2 = 4 4 = 0
24
M O O
1 MP + rM MMP + r NMO = ~P
= 2
!
=
!
P M P
2
= /log1 + 24
!
DU

S2009, S2011, S2014
= /y0A1 + 24 !
DU

Solution:-
= 1 + 2 y0A1 + 2

K
K
2 + 3
22 + 3 12 = 6
= +
1 + 2 + 1 + 2 y0A1 + 2

K
K
37. Solve the differential equation :;< 2 + 3 = ! log2 + 3 =
K
PM PM + P P + O = SàIR PM JS2008 2 + 3 = 2 .
M O O
K
K
2 + 3 = 2
K
Solution:-
K

K

K 2 + 3
= 2
. 1

+ + = 123y0A
K
K
K
K

2 + 3
= 4 1
This is Cauchys Linear Differential Equation K
:;< = ! log = 1
4 1 2 2 12 = 6 ! 3
2
K K

= ,

= 1 4
4 4 12 = 3! 3
K K
1 + + = sin/log !
4 4
8 12 = 3! 3

+ + 1 = sin2 log ! 4
2 3 = 3! 3

+ 1 = sin 2 3

2 3 = ! 3
4

+ 1 = 0
= 1
= 2
= 2

23=0
= cos +
sin
3 + 1 = 0
= coslog +
sinlog
33
= 3 , 1 K K
+ 8 = 1 . + 8 =
K K
= ! # +
!
K

+ 8
= 1
. 1
= ! #
U# +
!
U# K
= ! D
U# +
! D
U#

K

+ 8
= 1
K
= 2 + 3# +
2 + 3
1 4 + 6 = ! 8
1
= 2 + 3# +

4 + 6 = ! 8
2 + 3
}0 23K
5 + 6 = ! 8
1 3
5 + 6 = 0 2 3 = 0
=
! 3
2 34
= 2, 3
3 1 9 1
=
e
! s
4 23 4 23 = !
+
! #
3 1 9 1 = !
U5 +
! # U5
= !
! s
41 2 1 3

40 2 0 3
= ! U5 +
! U5

3 3 3 3
= ! + = !
U# +
16 4 16 4 = + 8
+
+ 8#
3 3
= 2 + 3 + }0 23K
16 4
1
6 9 12 =
! 8
= + 5+6
16 16 16
1 1
3 3 =
! 8
! s
= + 5+6 5+6
8 16
1 1
1 3 3 = ! 8
! s
= 2 + 3# +
+ 1
51+6 0 50+6
2 + 3 8 16
1 8 1 8
= ! = ! U5
15+6 6 2 6
P + M
M O
_P + P + ~O = PS2013
O
1 8 3 + 38 8
PM = + 8 =
2 6 6
3 + 28
=
Solution:-
6
3 + 28
K
K = + 8
+
+ 8# +
+ 8
4 + 8 + 6 = 6
K
K
40. SolveW2010
M O O
This is Legendrs Linear Differential Equation
:;< + 8 = ! log + 8 = rP + MM

PM
+ rrP + M
P
r~O = rPM + _P + N
Solution:-
34
1
= !
1
27
4
K
K
3 + 2
+ 33 + 2 36 = 3
+ 4 + 1 1 1
K
K = !
es
27
4 27 4

:;< 3 + 2 = ! log3 + 2 =
1 1
K = !
es
3 + 2 = 3 . 272 4

270
4
K
1
1 1
1
K = ! + = ! +
2 + 3 = 3 27 2 108 27 4 108
K

1 1
K
= ! + = !
+ 1
3 + 2
= 3
. 1 108 108 108
K
1
K
= log3 + 2!
#U
+ 1
108
3 + 2

= 9 1
K
1
= log3 + 2! #U
+ 1

1 4 108
9 1 + 3 3 36 = 3 ! 2
+ ! 2 + 1
9 3
1
= /3 + 2
log3 + 2 + 14
1 4 108
9
9 + 9 36 = !
4! + 4 + ! 2 + 1
3 3
1
1 = 3 + 2
+
3 + 2
9
36 = !
4! + 4 + 4! 8 + 1
3 1
+ /3 + 2
y0A3 + 2 + 14
108
1
9
4 = !
4 + 1
3
1 4 3
9
4 = !
+
3 3 3
1
9
4 = !
1 27
4 = !
1
3
27
4 = 0
4 = 0

= 4 = 2
= 2 , 2
= !
+
!
= !
#U
+
!
#U

= ! D#U
+
! D#U

= 3 + 2
+
3 + 2
1
= 3 + 2
+
3 + 2
}0 23K
35

! 5 = o /! ! 5 4 K<
s
2
! 5 = o /! 5 4 K<
s
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
! 5 = o ! 5 K<
s

! 5
Definition of Laplace Transform:-
5
! =Z \

1 = o /! <4 K< 0 1 8 s
s
1
< = s /! <4 K<

! 5 = /! ! s 4
18
Transformation of < is a function of t
is called as Laplace
1 1
! 5 = X ! sY
STANDARD RESULT OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM 18 !
1 1
41. Prove that N = ! 5 =
N
X 1Y
18
1
! 5 = /0 14
18
Solution:--
1
Using the definition of Laplace Transform
! 5 = 1>8
< = o /! <4 K< :;< < = 1 81
s
43. Prove that u =
N
U
1 = o /! 14 K< 1 = o ! K<
s s Solution:-
! 1

1 = Z \ 1 = /! 4
1 s 1 s

< = o /! <4 K< :;< < = ! 5
1
1 = /! ! s 4
s
1
1 1 1 ! 5 = o /! ! 5 4 K<
1 = X ! s Y 1 = /0 14 s
1 ! 1

1 1 ! 5 = o /! 5 4 K<
1 = 1 1 =
1 1
s

5
42. Prove that u
=
N
, > 8 ! = o ! U5 K<
s

5
! U5
! =Z \
Solution:-
Using the definition of Laplace Transformation 1 + 8 s
1
< = o /! <4 K< :;< < = ! 5 ! 5 = /! ! s 4
1+8
s
36
1 1 8
! sin 8< 8 cos 8< !
! 5 = X !sY + =
1+8 ! 1
1 1
1 1 8
! sin 8< 8 cos 8< !
! 5 = X 1Y i1 +
j = Z + \
1+8 1 1 1
1
! 5 = /0 14 1
+ 8
! sin 8< 8 cos 8< !
1+8 i j = Z + \
1
1 1
1
! 5 = 1
! sin 8< 8 cos 8< !
8+1 = Z + \
1
+ 8
1 1
44. Prove that Sà =

M UM
1
! sin 8< 8 cos 8< !

sin 8< = Z + \
Solution:- 1
+ 8
1 1
s
1
8
sin 8< = V0 + 0 0
W
1 +8

1
< = o /! <4 K< :;< < = sin 8<
s 1
8
sin 8< = g
h
1 +8

1
sin 8< = o /! sin 8<4 K< 8
s sin 8< =
1
+ 8
= ! sin 8< K<

45. Prove that QRS =

Consider using LIATE rule
K
M UM
= sin 8< o ! K< o X sin 8< o ! K<Y K<
K< Solution:-
! !
= sin 8< i j o Z8 cos 8< i j\ K<
1 1

< = o /! <4 K< :;< < = cos 8<
! sin 8< 8
= + o ! cos 8< K< s
1 1

!
sin 8< cos 8< = o /! cos 8<4 K<
= s
1
8 = ! cos 8< K<
+ cos 8< o ! K<
1
K K
o X cos 8< o ! K<Y K< = cos 8< o ! K< o X cos 8< o ! K<Y K<
K< K<
! sin 8< 8 ! ! !
= + cos 8< i j = cos 8< i j o Z8 sin 8< i j\ K<
1 1 1 1 1
8 !
Zo 8 sin 8< i j K<\ ! cos 8< 8
1 1 = o ! sin 8< K<
1 1
! sin 8< 8 cos 8< ! 8
=
o ! sin 8< K<
1 1
1
! sin 8< 8 cos 8< ! 8
=

1 1
1
37
! cos 8<
= sin 8< = o /! sinh 8<4 K<
1 s
8
sin 8< o ! K<
1 = ! sinh 8< K<
K
o X sin 8< o ! K<Y K< K
K< = sinh 8< o ! K< o X sinh 8< o ! K<Y K<
K<
! cos 8< 8 !
= sin 8< i j ! !
1 1 1 = sinh 8< i j o Z8 cosh 8< i j\ K<
8 ! 1 1
+ Zo 8 cos 8< i j K<\
1 1 ! sinh 8< 8
= + o ! cosh 8< K<
! cos 8< 8 sin 8< ! 8
1 1
= +
o ! cos 8< K<
1 1
1 ! sinh 8<
=
1
! cos 8< asin 8< ! 8
8
= +
+ cosh 8< o ! K<
1 1
1 1
K
8
! cos 8< asin 8< ! o X cosh 8< o ! K<Y K<
+ = + K<
1
1 1
8
! cos 8< asin 8< ! ! sinh 8< 8 !
i1 +
j = Z \ = + cosh 8< i j
1 1 1
1 1 1
8 !
Zo 8 sinh 8< i j K<\
1
+ 8
! cos 8< 8 sin at 8< ! 1 1
i j = Z \
1
1 1
! sinh 8< 8 cosh 8< ! 8
= +
o ! sinh 8<
1
! cos 8< 8 sin 8< ! 1 1
1
= Z \
1
+ 8
1 1
! sinh 8< 8 cosh 8< ! 8
= +

1
! cos 8< 8 sin 8< !

1 1
1
cos 8< =
Z \
1 + 8
1 1
s 8
! sinh 8< 8 cosh 8< !
=
1
1 1
1
1
cos 8< = X0 0 + 0Y
1 +8

1 8
! sinh 8< 8 cosh 8< !
i1 j = Z + \
1
1 1
1
1
cos 8< = d e
1 +8

1 1
8
! sinh 8< 8 cosh 8< !
i j = Z + \
1 1
1 1
cos 8< =
1
+ 8
1
! sinh 8< 8 cosh 8< !
= Z + \
46. Prove that Sà =

M M
1
8
1 1
1
! sinh 8< 8 cosh 8< !

sinh 8< =
Z + \
1 8
1 1
Solution:-
s
1
8
sinh 8< = V0 + 0 0
W

< = o /! <4 K< :;< < = sinh 8< 1 8

1
s
38
1
8 1
8
! cosh 8< 8 sinh at 8< !
sinh 8< = g
h i j = Z \
1 8

1 1
1 1
8
sinh 8< = 1
! cosh 8< 8 sinh 8< !
1
8
= Z \
1
8
1 1
47. Prove that QRS =

1
! cosh 8< 8 sin 8< !
M M
cosh 8< =
Z \
Solution:- 1 8
1 1
s
1
1
cosh 8< = X0 0 + 0Y
1 8 1

< = o /! <4 K< :;< < = cosh 8<
1
1
s
cosh 8< = d e
1 8

1

cosh 8< = o /! cosh 8<4 K< 1
cosh 8< =
1
8
Consider = ! cosh 8< K< using LIATE rule
K
48. Find the Laplace Transform of
= cosh 8< o ! K< o X cosh 8< o ! K<Y K< = ur QRS MS2007
K<
! !
= cosh 8< i j o Z8 sinh 8< i j\ K<
Solution:-
1 1 We know that
! cosh 8< 8 1
= + o ! sinh 8< K< cos 8< = :;< 8 = 2
1 1 1
+ 8
1 1
! cosh 8< cos 2< = cos 2< =
= 1
+2
1 +4
1
8
+ sinh 8< o ! K<
1
Use the shifting property
K
! 5 < = 1 + 8
o X sinh 8< o ! K<Y K<
K<
1+3
! cosh 8< 8 ! ! # cos 2< =
= + sinh 8< i j 1 + 3
+ 4
1 1 1
8 ! 1+3
Zo 8 cosh 8< i j K<\ ! # cos 2< =
1 1 1
+ 61 + 9 + 4
1+3
! cosh 8< 8 sinh 8< ! 8
! # cos 2< =
= + +
o ! cosh 8< K< 1
+ 61 + 13
1 1
1
! cosh 8< asinh 8< ! 8
= + +

Using result
1 1
1 K
< < = 1 1
K1
8
! cosh 8< asinh 8< !
= + K 1+3
1
1 1
< ! # cos 2< = 1 d
e
K1 1 + 61 + 13
8
! cosh 8< asinh 8< !
i1 j = Z \
1
1 1
39
K K
K
1 + 61 + 13 K1 1 + 3 <
sin < = 21 1 + 1
+ 1
+ 1
21

K1 K1
K
1 + 3 1
+ 61 + 13
< ! # cos 2< = K1 <
sin < = 2121
+ 1# 21 21
+ 1
1
+ 61 + 13

81
2
<
sin < =
1 + 1

# 1 + 1
1
+ 61 + 13 1 + 321 + 6 81
21
+ 1
< ! # cos 2< = Z \ < sin < =

1
+ 61 + 13
1 + 1# 1
+ 1#
< ! # cos 2< 81

21
2
< sin < =

1
+ 61 + 13 21
+ 61 + 61 + 18 1
+ 1#
= Z \
1
+ 61 + 13
61
2
<
sin < =
1
+ 61 + 13 21
121 18 1
+ 1#
< ! # cos 2< = Z \
1
+ 61 + 13
Sà r Sà M

1
61 5
50. Find the Laplace Transform of W2007
< ! # cos 2< = Z

\
1 + 61 + 13
Solution:-
1
+ 61 + 5
< ! # cos 2< =
1
+ 61 + 13
We know that
cos + cos = 2 sin sin

49. Find Laplace Transform of M Sà W2007
:;< = 3< 83K = 2<
Solution:- cos 5< cos < = 2 sin 3< sin 2<
1 1
sin 3< sin 2< = cos 5< + cos <
2 2
We know that the result
8
sin 8< = :;< 8 = 1
1
+ 8
1 1
sin 3< sin 2< = cos 5< + cos <
1 1 2 2
sin < = sin < =
1
+1
1 +1 1 1 1 1
cos 5< + cos < = cos 5< + cos <
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
Using result
K cos 5< + cos < =

+
< < =
1
1 2 2 21 +5
2 1 + 1
K1
1 1 1 1 1 1
K
1 cos 5< + cos < =
+
< sin < = 1

d e 2 2 21 +5
21 + 1
K1
1
+ 1
1 1 1 1
K K sin 3< sin 2< = +
< sin < = X 1

+ 1 Y

2 1 + 25 2 1 + 1

K1 K1
K K
< sin < = X1
+ 1
1
+ 1Y

K1 K1 <
= o
1 K1 ! ! < = 1
K <
<
sin < = /211
+ 1
4
K1 sin 3< sin 2<
1 1
1 1
=o
K1 + o K1
< 2 1 + 25 21 + 1

40
1 1 1 1 sin 3<
1
= o
K1 + o
K1 = 3o
K1
2 1 + 25 2 1 +1 < 1 +3

1 21 1 21 U5 = 5 tan g5h +

= o
K1 + o
K1
4 1 + 25 4 1 +1
Apply
sin 3< 1 1
= 3 Vtan g hW
< 3 3
Using the result
sin 3< 1

o K = log|| + = tan tan g h
< 3
1 1 sin 3< 1
= /log|1
+ 25|4
+ /log|1 + 1|4

= tan g h
4 4 < 2 3
1
tan = cot
= /log|1
+ 1| log|1
+ 25|4
4
Apply
sin 3< 1
1 1
+ 1 = cot g h

= Zlog
\ < 3
4 1 + 25
e. sin 3< 1+4
1 1 +1 1 +1 = cot d e
< 3

= Zlog
\ Zlog
\
4 1 + 25 1 + 25
u Sà
1
1+
52. Find the Laplace Transform of S2013

1 1 1
+ 1
= log log

4 25 1 + 25
1+
1
Solution:-
1
sin 3< sin 2< 1 1+ 1

+ 1 8
= log log
sin 8< = :;< 8 = 1`
< 4 1 1 + 25 1
+ 8
1+
1 1
sin < = sin < =
sin 3< sin 2< 1 1 +1

1
+1
1 +1
= log

< 4 1 + 25
<
= o
1 K1
u_ Sà r <

sin < 1
51. Find the Laplace Transform of W2008

=o
K1
Solution:- < 1 +1
sin <
= /tan 14
<

8
sin 8< = :;< 8 = 3
1
+ 8
sin <
= tan tan 1
3 3 <
sin 3< = sin < =
1
+3
1 +9 sin <
= tan1
< < 2
= o
1 K1
<

tan = cot

Apply
sin 3<
3
=o
K1 sin <
< 1 +9
= cot 1
<
41
e sin < 4
= cot 1 + 1 cos 2< cos 3< 1 1+ 1
+ 4
< = log log

< 2 9 1 +9
1+
cos 2< cos 3< 1 1

+ 4
N
QRS M QRS rS2009 = Zlog 1 log
\
< 2 1 +9
cos 2< cos 3< 1 1

+ 4
= log

< 2 1 +9
Solution:-
cos 2< cos 3< = cos 2< cos 3<

QRS QRS
cos 8< =

54. Find Laplace Transfor of S2010
U5
Apply
1 1
cos 2< cos 3< =
Solution:-
1
+ 2
1
+ 3
cos 8< cos @< = cos 8< cos @<

1 1
cos 2< cos 3< =

cos 8< = U5

1 +4 1 +9 Apply
1 1
cos 2< cos 3< =
< 1
+ 8
1
+ @
Using result
= o
1 K1
<
cos 2< cos 3< 1 1 <

Using result
= o

=o g

h K1 1 K1
< 1 +4 1 +9 <

cos 2< cos 3<

1
1 cos 8< cos @<
1 1
=o
K1 o
K1 =o g

h K1
< < 1 +8 1 + @
1 +4 1 +9

cos 2< cos 3< 1 21 1 21 cos 8< cos @<

1
1
= o
K1 o
K1 =o
K1 o K1
< 2 1 +4 2 1 +9 < 1 +8

1 +@

1 21 1 21
= o
K1 o K1
2 1 + 8
2 1
+ @
Using the result

o K = log|| +
Using the result
cos 2< cos 3< 1 1

= X log|1 + 4| log|1 + 9|Y

o K = log|| +
< 2 2

cos 2< cos 3< 1 1

+ 4
cos 8< cos @< 1 1
= Zlog
\ = X log|1
+ 8
| log|1
+ @
|Y
< 2 1 +9 < 2 2
cos 8< cos @< 1 1

+ 8

1 1
+ 4 1
+ 4 = Zlog
\
= Zlog
\ Zlog
\ < 2 1 + @

2 1 + 9 1 + 9
1 1
+ 8
1
+ 8
4 = Zlog
\ Zlog
\
1 1+
1
+ 4 2 1 + @
1 + @

= log 1 Zlog
\
2 9 1 + 9
1+
42
8
1 !
1 1+
1
+ 8
= /log|1| log|1 1|4
= ]log 1 ^ Zlog \ <
2 @
1
+ @

1+
1 1 ! 1
= Vlog W
< 11
8
cos 8< cos @< 1 1+ 1

+ 8
= log log 1 ! 1 1
< 2 @
1
+ @
= Vlog W Vlog W
1+ < 1 1 1 1

cos 8< cos @< 1 1

+ 8
= Zlog 1 log
\ 1 ! 1 1
< 2 1 + @
= log Vlog W
< 1 1 1
1
1
cos 8< cos @< 1 1
+ 8
= log

< 2 1 + @
1 ! 1 1
= log Vlog W
< 1 1 1
Nu 1

55. Find the Laplace Transform S2011
1 ! 1
= 0 log
< 11
Solution:-
1 ! = 1 !
1 ! 1
= log
< 11
Using result
1 1
1 = 83K ! 5 = :;< 8 = 1 NQRS
1 18 56. Find the Laplace Transform of
W2012
1 1
1 = 83K ! =
1 11
Solution:-
1 cos 8< = 1 cos 8<

1 1
1 ! =
1 11 1 1
1 cos 8< =
1 1 + 8
< <
Using result
= o
1 K1 = o
1 K1
<
<
1 !
1 1 1 cos 8<
1 1
=o d e K1 =o d
e K1
< 1 11 < 1 1 + 8
1 !
1
1 1 cos 8<
1
1
=o K1 o K1 =o K1 o
K
< < 1 1 +8
1 11

1 cos 8<
1 1 21
=o K1 o
K
< 1 2 1 + 8
Using the result

o K = log|| + 1 cos 8< /log|1
+ 8
|4
= /log|1|4

< 2
1 !
= /log|1|4
s /log|1 1|4

1 cos 8< 2/log|1|4 /log|1
+ 8
|4
< =

< 2 2
43
1 cos 8< 1 sin 8< 1

= /2 log|1| log|1
+ 8
|4 = tan g h
< 2
< 2 8
1 cos 8< 1 sin 8< 1
= /log 1
log|1
+ 8
|4 = cot g h
< 2
< 8
1 cos 8< 1 1

To show that s K< =

= Zlog
\
< 2 1 + 8

sin 8< 1
= cot g h :;< 8 = 1
1 1
1
< 8
= Zlog
\ Zlog
\
2 1 + 8

1 + 8
sin <
= cot 1
<
1 1 1
= ]log Zlog
\ sin < sin <

^

2 8 1 + 8
o K< = = cot 1
1+
< <
1
s

sin <
o ! s K< = cot 1 ! ! 1 = 0
1 1 1
<
= log Zlog
\
s
2 8
1 + 8

1+
sin <
o K< = cot 0 =
s < 2
1 cos 8< 1 1
= log 1 Zlog
\
< 2 1 + 8
58. Find Laplace Transform of M u_ W2013
1 cos 8< 1 1
= log

< 2 1 + 8
Solution:-
We know that
Sà
3!

< = :;< 3 = 2
1 U
57. Find the Laplace Transform of and hence show
that =
Sà
M
2! 21 2
S2014
<
= <
= # <
= #
Solution:- 1 # 1 1
2
<
! . =
1 4#
We know that
8
sin 8< =
1
+ 8
59. Evaluate ur Sà W2013

sin 8<
8
= o
K1
< 1 +8

Solution:-
1
sin 8<
1 sin < =
= 1
=8 o
K1 1
+ 1
< 1 +8

sin 8< 1 1
= 8 Vtan g hW
< 8 8 K
< < = 1 1
K1
sin 8< 1 1
= Vtan g hW Vtan g hW
< 8 8 Put 3 = 1 , < = sin <
sin 8< 1 K 1
= tan tan g h < sin < = 1 d
e
< 8 K1 1 + 1
44
K
1 + 012< 1 012<
< sin < = 1 + 1 sin
< = sin
< =
K1 2 2
< sin < = 11

+ 1
21 1 1
sin
< = 1 cos 2<
2 2
21
< sin < = 11 1 1
1
+ 1
sin
< =
2 1 2 1
+ 4

21
o ! # < sin < K< = X Y 1 1 1
1
+ 1
# sin
< =
21 2 1
+ 4
s

6 3
o ! # < sin < K< = = sin
<
1 1 1
100 50 =o X
Y K1
s < 21 2 1 + 4
60. Evaluate u_ Sà S2013

sin
< 1 1 1 21
= o K1 o
K1
< 2 1 4 1 +4
Solution:-
1 sin
< 1 1
sin < =

= 1 = X log|1| log|1 + 4|Y

1 +1 < 2 4
sin
< 1 1
= Xlog|1| log|1
+ 4|Y
< 2 2
K

< < = 1 1
K1 sin
< 1
= Vlog|1| log 1
+ 4W
< 2
Put 3 = 1 , < = sin <

K 1 sin
< 1 1
< sin < = 1 d
e = Xlog Y
K1 1 + 1 < 2 1
+ 4
K
1 1 1
< sin < = 1 + 1 = Zdlog e dlog e \
K1 2 1 + 4

1 + 4

< sin < = 11

+ 1
21

1 1 1
21 = log dlog e
< sin < = 2 4 1 + 4
1
+ 1

1 +
1

21
o ! . < sin < K< = X Y
1
+ 1
.
s
1 1 1
= log dlog e
8 2 1 + 4
1 + 4

o ! . < sin < K< =

s 289
1 1
= Xlog 1 log Y
SàM
2 1
+ 4
61. Find Laplace Transform of Hence evaluate
u W2011
SàM
sin
< 1 1
= log
Solution:- < 2 1
+ 4
cos 2< = 1 2 sin

< 2 sin
< = 1 cos 2<

sin
< 1 1
o ! K< = X log Y
s < 2 1 + 4

45

sin
< 1 1 sinh <
1
o ! K< = log =o
K1
s < 2 5 < 1 1
sinh <
1
62. Evaluate by using Laplace Transform
u u_
=o
K1
< 1 1

5 K =
5 log U5 +
S2011 5
Apply
sinh < 1 11
Solution:-
! ! .
= !
! . = Xlog Y
< 2 1+1

1 1 sinh < 1 11 11
! ! . = = 1 = Xdlog e dlog e Y
1+1 1+4 < 2 1 + 1 1 + 1
! ! .
1 1 1
=o X Y K1 11
< 1+1 1+4 sinh < 1 11
s = ]log dlog e ^
< 2 1 1 + 1
1+1
! ! .
1
1
=o K1 o K1
< s 1+1 s 1+4 1
sinh < 1 1 11
!
! . = log log
= /log|1 + 1| log|1 + 4|4 < 2 1 1+1
1+
<
! ! . 1+1 sinh < 1 11

= Xlog Y = Xlog 1 log Y
< 1+4 < 2 1+1
sinh < 1 11
! ! . 1+1 1+1 = log
= Xlog Y Xlog Y < 2 1+1
< 1 + 4 1 + 4
sinh < 1 11
1 !
= X log Y
! ! . 1+1 1+1 < 2 1 + 1
= log Xlog Y
< 4 1 + 4 sinh < 1 1
1+1
!
= log
< 2 3

! ! . 1+1 sinh < 1

= log 1 log !
= log 3
< 1+4 < 2
! ! . 1+1 sinh < 1
= log !
= log 3
< 1+4 < 2
64. Find V QRS WW2010

63. Find the Laplace Transform of uM W2009
Sà

Solution:- Solution:-
We know that We know that
8 1
sinh 8< = :;< 8 = 1 cosh 8< = :;< 8 = 1 83K < = ;
1 8

1
8
1 1 1
sinh < =
= 1 cosh ; = cosh ; =
1 1

1
1
1 1
46
sin <
= cot 1
<
We know that
K
< < = 1
1 sin <
K1 ! = cot 1 1
<
1
:;< < = ; , 3 = 1 , < = cosh ;
1 =
1
1 Apply s ; ; K; =
1

K 1
; cosh ; = g
h
sin < 1
K1 1 1 o ! K< = cot 1 1
s < 1
K K
1
1 1 1 1
1
; cosh ; = K1 K1
66. Evaluate uM S2008
SàM
1
1

1
1 21
; cosh ; =
1
1
Solution:-
cos 2< = 1 2 sin

< 2 sin
< = 1 cos 2<
1 + 1
; cosh ; =
1 + 012< 1 012<
1 1
sin
< = sin
< =
2 2
Apply s ; ; K; = ; 1 1

sin
< = 1 cos 2<
2 2

1 1 + 1
o ; cosh ; K; = 11 1 1
1 1
1
sin
< =
s
2 1 2 1
+ 4
1 1 1
sin
< =
21 2 1
+ 4
u S2013
Sà

sin
<
1 1 1
=o X
Y K1
Solution:- < 21 2 1 + 4
8
sin 8< = :;< 8 = 1 sin
< 1 1 1 21
1
+ 8
= o K1 o
K1
< 2 1 4 1 +4
sin < 1 sin < 1
=
=
sin
< 1 1
< 1 +1
< 1 +1 = X log|1| log|1
+ 4|Y
< 2 4
sin <
1
= o
K1
< 1 +1
sin
< 1 1
= Xlog|1| log|1
+ 4|Y
< 2 2
sin <

= /tan 14
<
sin
< 1
= Vlog|1| log 1
+ 4W
sin < < 2
= /tan 14 /tan 14
< sin
< 1 1
= Xlog Y
sin < < 2 1
+ 4
= tan tan 1
<
1 1 1
sin < = Zdlog e dlog e \
= tan1 2 1
+ 4 1
+ 4
< 2
47
1 cos ; 1
= /2 log|1| log|1
+ 1|4
1 1 1 ; 2

= log dlog e
2 4 1
+4
1 +
1 cos ; 1
1 = /log 1
log|1
+ 1|4
; 2
1 cos ; 1 1

1 1 1 = Zlog
\
= log dlog e ; 2 1 +1
2 1 + 4
1 + 4

1 1
1
= Zlog
\ Zlog
\
sin
< 1 1 2 1 + 1 1 + 1
= Xlog 1 log Y
< 2 1
+ 4
1 1 1
sin
< 1 1 = log Zlog
\
= log 2 1 1 + 1
< 2 1 + 4 1+
1

sin
< 1 1
o !
K< = X log Y 1 1 1
s < 2 1
+ 4
= log Zlog
\
2 1 1 + 1
1+

sin
< 1 2
o !
K< = log
s < 2 8 1 cos ; 1 1
= log 1 Zlog
\

123
< 1 2 1 1 ; 2 1 + 1
o !
K< = log = log
< 2 22 2 2
s 1 cos ; 1 1
= log

; 2 1 +1
67. Evaluate S2009
MN

21 01; 1 1 1
o K; = 2 Z log
\
s ; 1 2 1 +1
Solution:-
1 cos ; = 1 cos ;
21 01; 1 1
o K; = log

1 1 ; 1 1 +1
1 cos ; =
s
1 1 +1
68. Evaluate by using the definition of
QRS ~QRS _
<
= o
1 K1
<
Laplace Transform S2014
1 cos ;
1 1
=o d
e K1
Solution:-
; 1 1 +1 cos 6< cos 4< = cos 6< cos 4<

1 cos ;
1
1 cos 8< = U5

=o K1 o
K
; 1 1 +1
Apply
1 1
1 cos ;
1 1 21 cos 6< cos 4< =
=o K1 o
K 1
+6
1 + 4
; 1 2 1 +1
1 1
cos 6< cos 4< =
1 cos ; /log|1
+ 1|4 1
+ 36 1
+ 16
= /log|1|4

;
2
1 cos ; 2/log|1|4 /log|1

+ 1|4 <
Using result
=

= o
1 K1
; 2 2 <
48
cos 6< cos 4<

1 1 1) 1 =

= 1

=o g

h K1
< 1 + 36 1 + 16

2) ! 5 = = ! 5

cos 6< cos 4<
1
1 5 5
=o
K1 o
K1
< 1 + 36 1 + 16
3) ! 5 = = ! 5

U5 U5
1 21 1 21
= o
K1 o
K1
2 1 + 36 2 1 + 16 4) sin 8< =
5
U5 =
5
U5 5
5) cos 8< = = cos 8<

Using the result
U5 U5

o K = log|| +
6) sinh 8< = =
5
5 5 5
1 1
7) cosh 8< = 5 = cosh 8<

= X log|1 + 36| log|1 + 16|Y

2 2
5
8) < = =
!
1 1
+ 36

= Zlog
\
!
2 1 + 16

9) ! 5 < = 1 + 8
1 1
+ 36 1
+ 36
= Zlog
\ Zlog
\ 1 + 8 = ! 5 <
2 1 + 16 1 + 16

10) ! 5 < = 1 8
36
1 1+
1
+ 36
= log 1 Zlog
\
1 8 = ! 5 <
2 16 1 + 16
1+
1
11) < = ! 5
1 ! 5
1 = <
36
cos 6< cos 4< 1 1+ 1
+ 36 J
12) < < = 1 I1

= log log

< 2 16 1 + 16
1+
J = < <)
1 I1

cos 6< cos 4< 1 1

+ 36
= Zlog 1 log
\
< 2 1 + 16 13)
6
=

1 K1

cos 6< cos 4< 1 1
+ 36
= log

<
< 2 1 + 16 o
1 K1 =
<
cos 6< cos 4< 1
1 + 36
! s = Z log
\
14) s < ;
; K; =

1
1
< 2 1 + 16 s
01 6< 01 4< 1 36 1 9

1
1 = o < ;
; K;
! = log = log
s
< 2 16 2 4 s
INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

15) s ;
< ; K; =
1
1
then the inverse Laplace transformation

If < = 1

1
1 = o ;
< ; K;
= <
is defined as 1 s
Standard result of inverse Laplace Transformation
49
! !

=!
Z; \ o K;
N UNUM S2007 8 s s 8
69. Applying convolution theorem and Evaluate
N
! 1 !

=!
< 0+ Z \
8 8 8 s
Solution:-
We know that the convolution theorem

! ! 1
= ! < 0 +

1
1 = o < ;
; K; .1 8 64 64
s
1 1 ! !
Here
1 = U U = < = <! +

1 + 11 + 9
8 64 64
Use = ! 5 :;< 8 = 1

U5
= W2008, S2011
70. Use convolution theorem to find inverse Laplace Transf
M
1 M U_M
= ! = <
of
1+1
Put < 83A!1 <0 < ; < ; = !

Solution:-

1
1 1

1 = =
1
< ; = ! U < ; = ! ! 1
+ 4
1
+ 4 1
+ 4
1 1

1 =
< =
1 + 9
1 + 9

1
1 = o < ;
; K; 1
1

< = !
.2 s
1
1 1
1 = 83K
1 =
Use

=

:;< 3 + 1 = 2 3 = 1 1
+4 1 +4
!
L < = U. 83K L

< =

1 < 1 U.

=
= < :;< 23 !3. 1
1 1! 1 1 1
= < 83K
=
<

< = ! < :;< < = ; 1
+ 4
1
+ 4

; = ! ;
Using result
1
= cos 8< :;< 8 = 2
Put 1 ,
1 , < ; 83K
; in equation 1 1
+ 8
1 1 1
= o ! ! ! ; K; = cos 2<
= cos 2<
1 + 11 + 9
1
+2
1 +4
s
< = cos 2< 83K

< = cos 2<
1
= !
o ! ! ; K;
1 + 11 + 9
s < ; = cos 2< ; 83K
; = cos 2;
1
1 ,
1 , < ; 83K
; in equation 1

= !
o ; ! K; Put
1 + 11 + 9
s
1 1
;1! } ;y! g h g h = o cos 2< ; cos 2; K;

1
+ 4 1
+ 4 s

K
= ! X; o ! K;Y o X ; o ! K;Y K;
s s K;
50
1
1
= o cos2< 2; cos 2; K; = cos 8<
1
+ 4
1
+ 8
s
1 1
Apply cos + + cos = 2 cos cos = cos 8<
= cos @<
1
+8
1 + @
cos2< 2; + 2; + cos2< 2; 2; < = cos 8< 83K

< = cos @<
= 2 cos2< 2; cos 2;
< ; = cos 8< ; 83K
; = cos @;
1
cos2< 2; cos 2; = /cos2< + cos2< 4;4
2 Put 1 ,
1 , < ; 83K
; in equation 1
1

1 1 1
= o /cos 2< + cos2< 4;4 K; g h g h = o cos 8< ; cos @; K;
1 + 4

s 2 1
+ 8
1
+ @
s
1 1 1

= o cos 2< K; + o cos2< 4; K; = o cos8< 8; cos @; K;
2 s 2 s 1
+ 8
1
+ @
s
1
1 1 sin2< 4; Apply cos + + cos = 2 cos cos

= /; cos 2<4s + Z \
1 + 4

2 2 4 s
cos8< 8; + @; + cos8< 8; @;
1
1 1 sin2< sin 2< = 2 cos8< 8; cos @;
= < cos 2< + i j
1 + 4

2 2 4
cos/8< 8 @;4 + cos/8< 8 + @;4
1
1 1 sin 2< sin 2< = 2 cos8< 8; cos @;
= < cos 2< + d e
1 + 4

2 2 4 cos8< 8; cos @;
1
1
1 1 = cos/8< 8 @;4
= < cos 2< + sin 2< 2
1 + 4

2 4 + cos/8< 8 + @;4

1
+ 8
1
+ @

71. Find the inverse Laplace Transform by using convolution
theorem N M UM M UM S2012
M

1
= o cos/8< 8 @;4
s 2
+ cos/8< 8 + @;4 K;
Solution:-
1 1

1 =
1
+ 8 1 + @
1 1
= o cos/8< 8 @;4 K; + o cos/8< 8 + @;
We know that the convolution theorem 2 s 2 s
1 sin/8< 8 @;4 1 sin/8< 8 + @;4

1
1 = o < ;
; K; 1 = Z \ + Z \
s
2 @8 s
2 8 + @ s
1 1 1 sin/8< 8 @<4 sin 8<

1 = 83K
1 =
1
+ 8

1
+ @
= Z \
2 @8
L < = U5

83K L
< = U
1 sin/8< 8 + @<4 sin 8<
+ Z \
2 8 + @
1 1
= < 83K
=
< 1 sin @< sin 8< 1 sin @< sin 8<
1
+8
1 + @
= X Y+ X Y
2 @8 2 8 + @
Using result
51
1 sin @< sin 8< 1 sin @< + sin 8< < = !

cos 2< 83K
= X Y+ X Y
2 @8 2 8+@

< = !
cos 2<
1 sin 8< sin @< sin @< + sin 8<
= X + Y
2 8@ 8+@ < ; = !
U
cos2< 2; 83K
asin 8< + @ sin @< 8 sin @< @ 123@< +

; = !
cos 2;
1 8 sin @< @ sin @< + 8 sin 8< @ sin 8<^
= ]
2 8
@

Put
1 ,
1 , < ; 83K
; in equation 1

1 2 8 sin 8< 2@ sin @< = o !
U
cos2< 2;!
cos 2; K;
= X Y
2 8
@
s

1
8 sin 8< @ sin @< = !
o cos2< 2; cos 2; K;

=
1 + 8 1 + @

8
@
s
Apply cos + + cos = 2 cos cos

72. Use convolution theorem to evaluate N M
UMM
U_U|M
cos2< 2; + 2; + cos2< 2; 2;
S2014 = 2 cos2< 2; cos 2;
1
cos2< 2; cos 2; = /cos2< + cos2< 4;4
2
Solution:-
1 + 2
1+2 1+2
= d
ed
e
1
1 + 41 + 8

1 + 41 + 8 1 + 41 + 8 = !
o /cos 2< + cos2< 4;4 K;
s 2
!
!

= o cos 2< K; + o cos2< 4; K;
2 s 2 s

1
1 = o < ;
; K; .1
s
!
!
sin2< 4;

1+2 1+2 = /; cos 2<4s + Z \

1 = 83K

1 =
2 2 4
1
+ 41 + 8 1
+ 41 + 8 s
!
!
sin2< sin 2<
L < = U.U 83K L
< = U.U = < cos 2< + i j
U
U
2 2 4
1+2
= < 83K !
!
sin 2< sin 2<
1
+ 41 + 4 + 4 = < cos 2< + d e
2 2 4
1+2
=
< 1 + 2
1 1
1
+ 41 + 4 + 4 = !
X < cos 2< + sin 2<Y
1 + 41 + 8

2 4
1+2
= < 83K
1 + 2
+ 2
73. Find N UNM UN by convolution theorem. W2011
N
1+2
=
<
1 + 2
+ 2
Solution:-
1 1 1
=
1 + 11
+ 1 1 + 1 1
+ 1
1+8
= ! 5 cos 8< :;< 8 = 2
1
1
1 + 8
+ 8
s < ;
; K; 1

52
1 1 1 1
1 = 83K
1 = = /sin < cos < + ! 4
1+1 1
+ 1 1 + 11
+ 1 2
L < = U 83K L

< = U

74. Using convolution theorem , find inverse Laplace Transf
N
1 1 M UNM
= < 83K
=
<
of W2013
1+1 1 +1 Solution:-
1
= + + +
1 1
1 + 1
1 1
1 + 1 1 + 1
= ! 5 83K
1+8 1
8 1
1
+ 1
= sin 8< :;< 8 = 1

1
+ 8
1 1 + 1
+ 1 + 1
+ 1
1 + 1 + 1
=
1 1 1
1 + 1
= ! 83K
= sin <
1+1 1 + 1
1 = 1 1 + 1
+ 1 + 1
+ 1
1 + 1 + 1
< = ! 83K
< = sin <
1 = 11
+ 21 + 1 + 1
+ 21 + 1 + 1 # + 1
< ; = ! U 83K
; = sin ; + 1
< ; = ! ! 83K
; = sin ; 1 = 1 # + 21
+ 1 + 1
+ 21 + + 1 # + 1
+ 1

Put
1 ,
1 , < ; 83K
; in equation 1
01 # + 01
+ 01 + 1
1
= + 1 # + 2 + + + 1
= o ! ! sin ; K;
1 + 11
+ 1 s
+ + 21 +
1 + = 0 , 2 + + + = 0 ,
= !
o ! sin ; K;
1 + 11
+ 1 s
+ 2 = 0 , =1
= s ! sin ; K; ;1! } ;y!

Let = 2 , = 2 , 4 + 1 + 2 + = 0 = 1

K 1 2 1 2 1
= Xsin ; o ! K;Y o X sin ; o ! K;Y K; = +
+ +
s s K; 1
1 + 1
1 1 1 + 1 1 + 1
1
= /! sin ;4s o 01; ! K;
1
1 + 1
1 1 1
s
= 2 +
+ 2

1 1 1+1
= ! sin < 0 /! cos ;4s o 123; ! K; 1
s +
1 + 1
= ! sin < ! cos < + 1

Apply = !

2 = ! sin < ! cos <

1 1
= /! sin < ! cos < + 14 = 1
2 1
1 ! 1 <

= /! sin < ! cos < + 14
= =<
1 2 1!

1 + 11
+ 1 2
53
1 1 1 1 1 1
= ! =
1+1 1
+ 11
+ 4 3 1
+ 1 3 1
+ 4
1 1 1 1
= V

1
+ 11 + 4 3 1 +1 1 +
To find

1

1 + 1
Use result
1 1 1
= = cos 8<
1 + 1
/1 14
1
+ 8
1 1
Apply 5 = ! 5 ! = /cos < cos 2<4

1
+ 11 + 4

3
1
= <!
1 + 1
76. Using convolution theorem. Find inverse Laplace Transf

N
M UM
1
of W2010
= 2 + < + 2! + <!
1
1 + 1
Solution:-
1 1 +
75. Find the inverse Laplace Transform of N M UNM U_

= +
11
+ 8 1 1 + 8
1 1
+ 8
+ 11 +
=
S2013
11
+ 8
11
+ 8

1 = 1
+ 8
+ 1
+ 1
Solution:-
1 1 + 1 +
=
+
1 + 11 + 4 1 + 1 1
+ 4

01
+ 01 + 1 = + 1
+ + 8

1 1 + 1
+ 4 + 1 + 1
+ 1 1
= + = 0 , = 0 , 8
= 1 =
1
+ 11
+ 4 1
+ 11
+ 4 8
1 = 1 # + 41 + 1
+ 4 + 1 # + 1 + 1
+ 1 1
+ =0 =
8
8
01 # + 01
+ 1 + 0
= + 1 # + + 1
+ 4 + 1 1 1
1 g
h 1 + 0
=8 + 8

+ 4 +
11
+ 8
1 1
+ 8
+ = 0 , + = 0 , 4 + = 1 , 4 + = 0 1 1 1 1 1
=
= 4 + = 0 3 = 0 = 0 11
+ 8
8
1 8
1
+ 8
1 1
=0, = =
1 cos 8<
11
+8

8
4 + = 1 3 = 1
77. Find N by convolution theorem
UN
1 1
M UMUMM
S2010
= , =
3 3
1 1
Solution:-
1 g3h 1 + 0 g 3h 1 + 0
=
+
1
+ 11
+ 4 1 +1 1
+ 4
Consider
K 1 1 K
d
e=
1 + 21 + 2
K1 1 + 21 + 2 1 + 21 + 2 K1

54
K 1 21 + 2
d e=

1
1 = o < ;
; K;
K1 1
+ 21 + 2 1
+ 21 + 2
s
K 1 1+1 1 1
d
e = 2

1 =

83K
1 =
K1 1 + 21 + 2 1 + 21 + 2
1
+ 8
1
+ 8
1+1 1K 1 L < =

83K L
< =

= d
e U5 U5
1 + 21 + 2

2 K1 1 + 21 + 2
1 1
1+1 1 K 1 = < 83K
=
<
1
+8
1 + 8
= 1 d
e
1
+ 21 + 2
2 K1 1 + 21 + 2
1
= cos 8<
J = < < 1
+ 8
Apply 1 I1

< = cos 8< 83K
< = cos 8<
1+1 1

= < <
1 + 21 + 2
2 < ; = cos 8< ; 83K
; = cos 8;
1 1

! ! < = = o cos8< 8; cos 8; K;
1 + 21 + 2

1
+ 8

s
1 Apply cos + + cos = 2 cos cos

< =
1
+ 21 + 1 + 1
cos8< 8; + 8; + cos8< 8; 8;
1
< =
= 2 cos8< 8; cos 8;
1 + 1
+ 1
cos 8< + cos/8< 28;4 = 2 cos8< 8; cos 8;
1
< =
1 + 1
+ 1
1
cos8< 8; cos 8; = cos 8< + cos/8< 28;4
2
U5 = ! 5 sin 8<
5
1
1
U5
Apply
= o cos 8< + cos/8< 28;4 K;
1 1 + 8

s 2
< = = ! sin <
1 + 1
+ 1
1 1
1+1 1 = o cos 8< K; + o cos/8< 28;4 K;
2 s 2 s
= < ! sin <
1
+ 21 + 2
2
1 1 sin/8< 28;4

= cos 8< /;4s + Z \
2 2 28
=
s
78. Use convolution theorem to find inverse Laplace
M
1 1
M UM M
Transform W2008
= < cos 8< sin8< 28<
2 48
1 1
Solution:-
1
= < cos 8< sin8<

1 = 2 48
1
+ 8

1
1 1
1
= < cos 8< + sin 8<
=
1 1 + 8

2 48
1
+ 8

= 1
1
1

_ U__
79. Find inverse Laplace Transform of W2009
1
+ 8
1
+ 8
Solution:-
Apply
55
1 1 1 88
88
1
= . 168# 28
i j+8i j=0
1. + 48 . 1 + 41 8 41
8
+ 48.

48 2
1 1
=

88
1 88
1
1. + 48 . 1 + 41 8 + 28

41
8
168# 8 i j+8i j=0

2 2
1 1
=
1. + 48 . 1 + 28
281

168# = 0 = 0 , = 0
1 1 1 1
=
= =
1. + 48 . 1 + 28 2811
+ 28
+ 281

48 48
1 1 1
1 01 + 01
1
+ 28
2811
+ 28
+ 281 = 48 + 48
1 + 1 + 1 . + 48. 1
+ 28
281 1
+ 28
+ 281
=
+
1 + 28
281 1
+ 28
+ 281 1

1 1. + 48.
1 8
1
+ 28
2811
+ 28
+ 281 = X

48
1 8
+ 8
1 + 1
+ 28
+ 281 + 1 + 1
+ 28
281 8
= Y
1
+ 28
2811
+ 28
+ 281 1 + 8
+ 8
1 = 1 # + 28
1 + 281
+ 1
+ 28
+ 281 + 1 # 1 1
+ 28
1 281
+ 1
+ 28
281 =
/! 5 sin 8< ! 5 sin 8<4
1. + 48 . 48
01 # + 01
+ 1 + 0 1 sin 8< 5
= ! ! 5
= + 1 # + 28 + 28 + 1
1. + 48 . 48
+ 28
+ 28 + 28
281
80. Find N M rS2009
N
+ 28
+ 28

+ = 0 , 28 + 28 + = 0 , Solution:-
28
+ 28 + 28
28 = 1 1
= +
+
1
1 3 1 1 13
28
+ 28
= 0
1 11 3 + 1 3 + 1
= 28 + 28 + = 0 =
1
1 3 1
1 3
= 48 1 = 1
31 + 1 3 + 1
28
+ 88
28 + 28
28 = 1 01
+ 01 + 1 = + 1
+ 3 + 1 3
1 88
+ = 0 , 3 + = 0
48 = 1 88
=
48
1
28
+ 28
= 0 3 = 1 =
3
1 88
1 1 1
28
48 + 28
i j=0 3 = 0 3 = =
48 3 3 9
88
1 1 1
88 28 + 8 i
#
j=0 + =0 =
2 9 9
56
1 1/9 1/3 1/9 1

31 + 4 <
= +
+ = 1 3< + 4 = 1 3< + 2<
1
1 3 1 1 13 1# 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=
+
1
1 3 9 1 3 1 9 13
82. Find inverse Laplace Transform

= _ UM UN S2009

1
= 1
1
1 <
Solution:-

= =< 1
1 2 1! 1 =
1. + 1
+ 1
1
= ! #
13
Consider
1 1
1 1 1 1 =

= 1 < + ! # 1 . + 1
+ 1 1 . + 21
+ 1 1
1 1 3 9 3 9
1 1
=
1 1 1 1 1. + 1 + 1 1 + 1
1
= < + ! #
1
1 3 9 3 9 1 1
=
1 1 1. + 1 + 1 1 + 1 + 11
+ 1 1

= ! # 3< 1
1
1 3 9 1 1 + 1 +
=
+
1
+ 1 + 11 + 1 1 1 + 1 + 1 1 + 1 1

81. Find N S2007

M rU_
r
1 = 1 + 1
+ 1 1 + 1 + 1
+ 1 + 1
1 = 1 # + 1
+ 1 + 1
1 + 1 # + 1
+
Solution:-
1 31 + 4

+ + 1
+ 1
= + +
1# 1 1
1#
01 # + 01
+ 1 + 0
1 31 + 4

1 + 1 +
= + 1 # + + + 1
=
1 # 1# + + + 1 + +
1
31 + 4 = 1
+ 1 + Equating the corresponding coefficient
= 1 , = 3 , = 4
+ = 0 .1 , + + = 0 2
1
31 + 4 1 3 4
= +
+ # + + = 1 . .3 , + = 0 . .4
1# 1 1 1
= 5
1
31 + 4 1 1 1

= 3
+ 4 #
1 # 1 1 1 From equation 1, Type equation here.3 and 5
1 1
= 1 2 = 1 =
1 2
1 <

= =<
1 2 1!
From equation 5
1
=
1 < <
#
2
# = =
1 3 1! 2
Putting the values of B and D in eqn. 2 and 3
57
+ = 0 .6 1 2 3 1
= 123 < sinh <
1. +1 +1

3 2 2
+ = 0 . .7
83. Show that N aN g h =
Sà
!3. 6 + !3. 7 P
S2010
2 = 0 = 0 Solution:-
Putting the values of B, C, D in eqn. 3 We know that
1 1 # t
+ +0+ =1 =0 tan = + + .
2 2 3 5
1 1 8 # 8 t
1 g1 h g1 h
= 2 + 2 8 8 8
1
+ 1 + 11
+ 1 1 1
+ 1 + 1 1
+ 1 1 = tan g h = + + .
1 1 1 3 5
1 1 1 1 8 8 8# 8t
=

tan
g h = # + t + .
1 +1 +1
.
2 1 +11 1 +1+1 1 1 31 51
1 1 1 8 1 8# 1 8t 1
= tan g h = 8 + +
2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1# 5 1t
1
1 + 4 4 + 1 1
+ 1 + 4 4 + 1
8
tan g h

1 1 1 1 8# 1 8t 1
= = 8 # + t
2 1
3 1
3 1 3 1 5 1
g1 2h + 4 g1 + 2h + 4
+
1
1 1 = 1
1
=
2 1
3
g1 h + i j 1 <

2 2
= =<
1 2 1!

1 1 < # <

# = =
1 3 1! 2
1
3
g1 + h + i j
2 2
1 < t <.
t = =
1 5 1! 4!
1 1 3 1 3
= ] !
sin < !
123 <^ 1 <. <.
2 3 2 3 2 t = =
2 2 1 4 3 2 1 24
1 3 1 3 8 8# <
8t < .
tan g h = 8 + + ..

= !
123 < !
123 < 3 2 5 24
3 2 3 2
8 1 8<# 8<t
1 3 tan g h = Z8< + +.\
= 123 < d!
!
e < 3! 5!
3 2
We know that 123 = + +

2 3 !
!
#! t!
= 123 <
3 2 2 Put = 8<
58
8<# 8<t 85. Find

is given by R g
N M M
hW2011
1238< = 8< + +
3! 5!
M M
8 sin 8<
tan g h =
<
Solution:-
1 1
8
1 = log i j
84. Find the inverse Laplace Transform of R g
N M UM
h 2 1
M M UM
1 1

1 = log1
8
log 1
2 2
S2012
Solution:- Differentiate both sides w. r. t. s
K
1 = log g h = 1 1 K
11 K
U

U5 1 1 8

1

K1 2 1 8 K1

2 1 K1
Let
1 1

1 = log1
+ @
log1
+ 8
K 1 21 1 21
2 2 1 =
K1 2 1
8
2 1
K 1 1
1 =

Differentiate both sides w. r. t. s
K 1 1 K
K1 1 8
1
1 = 1 + @

K1 2 1 + @ K1

K 1 1
1 1 K
1 =

1 + 8
K1 1 8
1
2 1 + 8 K1

K 1 21 1 21
1 =
We know that
K1 21 + @

2 1 + 8
J = < <)
1 I1

K 1 1
1 =
K
K1 1 + @
1
+ 8
:;< 3 = 1 1 = < <
K1
K 1 1
1 =

1 cosh 8<
K1 1 +@
1 + 8
< < = cosh 8< 1 < =

<
= 1 cosh 8<
We know that
1
1 I1 J = < <) <
1 1
8
1 cosh 8<
:;< 3 = 1 log i j =
2 1
<
K
1 = < < is given byN R gNhW2013
86. Find
K1 M UN
< < = cos @< cos 8< Solution:-

cos 8< cos @< 1 11
< =
1 = log d e
< 2 1+1
= cos 8< cos @<

1
1 1
< 1 = log1 1 log1 + 1
2 2
1 1
+ @
cos 8< cos @<
log i
j =
2 1 +8
<
59
K 1 1 1 1 ! sin <
=
1 =
1
K1 21 1 21 + 1 <
K 1 1 1 1 ! sin <
1 = tan 1 + 1 =
K1 2 11 2 1+1 <
We know that 88. Find the inverse Laplace Transform of

1 I1J = < <) QR NN + S2008, S2011

K
:;< 3 = 1 = < <
1
K1
Solution:-
Let
1 = cot 1 + 1
1
< < = /! ! 4
2 Differentiate both sides w. r. t. s
1 K K
< = ! ! = /cot 1 + 14
1
2< K1 K1
K 1
= !

!
1 1 =
2< K1 1 + 1
+ 1
1 11 ! ! K 1
log d e = 1 =
2 1+1 2< K1 1 + 1
+ 1
87. Obtain inverse Laplace Transform of aN + NS2013 We know that
Solution:- J = < <)

1 I1

Let
1 = tan1 + 1 K
:;< 3 = 1 1 = < <
K1
<< = ! sin <

K K
1 = /tan 1 + 14
K1 K1 ! sin <
< =
K 1 <
1 =
K1 1 + 1
+ 1
= ! sin <

1
K 1 <
1 =
K1 1 + 1
+ 1 ! sin <
cot 1 + 1 =
<
We know that
89. Find the inverse Laplace Transform of aN gM h
M

1 I1 J = < <)

K
:;< 3 = 1 1 = < <
W2009

K1 Solution:-
<< = ! sin <
Let
1 = tan g h

! sin <
< =
< Differentiate both sides w. r. t. s
60
K K 2 K 1 1
= Xtan d eY
1 = X
1 + Y
K1 K1 1
K1 1
21 + 2 1
+ 21 + 2
2 K 1 1
K . 21 1 =

1 = 1 K1 1 + 21 + 1 + 1 1 21 + 1 + 1
K1 2/1

+ 1
K 1 1
4 =
1
K K1 1 + 1 + 1

1 1
+
=
1 1#
K1 4
+1
1.
We know that

K 41 1 I1J = < <)
1 =
K1 4 + 1.
K
K 41 :;< 3 = 1 = < <
1
1 =

K1
K1 1 + 41
41
+ 2
<< = ! sin < ! sin <

K 41
1 =
K1 1 + 2
21
! ! sin <
< =
<
K 41
1 =

K1 1 21 + 21
+ 21 + 2 = 2! ! sin <

1
2<
41 1 + 1 +
=
+
2 2
1
21 + 21 + 21 + 2 1 21 + 2 1 + 21 + 2

tan d
e = sin < sinh <
1 <
41
1
21 + 21
+ 21 + 2 90. Find the inverse Laplace Transform ofQR N W2007
1 + 1
+ 21 + 2 + 1 + 1
21 + 2
=
1
21 + 21
+ 21 + 2
Solution:-
41 = 1 # + 21
+ 21 + 1
+ 21 + 2 + 1 # 21
Let
1 = cot 1
+ 21 + 1
21 + 2 Differentiate both sides w. r. t. s
01 # + 01
+ 41 + 0 K K K 1
= + 1 # + 2 + 2 + 1
1 = /cot 14 1 =
K1 K1 K1 1 +1
+ 2 + 2 + 2 21 + 2 + 2
K 1
+ = 0 , 2 + 2 + = 0 , 1 =

K1 1 +1
2 + 2 + 2 2 = 4 , 2 + 2 = 0 We know that
= , = J = < <)
1 I1

+ = 2 = 1 , =1
K
:;< 3 = 1 1 = < <
2 + 1 2 1 = 0 K1
4 = 0 = 0 , =0 sin <
<< = sin < < =
<
41 1 1
1
=
+
21 + 21 + 21 + 2 1 21 + 2 1 + 21 + 2

= sin <
1
<
61
sin < 92. If

= r Ur S2014
N
cot 1 =
<
Solution:-
1 1
91. Show that

1 = < = #
N QRS = N M!M + _!M ~!M +. ..W2013
N N M _ ~
1# +8 # 1 + 8#
1
< =
1 + 81
81 + 8

Solution:-
We know that cos = 1 +

1 1 +
= +

! .!
1 + 81
81 + 8
1 + 8 1
81 + 8

g h g h
Put = cos =1 +

1

! .!
1 + 81
81 + 8

1 1 1 1 1
cos = 1 + 1
81 + 8
+ 1 + 1 + 8
1 2! 1
4! 1 . =
1 + 81
81 + 8

1 = 1
81 + 8
+ 1 + 1 + 8
Multiply both sides by
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
cos = X1 + Y 1 = 1
81 + 8
+ 1
+ 81 + 1 + 8
1 1 1 2! 1
4! 1 .
01
+ 01 + 1 = + 1
+ 8 + 8 + 1 + 8

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
cos = + + 8
1 1 1 2! 1 # 4! 1 t
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + = 0 , 8 + 8 + = 0 , 8
+ 8 = 1

cos = # + t
1 1 1 2! 1 4! 1
= 8 8 + = 0
1
= 1 28 + = 0 = 28
1
1 1
1 <
8
+ 28
= 1 = = 83K

= =< 38
38
1 2 1!
1 2
1 < # <
= 28 d
e =

# = = 38 38
1 3 1! 2
1 1 2

1 + 38
1 < t <. < = 38
+ 38
t = = 1 + 8 1
81 + 8
1 5 1! 4!
1 1 1 1 2 1
1 <. <. < =

+
t = = 38 1 + 8 38 1 81 + 8

38 1 81 +

1 4 3 2 1 24
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 <
1 <. < =

cos = 1 i j + i j 38
1+8 38 1 81 + 8
1 1 2! 2 4! 24 2 1
+

38 1 81 + 8
1 1 1 <
1 <.
cos = 1 i j + i j
1 1 2! 2! 4! 4! 1 1

}. }. = i 8j }. }. = 8
2 4
1 1 <
<. <
cos = 1 + + .
1 1 2!
4!
6!
62
1 1
< = 8
38
1+8 1 1 1 12
< =

1 1 38 1+8 38 8
38
g1 h + i
38
1 1 2 2 j
1
81 + 8
8
+ 8
4 4

2 1 1 1
+
38 1
1
68
1 81 + 4 8 4 8 + 8

8
38
g1 h + i
2 2 j
8 8
1 1 1 12+2
4 1
< =

+
38 1+8 38 8
38
68 38
g1 h + i j 8
g1 h + i
2 2 2 2 j

2 1

+ 8
38 1 1 1 12
38
8
< =

g1 h + i
2 2 j 38 1+8 38 8
38
g1 h + i
2 2 j
1 1
< =
38
1+8 38
1 2
8 +

38 38
1 12 28 2 8
g1 h + i

38 2 2 j

8
38
g1 h + i
2 2 j
1 5 1 5 38 1 5 3
8 < = ! !
cos < + !
sin
2 38
38
2 38
2
+
8
38
g1 2h + i j
2 LAPLACE TRANSFOM OF

2 1
+
PERIODIC FUNCTION
38 8
38
g1 h + i Let T be a period of a periodic function < then the

2 2 j
formula for finding the Laplace Transformation of period
function is
u

=
N u
93. Find the Laplace Transform of the periodic function

; <<<8
=
N

M ; < < < 2

And = + MW2009, W2012 ,W2013
Solution:-
63
5
<
5
1 1
o ! K< + o ! 28 < K< =
1 ! 5
8 8 81
We know that
s 5
! ; K;
< = s ! ! } = 28

1 ! Put in equation 1
1
s ! < K<

5

1 !
5
< = < = 81
1 !
5 1 !
5
! < K< + 5 ! < K< 1 ! 5
5
5
< = s < =
1 !
5 81
/1
! 5
4
< 1 1 ! 5
s ! 8 K< + 5 ! 8 28 < K<

5
5
= 1 < =
1 !
5 81
1 ! 5 1 + ! 5
1 ! 5
Consider s ! 5 K< + 5 ! 5 28 < K<
5
5
< =
81
1 + ! 5
< 5 5
K <
= X o ! K<Y o X d e o ! K<Y K<
8 s K< 8
94. Find the Laplace Transform of rectified sine wave functi
s
28 <
5
define by
+X o ! K<Y
8 5 <<<

5
K 28 < = M

o X d e o ! K<Y K<
5 K< 8 <<<

< ! 1 5 ! 28 < !
5
5
And g + h = S2007, S2010
M
=Z i j\ o K< + Z i j\
8 1 s 8 s 1 8 1 5

1
5 !
+ o K<
8 5 1
Solution:-
! ; K; 2
< = s ! ! } =

8! 5
1 ! 28 8 ! 5 5
1 !
= +0+ Z \ +0 i j

8 1 81 1 s 8 1
1 !
5 s ! < K<
Z \ < =
81 1 5 1 !
! 5 1 ! 5 1
=
! 5 1 + +
!
5 ! 5 s ! sin < K< + ! 0 K<
1 81 1 81
< =
! 5 ! 5 1 ! 5 !
5 ! 5 1!
= + + +

1 81
81
1 81
81

s ! sin < K< + 0
5
<
5
1 < =
o ! K< + o ! 28 < K<

8 8 1 !
s 5
1 ! 5 !
5
=
2
+ s ! sin < K<
81 81 81
< = 1

1!
5
<
5
1
o ! K< + o ! 28 < K<

s 8 5 8
1
Consider
=
1 2! 5 + ! 5
= ! sin < K<
81 Consider using LIATE rule
64
K
= sin < o ! K< o X sin < o ! K<Y K< 1
! sin cos ! ! s sin 0
K< =
+
1 +
1 1
1
! !
= sin < i j o Z cos i j\ K< cos 0 ! s \
1 1
<
1
! sin <
= + o ! cos < K<
1 1
1
!
o ! sin < K< =

0 0

! sin < 1 + 1 1

= s
1
+ cos < o ! K<

g1 + ! h

1 1
o ! sin < K< =

K 1 +
1
o X cos < o ! K<Y K< s

K<

! sin < ! g1 + ! h

= + cos < i j o ! sin < K< =
1 1 1 1
+
s
!
Zo sin < i j K<\ :;< 23 !;8<203 1

1 1

! sin < cos < !
g1 + ! h
=
o ! sin < K<
1 1
1 < = 1
+
! sin < cos < !

1 !
=

1 1
1
g1 + ! h

! sin < cos < ! < =
+ = 1
+
d1 ! e
1
1 1

! sin < cos < !
i1 +
j = Z + \ g1 + ! h
1 1 1
< =

1
+
Z1
g! h \
1
+
! sin < cos < !
i j = Z + \
1
1 1

g1 + ! h
1
! sin < cos < ! < =
=
Z + \ 1
+
g1 + ! h g1 ! h
1 +
1 1
< =

o ! sin < K< 1
+
g1 ! h

s

1
! sin < cos < ! 95. Show that = M a g M h where
N
=
Z + \
1 +
1 1
s
; <<<
=
M ; < < < 2
And = + MW2008, W2010, S2011
Solution:-
65

1
o ! < K< + o ! 2 < K< = 1 !
We know that
s
! ; K;

< = s ! ! } = 2

1 ! Put in equation 1
1
s ! < K<

1 !

< = < = 1
1 !
1 !

! < K< + ! < K< 1 !
< = s < =

1 !
1
/1
!
4
s ! < K< + ! 2 < K<

1 !
= . .1 < =

1 !
1
1 ! 1 + !
Consider s ! < K< + ! 2 < K<

1 !
< =

1
1 + !
K
= X< o ! K<Y o X < o ! K<Y K< 1 1

K< < = tanh g h

s s

1
2
+ X2 < o ! K<Y
K
96. Find the Laplace Transform of the square wave function

o X 2 < o ! K<Y K<

K<
period defined as
N; << < M

=
! ! !

S2012

N ; M < < < $
= Z< i j\ o K< + Z2 < i j\

1 s s 1 1

!
+o K<
Solution:-
1 We know that
! 1 ! ! 5
= +0+ Z \ + 0 2 i j ! ; K;

1 1 1 s 1

< = s ! ! } = $
1 !
1 !

Z \ s ! < K<
(
1 1 < =
1 ! (
! 1 ! 5 1

=
! 1 + +
! ! s !
(/

< K< + ( ! < K<
(
1 1 1 1
< =
1 ! (
! 5 ! 1 ! !
!
=
+
+ +

1 1 1 1 1 1 s !
(/

1 K< + (/
! 1 K<
(
= 1

1 ! !
1 ! (
o ! < K< + o ! 2 < K< = 2 +
s 1
1
1
Consider

o ! < K< + o ! 2 < K< (/
(

s o ! 1 K< + o ! 1 K<

1 s (/
= 1 2! + !

1
(
!
!
(
=Z \ Z \
1 s 1 (

66
( (
!
1 ! ( !

= + +
97. Find the Laplace Transform of the periodic function (saw
1 1 1 1
both wave)
= < < < } , + = S2008

(/
(
o ! 1 K< + o ! 1 K<
s (/
( (
Solution:-
!
1 ! ( !

= + + ! ; K;
1 1 1 1 < = s

1 !
(/
(
o ! 1 K< + o ! 1 K< s ! < K<
< =

s (/
1 ( 1 !
= g1 + ! ( 2!
h
1
s } ! K<
<
< =
1 !
(/
(
o ! 1 K< + o ! 1 K<
s (/
1 s < ! K<

< = }

( (
= d1 + !
2!
e .1
1 1 !
(/
(
o ! 1 K< + o ! 1 K<
Consider
K
s (/
1 (
o < ! K< = X< o ! K<Y o X < o ! K<Y K<

(
= Z1 2!
+ g!
h \ K<
1 s s s
! !

o < ! K< = Z< i j\ o K<

(/
(

o ! 1 K< + o ! 1 K< s 1 s s 1

s (/
1 (
= g1 !
h :;< 23 !;8<203 1 ! 1 !
1 o <! K< = } +0+ Z \

s 1 1 1 s
1 (
g1 !
h ! 1
< = 1 o < ! K< = }
! 1

1 1

(
1 !
s
(
! ! 1
1 g1 !
h o < ! K< = }
+

< = ] ^ 1 1 1
1
s
(
1 g! h

:;< 23 !;8<203 1

! ! 1
(
1 g1 !
h d}
} 1 1
+ 1
e

< = ] ^ < =
1 g1 ! (
h g1 + ! (
h 1 !
(
1 1 !
Procedure for finding Laplace Transform by

< =
1 1 + ! (
unit step function or Heavisides step functi
1 $1
< = tanh g h
Step function:-
1 4 The unit step function ;< 8 is defined as
67
, < 8 1 1
= uu ;< = 0 +
N, 1 1
1
;< = 0!K
1
=
Prove that
u

Proof:-
Using definition of Laplace transformation

;< 8 = o ! ;< 8 K<

Let
< = < 0 8 < @ s
=
< 0 < @then
then the function < is 123A : 0:! < 2 8 @
< = </;< 8 ;< @

@4 +
< . ;< @
o K = o K + o K

5 5
Taking Laplace Transform on both sides we get the required

5
L. T. of the given function by step function or Heavisides
;< 8 = o !
;< 8 K< + o ! ;<
step function
Prove that =
N
s 5

3 2 1< 23<!A 8y < < 8 ;< 8 = 0
3 2 1< 23<!A 8y < 8 ;< 8 = 1

Proof:-
5

;< 8 = o !
0 K< + o ! 1 K<
;< = o ! ;< K<
s 5
s
!
23! < 0 ;< = 1 ;< 8 = 0 + Z \

1 5

;< = o ! K< ! 5
;< 8 = 0 +
s 1
!
! 5
;< = Z \ ;< 8 =
1 s 1
= u
Prove that
1 1
;< = ! + ! s
1 1
1 1 1
Proof:-
;< = +
1! 1

11 1
;< = + < 8;<< 8 = o ! < 8 ;< 8
1 1
s
123A : 0:! < 2 8 @

Prof. P. D. Wasankar Enginee
ineering Mathematics III Second Year BE Semester
Sem III For All Branches
68
o K = o K + o K

In terms of Heavisides unit step function and hence
5 5
Find its Laplace TransformW2012
< 8;< 8
5
Solution:-
= o ! < 8 ;< 8 K< We know that
< = (<)/;(< 8) ;(< @)4 +

(<) . ;(< @)
s

+ o ! < 8 ;< 8 K<

Put (<) = ! ,
(<) = 0 , 8 = 0 , @ = 3
5
< = ! /;< 0) ;(< 3)4 + 0 . ;(< 3)

3 2 1< 23<!A 8y < < 8 ;< 8 = 0
(<) = ! /;< ;< 34
3 2 1< 23<!A 8y < 8 ;< 8 = 1
< = ! ;< ! ;< 3
< 8;< 8
5
< = ! ;< ! ;< 3
= o ! < 8 0 K<
s < = ! ;< ! U## ;< 3

+ o ! < 8 1 K< < = ! ;< ! # ! # ;< 3

5
< = ! ;<
! # ! # ;< 3 1

< 8;< 8 = o ! < 8 K<

5
;< < 8 = K< = K

Use following two results for finding Laplace Transform

(<);(<) = (1) 83K
< = 8 <!3 = 0
< 8 ;< 8 = ! 5
1
< = <!3 =

<;< = 1

< 8;< 8 = o ! 5U K = !

1 = < 1
1
s

1 =
1+1
< 8;< 8 = o ! 5 ! K
1
s ! ;< = .2
1+1

< 8;< 8 = ! 5
o ! K (< 3) ;< 3 = ! #
1
! ! < 3 = ! #
s
< 8;< 8 = ! 5
1
= !
1 = < 1

! = u ()() = ()
1

1 =
98. Express the function 1+1
1
u < < < 3 ! # ;< 3 = ! # 3
() = 1+1
> 3
69
1
< ;< = .2
1
From equation 1 , 2 and 3
1 1
(<) = ! # ! #
1+1 1+1 (< ) ;< = !
1
1 1 ! ! < = <
(<) = ! ##
1+1 1+1
= <
1 = < 1
1! #U)
(<) = !
1+1
1 = . .3
1
!
99. Express the function
M < < < 1 . ;(< ) = 4

() = 1
N >
From equation 1 , 2 , 3 and 4
2 2! !
In terms of Heavisides unit step function and hence
(<) = + ( + 1)
find its Laplace TransformS2007 1
1
1
Solution:- 100. Express the following function in terms of unit ste

function step function and find the Laplace Transform
| < 2
We know that
< = (<)/;(< 8) ;(< @)4 +

(<) . ;(< @) =
~ > 2
W2007
Put (<) = 2< ,

(<) = 1 , 8 = 0 , @ = Solution:-
< = 2</;< 0) ;(< )4 + 1 . ;(< ) We know that
(<) = 2</;(<) ;(< )4 + 1 . ;(< ) < = (<)/;(< 8) ;(< @)4 +

(<) . ;(< @)
(<) = 2< ;< 2< ;< + 1 . ;(< ) Put (<) = 8 ,

(<) = 6 , 8 = 0 , @ = 2
(<) = 2< ;< 2< ;< + 1 . ;(< ) < = 8/;< 0) ;(< 2)4 + 6 . ;(< 2)
(<) = 2< ;< 2< + ) ;< (<) = 8 ;< 8 ;< 2 + 6 . ;(< 2)

+ 1 . ;(< )
(<) = 8 ;< 8 ;< 2 + 6 ;< 2
(<) = 2< ;< 2< ;<
+ ( + 1)1 . ;(< ) .1 < = 8 ;< 2 ;< 2
8 !
< = 2
1 1
Use following two results for finding Laplace Transformation

(<);(<) = (1) 83K
8 2 !
(<) =
< 8 ;< 8 = ! 5
1 1

<;< = 1 M , 0 < < < 2
Express () =
_, < > 2
101. in terms of unit
= <
1 = < 1 step function and find Laplace TransformS2009, S2010
! =
Use < = 1

Solution:-
We know that
70
(<) = (<)/;(< 8) ;(< @)4 +

(<) . ;(< @) (4< <
);(< 2)
= 4;(< 2) (< 2)
;(< 2)
Put (<) = <
,
(<) = 4< , 8 = 0 , @ = 2
!
!
< = <
/;(<
0) ;(< 2)4 + 4< . ;(< 2) (4< <
);(< 2) = 4 #
1 1
(<) = <
/;(<) ;(< 2)4 + 4< . ;(< 2) (<) From equation 1,2 and 3
(<) = <
;< <
;(< 2) + 4< . ;(< 2) 2 !
!
(<) = i4 # j
1# 1 1
(<) = <
;< + (4< <
);(< 2)
(<) = <
;< 2 !
!
(<) = 4 + #
4< <
);(< 2) 1 1# 1 1
2! u QRS , 0 < < <

Express () =
< ;< =

u Sà , < >

1
U
102. in terms of
2
unit step function and find Laplace TransformS2010
<
;< = . .2
1# Solution:-
We expand the term4< <

in the power of (< 2)by using (<) = (<)/;(< 8) ;(< @)4 +
(<) . ;(< @)
Put (<) = ! cos < ,

(<) = ! sin < , 8 = 0 , @ =
Taylors theorem

>> #
(< + ) = (<) + > (<) + (<) + >>> (<) + . < = ! cos < /;< 0) ;(< )4 + ! sin < ;<
2! 3!
(<) = (2 + < 2) < = ! cos < /;< ;< 4 + ! sin < ;<
(< 2)
>> < = ! cos < ;< ! cos < ;< + ! sin < ;<
= 2 + (< 2) > (2) + (2)
2!
(< 2)# >>> < = ! cos < ;< ! cos < ;<
+ (2) + .
3! + ! sin < ;<
(<) = 4< <

:;< < = 2 = ! cos < ;< ! U cos< + ) ;<
+ ! U sin< + ) ;(< )
2 = 8 4 2 = 4
= ! cos < ;< ! ! cos/ + (< )4 ;<
> < = 4 2< :;< < = 2
+ ! ! sin/ + (< )4 ;(< )
> 2 = 4 4 > 2 = 0
= ! cos < ;< + ! ! cos< ;<
(<) = 2 (2) = 2 ! ! sin< ;< 1
(< 2)

! cos < ;< = 1
(<) = (2 + < 2) = 4 + (< 2)(0) + (2)
2
11
< = ! cos < = .2
4< < = 4 (< 2)

1 1
+ 1
(4< <
);(< 2) = /4 (< 2)
4;(< 2) ! cos< ;< = !
1 = ! <
= ! ! cos<
(4< <
);(< 2)
= 4;(< 2) (< 2)
;(< 2) ! cos< ;< = ! ! cos <
11
= ! .3
1 1
+ 1
71
! sin< ;< = !
1 = ! < < = cos<
= ! ! sin<
cos< ;< = cos <
!
sin< ;< = ! ! sin <
1
=
.3
1 1 +1
= ! .4
1 1
+ 1
sin(< ) ;(< ) =
1
< = sin<
From equation 1,2 , 3 and 4
11 11
(<) = + ! !
sin< ;< = sin <
(1 1)
+ 1 1 1
+ 1
1 1
! ! 123< ;< = 4
1 1
+ 1 1
+1
11 11
(<) = + ! )
(1 1) + 1

(1 1)
+ 1
From equation 1,2 , 3 and 4
1 1 1 1
! ) (<) = +

(1 1)
+ 1 1
+1 1 +1 1 +1
QRS , 0 < < < 21 1

Express () = (<) =
103.
Sà , < >
in terms of unit 1
+1 1 +1
Express the function () in terms of Heaviside un

step function and find Laplace TransformW2011, S2014
step function and hence find it Laplace transform() =
104.
QRS , < < <

Solution:-
(<) = (<)/;(< 8) ;(< @)4 +

(<) . ;(< @) M , < < < 2S2013
QRS r , > 2
Put (<) = cos < ,
(<) = sin < , 8 = 0 , @ =
< = (<)/;(< 8) ;(< @)4
Solution:-
< = cos < /;< 0) ;(< )4 + sin < ;< +

(<)/;(< 8) ;(< @)4
< = cos < /;< ;< 4 + sin < ;(< ) + # (<);(< @)
Put (<) = cos < ,
(<) = cos 2< , # < = cos 3<
(<) = cos < ;< cos < ;< + sin < ;(< ) < = 01 < /;(< 0) ;(< )4
+ cos 2< /;(< ) ;(< 2)4
(<) = cos < ;< cos < ;< + cos 3< ;(< 2)
+ sin < ;(< ) < = 01 < ;< cos < ;<
(<) = cos < ;< cos< + ) ;< + cos 2< ;< cos 2< ;< 2
+ sin(< + ) ;(< ) + 01 3< ;< 2
< = 01 < ;< cos < ;<
(<) = cos < ;< cos/ + (< )4 ;< + Lcos 2< ;< cos 2< ;< 2
+ sin/ + (< )4 ;(< ) + 01 3< ;< 2
< = 01 < ;< cosI + (< )J ;(< )
(<) = cos < ;< + cos(< ) ;<
+ Lcos 2(< + ) ;< cos
sin< ;< 1
2 + 2) ;(< 2)

cos < ;< = 1 + 01 3(< 2 + 2) ;(< 2)
< = 01 < ;< + 01(< ) ;(< )
1 +cos/2 + (2< 2)4;(< )
< = cos < = .2
1
+1 cos/4 + (2< 4)4;(< 2)
+cos/6 + (3< 6)4;(< 2)
cos(< ) ;< =
1
::y cos( + ) = cosA cos + sin sin
72
< = 01 < ;< + 01(< ) ;(< ) < = sin2< 4 + 4) ;(< 2)

+cos 2 cos(2< 2);(< ) sin(2< 8 + 8) ;< 4
cos 4 cos2< 4;< 2 < = sin/2< 4 + 44 ;(< 2)
+/cos 6 cos(3< 6)4;(< 2) sin/(2< 8) + 84 ;< 4
< = 01 < ;< + 01(< ) ;(< ) ::y sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin
+cos(2< 2);(< ) < = /sin2< 4 cos 4 + sin 4 cos(2< 4)4;(<
cos2< 4;< 2 2)
+/cos(3< 6)4;(< 2) /123(2< 8) 01 8
< = 01 < ;< + 01(< ) ;(< ) + 123 8 01(2< 8)4;(< 4)
+cos2(< );(< ) < = 1232< 4;< 2 1232< 8;< 4
cos2< 2;< 2 < = 1232< 2;< 2 1232< 4;< 4
+/cos 3(< 2)4;(< 2) < = 1232< 2;< 2
1 1 1 123 2< 4;< 4
< =
+ !
+
!
1 +1 1 +1 1 +4 < = sin 2< 2;< 2
1 1
+
!
+
!
123 2< 4;< 4
1 +4 1 +9
2 2
105. press the follow
Express ollowing function
function in term
rms of
terms of unit step
step < = !

! .
1 +4 1 +4
function
function 2
N , N < < < 2 < = !
! . )
= S2008 1 +4
r , M < < < 3
0y;<203:
< = < 1/;< 1 ;< 24
Application of Laplace transform
+ (3 <)/;(< 2) ;(< 3)4
<
< = 1/;< 1 ;< 24
Use the following result and solve the differential equatio
< 3/;< 2 ;< 34

by Laplace transform
< = < 1;< 1 < 1;< 2 O>>> = r O M O O () O ()

< 3;< 2 + (< 3);(< 3)
< = < 1;< 1 O>> = M O O() O ()
< 1 + < 3);(< 2) + (< 3);(< 3)
< = < 1;< 1 O> = O O()
2< 4;< 2 + (< 3);(< 3)
< = < 1;< 1
IL rLM + rL NJO = M u
r
2< 2;< 2 + (< 3);(< 3)
Given O() = N, O> () = , O>> () = M by Laplace
< = < 1;< 1
2< 2;< 2 + (< 3);(< 3)
transform W2012
< = ! < 2!
< + ! # <
Solution:-
We know that
( # 3
+ 3 1) = <
!
The given differential equation
3! 1
< = U < =
>>> 3 >> + 3 > = <
!
1 1
}823A y8:y8!< 8310 x8<203 0 @0< 12K!1
! !
! # >>> 3 >> + 3 > = <
!
< = 2 +
>>> 3 >> + 3 > = <
!
1
1
1
Sà M , M < 2 < 4 1 # 1
0 1 > 0 >> 0
106. press =
Express in term
rms of
terms of
, u,u 31
10 > 0 + 31 0
unit step function and
step function and find
ind it Laplace tr
transf
ansform 2
Solution:- =
1 1#
< = sin 2< /;< 2 ;< 44
< = sin 2< ;< 2 sin 2< ;< 4
73
1 # 1
0 + 2 31
1 0 + 31 1 1
1
1 + 21 + 5 =
2 1 + 1
+ 1
= 1
1 1#
1
+ 21 + 5 1 =
2 1 + 1
+ 1
1 # 1
+ 2 31
+ 31 + 31 3 = 1
1 1#
1
+ 21 + 5 = 1 +
2 1 + 1
+ 1
1 # 31
+ 31 1 1
+ 31 1 = 1 1
1 1#
=
+
2 1 + 21 + 5 1 + 21 + 21
+ 21 + 5
1 # 31
+ 31 1 = 1
31 + 1 +
1 1# 1
=
+
2 1 + 21 + 21 + 21 + 5 1 + 21 + 5 1 + 21 +

1 1# = 1
31 + 1 +
1 1# 01
+ 01 + 1 = 1
+ 21 + 2 + 1
+ 21 + 5
1 31 + 1

2 01
+ 01 + 1 = + 1
+ 2 + 21 + 2 + 5
= +
1 1 # 1 1 + =0, 2 + 2 = 0 , 2 + 5 = 1
1
21 1 + 1 2 = 2 + +5 = 1
= + 1 1
1 1 # 1 1
3 = 1 = 83K =
1
21 + 1 1 1 + 1 2 3 3
= + 1 1
1 1# 1 1 1 3
= + 3
1 1
1 1 + 1 2 1
+ 21 + 21
+ 21 + 5 1
+ 21 + 5 1
+ 21 +
= +
1 1 # 1 1
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
= + + =
+
1 1 1 1
1 1 # 1 1 1
+ 21 + 5 3 1 + 21 + 5 3 1 + 21 + 2
2 1 1 1
1 1 1 2 = +
Taking inverse Laplace transformation
= + + 3 1 + 21 + 5 3 1 + 21 + 2

1 1 1 1
1 1 # 1 1
<
! <t! 2 1 1 1
< = ! <! + + +2 = +
2! 5! 3 1 + 21 + 1 + 4 3 1 + 21 + 1 + 1

< !

<t! 2 1 1 1
< = ! <! + +2 = +
2 54321 3 1 + 1 + 2

3 1 + 1
+ 1
< !

< !
t
< = ! <! + +
2 60 2 1 1 1
= +
108. Solve the differential equation using Laplace 3 1 + 1 + 2

3 1 + 1
+ 1
2 sin 2< 1
M P P < = ! + ! sin <
transform method
+M + P = u Sà 3 2 3
M
Where P = , P> = NS2013 1
< = ! /sin 2< + sin <4
Solution:- 3
K
K
+2 + 5 = ! sin <
109. Apply Laplace transform method to solve the
K<
K<
>> + 2 > + 5 = ! sin < M P P
following differential equation
MP = M Sà M
>> + 2 > + 5 = ! sin < M
>> + 2 > + 5 = ! sin < Given P = N, P> = MS2011,S2014
1
10 > 0 + 21 0 + 5
1
Solution:-
=
1 + 1
+ 1 K
K
2 = 20 sin 2<
1 K<
K<
1
1 + 21 0 + 5 =
1 + 1
+ 1 >> > 2 = 20 sin 2<
74
>> > 2 = 20 sin 2<

>> > 2 = 20sin 2<
110. Solve the differential equation using Laplace
2
transform
1
10 > 0 1 0 2 = 20
1
+4 M O
+ O = QRS M , O = O> = W2011
40 M
1
+ 1 2 1 + 1 2 =
1
+4 0y;<203:
40
1
1 2 + 1 3 =
1 +4 }! A2!3 K2! !3<28y !;8<203 21

40
1
1 2 = 1 + 3 +
1 +4 K

1
+ 43 1 + 40 + = < cos 2<
K<
=
1 + 41
1 2
>> + = < cos 2<
31
1 # + 12 41 + 40
=
1
+ 41
1 2 >> + = < cos 2<
1 # + 31
41 + 52
=
K 1
1 + 41
1 2 1
10 > 0 + = 1 g
h
1 # + 31
41 + 52 1 + 1 + K1 1 + 4
=
+
1 + 41 1 2

1 +4 1 12 1
+ 4 21
1 + 31 41 + 52
#
1
+ 1 =
1
+ 4
= 1 + 1
1 2
+ 1 + 1
+ 4 1
4
=
1 # + 31
41 + 52 1
+ 11
+ 4
= 1 # 1
21 + 1
1 2
+ 1 # + 41 + 1
+ 4 1
4 1 + 1 + 1 +
=
+
+
1 # + 31
41 + 52 1 + 11 + 4

1 + 4 1 + 4
1 +1
= + 1 # + + + 1
1
4 = 1 + 1
+ 41
+ 1 + 1 + 1
+ 1
+ 2 + 41 + 2 + 4
+ 1 + 1
+ 4
+ = 1 , + + = 3 , 2 + 4 = 4
2 + 4 = 52 + =0
2 + 4 1 = 4
6 = 0 . .1 + =0
2 + 52
+ + =3 5 + + 8 = 0
4
2 + 4 = 40 2 5 + + + 8 = 1
= 1, = 6 , = 2, = 10
16 21 + 10 4 + + 16 = 0
=
+
1 + 4 1
1 2
1 1 21 + 4 + 6 4 + + 16 = 4
=
6
+
1 +2
1 +2
1 21 + 1
1 1 1 2 2
=
6
2 +d e
After solving this equation
1 +2
1 +2
1+1 12 1+1 5 8 5
1 1 1 = 0, = , = 0 , = , = 0 , =
=
6
4 9 3 9
1 + 2
1 + 2
1+1
1 5 8 5
+ 2 9
12 =
9 + 3 +
6 sin 2< 1 + 4 1
+ 4
1
+ 1
< = cos 2< 4! + 2!
2
5 1 8 1 5 1
=
+

9 1 +4 3 1 + 4
9 1 +1
75
1 1
5 sin 2< 8 1 1 5 1 1
= + o sin 2 sin 2< K sin < =
5 +
5
9 2 3 2 2 9 1 +4 1 +9
s

5 1 5
= sin 2< + o/cos2< 4 cos 2<4K sin < 1 1 1 1
18 3 9 = +
+

s
1
+9 1 +9 5 1 +4
1 1
5 1 sin2< 4 5

= sin 2< + Z cos 2<\ sin < 5 1 +9
18 3 4 s
9
sin 3< 1 1
5 1 1 1 5 (<) = cos 3< + + cos 2< cos 3<
3 5 5
= sin 2< + sin 2< < cos 2< + sin 2< sin <
18 12 3 12 9
4 1 1
(<) = cos 3< + sin 3< + cos 2<
4 1 5 5 3 5
= sin 2< < cos 2< sin <
9 3 9
4 3 1 3 1 2
g h = cos + sin + cos
111. Solve the differential equation by Laplace transform 2 5 2 3 2 5 2
+ P = QRS M Given that P() = N, P g M h = NW2010
M P
1 1
M 1 =
3 5
12
Solution:-
K
15 = 5 + 3 =
+ 9 = cos 2< 5
K<
4 1 12 1
>> + 9 = cos 2< (<) = cos 3< + sin 3< + cos 2<
5 3 5 5
>> + 9 = cos 2< 4 4 1
(<) = cos 3< + sin 3< + cos 2<
1 5 5 5
1
1(0) > (0) + 9 =
1
+4
1
112. Solve by using Laplace transformS2009
+ M + MO = Sà Given O() = O> () =
M O O
(1
+ 9) 1 =
1 +4 M
1
(1
+ 9) = 1 + +
1
+4
Solution:-
1 1
=
+
+
1 + 9 1 + 9 (1 + 4)(1
+ 9) K
K
+2 + 2 = 5 sin <
K<
K<
1 1 + 1 +
=
+ >> + 2 > + 2 = 5 sin <
(1
+ 4)(1 + 9) 1 + 4 1
+ 9

1 = (1 + )(1
+ 9) + (1 + )(1
+ 4) >> + 2 > + 2 = 5sin <
+ = 0 , + = 0 , 9 + 4 = 1, >> + 2 > + 2 = 5123 <
9 + 4 = 0 1
1(0) > (0) + 21 (0) + 2
1
=5
After solving this equation 1 +1

1 1 5
= , = 0, = , =0 1
+ 21 + 2 =
5 5 1
+1
76
5 3
(1
+ 21 + 2) = 1
1(0) > (0) + =
1
+ 1 1
+ 9
5 3
= 1
1 0 0 + =
(1
+ 1)(1
+ 21 + 2) 1
+9
5 1 + 1 + 3
= + 1
+ 1) =
(1
+ 1)(1
+ 21 + 2) 1
+ 1 1
+ 21 + 2 1
+9
3
5 = (1 + )(1
+ 21 + 2) + (1 + )(1
+ 1) =
(1
+ 9)(1
+ 1)
01 # + 01
+ 01 + 5
3 1 + 1 +
= 1 # ( + ) + 1
(2 + + ) =
+
1
+ 9)(1 + 1) 1 + 9 1
+ 1

+ 1(2 + 2 + ) + (2 + )
3 = 1 + )(1
+ 1) + (1 + )(1
+ 9)
+ =0
01 # + 01
+ 01 + 3
2 + + = 0
= 1 # ( + ) + 1
( + ) + 1(9 + )
2 + 2 + = 0 + (9 + )
2 + = 5 + =0
Solving these equation we get the values of A, B, C , D + =0
= 2, = 1, = 2, = 3 9 + = 0
21 + 1 21 + 3 9 + = 0
= +
1 +1

1 + 21 + 2
3 3
= 0 , = , = 0 , =
1 1 1 8 8
= 2 +
+2
1
+1 1 +1 1 + 21 + 1 + 1
1 3 3
8
+3
=
8 +
1 + 21 + 1 + 1 1 + 9 1
+ 1
1 1 1 3 1 3 1
= 2 +
+ 2 =

1
+1 1 +1 (1 + 1)
+ 1 8 1 +3
8 1 +1
1
+ 3 3 sin 3< 3
(1 + 1)
+ 1
(<) = sin <
8 3 8
(<) = 2 cos < + sin < + 2! cos < + 3! sin <
1 3
(<) = sin 3< sin <
113. Applying Laplace transform method find the solution 8 8
114.
of the initial value problem
+ O = Sà r /0u O = O> = S2008
M O
IL + M JP = Sà( + ) P = LP = =
Solve the differential equation by Laplace transfo
M
M
0y;<203: 2MNM0y;<203
}! A2!3 K2! !3<28y !;8<203 21
K

+ 3
) = 8 sin(3< + $)
+ = sin 3<
K<
>> + 3
= 8(sin 3< cos $ + cos 8< sin $
>> + = sin 3< >> + 3
= 8(123 3< 01 $ + 01 8< 123 $)
>> + = sin 3< >> + 3
= 8 cos $ sin 3< + 8 sin $ cos 8<
>> + = 123 3<
77
1
10 > 0 + 3
1 1
3 1 d1 + 2 + e 1 =
= 8 cos $ +
+ 8 123 $
1 1 +1
1 +3
1 + 3
1 + 21 + 1

1
1 1 0 0 + 3 =
+1
1 1 +1

3 1 1 1
= 8 cos $
+ 8 123 $
= +
1 +3
1 + 3
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
3 1 1
1
+ 3
) = 8 01 $
+ 8 123 $
0312K!
1 +3
1 + 3
1 + 1
1
+ 1
3 1
= 8 01 $
+ 8 123 $
1 1 +
(1 + 3
)
(1 + 3
)
= + +
1 + 1
1
+ 1 1 + 1 1 + 1
1
+ 1
1 1
= 38 01 $
+ 8 123 $
1 = 1 + 11
+ 1 + 1
+ 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
(1 + 3 )

(1 + 3
)
+ =0
1 1 + + 2 + = 0
< = 38 01 $ o 123 3 sin 3(< ) K
3 3 + + 2 = 0
s
++ =0
+ 8 123 $ o cos 3 cos 3(< ) K 0y23A 0 , , 83K
1 1
s = 0, = , = 0, =
2 2
1 1 1 1
< = 8 cos $ o /cos(23 3<) cos 3<4K 1 0 2
3 2 = + + 2
s 1 + 1
1
+ 1 1 + 1 1 + 1
1
+ 1
8 sin $ 21
+
1 1
2 (1 + 3
)
1 2
= + 2
8 01 $ sin(23 3<)
1 + 1
1
+ 1 1 + 1
1
+ 1
< = Z cos 3<\ 1
23 23 0312K!
s 1 + 1
8 123 $ K 1 1
d
e = +
2 K1 1 + 3
1 + 1
1 + 1 1 + 1
8 01 $ 1 1
< = X sin 3< < cos 3< + sin 3<Y 1 = 1 + 1 +
23 23 23
8 123 $ < sin 3< = 1, + = 0 = 1
(1) 1 1 1
2 3 =
8 cos $ 8 123 $ 1 + 1
1 + 1 1 + 1
< = /sin 3< 3< cos 3<4 + < sin 3< 1 1

23
23 1 1
115. Solve the diffe
fferential equ
quation by using Laplace
equation = 2 +
2 +
(1 + 1)
1 + 1 1 + 1 (1 + 1)
transf
ansformP + MO + O = Sà ; O = N
O
3 1 1 1 1
= +
+
Solution:- 2 (1 + 1)
21 + 1 1 + 1
The given differential equation is 3 1 1 1 1
= +
+
2 (1 + 1)
2 1 +1 1+1
K
+ 2 + o K< = sin < 3 1 1
K (<) = + sin < + !
s 2 (1 + 1)
2
3 K 1 1
(<) = d e + 123 < + !
+ 2 + o 1 K< = sin <
>
2 K: 1 + 1 2
3 1
(<) = (<)! + sin < + !
s

2 2
1 + 2 + o 1 K< = 123<
s
1 1
1 (0) + 2 + =
1 1 +1
78
Case II:-
II:-
3 The roots 5 repeated two times then CF is
= + 3
)5 + # 5# +
DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS Case III:-
DEFINITION:- The roots 5 repeated three times then CF is
A difference equation is an equation which expresses a = ( + 3

+ 3
# )5 + . 5. +
relation between an independent variable the successive
Case IV:-
difference of the dependent variable.
The roots are non- repeated complex roots say
5 = $ + 2&, 5
= $ 2&
LINEAR DIFFERENCE EQUATION
= (
cos 3 +
sin 3
A difference equation of the type
U" + U" + . . +" = (3) 1

&
8! ! = $
+ &
, = tan d e
Where ,
, " are constants and (3) is a $
function of n or constant is called as linear difference
Case V:-
equation
5 = $ + 2&, 5
= $ 2&
The complex roots
Let E be the shift operator and
U" = "
U" =
Both repeated twice then the CF is
"
= /(
+ 3
) 01 3 + # + 3. ) 123 34
The symbolic from of equation 1 is
&
8! ! = $
+ &
, = tan d e
+
" "
+ . +" = (3) $
" + " + . +" = (3) To find PI

Itauxiliary equation is 1
= 3)
" + " + . +"
" + " + . +" = 0
To find the roots of the equation

Case I:-
y!< 3) = 8
Let 5 , 5
, 5# , . . 5" are the roots of the
equation 1
= 8
8" + 8" + . +"
To find CF
Where 8" + 8" + . +" 0
Case I:-
I:-
If 8" + 8" + . +" = 0 then
The roots are real and distinct then the CF is
8 = 3 8

= 5 +
5
+ . . +" 5"
(95)

79

8 = 8

4 = 0
= 4
= 2
95
!
= 2 +
2
8 = 8

95 #!
1
To find PI
=
3
+ 3 1)
4
Procced in this way
;< = 1 +
1
= 3
+ 3 1)
Case II:-
Let 3) = sin $3 1 +

4
1
= (3
+ 3 1)
! G( ! G( 1 + 2 +
4
sin $3 = 1
22 (3
+ 3 1)
=
3 + 2 +
I! G( J I! G( J 1 1

sin $3 = = (3
+ 3 1)
22 3 2 +
d1 3 e
8 @
1 2 +

sin $3 =
22 = i1 j (3
+ 3 1)
3 3
Where 8 = ! G( 83K @ = ! G( 1 2 +
2 +
= 1 + +i j + (3
+ 3 1)
3 3 3
Let (3) = cos $3
1 2
4
= 1 + + + + (3
+ 3 1)
! G( + ! G( 3 3 3 9
cos $3 =
2 1 2 3
4
= 1 + + + + (3
+ 3 1)
3 3 9 9
I! G( J + I! G( J

cos $3 = 1 2 7
2 = 1 + + + 3(
) + 3() + 3() 1
3 3 9
8 + @ 1 2 7
cos $3 = = 1 + +
+ 3(
) + 23() 1
2 3 3 9
1 2 7
= X3(
) + 23() 1 + 2 3() + 2 + 2.13(s)
Where 8 = ! G( 83K @ = ! G( 3 3 9
1
4 4 14
= d3 + 3 1 + 3 + + e
3 3 3 9
1
7 17
Case III:-
Let (3) = 3: = d3 + 3 + e
3 3 9
Hence the general solution is
1 1 7 17
= 3: = 2 +
2 d3
+ 3 + e
" + " + . +" 3 3 9
2. Solve <UM M<UN + M< = QRS M W2011

1 = = 1 +
Solution:-
1 The given difference equation is
= 3:
(1 + )" + (1 + )" + . +" 3
=U
2=U + 2= = cos
2
1. Solve <UM _O = M + NW2011 3
2 + 2= = 01

2

2 + 2 = 0
Solution:-
=U
4 = 3
+ 3 1 2 4 8
The given difference equation is
=

4 = 3
+ 3 1 2
(
4 = 3
+ 3 1
80
2 4 3 3
= 1 2 cos g2 1h + 4 cos(3 1) 2 + 4 cos 2
2 =
2 1 12 cos + 4 cos
2 2
4 2
= 1 3 3
2 = 2 01 g 1h + 4 01(3 1) + 4 01
2 22 6 2 2 2
= 1 3 3
2 = 01 g 1h + 2 01(3 1) + 2 01
=12 3 2 2 2
= ( 01 3 +
123 3
3 3
= 1 + 1 = 2 = I2J g 01 +
123 h
4 4
1 1 3 3
= tan d e = 01 g 1h + 2 01(3 1) + 2 01
1 4 3 2 2 2
3 3
= I2J g 01 +
123 h
4 4
OUM ?OUN + NMO = QRS S2013
3. Solve difference equation
1 3
To find PI
=
01
2 + 2 2
Solution:-
U
7U + 12 = cos 3
G G
1 !
+ !
=
(
7 + 12) = cos 3
2 + 2 2

7 + 12 = 0
1 1 G G ( 3)( 4) = 0
= Zd! e + d!
e \

2
2 + 2 3 = 0 83K 4 = 0
1 1 2 2 = 3 ,4
= Zd e + d e \ = 3 +
4
2
2 + 2 2 2
To find PI
1 1 G 1 G
= !
+ !

1
2 G G G = 01 3
! 2! + 2

! G 2!

+2
7 + 12
G
d! G 2!
+ 2e !
G
1 ! G + ! G

=
i j
7 + 12 2
G G
+ d! G 2 !
+ 2e !
1 1
1 = VI! G J + I! G J W

= 2
7 + 12
2 G
d! 2!
+ 2e d! G 2!
+ 2e
G G
1 1 1
=
G ! G +
G ! G
2 ! 7! + 12 G ! 7! G + 12

I!
G 7! G + 12J! G

G 1 +I!
G 7! G + 12J! G
!
2!
+ 2!
+
g hG
=
G

G 2 !
G 7! G + 12!
G 7! G + 12
1

!
2!
+ 2!
g hG

G
=
2
1 2!
+ 2! G 2!
4 4!
+
G G G
X !
G
7! G
+ 12! G
+ !
G
Y

G
1 7! + 12!
2 ! G 4!
+ 4
G G
=
2 X1 7! G + 12!
G 7! G + 49 84! G + 12!
G Y
X!
+!
Y
g hG g hG
84! G + 144
G G !
G
+!
G
7! G + ! G
2 V!
G + !
G W + 2 X!
+ !
Y
1 1 +12! G + ! G
= =
2 G G

2 194 + 12 cos 2 91 cos 1
1 6 d!
+ !
e + 2! G + ! G

1 cos3 2) 7 cos(3 1) + 12 cos 3
=
2 194 + 12 cos 2 91 cos 1
81
= 3 +
4 1
= 2 3
1 013 2) 7 01(3 1) + 12 01 3 1 + 2
+
2 194 + 12 01 2 91 01 1
= 2 1 + 2
3
4. Solve the diffe

fference equ
quation
equation = 2 /1 2 2 + 3 4
+ . . 43(
) + 3()
OUM MOUN + O = M MS2012, S2013,W
2013,W2013
/1 2 2 + 3 4
+ . . 43(
) +
Solution:- = 2
/1 2 2 + 3 4
+ . . 43()
3(
) 4 2 3() + 12I2 3() J +
= 2
U
2U + = 3
2 3() 4

2 + 1 = 3
2 = 2 3(
) + 3() 83() + 24 4

2 + 1 = 0 = 2 3
83 + 20)
1
= 0 = + 3
)1 + 2 (3
83 + 20)
= 1, 1 5. Solve the diffe

fference equ
quation
equation
OUM ~OUN + |O = M + ~S S2012
The roots are repeated
Solution:-
= + 3
)1 The given difference equation is
U
6U + 8 = 2 + 63
To find PI
6 + 8 = 2 + 63

6 + 8 = 0
1
= 3
2 2 4 = 0

2 + 1
= 2, 4
This is of the type = 2 +
4
}0 23K
1 1 1
= 8 3) = 8 (3) =
2 + 63)
A A(8) 6 + 8
1 1
1 =
2 + 6
3
= 2 3
6 + 8 6 + 8
2
22 + 1
This is of the type
1 1 1
= 2 3
= 8 = 8 ! ! A8 0
4
4 + 1 A A8
1 1
1 = 3: = 3:
= 2 3
A A(1 + )
2 1
1 1
= 2 + 6 3
2 4 1 + 61 + + 8

This is of the type 1 1 1

= 2 + 6 3
1 1 ( 2) ( 4) 1 + 2 + 6 6 + 8

= 3: = 8 3: 1 1 1
A A(1 + ) = d e 2 + 6
3
2 2 4 + 3
1 1 6 1
= 2 3
= 32 + 3
/21 + 14
2 3
4
d1 +
3 e
1
= 2 3
2 + 2 1
82

4
2
= 3 2
+ 2 i1 + j 3 = 3 d3
+ 3 + 1e
3 3
2

4 = 2 +
2 3 d3
+ 3 + 1e
= 3 2
+ 2 i1 +.j3 3
3 7. Solve the difference equation
4 IBM B + ~JO = P + MP W2014
= 3 2
+ 2 d1 + e
3 Solution:-
14
= 3 2
+ The given difference equation is
3
14
5 + 6 = + 2
= 2 +
4 d 3 2
e

5 + 6 = 0
3
quation OUM _O = M
6. Solve the difference equation S2014 2 3 = 0
Solution:- = 2, 3
= 2 +
3
The given difference equation is }0 23K
1
U
4 = 93
=
+ 2
5 + 6

4 = 93
1 1

4 = 0 =
+
2
5 + 6 5 + 6

= 4 = 2 This is of the type
= 2 +
2 1 1
1 = 8 = 8 ! ! A8 0
A A8
=
93
4 1 1
1 = 3: = 3:
= 9
3
A A(1 + )
4 1 1
This is of the type = + 2
1 + 51 + + 6

2 3
1 1 1 1 1
= 3: = 3: = + X 2 Y
A A(1 + ) 1 + 2 + 5 5 + 6

2 3
1 1 1
= 9 3
=
+ 12
1 +
4 3 + 2 2
1 1 1 1
= 9 3
= 2
1 + 2 +
4 2 3

2
1 d1 + 2 e
= 9
3
+ 2 3 1
3

9 1 = i1 + j 2
= 3
2 2
3
+ 2
d1
3 e 1
= i1

3
j 2

+ 2
2 2
= 3 i1 j 3
1 3
3 = d + e 2
2 2

+ 2
1 3
= 3 i1 + j3 = 2 +
3 + d + e 2
3 2 2

+ 2 8. Solve the diffe
fference equ
quation UM N~ = QRS M
equation

= 3 i1 + j 3(
) + 3()
3 S2014
1 1
= 3 3(
) + 3() + 3(
) + 3() +
3(
) + 3()
3 3 Solution:-
1 1
= 3 3 + 3 + 2 3 + 1 + 2 3() + 1
(
) () ()
3 3
= 33 + # 3 + # + #

;U
16; = cos
2
83
3 3 3

16; = cos 01 g 1h 16 01
2 = 4 +
4 + 2 2
257 32 01 1

16 = 0
9. Solve the diffe
fference
ence equ
quation
equation
= 16 = 4

I + + NJ< = P W2014
M M
0y;<203:
= 4 +
4
}! A2!3 K2! !3! !;8<203 21
1 3
+ + 1= =
= cos H!y8<203 @!<!!3 83K 21

16 2
= 1 + = 1
/ 1
+ 1 + 14= =
G G
1 !
+ !
=

2 + 1 + = =
16 2

+ 1= =
1 1 G 1 G
+ 1 = 0
=
!
+
!
1 1 4
2 16 16 =
2
1 1 G 1 G
1 3
=
d!
e +
d!
e =
2 16 16 2
1 32
1 1 G 1 G =
= G d! e + G

d! e

2
2 ! 16 ! 16
1 + 32 1 32
= , =
G G 2 2
1 I! G 16J!
+ I! G 16J!
= 01 3 +
123 3
=
2 ! G 16! G 16
1
3 1 3
= Cd e + i j =C +
G G
2 2 4 4
1 ! 16!
+ !
16!
g hG g hG
=1

=
2 1 16! G 16! G + 256 3
= <83
k 2 n = tan I3J
G G 1
X!
+ !
Y 16 d!
+!
e 2
g hG g hG
1
=
2 257 16! G + ! G =
3

= 1 g 01 +
123 h
G G 3 3
! g
hG + ! g
hG !
+ !

2 32 = 01 +
123

2 2 3 3
1 To find PI
=
2 ! G + ! G
1
257 32 d 2 e =

+1
}21 21 0 <! <:!
3 3 1 1
1 2 cos g2 1h 32 cos 2 = 3: = 3:
A A1 +
=
2 257 32 cos 1 1
=
1 + 1 + + 1

3 3 1
01 g2 1h 16 01 2 =
= 1 + 2 +
1 + 1
257 32 01 1 1
=

++1
84
1 1
=
= 6 1
/1 + +
4 6
= /1 + +
4
= 1
= /1 +
+ +

4
= /1
+
+ 2# + . . . 4
= 1 +
4 + 1
= /1 + 2# + . . 4
+
=
+
+ + 2 0 + 0 11. Solve diffe
fference equ
quation
equation
OUM rOUN _O = S S2015
=
+ 2 + 1
Solution:-
=
2 1

= 01 +
123 +
2 1 U
3U 4 + 6 = 0
3 3

3 4 = 6
10. Solve the difference equation
3 4 = 0
OUM rOUN _O + ~ = W
W2013 + 1 4 = 0
= 1, 4
Solution:- = 1 +
4
To find PI
The given difference equation is 1
=
0 = 0
U
3U 4 + 6 = 0 3 4
= 1 +
4 + 0

3 4 = 6 = 1 +
4
12. Solve the diffe
fference equ
quation
equation

3 4 = 0 OUr MOUM OUN + ~O =
Solution:-
+ 1 4 = 0
= 1, 4 U# 2U
5U + 6 = 0
# 2
5 + 6 = 0
= 1 +
4 # 2
5 + 6 = 0
1 1 2 5 6
To find PI
1 1 6
1 1 1 6 0
= 6

3 4
1
= 6 1 1
6 = 0

3 4 1 + 2 3 = 0
1 = 1, 2 , 3
= 6 1

3 4 = 1 +
2 + # 3
To find PI
This is of the type 1
= # 0 = 0
1 1 2 5 + 6

= 8 = 8 = 1 +
2 + # 3 + 0
A A8
Exercise
= 1 +
2 + # 3
Where
A8 0
Solve the following difference equation
1 1 U
+ 16 = 0
= 6 1
1
314
4
85
3 3
31: 4 g cos + sin h
2 2
2 U
4U + 3 = 4
1
31: +
3 + 4
3
3 U
4 = 5 3
31: 2 +
2 + 3
Z- TRANSFORM
4 U
+ = 4 cos 23
31:
Definition of Z-transform:-
3 3 2 cos(23 4) + +2 cos 23 Let 3) be a sequence defined for all positive integer
cos +
sin +
2 2 1 + cos 4 then the Z-transformation (3) is defined as
5 U
+ 8
= sin 83
3 3
31: 8 g 01 +
sin h + D 3) = E (3)
2 2
sin 83 2) + 8
sin 83 s
1 + 28
cos 28 + 8.
1. Using definition of Z-transform prove that F = G
6 U
+ U + = 3
+ 3 + 1
23 23
31: 01 +
sin +
3 3
1
1
Solution:-
d3 3 + e
3 3
We know that the definition of Z- transform
7 U
4 = 3
+ 3 1 D 3) = E (3)
3
73 17
31: 2 +
2 s
3 9 27
8 U
6U + 8 = 33
+ 2 Put (3) = 8
83 44
31: 2 +
4 + 3
+ +
3 9
D 3) = E 8H H = 1 + 8 + 8

+ 8# # +
9 U
3U + 2 = 6 2
31: +
2 + 33 2
s
10 U
2U + 5 = 2 3 4 7 8 8
8#
1 1 D 3) = 1 + + + + .

31: I5J cos 3 +
sin 3 + 3 7
#
4 10
8 8
8 #
D 3) = 1 + + g h + g h +

The sequence is infinite G.P it has first term

8
8 = 1 83K 0xx03 8<20 =

8
1 d 1e
D 3) = 8
1
1
1 1
g8 h
D 3) = 8
1
86
1
1 g 1h 1(0 1) 1
D 3) = 8 = 8 = D 3) = E (3) ;< 3) = (1)
8 = 8
1 1 1

s

D 1 = E 1
2. Prove that FN =
G
GN s

1
D 1 = E d e
Solution:-

To prove that s
1 1 1
D1 = 2. !. <0 : 0! <8< D1 = D 1 = 1 +
# + ..
1 1
1 1 1
D 1 = 1 + d e +
+ d # e + .

We know that

D 8 = :;< 8 = 1 D 1 =
8 1
11 0
D 1 =
3. Prove that GI =
IG
|G| > 1 1
1+
GN

D 1 = 2 || > 1
+1
Solution:-
5. Prove that F = GNM

G
D 3) = E (3)
s Solution:-

Let D = D3 (D) = D3 1
;< 3) = D = E
/()4
s
Apply D3(<) =

D = E K
D3 1 = /D14
s K
D = /1 + +
+ # + . 4 K
D3 1 = /D14 @;< D1 =
K 1
1 1 1
D = X1 + +
+ # + . Y
K
D3 1 = V W
K 1
11 0
D = 1
1 D3 1 = X Y
1 1

D = 2 || > 1 D3 =
1 ( 1)
4. Prove that that GN = GUN |G| > 1 6. Prove that FQRS , = GM MG QRS ,UN
G G(GQRS ,)
! GJ + ! GJ
D01 3 =
2
87
I! GJ J + I! GJ J

! GJ ! GJ
D01 3 = 22 d e
22
2 D123 3 = ] ^
22
! GJ + ! GJ
2 d e+1
2
1
D01 3 = I! GJ J + I! GJ J

2 sin
D123 3 =

201 + 1
Apply 8 =

5
8. Find the Z-transform of the unit impulse sequence L
1 N , =
D01 3 = V + W where L =
2 ! GJ ! GJ ,
1 1
D01 3 = d + e
2 ! GJ ! GJ
Solution:-
! GJ + ! GJ
D01 3 = Z \
2 ( ! GJ ( ! GJ D 3) = E (3)

s
2 I! GJ + ! GJ J
D01 3 = Z
\ :;< 3) = M(3)
2 ! GJ ! GJ + 1

! GJ + ! GJ D M3) = E M(3)
2 2 d 2 e
D01 3 = ] ^ s
2 ! GJ + ! GJ

2 d e+1
2 D M3) = M(0) s + M(1) + M(2)
+ .
( cos ) 1 ,3 = 0
D01 3 = M3) =

201 + 1 0, 3 0
7. Prove that D123 3 =

K JU
G J
D M3) = 1 1 + 0 + 0
+
Solution:- D M3) = 1
! GJ ! GJ
Dsin 3 = N,
9. Find the Z-transform of the unit step function
22 () ,uu =
, < 0
1
I! GJ J I! GJ J

D123 3 =
22
Solution:-
Apply D8 = 5

D 3) = E (3)
1
D123 3 = V W s
22 ! GJ ! GJ
:;< 3) = ;(3)
1 1
D123 3 = d e
22 ! ! GJ
GJ
D ;3) = E ;(3)
! +!
GJ GJ
D123 3 = Z \
s
22 ( ! ( ! GJ
GJ
D ;3) = ;(0) s + ;(1) + ;(2)
+
I! GJ ! GJ J 1, 3 0
D123 3 = Z
\ ;3) =
22 ! GJ ! GJ + 1 0, 3<0
88
D ;3) = 1 + +
+ .
D 8 < = g h
8
1 1 1
D ;3) = 1 + +
+ # +
2. Prove that G = O gh
G
1 1
1 #
D ;3) = 1 + + d e + d e + .

Proof :-
H. . <! x1 8 ! 23 N. . < 81 2 1< < x

D 3) = E (3)
1
8 = 1 83K 0xx0x 8<20 = s

1 1 8 3) = E 8 (3)
1 d 1e 1 d 1e D
()
D ;3) = D ;3) =
1 1
s
1 1

D 8 3) = E (3)
1 8
1 g 1h 1(0 1) 1 s
D ;3) = = = =
1 1 1
1 1 1 1

D 8 3) = E (3) g h
8
Note:-while finding Z-transformation if s

(2) 3)21 A2!3 12x:y !:y8! @ 3)
;1! D 3) = E (3) = ()
(22) <21 A2!3 12x:2 !:y8! @ <} s

D 8 3) = g h
8
PROPERTIES OF Z-TRANSFROM
1. Prove that G = O gh

G
3. Prove that F = G G /G4

Proof :- Proof :-

We know that the definition of Z- transform We know that
D 3) = E (3)
s
= D < = E <}

D 8 < = E 8 <} s
s K2! !3<28<! @0< 12K!1 . . <.

K

K
D 8 < = E <} /4 = E <}
8 K K
s
s

K

D 8 < = E <} g h /4 = E <} 3
8 K
s
s

;1! D < = E <} = K
/4 = E <} i3 j
s K
s
89

K 1
/()4 = E 3(<})
K
Solution:-
s . . . = ! 5 <
K
/()4 = D3(<)
K . . . = E ! 5 3}) < !:y8! @ 3}
s
K
D3(<) = /()4
K

. . . = E (! 5 (3})
4. Prove that F( + P) = F( + P) s
ON. Or.

= G ZOG O.
I
. . . = E (3})(! 5
G GM
/I N4
s
.. Y
GIN
1! E 3}) =
Proof :- s
By definition of Z- Transformation . . . = ! 5
! 5 (<) = ! 5
D3 + :)} = E (3 + :)}
s ! 5 (<) = (<) RS
:

! 5 (<) = ! ! ! 5
D(3 + :)} = : E (3 + :)}
6. Second shifting theorem if G() = O(G) u
s
G + = G/OG 4

D(3 + :)} = E (3 + :)} :

:
s Proof :-

. . . = < + }
D(3 + :)} = E (3 + :)} (U:)
:
s
. . . = E 3} + })
;< 3 + : = x : = x 3 : = (18)
s

D(3 + :)} = E (x}) E
. . . = E (3 + 1)}
H
s
s
E EH
/(3 + 1)}4
D(3 + :)} = E (x})
H E
E (x}) E . . . = E
Es Es
s
(1. }) (3. })
D(3 + :)} = H Z() (0. })

. . . = E /(3 + 1)}4
/( 1)}4 s
.. Y
H
. . . = E /(3 + 1)}4 (U)

5. First shifting theorem if (<) = () <!3 ! 5 < = s
! 5
;< 3 + 1 = 81 3 = 0 <!3 = 1
90
H
. . . = E } H D< = } E 3 1
H s
H K
8::y D 3(<) = /()4
. . . = E } H 0 K
K
Hs
D< = } X D1Y
. . . = / 04 = H. . . K
7. Prove that Fu =

G K
D< = } X g hY
K 1
Gu
1
D< = } d e
Proof:-
. . . = D! 5 . . . = D! 5 1 1
}
. . . = D 1 RS @;< D1 = D< =
1 1
}
. . . = g h . . . = d e
1 RS 1
RS
! 5 }! 5
. . . = . . . =
! 5 1 ! 5 1
Divided T " 83K " @ ! 5 Divided T " 83K " @ ! 5

. . . = }! 5
1 . . . =
5 ! 5
!
N
. . . =
! 5
10. Find ZT of (UN)S2013
8. Prove that F u = Gu M

Gu Solution:-

D 3) = E (3)
Proof :-
. . . = D<! 5 s
. . . = D! 5 < 1
:;< 3) =
(3 + 1)
. . . = D < RS

1 1
To find D< D = E
3 + 1) (3 + 1)
s

D< = E 3} 1 1 1
= s + +
+ .
s (0 + 1) (1 + 1) (2 + 1)
1 1 1

D< = } E 3 =1+ +
+ .+ + .
2 3 (3 + 1)
s
1 1 1
= X1 + +
+ . + + .Y
2 3 (3 + 1)
91
1 1 1 1 14. Find Z-Transform F F UN! 2MN

N N
= X +
+ # + .+ + Y
2 3 (3 + 1) U !

#
8::y + + + = log1
Solution:-
2 3
1 1
(i) We know that the definition of Z-Transform
D = X log d1 eY
1
3 + 1) D 3) = E (3) ;< 3) =
3!
1 1
s
D = log d e
3 + 1) 1 1

D = E
3! 3!
1 1 s
D = y0A
3 + 1) 1 1 s
#
g h D = + + + +
3! 0! 1! 2! 3!
1
D = y0A g h 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 #
3 + 1) 1 D = 1 + d e + d e + d e +
3! 1! 2! 3!
11. Find Z-transform of ur Sà W2011
1
D = ! /
Solution:- 3!
To find D (U!

D! # 123 < = Dsin < S (ii)
123
! 30 <8< sin 3 =

201 + 1
Using second shifting theorem
(< + }) = /() (0)4

123 }
D! # 123 < = X
Y 1 1
201 } + 1 S
D = XD 1Y
(3 + 1)! 3!
! # 123 }
D! # 123 < =
(! #
2! # 01 } + 1 To find D !

! # 123 }
D! # 123 < =

! 2! # 01 } + 1
We know that the definition of Z-transform

1
12. Find Z-transform of u SàM r
D 3) = E (3) ;< 3) =
3!
s

1 1
Solution:-
D! #
1232 < = Dsin2 < S D = E
3! 3!
s
123
! 30 <8< sin 3 =
1 s
#
201 + 1 D = + + + +
3! 0! 1! 2! 3!
1232 }
D! # 1232 < = X Y

2012 } + 1 S 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 #
D = 1 + d e + d e + d e +
3! 1! 2! 3!
! # 1232 }
D! # 1232 < = 1
(! #
2! # 012 } + 1 D = ! /
3!
13. D! # 1232 < = US
S
U
S G

92
1 01
D = d! 1e
01 3 = 2 || > | |
(3 + 1!
2 01 +
123

123 3 = 2 || > | |
() QRS Sà
2 01 +
15. Find the Z-transform of
|G| > ||2MNM 16. Find the Z-transform of ( + N)( + M) W2013
Solution:- We know that Solution:-

D8 = ;< 8 = ! G
8

D 3) = E (3)
DI ! G J =

!G s
;< 3) = (3 + 1)(3 + 2)8

D G
! =
!G

cos
/
D 3 + 2 sin 3 = D 3 + 1)(3 + 2)8
= E (3 + 1)(3 + 2)8
cos + 2 sin s

8
g 01 h + 2 123
/
= D 3 + 1)(3 + 2)8
= E (3 + 1)(3 + 2)

g cos h 2 sin g 01 h + 2 123 s

z 8
gr cos h + 2 sin D 3 + 1)(3 + 2)8
= E (3 + 1)(3 + 2) g h
=

s
g 01 h + 123
8 8
8 #
z = 1. 2 + 2. 3 + 3. 4 g h + 4. 5 g h + ..
gr cos h + 2 sin
=
8 8
8 #

2 cos + cos + 123 = 2 + 6 + 12 g h + 20 g h + ..

z rcos + 2
rsin 8 8
8 #
= = 2 X1 + 3 + 6 g h + 10 g h + . . Y

2 cos + 1
8 #
D 3 + 1)(3 + 2)8 = 2 g1 h

z rcos + 2
rsin
=

2
2
cos + D 3 + 1)(3 + 2)8 =
8 #

g1 h
01 + 2 sin
=

2 cos +
2 #
D 3 + 1)(3 + 2)8 = 2 || > |8|
( 8)#
01 123
= +2

2 01 +

2 01 +
17. Find the Z-transform of W2013

UNUM
M!
;8<23A !8y 83K 2x8A238 :8 <
Solution:-
93
1 8H
H
D = E
! H
Hs
D 3) = E (3)
1 8 H
H
s
D = E g h
(3 + 1)(3 + 2) !
;< 3) = 8 Hs
2! 1 8 s 1 8 1 8
1 8 #
= g h + g h + g h + g h
0! 1! 2! 3!
3 + 1)(3 + 2) (3 + 1)(3 + 2) + .
D 8 = E 8
2! 2!
s 8 1 8
1 8 #
D = 1 + + g h + g h + .
2 6
3 + 1)(3 + 2) (3 + 1)(3 + 2) 8
D 8 = E
2! 21 D = !
5
s
19. Find the Z-transform of IM I W2014

3 + 1)(3 + 2) (3 + 1)(3 + 2) 8
D 8 = E g h
2! 2
s Solution:-
1. 2 2. 3 8 3. 4 8
4. 5 8 #
= + + g h + g h + ..
2 2 2 2
We know that
K
8 8
8 # D3(<) = /()4
= 1 + 3 + 6 g h + 10 g h + .. K

123A 230x28y <!0 !x K
D3
() = d e D()
K
3 + 1)(3 + 2) 8 #
D 8 = g1 h ! ! :;< 3 = , = 8H
2!
K
3 + 1)(3 + 2) 1 D
8H = d e D8H
D 8 = K
2! 8 #
g1 h
K K
D
8H = d e d e g h
3 + 1)(3 + 2) # K K 8
D 8 = 2 || > |8|
2! ( 8)# K K
D
8H = d e X g hY
K K 8
18. Find the Z-transform of I! W2014
I
K 8
D
8H = d e X Y
Solution:- K 8
K 8
D
8H = d eX Y
K ( 8)

H
D = E H ( 8)
8 28( 8)
D
8H =
Hs ( 8).
8H ( 8) 8 28
;< = D
8H =
! 8#
8H H
H 8 8
28
D = E D
8H =
! 8#
Hs
94
8
+ 8 D123(33 + 5)
D
8H = 2 || > |8| 123 3
8#
= cos 5 d
e
201 3 + 1
20. Find Z-transform of II S2015 01 3
+ sin 5 i
j
201 3 + 1
sin 3 cos 5 +
sin 5 01 3 sin 5
Solution:- We know that
K D123(33 + 5) =
D3(<) = /()4
201 3 + 1
K
(sin 3 cos 5 01 3 123 5) +
sin 5
K D123(33 + 5) =
D3() = D8H
201 3 + 1
K
123 2 +
123 5
! ! :;< 3 = , = 8H D123(33 + 5) =

201 3 + 1
K
D8H = D8H
123 5 sin 2
K D123(33 + 5) =

201 3 + 1
K
D8H = g h
K 8 Inverse Z-Transforms
K
D8H = g h The operation for obtaining the sequence 3) from th
K 8
given Z-transform ()is called as inverse Z-transform
8
D8H =
8
D(3) = () (3) = D ()
8
D8H =
( 8)

21. Find the Z-transform of Sà(r + )S2014 D(3) = E (3) = E 3)
s s
Solution:-
D123(33 + 5) = Dsin 33 cos 5 + cos 33 sin 5

Standard Z-Transforms and Inverse Z-Transform
Use here sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin

Sr. Z-Transform Inverse Z-Transform
No.
D123(33 + 5) = cos 5 Dsin 33 + sin 5 Dcos 33
D8 = = 8 , 3 0
8 8
1

D1 = =1
We know that
( cos ) 1 1
D01 3 =
201 + 1
DM(3) = 1 D 1 = M(3)
( 01 3)
3
D013 3 = D3

201 3 + 1 D =3
( 1)
4
=
sin 3 ( 1)
D1233 3 =
201 3 + 1
D ;3)
D = ;(3)
1
5
=
1
95
D 1 ;< = 1 3 = = 3
D = 1
1
6
= ; = 2 2 = = 2
1
D8 1 ;< = 0 4 = 4 + 2
= 8
1 1
7
= 4 = 12 + 2 + 2 2 = 6 = 3
1
D8H 8 4 3 3 2
D = 8H = + +
8 8
1 2
1 2 2
8
=
8
1 4 3 3 2
D = 8H ; D = D + +
D8 H 8 1 2
1 2 2
1 1
9
= 4
8 D
1 2
D8H
1 1 1
D = 3 + 3D
1 8
1 2
10
= 1
8
= 18H
; 2 2D
2
3
3
D 8 cos D
= 8 01 4

2 + 8
2 D
11
1 2
=

+ 8
= 31H + 32H ; 1
3 8 3 2 12H
; 2
D 8 sin D = 8 123
2
+8
2
12
8 23. Find the inverse Z-transform ofGM MGUN , |G| > 1S2012
GUN
=
+ 8
Solution:-
To find D
U
U
G_
22. Find the inverse z-transform of (GN)(GM)MW2011,W2014
Consider
U =
U U
Solution:-
+1
To find D ()(
) = +
.
1
1 1
.
+1 1 +
=
Consider ()(
)
1
1
+ 1 = 1 +
Use method of partial fraction linear factors are repeated
4
= + + ;< = 1 2 = , :;< = 0
( 1)( 2)
1 2 ( 2)
4 1 = + 1 = + 2 = 1
( 1)( 2)
+1 1 2
( 2)
+ ( 2)( 1) + ( 1) = +
= 1
1 1
( 1)( 2)
+1 1 2
4 = ( 2)
+ ( 2)( 1) + ( 1) D = D +

2 + 1 1 1
96
+1 1 1
D = D
+ 2D

2 + 1 1 1
Solution:-
To find D U. U
U
+1
D = 1H + 2 11H
; 2

2 + 1 U
Consider U.
U
G
GM U?GUN
24. Find the inverse Z-transform of S2013,S2015
Use method of partial fraction one factor is linear anothe
Solution:- quadratic
To find D UWUs
+ 29 + 29
=
+ 4 + 9 + 4
2
9)

= U
Ut

UWUs + 29 + 29
=
Consider
( + 4)( + 9) ( + 4)/
(32)
4

= +
+ 2 + 5 + 2 + 5 + 29
= + +
( + 4)( + 32)( 32) + 4 + 32 32
+ 5 + + 2
=
+ 2 + 5 + 2 + 5 + 29
( + 4)( + 32)( 32)
= + 5 + + 2 ( + 32)( 32) + ( + 4)( 3
X
+( + 4)( + 32)
2 =
;< = 2 2 = 3 = ( + 4)( + 32)( 32)
3
5 + 29 = ( + 32)( 32) + ( + 4)( 32)
;< = 5 5 = 3 = + ( + 4)( + 32)
3
2/3 5/3 ;< = 4 25 = 25 = 1
= +
+ 2 + 5 + 2 + 5
:;< D = 32 32 + 29 = (32 + 4)(62)
2/3 5/3
D = D + 32 + 29 = (18 242)

+ 7 + 10 +2 +5
2 1 5 1 1 5 3 + 52
D = D + = + 2=
+ 7 + 10

3 +2 3 +5 2 6 6
2 1 5 1 ;< = 32 (32 + 29) = (32 + 4)(62)

= D +
3 2 3 5 3 52
=
2 5 6
= 2H ; 1 + 5H ; 1
3 3 + 29
2 5 ( + 4)( + 32)( 32)
= 2H 2 ; 1 + 5H 5 ; 1 1 3 + 52 1
3 3 = +d e
+4 6 + 32
2 1 5 1 3 52 1
= 2H ; 1 + 5H ; 1 +d e
3 2 3 5 6 32
1 1
D = X 2H 5H Y ; 1

+ 7 + 10 3 3
GUM
GU_GM U
25. Find the inverse Z-transform of W2013
97
+ 29 1
D = =
( + 4)(
+ 9) + 8 g1 + 8h + 8 1 + 8
1
= D
(4) 8
3 + 52 1 = g1 + h
+d eD +8
6 (32)
3 52 1 8 8
8 #
+d eD 1 + g h g h +
6 32
3 + 52 3 52

8
= (4)H + d e (32)H + d e (32)H = E (1) g h
6 6 +8
s
3 H
= (4)H + /(3 + 52)(2)H + (3 52)(2)H 4

6
= E (1) 8
+8
s
! G/
= cos + 2 sin = 2 83K ! G/
2 2

= 01 2 123 = 2 = E (8)
2 2 +8
s
3 H G
= (4)H + X(3 + 52)!
(H
6
By definition of Z-transformation
G
(H W
+ (3 52!
= D8
+8
3H
D = 8
G G
= (4)H + 3 d!
+!
e
(H (H
6 +8
G G
+ 52 d!
!
e
(H (H
27. Show that FN G = IN W2013
N
3H
= (4)H + 3 V01( 1) 2 123( 1)
6 2 2
Solution:-

+ 01( 1) 2 123( 1) +W
2 2
Consider
1 1
+ 52 V01( 1) 2 123( 1) =
2 2 8 g1 8h

01( 1) 2 123( 1) +W
2 2
1 1 8
= g1 h
8
3H ( 1) ( 1) 1 1 8 8
8 #
= (4)H + Z6 cos + 10 sin \ = X1 + + g h + g h + Y
6 2 2 8

G 1 1 8
= Eg h
GU
8
26. Find the inverse Z-transform of S2015
s

1
Solution:-
To find D U5
= E 8
8
s

1
= E 8 (U)
Consider
8
s
98
;< 1 + 3 = 3 = 1, 81 3 0 , 1 1 H

1
= D 18 D

8
8

1 = 18H
= E 8H H
8
29. Show thatFN (G)r = (I N)(I M)Ir W2011
H N N
M
1
= D8H
8 Solution:-
1
D = 8H
8
Consider
1 1
28. Show that D 5 = 18H
S2012
=
( 8)# 8 #
# g1 h
1 1 8 #
= g1 h
Solution:-
( 8)# #
1 1 8 3.4 8
3.4.5 8 #
Consider
1 1 = X1 + 3 + g h + g h + Y
= ( 8)# # 2! 3!
8
8

g1 h
1 2.3 8 3.4 8
3.4.5 8 #
= X1 + + g h + g h + .Y
1 1 8
# 2 2! 3!
=
g1 h
8

1 (1 + 1)(2 + 1) 8 (2 + 1)(3 + 1) 8
= Z1 + + g h
1 1 8 2.3 8
2.3.4 8 # # 2 2.1
= X1 + 2 + g h + g h + Y
8

2! 3! 3.4.5 8 #
+ g h + Y
3.2.1
1 1 8 8
8 #
= X1 + 2 + 3 g h + 4 g h + ..Y
8

1 (1 + 1)(2 + 1) 8 (2 + 1)(3 + 1) 8
= Z1 + + g h
# 2 2
1 1 8
= E 3 + 1) g h (3 + 1)(4 + 1) 8 #
8

+ g h + Y
s 2

1 1

(3 + 1)(3 + 2) 8
= E (3 + 1)8
= # E g h
( 8)
( 8)# 2
s s

1 1

(3 + 1)(3 + 2) #
= E (3 + 1)8
= E 8
( 8)
( 8)# 2
s s

1 1

(3 + 1)(3 + 2) (U#)
= E (3 + 1)8 (U
) = E 8
( 8)
( 8)# 2
s s
;< 3 + 2 = 3 = 2 , 81 3 0, 2 ;< 3 + 3 = 3 = 3 81 3 0 3
1
H
1 ( 3 + 1)( 3 + 2) H# H
H
= E ( 1)8H
H = E 8
( 8)
( 8)# 2
H
H#
;123A K!232<203 0 D < 831 0x
99
1 ( 2)( 1) H# H
H 3
+ 2 + 1 4 11
= E 8 =3+
( 8)# 2 + 3 + 2

+1 +2
H#
3
+ 2 + 1
1 ( 1)( 2) H# D
= D 8
+ 3 + 2
( 8)# 2 1
= 3 D 1 + 4D
1 1 +1
D = ( 1)( 2)8H# 1
( 8)# 2 11D
+2
rGM UMGUN
1 1
GM UrGUM = 3 D 1 + 4D 11D
1 2
30. Find inverse Z-transform of S2014
Solution:- To find D
# U
U
U#U
3
+ 2 + 1
D

+ 3 + 2
= 3M1 + 41H ; 1
Consider
3
+ 2 + 1 112H ; 1
(K!A !! 0 T " = K!A !! 0

+ 3 + 2
3
SOLUTION OF DIFFERENCE EQUATION USING

+ 3 + 23
+ 2 + 1
Z-TRANSFORM
3
+ 9 + 6
The procedure for solving linear difference equation with
constant coefficient is as follows
Let be the given function and D = =() then
7 5 DU = =() s
3
+ 2 + 1 7 + 5 DU
=
=()
s
=3
+ 3 + 2

+ 3 + 2
1) Take Z-transform of both sides of the difference equation
Consider and use the conditions
7 + 5 7 + 3 2) Using standard result and express =() as a function of z
= = +

+ 3 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 =() = ()
7 + 3 + 2 + + 1
= 3) Find the inverse Z-transformation of =() we get the
+ 1 + 2 + 1 + 2
required solution
7 + 3 = + 2 + + 1
;< = 1 4 = , ;< = 2 OUM _O = M , O() = , O(N) = NS2012

31. Solve following difference equation by z-transform
11 = , = 11 Solution:-
7 + 3 4 11
= +

+ 3 + 2 + 1 + 2
U
4 = 2
3 + 2 + 1

4 11
=3d + e }823A D < 8310 x 0 @0< 12K!1
+ 3 + 2

+1 +2
DU
4 = D2 DU
4D = D2
100
= 1 1 1 1

=
s 4= = = +
2 3 + 2 3 1
1! 0 = s = 0, 1 = = 1 1 1
= = +
3 + 2 3 1

=
0 1 4= =
2

Taking inverse Z-transform of both sides

= 4= = 1 1
2 D = = D + D
3 2 3 1

=
4 = +
2 Use result 5 = 8 83K = 1

+
2
= 4 =

1 1
2 D = = 2H + 1
3 3

1
=
4 = = /1 2H 4
2 3

32. Solve OUM ~OUN + |O = M + ~S2012
= =
2
2

1
= =
Solution:-
+ 2 1
= 1 U
6U + 8 = 2 + 63
=
+ 2 1
}823A D < 8310 x 0 @0< 12K!1

1
= + + DU
6U + 8 = D2 + 63
+ 2 1
+ 2 1 1
1 DU
6DU + 8D = D2 + 6D3
+ 2 1

=
s 6= s + 8 =
1
+ + 2 1 + + 2
=
+ 2 1
= +6
2 1
1 = 1
+ + 2 1 + + 2
6 + 8=
s 6s

1 = +6
;< = 2 3 = 9 = 2 1
;< = 1 0 = 3 = 0, 2 4=

=
s + 6s + +6
1 2
;< = 0 1 = 2 + 2 1 = 2
3
1 1
2 = 1 = s + 6s 1
3 3 = = Z +
2 4 2
4
1 1 6
1 3 0
= + 3 + +
1 2 4
Y
+ 2 1 + 2 1 1
Consider
101
s + 6s 8 @ 8 @
= + 2. !. = = X + + +
2 4 2 4 2 4 2
1

s 83K 8 ! 031<8< + Y
1
1 1 8
= + + = = 8 g h+@g h +
2
4 2 2
4 2 4 2 2
3 1

1 +2
1
2
4
2 4 + 4 + 2

= D = = 8D + @D
2
4 2 4
1 8
D + D
1 = 2 4 + 4 + 2
2 2
3 1

1 N + 2D
1
;< = 4 = , ;< = 2 X = ,
4 M

6 D = = 8D + @D
2 4
= + + + 1 K 8
1
2 4 1 1
2 4
D g h + D
2 2 K 2 3 1
6 K
1
2 4 + 2D g h
K 1
1 2 4 + 2 4

+ 1
4 + 1
2 D = = 8D + @D
= 2 4
1
2 4 1 K 8
D g h + D
6 = 1 2 4 + 2 4 4 K 2 3 1
K
+ 1
4 + 1
2 + 2D g h
K 1
;< = 1 6 = 3 XN = M, 1 8
= 8 2 + @ 4 3 2 + + 23
1 4 3
;< = 4 6 = 18 =
3 33. Using Z-transform solveOUM + ~OUN + O = M
;< = 2 6 = 2 = 3
GivenO() = , O(N) = NMNN
;< = 0 6 = 8 + 8 4 2
2
Solution:-
6 = 8 + 16 + 12
3
82 | U
+ 6U + 9 = 2
6 = 8 + YN =
3 r
}823A D < 8310 x 0 @0< 12K!1
8 @
= = X + + + + DU
+ 6U + 9 = D2
2 4 2 2
4

+ + + + Y DU
+ 6DU + 9D = D2
1 1
2 4

=()
s + 6/=() s 4 + 9 = =

(0) = s = 0, (1) = = 1
102

=()
(0) (1) + 6/=() (0)4 + 9 = 1 1 4
= 2 (3) 3(3)
= 25 25 15
2
1 4
= /2 (3) 4 3(3)
= + 6 + 9 =

+ 25 15
2
+
2
= + 3
=
34. Using Z-transform solve
2 OUM MOUN + O = M MS2012,S2013

1
= =
2 + 3
Solution:-
= 1
=
2 + 3
U
2U + = 3
2
1 }823A D < 8310 x 0 @0< 12K!1

= + +
2 + 3
2 + 3 + 3
DU
2U + = D3
2
+ 3
+ 2 + 3 + 2
1= DU
2DU + D = D3
2
2 + 3
1 = + 3
+ 2 + 3 + 2 8 + 8
::y D
8H =
8
;< = 3

=
s 2/=() s 4 + =
3 1 = 3 + 3 + 3 23 + 3 + 3 2

2 + 2
=
2
4 1
= , ;< = 2 1 = 25 =
5 25 2( + 2)
=()(
2 + 1) (
2)s =
9 ( 2)
8 1
;< = 0 1 = 6 =
25 5 25 2( + 2)
=()(
2 + 1) = + (
2)s +
1 1/25 1/25 4/5 ( 2)
= + +
2 + 3
2 +3 + 3
2( + 2)
=()( 1)
= Z + ( 2)s + \
= 1 1 1 1 4 1 ( 2)
= +
25 2 25 + 3 5 + 3
+ ( 2)s 2( + 2)
=() = Z + \
1 1 ( 1)
( 2)
( 1)
D = = D D
25 2 25 3
4 0312K!
+ D
5 + 3
+ ( 2)s 8 @
= +
1 1 ( 1)
1 ( 1)
D = = D D s 83K 8 ! 031<8<

25 2 25 3
4 K
+ D g h 2 + 2
5 3 K + 3 = + + +
2 1

1 1
2 2
1 1
D = = D D
25 2 25 3
4 K
D g h
15 K + 3
103
2 + 2 35. Using Z-transform solveOUM + ~OUN + O = M

2
1
1 2
+ 2
+ 2 1
GivenO() = , O(N) = MNN, 2MNrSolution:-
+ 1
=
2
1
U
+ 6U + 9 = 2
2 + 2 = 1 2
+ 2
+ 2 1
+ 1
}823A D < 8310 x 0 @0< 12K!1
;< = 1 = 6 , ;< = 2 L = | DU
+ 6U + 9 = D2
;< = 0 4 + 4 2 + = 4 DU
+ 6DU + 9D = D2
4 + 24 2 + 8 = 4

=()
s + 6/=() s 4 + 9 = =

22 + = 28 2 + = 14
(0) = s = 0, (1) = = 0
2 = 14

=()
(0) (0) + 6/=() (0)4 + 9 =
;< = 3 10 = 2 + 6 + 4 + 16
=
2
M~
14 + 6 + 4 + 16 = 10 Z =
r =
+ 6 + 9 =
2
26 r_
2 = 14 + Y=
3 r = =
2 + 3
8 @
= = X + + + + = 1
1 1
1 1
2 =
2 + 3
+ Y
2
1
= + +
8 @ 2 + 3
2 + 3 + 3
2. !. = = X + + + Y
1 1
2 2
+ 3
+ 2 + 3 + 2
1=
8 @ 26 1 1 2 + 3
= = X + + 8 Y
1 1
3 2 2
1 = + 3
+ 2 + 3 + 2
26
= = 8 +@ +8 ;< = 3
1 1
3 2 2
1 = 3 + 3
+ 3 23 + 3 + 3 2
D = = 8D + @D
1 1
1 1
26 = , ;< = 2 1 = 25 =
D + 8D 5 25
3 2 2
9 2 1
K 26 K ;< = 0 1 = 6 + =
= 8 + @ X g hY 2 + 8 X g hY 25 5 25
K 1 3 K 2
1 1/25 1/25 1/5
K 26 K = + +
= 8 @ X g hY 2 8 X g hY 2 + 3
2 +3 + 3
K 1 3 2 K 2
= 1 1 1 1 1 1
26 =
= 8 @3 2 43 2 25 2 25 + 3 5 + 3
3
104
1 1 0312K!
D = = D D
25 2 25 3
1 + ( 2)s 8
D =
5 + 3
( 1)
2 + 1
1 1 s 83K 8 ! 031<8<
D = = D D
25 2 25 3
1 K =
D g h
2
)(
2 + 2) ( 2)( + 2)(
2 + 2)
5 3 K + 3
+
1 1 = + +
D =
= D D ( 2)( + 2)( 2 + 2) 2 + 2 2 +

25 2 25 3
1 K
+ D g h
15 K + 3 ( 2)( + 2)(
2 + 2)
( + 2)(
2 + 2) + ( 2)(
2 + 2)
1 1 1
= 2 (3) + 3(3) + + 2)( + 2)
25 25 15 =
( 2)( + 2)(
2 + 2)
1 1
= /2 (3) 4 + 3(3) = ( + 2)(
2 + 2) + ( 2)(
2 + 2)
25 15
+ ( + )( 2)( + 2)
N
;< = 2 2 = (22)(1 22 + 2) Y =
36. Using Z-transform solve
OUM MOUN + MO = QRS M W2011

M _
;< = 2 2 = (22)(1 22 + 2)
N
Solution:-
X=
M _
3 8 +
U
2U + 2 = 01 =() = X + + +
Y
2
2 + 1 2 + 2 2 + 2
}823A D < 8310 x 0 @0< 12K!1 8
2. !. = = X + + Y
3
2 + 1 2 + 2
DU
2U + 2 = D 01
2 1 1 1 1 1
=() = X8 + + Y
3
2 + 2 2 42 2 2 42 + 2
DU
2DU + 2D = D 01
2
1
D =() = 8D + D
cos
2 + 2 2 42 2
::y Dcos =
1
2 cos + 1 + D
2 42 +2

=
s 2/=() s 4 + 2 = =

+ 1 Consider

2 sin 4
=()(
2 + 2) (
2)s = D
=D

+ 1

2 + 2

22 cos 4 + I2J

=()(
2 + 2) = + (
2)s + 8 sin $

+ 1 ;1! D8 sin 3$ =

28 cos $ + 8
+ ( 2)s
=() = Z
+
\ 8 123 $
2 + 2 ( + 1)(
2 + 2) D = 8 123 3$

28 01 $ + 8
105
3 3
D = I2J sin = =

2 + 2 4 4 + 1 + 2
3 1 1
= 8I2J 123

+ 2 + (2) = 3
4 2 42 2 42 =
4 + 1 + 2
3 1
3

= 8I2J 123 + (2 + (2) )
4 2 42 = + +
4 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 4
3 1
= 8I2J 123 + VI! G/
J + I! G/
J W

3
4 2 42
4 + 1 + 2
3 1 + 2 4 + + 1 4 + + 1 + 2
= 8I2J 123 + I! G/
+ ! G/
J =
4 2 42 4 + 1 + 2
3
3 = + 2 4 + + 1 4

= 8I2J 123
4
1 3 3 + + 1 + 2
+ gcos + 2 sin
2 42 2 2 4
3 3 ;< = 1 4 = 5 = ,
+ 01 2 123 h 5
2 2
3 2 3 5
= 8I2J 123

+ 01 ;< = 2 5 = 6 =
4 2 42 2 6
1
37. Using Z-transform solveOUM + rOUN + MO = _ ;< = 4 1 = 30 =
30
GivenO() = , O(N) = NMNr, MN_ 4 5 1
3 5 6 30
= + +
Solution:- 4 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 4
= 4 1 5 1 1 1
= +
5 + 1 6 + 2 30 4
U
+ 3U + = 4
4 5
}823A D < 8310 x 0 @0< 12K!1 D = = D D
5 1 6 2
1
DU
+ 3U + 2 = D4 + D
30 4
DU
+ 3DU + 2D = D4 4 5 1
= (1) (2) + (4)
5 6 30

=()
s + 3/=() s 4 + 2 = =
4
38. Using Z-transform solveOUM _O = M S2014
(0) = s = 0, (1) = = 1

(0)
=()

(1) + 3/=() (0)4 + 2 =

Solution:-

=
4
U
4 = 93

=
+ 3 + 2 = +
4 }823A D < 8310 x 0 @0< 12K!1
+
4 DU
4 = D93

= + 1 + 2 =
4
DU
4D = 9D3

106
+ 1 30 10

=
s 4 = = + = + =
1# 27 9
+ 1 10
=
4 =
s + + =+
1# 9
+ s +1 ;< = 3
= = X + Y
2 + 2 1 2 + 2
#
10 10 8
4 = 20 + 10 d + e + 30
0312K! 9 3 108
+ s 8 @ 4 = 3 1
3 23 + 2
= + 10 10
2 + 2 2 + 2 + d + e 3 13 23 + 2
9 3
s 83K 8 ! 031<8< 808
+
27
+1
N 91 10 N
1#
2 + 2 Y= = + X=
|N 81 9 |N
= + + +
1 1
1# 2 8 @
= = X + + + +
+ 2 + 2 1 1
1#
+2
+ + Y
2 +2
1
2 + 2 + 1 2 + 2
+ 2 + 2 8 @
+ 1# + 2 + 1# 2 = = X + + + + Y
= 2 + 2 1 1
1#
1# 2 + 2
91 1 2
8 @ 81 81 3
+1 = = + + + +
1
2 + 2 + 1 2 + 2 2 + 2 1 1
1#
= + 2 + 2
+ 1# + 2 + 1# 2
D = = 8D + @D
2 +2
;< = 2 1 = 2 1# 2 2 91 1
D D
81 1 81 1
1 2 3
= D + D
108 3 1# 4 2
M 1
;< = 1 2 = 3 Z = D
r 108 +2
91
;< = 2 3 = 2 1# 2 + 2 D = = 8 2 + @2
81
3 1 K 2
3 = 4 = D g h D
4 81 K 1 3
1
;< = 0 2
108
2 3 1
1 = 4 + 4 4 d e 2 d e + 2 d e
3 4 108
113 140
1 = 4 + 4 4 + =
27 27
107
Integrating both sides
5 K K
o = o + log 8 log = log + log 8

y0A y0A = y0A 8 log g h = log 8 = 8

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Using , , as a multipliers
SOLUTION OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
A functional relation between , 83K is called a K + K + K

8 8<20 =
(

) + (2) + (2)

, , , :, = 0 if this relation along with the derivative

solution of a first order differential equation
[
= : 83K
[
= satisfies that partial differential equation K + K + K
8 8<20 =
[ [
#

+ 2
+ 2
K + K + K
8 8<20 =
LAGRANGES METHOD
# +
+
K + K + K
The partial differential equation of the form
: + \ = H Where P, Q and R are the function of 8 8<20 =

(
+
+
)
, , 83K = : , [ = is known as Lagranges linear
[ [
K + K + K K
[
=
( + + )

2
equation. And it auxiliary equation is
K K K
= = 2K + 2K + 2K K
\ H =

+
+

2K + 2K + 2K K
o =o
1. Solve the partial differential equation
IP O G JP + MPO] = MPGW2010
M M M + +

Solution:- ;<
+
+
= < 2K + 2K + 2K = K<
K< K
o =o y0A|
+
+
| = y0A|| + y0A @
<
The given equation is
(

): + 2 = 2
y0A|
+
+
| y0A|| = y0A @
Comparing with : + \ = H

+
+
log = y0A @
The auxiliary equation is
K K K
+
+
= = =@
\ H
K K K
= = . .1

2 2
The required solution of given partial differential equatio

+
+
i , j=0
Take last two terms of equation 1
K K K K 8! ! 21 8 @2< 8 ;3<203
= =
2 2
2. Solve PO GP + OG P] = GP O S2010
8 28@y! 8 ! 1!:! 8@y!
108
Solution:- ( + + , ) = 0
The given equation is 3. Solve : + = S2012
: + = Solution:-
Comparing with : + \ = H The given equation is
The auxiliary equation is : + =

K K K
= = Comparing with : + \ = H
\ H
= , \ = 83K H =
K K K
= = .1
( ) ( ) ( )
K + K + K
8 8<20 = K K K
+ + = =
\ H
K + K + K K K K
8 8<20 = = = . .1
0

K + K + K = 0
Consider the group of first two terms
o K + o K + o K = 8 K K K K
= o =o

++ =8
K K K K
1 1 1 2o = 2o o =o
123A x;y<2:y2! 1 , , 2 2 2 2

1 1 1 = + 8 = 8
K + K + K

8 8<20 =
++ Consider the group of last two terms
1 1 1 K K K K
K + K + K =

o =o

8 8<20 =
0
K K K K
1 1 1 2o = 2o o =o
K + K + K = 0 2 2 2 2

1 1 1 = + @ = @
o K + o K + o K = log @

log + log + log = log @

The required general solution of the given partial differen
equation is
log() = log @ I , J = 0

= @
4. Solve(wG O)P + (P ^G)] = (Ô wP)W2008
The required general solution of given partial differential
Solution:-
equation is
109
The given equation is y + x + 3 = @
(mz ny): + (3 y) = (y x) The general solution of given partial differential equation
Comparing with: + \ = H (

+
+
, y + x + 3) = 0
= x 3 , \ = 3 y 83K H = y x 5. SolveIGM MOG OM JP + (PO + PG)] = PO PGS2013
The auxiliary equation is Solution:-
K K K
= =
\ H
(
2
): + ( + ) =
K K K
= = . .1
x 3 3 y y x Comparing with : + \ = H
Using multipliers , , =
2
, \ = + 83K
K + K + K H =
8 H8<20 =
(x 3) + (3 y) + (y x)
K + K + K
8 H8<20 = K K K
x 3 + 3 y + y x = =
\ H
K + K + K
8 H8<20 = K K K
0 = = 1

2
+
K + K + K = 0
o K + o K + o K = 8>
Consider the last two terms of equation 1
K K K K
= =
( + ) ( ) +

+ + = 8>
2 2 2 ( )K = ( + )K

+
+
= 28> K K K K = 0

+
+
= 8 K (K + K) K = 0
Using multipliers y, x, 3 K K() K = 0
yK + xK + 3K
8 H8<20 = o K o K() o K = 8>
y(x 3) + x(3 y) + 3(y x)
yK + xK + 3K

8 H8<20 = = 8>
yx y3 + x3 yx + y3 x3 2 2
yK + xK + 3K
2
= 28>
8 H8<20 =
0

2 2
= 8
yK + xK + 3K = 0
Using multipliers , , from eqn. 1
y o K + x o K + 3 o K = @
110
8 8<20 K + K + K

8 H8<20 =
K + K + K

+

+

=
( 2
) + ( + ) + ( )

K + K + K
8 H8<20 =
K + K + K 0
8 H8<20 =
0
K + K + K = 0
K + K + K = 0
o K + o K + o K = 8>
o K + o K + o K = @ >

+ + = 8>

2 2 2
+ + = @>
2 2 2

+
+
= 28>

+
+
= 2@ >

+
+
= 8

+
+
= @
Using multipliers , , from eqn. 1

1 1 1
The required general solution is
(
2 2
,
+
+
) = 0 K + K + K
8 8<20 =

+

+

6. SolvePIOM GM JP + O IGM PM J] + G IOM PM J =

1 1 1
K + K + K

8 8<20 =
0
W2013
1 1 1
K + K + K = 0
Solution:-

): +

+

) = 0 1 1 1
o K + o K + o K = log @

(

): +

=

)
log + log + log = log @
log() = log @
= (

) , \ =

83K
= @
H =

)
The required general solution of given partial differential
The auxiliary equation is equation is
K K K (
+
+
, ) = 0
= =
\ H
7. Solve PP + O] = GW2013
K K K
= = .1
( )
)

Solution:-
Using multipliers , , from eqn. 1 The given equation is
K + K + K : + = 3
8 8<20 =

(

) +
(

) +
(

)
111
= , \ = 83K H = K K K
= = . .1
2
K K K
= =
\ H K K K K
= = K = K

K K K
= = . .1

o K = o K + 8> = = 8>
2 2

= 28>

= 8
K K K K
= o =o
Consider the group of last two terms
log = log + log 8 y0A y0A = y0A 8 K K K K

= =
2 2

log d e = log 8 = 8
2K = K
2 o K = o K
K K K K
= 3o =o + log @
3

2 = + @>
2 2
3 log = log + log @ log log = log @
2
=
+ 2@ >

log i j = log @ =@
2
+
= 2@>
The required general solution is 2

+
= @

i , j = 0

(

, 2
+
) = 0
Solve OGP + PG] + MPO = S2014
9. Solve IPM OGJP + IOM GPJ] = GM POS2013
8.
Solution:-
Solution:-
: + + 2 = 0
(
): + (
) =

: + = 2
=
, \ =
83K H =

= , \ = 83K H = 2
K K K
= =
K K K \ H
= =
\ H
112
K K K log( ) log( ) = log 8

= = . .1

log = log 8 =8
Consider the multiplier 1, 1, 0
1K 1K + 0K
8 8<20 =
1( ) 1(
) + 0(
)

K K K K
=
K K K K ( )( + + ) ( )( + + )
8 8<20 = =

+ (

) + ( )
K K K K K K K K
= o =o
K K
8 8<20 =
( )( + ) + ( )
K K
After integrating we get
8 8<20 = . .2
( )( + + ) =@

Similarly The required general solution is
K K
8 8<20 = .3 d , e=0
( )( + + )
K K 10. Solve P QRS(P + O) + ] Sà(P + O) = GS2010
8 8<20 = .4
( )( + + )
Solution:-
From equation 2, 3 and 4 we get
K K K K
=
( )( + + ) ( )( + + ) : cos( + ) + sin( + ) =

K K
= Comparing with : + \ = H
( )( + + )
Consider the group of first two terms = 01( + ) , \ = 123( + ) 83K
K K K K H=
=
( )( + + ) ( )( + + )
K K K K
= K K K
= =
\ H
K K K K K K K
o =o = = . .1
01( + ) 123( + )
:;< = ; 23 2 1< 23<!A 8y Using each ratio
K K = K; K + K K
= . .2
:;< = 23 1!03K 23<!A 8y cos( + ) + sin( + )
K K = K :;< + = ; K + K = K;
K; K K; K
o =o + log 8 log ; = log + log 8 =
; cos ; + sin ;
113
K; K 01( + ) 123( + )
= ( K + K) = K K
1 1 01( + ) + 123( + )
2 d cos ; + sin ;e
2 2
01( + ) 123( + )
K; K o ( K + K)
= 01( + ) + 123( + )

2 gsin 4 cos ; + cos 4 sin ;h
= o K o K + log @
1 K; K
= :;< + = K + K = K;
2 sin g + ;h
4
01 123
1 K o K = o K o K + log @
01! g + ;h K; = 01 + 123
2 4
log/01 + 123 4 log @ =
1 K
o 01! g + ;h K; = o + log 8 01( + ) + 123( + )
2 4 log Z \=
@
1
log V01! g + ;h cot g + ;hW = log + log 8 01( + ) + 123( + )
2 4 4
= !
@

1 1 cos g4 + ;h
log = log + log 8 01( + ) + 123( + )
2 =@
sin g4 + ;h sin g4 + ;h !

1 1 01 g4 + ;h
log = log + log 8
2 sin g4 + ;h V<83 g + + hW

8 2 2 01( + ) + 123( + )
, =0
!
+;

4
2123 _ 2 `
1
log = log + log 8 11. Solve OM GP + PM G] = OM PS2009
2 + ; + ;
2 sin _4 ` cos _ 4 `
2 2 Solution:- The given equation is

: +
=

1 ++
log tan 4 log = log 8
2 2 Comparing with : + \ = H
=
, \ =
83K

Vtan g8 + 2 + 2hW
=8 H =

K K K
Using each ratio
K K K = =
= 3 \ H
cos( + ) sin( + )
K K K
=
=

From equation 2 and 3
K + K K K
=
cos( + ) + sin( + ) 01( + ) 123( + )
Taking the first two terms
114
K K K K 1K + 1K + 1K
= = 8 8<20 =

1( + ) + 1( + ) + 1( + )
K + K + K

K =
K o
K = o
K 8 8<20 = 1
2 + 2 + 2
# # Consider the multipliers 1, 1, 0

= + 8> # # = 38>
3 3
1K 1K + 0K
# # = 8 8 8<20 =
1( + ) 1( + ) + 0( + )
K K
8 8<20 = 2

Taking first and last terms
K K K K
=
=

Consider the multipliers 0, 1, 1
K = K o K = o K + @ > 0K + 1K K

8 8<20 =
0( + ) + 1( + ) 1( + )

K K
= + @> 8 8<20 = 2
2 2

= 2@ >

= @
From equation 1 ,2 and 3 we get
K + K + K K K K K
= =
( # # ,

) = 0 2( + + )
12. Solve (O + G) aP + (G + P) aO = P + OW2011

aG aG Taking first and second terms
K + K + K K K
=
Solution:- The given equation is 2( + + )
b b K + K + K K K
( + ) + ( + ) =+ = 2
b b ++
( + ): + ( + ) = + K + K + K K K
o = 2 o + log 8
++
log( + + ) = 2 log( ) + log 8
= + , \ = + 83K
log( + + ) + log( )
= log 8
H = +
log( + + )( )
= log 8
( + + )( )
= 8
K K K
= =
\ H Taking last two terms
K K K K K K K
= = =
+ + +
Consider the multipliers 1, 1, 1 K K K K

=

115
K K K K 1 1
o =o + log @ = log < + @ = y0A
+ 8
+ @
2 2
log( ) log( ) = log @

y0A
+ 8

= @

log d e = log @ =@ y0A g
+ 8
h = @

The required general solution is The required general solution is
+ , y0A g
+ 8
h = 0
( + + )( )
, =0

14. Solve P = O aP + P uP
aG aG M UOM
13. Solve GP G] = GM + (P + O)M S2011 aO
S2008, W2010
Solution:- The given equation is Solution:-
: =
+ ( + )
b b
= + ! U

b b
Comparing with
: + \ = H
= : + !
U
= , \ = 83K H = + + )

: + = !
U
K K K
= =
Comparing with
\ H : + \ = H
K K K
= =
= , \ = 83K H = !
U
+ ( + )
K K K
Taking first and terms
K K = =
= K = K \ H

K K K
= =
o K = o K + 8 + = 8 ! U

Taking first and last members Taking first two members
K K K K
=
= K = K
+ ( + )

K o K = o K + 8>
K = ;< + = 8

+ ( + )

1 2K + = 8>
K = ;<
+ 8
= < 2K = K< 2 2
2
+ 8
1 K< 1 K<
+
= 28>
K = o K = o + @
2 < 2 <
+
= 8
116
Taking second and third members K + K + K = 0
K K
= o K + o K + o K = 8>
! U

K

K = ;<
+
= 8 + + = 8>
!
U
2 2 2
K
+
+
= 28>
K = ! 5 o K = o K
!5

+
+
= 8
! 5 = @ ! U
=@
Consider multipliers 1, 2,1
1K + 2K + (1)K

8 8<20 =
I + , !

U
J = 0 (1)(2 ) + (2)( + ) + (1)(2
K + 2K + K
15. Solve (MG O) aP + (P + G) aO + (MP + O) = W2009 8 8<20 =
aG aG
2 + + 2 + 2 2
K + 2K + K
8 8<20 =
0
Solution:-
K + 2K + K = 0
b b
2 ) + ( + ) + (2 + ) = 0
b b o K + 2 o K + o K = @
(2 ): + ( + ) = 2
+ 2 + = @
}! !;2 !K A!3! 8y 10y;<203 21

Comparing with
: + \ = H

+
+
, + 2 + ) = 0
= 2 , \ = + 83K H = 2
Some standard forms of non-linear equation
a. Equation of the form (P , ] =
K K K
= =
\ H
, , 83K
This type of from contain only p and q and not contain
K K K
= =
2 + 2 The Charpits auxiliary equation is
Consider multipliers , , K: K
= K: = 0
0 0
K + )K + ()K
8 8<20 =
()(2 ) + ()( + ) + ()(2 ) 03 23<!A 8<23A
K + K + K
8 8<20 = o K: = 0 + 8 : = 8
2 + + 2
K + K + K 8 , = 0 = @

8 8<20 =
0
8 , @ = 0 @ = 8
117
K = :K + K K = 8K + (8)K = : + + (:, ) (:, ) = :
On integrating we get required result = : = : , = , = 1
b. Equation of the form (G, P , ] = = :(1), = (1)
= : , = + : = 0 , + = 0
83K
In this case the given differential equation do not contain
Let = () ! ! = + 8 : = 8 83K = @

Two solution form of Charpits equation solution is
b b b b b b Complete solution is = 8 + @ + (8, @)

:= = 83K = =
b b b b b b
16. Solve _POG = P] + MPPM O + M]POM W2009,S2009,W20
b b b b
:= = 83K = =8
b b b b Solution:-
b b
, ,8 = 0
b b
4 = : + 2:
+ 2
putting = + 8we get complete solution of differential K22K!K @0< 12K!1 @ 4
This is ordinary differential equation after solving this and
4 : 2:
2
= + +
equation
c. Equation of the from (P, P) = (O, ]) 4 4 4 4
: 1 1
= + : +
and the terms of 83K : are separated from terms of 4 2 2
In this case the given differential equation do not contain z
83K
;<
= 83K
= =
, : = , ) = 8 b b
b b
= ( ) 83K = ( )
(, :) = 8, , ) = 8 b b b b
(, :) = 8 10y! 0 : ! 8! : = , 8 b b

= 2 83K = 2
b b
, ) = 8 10y! 0 ! 8! = A8 , )
b b b b b b
:= = 83K = =
K = :K + K K = (, 8)K + A(8 , )K b b b b b b
b bD
o K = o (, 8) K + o A(8 , ) K + @ : = 2 83K = 2
b b
b b
= o (, 8) K + o A(8 , ) K + @ g2 h g2 h 1
= b b + d2 b e + 1 d2 b e
4 2 b 2 b
b
bD b b
=d e + d e
+
This is complete solution where a and b are arbitrary
b b b b
constant
=
+ \
+ \
d. Clairuts Equation
Any first order differential equation of the type = : +

+ (:, ) is called as Clairuts equation
This is Clairuts form it solution is
118
= 8 + @= + 8@ = 8
+ @
+ 8@
8 o K = o K; + @
U
Where a and b are arbitrary constant
17. Solve P] = Pw O GM^W2009,S2014 8 =;+@

y + 1
U
8 = + 8= + @
y + 1
Solution:-
U EU 8 U

: = 8 = + +@
y + 1 x + 1 3 + 1
E
EU U aG M aG M
18. Solve g h + g h =
rM
;< = 83K ==
x+1 3+1 aO aP GM
W2008
b b EU b= b U
= i j 83K = i j
b b x + 1 b b 3 + 1
Solution:- The given equation is
b
b
38
d e +d e =
b (x + 1) E b= (3 + 1) b b
= 83K =
b x+1 b 3+1
38

+ :
=
b b=
= E 83K =
b b

:
+
= 38
b b b b
:= = : = E ;< = ! ! = + 8
b b b b
b b b= b b K b
= = = := =
b b= b b= b K b
K b K
b b := + 8 : =
dE
e d e = E
K b K
b b=
b K b
b b = =
=
<21 21 0 <! <:! , :, = 0 b K b=
b b=
:;<<23A = ; ! ! ; = + 8= K b K
= + 8 : = 8
K b K
b K b; b K b b K
= = + 8= = K
b K; b b K; b b K;
1
+8

d e = 38
K
b K b; b K b b K
= = + 8= =8
b= K; b= b= K; b= b= K; K
38
d e =

K 1 + 8
K K K
1
d e d8 e = d e =

K; K; K; 8
K 38
= C
K 1

K 1 K 1 + 8
= I J =
K; 8 K; 8
K 38
K = C K
8 = K; 1 + 8
119
1
38
sin = +@
o K = C o K + @ 1 8
1 + 8
1
sin = + 8 + @

38
1 8
= C +@
2 1 + 8
20. Solve GM = N + PM + ]M

38
= C + 8 + @
Solution:-
2 1 + 8
19. Solve PM P] = N GM W2012

= 1 + :
+
Solution:- ;< = ! ! = + 8
b K b
:= =
b K b
:
: = 1
K b K
:= ( + 8) : =
;< = ! ! = + 8 K b K
b K b b K b
:= = = =
b K b b K b=
K b K K b K
:= + 8 : = = ( + 8) : = 8
K b K K b K
b K b
= = K
K
b K b= = 1 + d e + d8 e

K K
K b K
= + 8 : = 8 K
K
K b K d e + d8 e =
1
K K
K
K K K
d e d8 e = 1
d e (1 + 8
) =
1
K K K K
K
K
1 K
1
d e 8 d e = 1
d e =
K K
1 K 1 + 8
K
1 K 1
d e 1 8 = 1
=
K
1 K 1 + 8
1 K
1 K 1
d e = o = o K + @
1 K

18
1 1 + 8
1 K 1 K
= ::y = log +
8
+
1
K 1 8
8
1 1 1
K = K log +
1 = +@
1
1 8 1 + 8
1 1
o K = o K + @
1
1 8
120
1 22. Solve PM PM + OM ]M = GMS2011

y0A +
1 = + 8) + @
1 + 8
21. Solve MG = P] P + NW2008

M
Solution:-

:
+

=
Solution:-

:


+
=1
2 = : :
+ 1

;< = ! ! = + 8 :

g h +g h = 1

b K b
:= = We convert to the form (: , = 0
b K b
K b K
:= ( + 8) : =
K b K
Using substitution
= log , = = log , D = log

b K b
= = b 1 b= 1 bD 1
b K b=
= , = , =
b b b
K b K
= ( + 8) : = 8 bD bD b b bD 1 b bD :
K b K = = =
b b b b b b b
K K K
2 = d e d8 e d e + 1 bD bD b b bD 1 b bD
K K K = = =
b= b b b= b= b b=
K
2 = d e (8 1) + 1 bD
bD
K d e + d e = 1
+ \
= 1
b b=
K
2 1 = (8 1) d e This is of the form (, \) = 0 = 8

K
(8, \) = 0 \ = @
1 1 K
= d e
8 1 2 1 K
8
+ @
= 1 @
= 1 8
@ = 1 8
1 K 1
=
2 1 K 8 1 KD = K + \K= KD = 8K + 1 8
K=
1 1
K = K
2 1 8 1
o KD = o 8K + o 1 8
K= +
1
o(2 1)/
K = o K + @
8 1
D = 8 + 1 8
= +

(2 1)
1
= +@ log = 8 log + 1 8
log +
1 8 1
22
23. Solve : + = sin + sin S2007
1
2 1 = + 8) + @
8 1
Solution:-
121
= : 83K = in equation 1
[d [d
[ [
The given equation is Put
: + = sin + sin
bD
bD
d e + d e =
+
: sin = sin b b
<21 21 0 <! <:! , : = ,

+ \
=
+
: sin = sin = bD bD
! ! = 83K \ =
b b
: = sin + 83K = sin

=
\
= 8
K = :K + K

=
+ 8 83K \
=
8
K = 123 + K + 123 K
=
+ 8 83K \ =
8
K = sin K + K + sin K K
KD = K + \K
KD =
+ 8K +
8K
o K = o sin K + o K + o sin K o K
= cos + cos +
On integrating
o KD = o
+ 8K + o
8K
= cos + cos +
8
D=
+ 8 + log +
+ 8 +
8
2 2 2
8
24. Solve the partial differential equation
GM IPM + ]M J = PM + OM W2009,W2011 y0A +

8 + @
2
1
1
= V
+ 8 +
8
2 2
Solution:- The given equation is

:
+
=
+
+ 8 gy0A +
+ 8
z
:
+

=
+
y0A +
8h + 2@W
:
+
=
+
. .1
+
+ 8
1
=
+ 8 +
8 + 8 log +2
;< D ==
+
8
2
25. Solve GM IPM PM + ]M J = NS2014
bD bD b bD b 1 b
= = d
e
b b b b b 2 b
bD 1 bD
Solution:-
= d 2e : = :
b 2 b
bD bD b bD b 1 b

:
+
= 1
= = d
e
b b b b b 2 b

/:
+
4 = 1 1
bD 1 bD
= d 2e =
b 2 b
We reduce this equation of the type
, :, = 0
122
using substitution Solution:-
K 1 1 = : + + 1 + :
+
= log = K = K
K
b b b b b 1
= =
This is of the type
b b b b b = : + + :,
b 1 b
:= : = ;< 23 !;8<203 1
b b
We solve this P.D.E.by replacing p by a and q by b we get
required solution of P.D.E
b

Zd e +
\ = 1 = 8 + @ + 1 + 8
+ @

/
+ 8
4 = 1
Where a and b are arbitrary constant
b 27. Solve PM ]M = P OS2007

8! ! = ! 8! = 8
b
1
Solution:-

1 + 8
=

The given Partial differential equation is
1 :

=

=
1 + 8

1
Partial differential coefficients are
= b b
1 + 8
:= 83K =
b b
1
=8 b
b
1 + 8
d e d e =
b b
K = K + K
b b
1 1 :;< = 83K =\
K = K + 8 K b b
1 + 8
1 + 8

\
=
1 + 8
K = K + 8K

\
= =

= \
=
o 1 + 8
K = o K + o 8K + @
= , \
=

= + , \
= +
1 + 8
o K = o K + 8 o K + @
= + , \ = +

1 + 8
= + 8 + @ K = K + \K
2

K = + K + + K
1 + 8
= log + 8 + @
2
26. Solve G = PP + ]O + N + PM + ]M S2007

Variable are separable
123
#
o K = o + K + o + K = + + + +
3 3

= o( + )
K + o( + )
K +

#
= + + ( + ) +
3 3
29. Solve OP = MPO + R ]S2008

# #
( + )
( + )
= + +
3 3
2 2 Solution:-
2 # #
= X( + )
+ ( + )
Y +
3
: = 2 + log : 2 = log

28. Solve P P = ] + O S2008
M M
log
(: 2) = log : 2 =
Solution:-
log
: 2 = = 18)

:
= +
log
: 2 = 83K =
Partial differential coefficients are
b b : = 2 + 83K log =
:= 83K =
b b
= !
: = +

K = :K + K
b b
=
+
K = (2 + )K + (! )K
b b
b b
:;< = 83K =\
b b
\ =

o K = o(2 + ) K + o ! K
\ =

= 18)

= \
=
!
=2 + + +
2 K
()

= , \
= K
=
+ , \ =
+ !
=
+ + +

K =
+ K +
+ )K
30. Solve PM + ]M = P + OS2010
K = (
+ ) K +
+ )K
Solution:-
:
+
= +
o K = o(
+ ) K + o(
+ ) K Partial differential coefficients are
124
b b
:= 83K =
b b
6
d e +d e =+
b b
b b
STATISTICS AND PROBABILIT
:;< = 83K =\
b b
DISTRIBUTION

+ \
= +

+ \
= + =
METHOD OF LEAST SQUARE

= \
+ =
A more accurate way of finding the line of fit is the least

= , \
+ =
square method
= + , \ = + \ =
Use the following step to fitted the linear equation of the

straight line
= + , \ = = 8 + @
K = K + \K
( , ), (
,
), ( , )
Consider set of order pair
K = + K + K
Step 1
Calculate the mean of the x-values and y-values
Mean of x-values= = =
U U. .
o K = o + K + o K
Mean of y-values= = = =
U U.

= o( + )
K + o( )
K +
Step 2
# #
( + )
( )
let@ = x =slope of line finding by using the following
= + +
3 3
2 2
formula
y!< ; = 83K = =
2 # #
= X( + )
+ ( )
Y +
3 ;
@=x=
;
Step 3
Use the values of b to find the y-intercept by using the
following formula
8 = = @
Step 4
125
Use the values of a and b to form or to fitted the linear = 1.5216 + 0.3696
equation
= 8 + @
2. Fit a straight line to the given data using the method of
least squares.
1. Fit a straight line to the given data using the method of P 0 1 2 3 4
O
least squares.
P
1 1.8 3.3 4.5 6.3
0 1 3 6 8
O
Solution:-
0+1+2+3+4
= =2
1 3 2 5 4
Solution:- 5
0+1+3+6+8 1 + 1.8 + 3.3 + 4.5 + 6.3

= = 3.6 = 4 = = = 3.38 = 3
5 5
1+3+2+5+4 ; ;
;
= = =3 =2 =3
5
; =4 ;
=3 ; 0 1 2 4 2 4
0 1 4 16 2 8 1 1.8 1 1 1.2 1.
1 3 3 9 0 0 2 3.3 0 0 0.3 0
3 2 1 1 1 1 3 4.5 1 1 1.5 1.
6 5 2 4 2 4 4 6.3 2 4 3.3 6.
8 4 4 16 1 4 E; E ;
E E;
=0 = 10 = 1.9 = 13
E ; = 2 E ;
E = 0 E ; = 17
= 46 Let m be the slop of the line finding by the formula
; 13.3
x= = = 1.33 = @
;
10
Let m be the slop of the line finding by the formula
; 17
x= = = 0.3696 = @
;
46 To find a by using the formula
To find a by using the formula 8 = = x
8 = = x 8 = 3 1.33 2
8 = 3 0.3696 4 8 = 0.34
8 = 1.5216 By using the slope intercept form we get the required

relation
= 8 + @ = 0.34 + 1.33
By using the slope intercept form we get the required
relation
= 8 + @ 3. Fit a straight line to the given data using the method of

least square W2007, S2008, W20013
126
8 = 7.75
P 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 By using the slope intercept form we get the required
O
relation
= 8 + @
9 8 10 12 11 13 14 16 15
= 7.75 + 0.95
Solution:-
1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9
= =5
9
copper bar at various temperature Z are listed below
4. The result of measurement of electric resistance R of a
9 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 11 + 13 + 14 + 16 + 15
= =
9
= = 12
19 25 30 36 40 45 50
f
; =5 ;
= 12 ;
76 77 79 80 82 83 85
Find a relation f = + when a and b are constant to

1 9 4 16 3 12 determineS2013
2 8 3 9 4 12 Solution:-
2 2 19 + 25 + 30 + 36 + 40 + 45 + 50
h=
X
7
3 10 4 4
1
245
h=
X = 35
4 12 1 0 0
0 1 7
76 + 77 + 79 + 80 + 82 + 83 + 85
5 11 0 0
= =
7
6 13 1 1 1 1
562
= = = 80.2857
7 14 2 4 2 4
7
< ; = < 35 H = H 80 ;
;
8 16 3 9 4 12
16 4
9 15 4 16 3 12
E; = 0 E ;
= 60 E = 0 E ;
19 76 256 64
10 3
= 57
25 77 100 30
30 5 79 1 25 5
36 1 80 0 1 0
; 57
x= = = 0.95 = @
40 5 82 2 25 10
;
60 45 10 83 3 100 30
To find a by using the formula
8 = = x
50 15 85 5 225 75
E; = 0 E = 0 E ;
E ;
8 = 12 0.95 5 = 732 = 214
8 = 12 4.25 Let m be the slop of the line finding by the formula
127
; 214 k ; l ;
;
x= = = 0.2923 = @
;
732 = k 7.5 =l
1.3575
7.5 0.4425 3.31

8 = = x
0 1.8 56.25
2.5 0.0925 0.23

8 = 80 0.2923 35
5 1.45 6.25
8 = 80 10.2322 10 2.5 1.18 0.1775 6.25 0.44
8 = 69.7678 15 7.5 1 0.3575 56.25 2.68
E; = 0 E = 0 E ;
E ;
= 125 = 6.6
relation
H = 69.7678 + 0.2923<
5. In some determination of volume V of a carbon dioxide
temperature i the following pair of values were obtained

dissolved in given volume of a water at different
0 5 10 15
V 1.8 1.45 1.18 1
j = + i which best fit to the observations

Obtain by method of least squares a relation of the form
S2010 Solution:-
0 + 5 + 10 + 15
h=
X
4
30
h
X= = 7.5
4
1.8 + 1.45 + 1.18 + 1
= =
4
5.43
= = = 1.3575
4
128
k ; l = l 1.3575 ;
;
= k 7.5
0 7.5 1.8 0.4425 56.25 3.3188
5 2.5 1.45 0.0925 6.25 0.2313
10 2.5 1.18 0.1775 6.25 0.4438
15 7.5 1 0.3575 56.25 2.6813
E; = 0 E = 0 E ;
E ;
= 125 = 6.6752
129

;=

; 125
x= = = 18.7260 = @ ! ! = 1.5 1.0 = 0.5
;
6.6752
2.5
;= 0.5; = 2.5
0.5
8 = = x
1
; = 2.5
8 = 1.3575 (18.7260) 7.5 2
8 = 1.3575 + 140.445 ; = 2 5 , =
8 = 141.8025

relation
l = 141.8025 18.7260 k
FITTING OF PARABOLA
Let a parabola = 8 + @ +
which is fitted to a given
data ( , ), (
,
), ( , )
By the principle of least square the constant a, b, c are

determine by solving the following normal equation
E = 83 + @ E + E
E = 8 E + @ E
+ E #
E
= 8 E
+ @ E # + E .
6. Fit second degree parabola to the following data
P 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
O 1.1 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.7 3.4 4.1
W2008
Solution:-
1.0 + 1.5 + 2.0 + 2.5 + 3.0 + 3.5 + 4.0

h
X=
7
17.5
h
X= = 2.5
7
130
; = 2 5 = ; ;
;
;# ;.
1.0 1.1 3 1.1 3.3 9 9.1 27 81
1.5 1.3 2 1.3 2.6 4 5.2 8 16
2.0 1.6 1 1.6 1.6 1 1.6 1 1
2.5 2.0 0 2.0 0 0 0 0 0
3.0 2.7 1 2.7 2.7 1 2.7 1 1
3.5 3.4 2 3.4 6.8 4 13.6 8 16
4.0 4.1 3 4.1 12.3 9 36.9 27 81
Total 0 16.2 14.3 28 69.1 0 196
16.2 28
69.1 = 28 d e + 196
7
The normal equations are
E = 83 + @ E ; + E ;
= 0.0511
16.2 28(0.0511)
8=
7
16.2 = 78 + 28 1
8 = 2.1099
= 8 + @; + ;

E ; = 8 E ; + @ E ;
+ E ;# = 8 + @(2 5) + (2 5)
= 8 + 2@ 5@ + (4
20 + 25)
14.3 = 28@ . .2
= 8 + 2@ 5@ + 4
20 + 25
E; = 8E; + @E; + E;

# .
= (8 5@ + 25) + (2@ 20) + 4
69.1 = 288 + 196 . .3

= 2.1099 5(0.5107) + 25(0.0511)
+ /2(0.5107) 20(0.0511)4
+ 4(0.0511)
Solving equation 1 , 2, and 3 we get the values of a, b

and c
14.3 = 0.8339 0.006 + 0.2044
0x !3 2 @ = = 0.5107
28
7. Fit a second degree parabola O = + PM by using
0x !;8<203 1 78 = 16.2 28 the method of least square to given data
16.2 28
8= P
7
0 1 2 3
O
;< 8 23 !3. 3
2 4 10 15
131
1.5
;= ; = 1.5
1
Solution:-
0+1+2+3
h
X= = 1.5
4 =, 3=4

;= ! ! = 1 0 = 1.

; = 1.5 = ; ;
;
;# ;.
0 2 1.5 2 3 2.25 4.50 3.375 5.0625
1 4 0.5 4 -2 0.25 1 0.125 0.0625
2 10 0.5 10 5 0.25 2.5 0.125 0.0625
3 15 1.5 15 22.5 2.25 33.75 3.375 5.0625
Total 0 31 22.5 5 41.75 0 10.25
= 0.75
E = 83 + @ E ; + E ;
The required second degree parabola equation is
fitted as
31 = 48 + 5 1
= 8 + @; + ;
E ; = 8 E ; + @ E ;
+ E ;# = 8 + @( 1.5) + ( 1.5)
22.5 = 5@ 2 = 8 + @ 1.5@ + (

3 + 2.25)
= 8 + @ 1.5@ +
3 + 2.25
E ;
= 8 E ;
+ @ E ;# + E ;.
= (8 1.5@ + 2.25) + (@ 3) +
41.75 = 58 + 10.25 . .3
= /6.8125 1.5(4.5) + 2.25(0.75)4
22.5 + /4.5 3(0.75)4 + 0.75
0x !;8<203 2 @ = @ = 4.5
5
= 1.75 + 2.25 + 0.75
0x !;8<203 1
31 48
5 = 31 48 =
8. The following table gives the result of measurements
5
of train resistance, V is the velocity miles per hour, R
;< 23 !3. 3
is the resistance in pound per ton:
31 48
41.75 = 58 + 10.25 d e
5
V 20 40 60 80 100 120
8 = 6.8125
R 5.5 9.1 14.9 22.8 33.3 46.0
31 4(6.8125)
=
If R is related to V by the relation
5
132
f = + j + jM , , , ! ! = 40 20 = 20
70
;=
20
Solution:-
20 + 40 + 60 + 80 + 100 + 120
h=
X 1 70
6 ;=
20 20
420
h=
X = 70 1 7
6 ;= , =
20 2

;= y!< l = 83K H =

P O 0=O 0 M M 0 r _
N
= P
M
?

M
20 5.5 2.5 5.5 13.75 6.25 34.375 15.625 39.063
40 9.1 1.5 9.1 13.65 2.25 20.475 3.375 5.063
60 14.9 0.5 14.9 7.45 0.25 3.725 0.125 0.063
80 22.8 0.5 22.8 11.4 0.25 5.7 0.125 0.063
100 33.3 1.5 33.3 49.95 2.25 74.7 3.375 5.063
120 46.0 2.5 46.0 115 6.25 287.5 15.625 39.063
Total 0 131.6 141.5 17.5 426.475 0 88.378
E ;
= 8 E ;
+ @ E ;# + E ;.
426.475 = 17.58 + 88.378 . .3

E = 83 + @ E ; + E ;
0x !;8<203 2
131.6 = 68 + 17.5 1 141.5

@= @ = 8.086
17.5
0x !;8<203 1
E ; = 8 E ; + @ E ;
+ E ;#
17.5 = 131.6 68
131.6 68
=
17.5
141.5 = 17.5@ 2
:;< 23 !3 3
133

n = C i j 83K
3 3
131.6 68
426.475 = 17.58 + 88.378 d e

17.5 n = C i j
3 3
8 = 18.6
131.6 618.6
=
SHIFTING OF ORIGIN AND CHANGING
17.5 SCALE
= 1.14
origin and changing scale , the variable 83K are
As the correlation coefficient is unaffected by shifting
The required second degree equation is fitted as
= 8 + @; + ;
transformed to u and v where

;= 83K =
1 7 1 7
K
H = 8+@d l e+d l e
20 2 20 2 Where c and d are constant then =
1 7 1 7

H = 18.6 + 8.086 d l e + 1.14 d l e =
20 2 20 2
n n
57l
+ 106l + 85280 ; ;
H= 8! ! = i ji j
20000 3 3 3
85280 106 57
;
;

H= + l+ l
20000 20000 20000 n = C i j 83K

3 3
H = 4.26 + 0.005l + 0.002l
0x:8 23A 2< H = 8 + @l + l

n =C i j
3 3
8 = 4.26 , @ = 0.005 , = 0.002
9. Find the correlation coefficient for the following data
P
CORRELATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
0
O
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 5
between 83K is
The formula for finding the correlation coefficient
0 2 6 8 5 6 1 9 0 0

=
S2009

n n Solution:-

! ! = i ji j
3 3 3
The formula for finding the correlation coefficient is
=
n n
134

! ! = i ji j 385 55
3 3 3 n = C d e
10 10

n = C i j 83K
3 3
n = 38.5 (5.5)

n = C i j n = 2.8728
3 3

n = C i j
3 3
11387 307
1 10 10 1 100
n = C d e
10 10
2 12 24 4 144
n = 14.0075
3 16 48 9 256

=
4 28 112 16 784
5 25 125 25 625

n n
38.55
=

2.8728 14.0075
6 36 216 36 1296
= 0.958
7 41 287 49 1681

8 49 392 64 2401
10. Find coefficient of correlation between industrial
9 40 360 81 1600 production and export using following data
on P
10 50 500 100 2500 Producti 5 5 5 5 6 6 6
E E E E
E
5 6 8 9 0 0 2
Export O
= 55 = 307 = 2074 = 385 = 11387
3 3 3 3 4 4 4
5 8 8 9 4 3 5

= i ji j
3 3 3
Solution:-
2074 55 307
= d ed e
10 10 10
= 38.55

n = C i j
3 3
135
7.2653
= = 0.9317

2.2588 3.4523
55 35 1925 3025 1225
56 38 2128 3136 1444

11. Marks obtain by ten students in statistics and
58 38 2204 3364 1444 mathematics are given below. Find the coefficient of
correlations.
59 39 2301 3481 1521
Marks in
60 44 2640 3600 1936
Statistics 75 30 60 80 53 15 40
60 43 2580 3600 1849
Math 45 54 91 58 63 35 43
62 45 2790 3844 2025
E E E E
E
W2011
= 410 = 282 = 16568 = 24050 = 11444

Solution:-

75 45 3375 5625 2025

=
n n
30 54 1620 900 2916

60 91 5460 3600 8281
= i ji j
3 3 3 80 58 4640 6400 3364
16568 410 282

= d ed e
7 7 7
53 63 3339 2809 3969
= 7.2653
15 35 525 225 1225
40 43 1720 1600 1849

n = C i j
3 3
38 45 1710 1444 2025
48 44 2112 2304 1936

24050 410
n = C d e
7 7
35 85 2975 1225 7225
E E E E
E
n = 2.2588
= 474 = 563 = 27476 = 26132 = 34815

n = C i j
3 3

11444 282
=
n = C d e n n
7 7
n = 3.4523
136

= i ji j
3 3 3

27476 474 563

= d ed e
10 10 10 105 101 10605 11025 10201
= 78.98 104 103 10712 10816 10609

n = C i j
102 100 10200 10404 10000
3 3 101 98 9898 10201 9604
26132 474
n = C d e
100 95 9500 10000 9025
10 10 99 96 9504 9801 9216
n = 19.1426 98 104 10192 9604 10816

n = C i j
96 92 8832 9216 8464
3 3 93 97 9021 8649 9409
34815 563
n = C d e
92 94 8648 8464 8836
10 10
E E E E
E
n = 17.6581 = 990 = 980 = 97112 = 98180 = 96180
78.98
=

19.1426 17.6581
= 0.2337

=
n n
12. Find the coefficient of correlation between P O

= i ji j
from the data
3 3 3
P
97112 990 980
105 104 102 101 100 99 98 96 93 92
O 97
= 94 d ed e
10 10 10
101 103 100 98 95 96 104 92
S2014 = 9.2

Solution:-
n = C i j
3 3
98180 990
n = C d e
10 10
n = 4.1231
137
5!

:( = 3) = 0.216 0.16

n = C i j 3! (5 3)!
3 3
5 4 3!
:( = 3) = 0.03456 :( = 3)
96180 980
3! 2 1
n = C d e = 10 0.03456
10 10
:( = 3) = 0.3456
n = 3.7417
9.2
14. Assuming that on an average one telephone number
=

4.1231 3.7417
out of fifteen calls between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m. on
= 0.5963
week days is busy. What is the probability that if 6

randomly selected telephone numbers are called
i. Not more than three

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
ii. At least three of them will be busy?
Definition :-
W2008
A discrete random variable has values 0,1,2,-----n is
said to follow a binomial distribution with parameter n Solution:-
Total number of telephone= 15 = 3

and p if its p.m.f. is given by
3 [ : o , s,,
,
sp:p ,o:
:() =
P (1 telephone number out of 15 calls between 2 p.m.
0 0<! 21! t
and 3 p.m. on week days is busy)=
1
:= =1:
15
13. If the probability that a new born child is male is 0.6.
1 14
Find the probability that in a family of 5 children
=1 =
15 15
there are exactly 3 boys? S2007
The random variable = = 6

Solution:-
:() = 3[ :
We know that the formula
3 [ : o , s,,
,
sp:p ,o:
:() = :( = 3) = :(0) + :(1) + :(2) + (3)
0 0<! 21!
1 s 14 s 1 14
: = 0.6 = 1 : = 6[q d e d e + 6[ d e d e
15 15 15 15
1
14
= 1 0.6 = 0.4 + 6[ d e d e
15 15
Total number of children= 5 = 3 , = 3 1 #
14 #
+ 6[ d e d e
15 15
: = 3[ :
:( = 3) = 5[ (0.6)# (0.4)t#
138
14 1 14 t 6! 1
14 .
=d e +6 d e + d e d e
15 15 15 2! (6 2)! 15 15
Assuming equal probability for boys and girls
6! 1 #
14 #
+ d e d e
S2013, W2013
3! (6 3)! 15 15 Solution:-
14 # 14 # 2 14
1
14
= d e Zd e + d e + 15 d e d e
15 15 5 15 15 15
Since it is given that equal probability for boys and
1 #
girls
+ 20 d e Y 1
15 :== , 3 = <0<8y 30. 0 2yK !3 = 4
2
:( = 3) = 0.9997
}0<8y 30. 0 8x2y2!1 = 800
(2)For one family to find probability of 2 boys and 2

P(Not more than three)=0.6989
:( = 3) = 1 /:(0) + :(1) + :(2)4 girls
1 s 14 s 1 14 :() = 3[ :

= 1 Z6[q d e d e + 6[ d e d e
15 16 15 16
1
1 .
14
:(2 @01 83K 2 A2 y1 = 4[ d e d e
+ 6[ d e d e Y 2 2
15 16
4! 1 .
14 1 14 t :2 @01 83K 2 A2 y1 = d e
2! (4 2)! 2

= 1 Zd e + 6 d e d e
16 15 16
6! 1
14 . 4 3 2! 1 .
+ d e d e \ :(2 @01 83K 2 A2 y1 = d e
2! (6 2)! 15 16 2! 2 1 2
1 .
14
1 14 t
:(2 @01 83K 2 A2 y1 = 6 d e = 0.375
= 1 Zd e + 6 d e d e 2
16 15 16
6 5 4! 1
14 .
+ d e d e Y
2 1 4! 15 16
For 800 family to find probability of 2 boys and 2 girls
:2 @01 83K 2 A2 y1 = 800 0.375 = 300

14
1 14
1 t
14
.
(22)
= 1 Zd e + 6 d e d e + 15 d e d e \
16 15 16 15 16
For one family to find probability of at least one
boy
:( = 3) = 0.3070 :(8< y!81< 03! @0) = :(1) + :(2) + :(3) + :(4)
15. Out of 800 families, with 4 children each how many :(8< y!81< 03! @0)
1 1 . 1
1 .
= 4[ d e d e + 4[ d e d e
families would be expected to have
2 2 2 2
1 #
1 .#
1 .
1 ..
+ 4[ d e d e + 4[ d e d e
i. 2 boys and 2 girls
ii. At least one boy 2 2 2 2
1 1 # 4! 1
1
= 4d e d e + d e d e
2 2 2! (4 2)! 2 2
iii. No girl
iv. At most two girls.
139
4! 1 # 1 1 .
+ d e d e +d e
3! (4 3)! 2 2 2
16. The incidence of occupational disease in an industry
is such that the workmen have a 10% chance of
1 1 # 4 3 2! 1
1
suffering from it. What is the probability that in a

= 4d e d e + d e d e
2 2 2! 2 1 2 2
group of seven, five or more will suffer from it?
S2010
4 3! 1 # 1 1 .
+ d e d e +d e
3! 1! 2 2 2
Solution:-
Total number of workmen = 7 = 3

1 1 # 1
1
1 # 1 1 .
= 4d e d e + 6d e d e + 4 d e d e + d e
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 10
: = 10% : =
100
:8< y!81< 03! @0) = 0.9375
1
:= : = 0.1
10
boy= 800 0.9375 = 750
For 800 family to find probability of at least one
=1:
(222) 0 03! 8x2y <0 23K : 0@8@2y2< 0 30 A2 y
= 1 0.1 = 0.9
1 1 s .s
:30 @0 = 4[q d e d e : = 3[ :
2 2
1 . : = 5 = :5 + :6 + :7

:30 @0 = d e = 0.0625
2
= 7[ 0.1t 0.9Wt + 7[U 0.1 0.9W
For 800 family to find probability of no girl= + 7[ 0.1W 0.9s
800 0.0625 = 50 7! 7!
= 0.1t 0.9
+ 0.1 0.9
5! 7 5! 6! 7 6!
2 0 03! 8x2y <0 23K : 0@8@2y2< 0 + 7 0.1W
8< x01< <0 A2 y 7 6 5! 7 6!
= 0.1t 0.9
+ 0.1 0.9
5! 2! 6! 1!
:8< x01< <0 A2 y = :0 + :1 + :2
+ 7 0.1W
1 s 1 .s 1 1 .
= 4[q d e d e + 4[ d e d e : = 5 = 210.1t 0.9
+ 70.1 0.9
2 2 2 2
+ 7 0.1W
1
1 .
+ 4[ d e d e
2 2 17. Six dice are thrown 729 times. How many times do
1 . 1 1 # 4! 1
1
= d e + 4d e d e + d e d e
you expect at least three dice to show a five or six
2 2 2 2! 4 2! 2 2
W2010,S2014
1 . 1 1 # 1
1
= d e + 4d e d e + 6d e d e
Solution:-
2 2 2 2 2 One die is thrown

:8< x01< <0 A2 y = 0.6875 = 1,2,3,4,5,6
3( = 6
girl= 800 0.6875 = 550
For 800 family to find probability of at most two
140
1+1
(5 0 6 =
6
ii. At least two will strike the target
2 1
5 0 6 = 5 0 6 =
S2011
6 3 Solution:-
=1: 1
:= =1:
5
1 2
=1 = 83K
3 3 1 4
=1 =
5 5
3 = 30. 0 K2! = 6
Total number of bomb dropped = 6 = 3
:() = 3[ :
:() = 3[ :
:( = 3) = 1 :( = 2)
1
4
:( = 3) = 1 /:(0) + :(1) + :(2)4 :( = 2) = 6[ d e d e

5 5
1 s 2 s 1 2 6! 1
4 .
= 1 Z6[q d e d e + 6[ d e d e :( = 2) = d e d e
3 3 3 3 2! (6 2)! 5 5
1
2
+ 6[ d e d e Y 15 4.
3 3 :( = = 2) =
5
2 2 t 6! 1 2 .
= 1 Zd e + 2 d e + d e \ 3840
3 3 2! (6 2)! 9 3 :( = 2) = = 0.24576
15625
2 6 2 t 15 2 . P (Exactly two will strike the target) = 0.24576
= 1 Zd e + d e +
d e \
3 3 3 3 3
:( = 2) = 1 ( = 0)
2 + 6 2t + 15 2.
=1i j :( = 2) = 1 /:(0) + :(1)4
3
64 + 192 + 240 1 s 4 s 1 4

=1 = 1 Z6[q d e d e + 6[ d e d e \
729 5 5 5 5
496 4 6 4t
: = 3 = 1 :( = 2) = 1 Z + \
729 5 5
233
: = 3 = : = 2 = 1 0.6554
729
: = 2 = 0.3436
Total expect number = 729 W
= 233

##
19. If the probability of a bad reaction from a certain

18. The probability that a bomb dropped from a plan will
N
injection is 0.001 find the chance that out of 2000

strike the target is . if six bomb are dropped, find individuals more than two will get a bad reaction
the chance that S2011
i. Exactly two will strike the target Solution:-
141
: = 0.001 = 1 : ! ! x = 8 2!3! 0 Poisson distribution = np

= mean of P. D.
= 1 0.001 0.999
x
3=1 = + 1 = =
+1
:() = 3[ : 21. In a certain factory producing cycles tyres there is a
:( = > 2) = 1 ( = 2)
small chance of 1 in 500 tyres to be defective. The
tyres are supplied in lot of 10. Using P.D calculate the
:( = > 2) = 1 /:(0) + :(1) + :(2)4 approximate number of lots containing no defective
= 1 2000[q (0.001)s (0.999)

ssss
one defective , two defective tyres respectively in a
+ 2000[ (0.001) (0.999)

sss
corresponding of 10,000 lots
+ 2000[ (0.001)
(0.999)
sss

S2008
:( = > 2) = 1 (0.1352 + 0.2707 + 0.2708)

Solution:-
Total number of lot1 = 10 = 3

:( = > 2) = 1 0.6767
:( = > 2) = 0.3233
One tyre is defective out of 500 tyres
1
:=
20. If the probability of a bad reaction from a certain 500
injection is 0.001 find the chance that out of 2000 We know that
1 1
individuals exactly three will suffer get a bad
x = 3: x = 10 =
500 50
reaction S2012
x" ! E
( = = .1
Solution:-
: = 0.001 = 1 : !
= 1 0.001 0.999 To find probability of no defective tyre 2. !. = 0
3=1 Put = 0 83K x = ts in equation 1

:() = 3[ : 1 s /ts

gh !
:( = = 3) = 2000[ (0.001)# (0.999)
sss# = 0 = 50 0! = 1
0!
2000 1999 1998 1997! = 0 = ! s.s
= 0 = 0.9802
= 10 0.1356
3! (2000 3)!
:( = = 3) = 1331334000 10
= 1.3313 = 0.9802 10,000
Numbers of lots containing 0 defective tyres
POISSON DISTRIBUTION Numbers of lots containing 0 defective tyre
The formula for Poisson approximation is = 0.9802 10. = 9802
x" ! E To find probability of one defective tyre 2. !. = 1

( = =
!
142
Put = 1 83K x = ts in equation 1

x!83 = 3: :;< 3 = 20 83K x!83 = 2
1
1 /ts 2 = 20: : =
g
h ! 20
= 1 = 50 1! = 1
1! : = 0.05
= 1 = 0.02 ! s.s
=1:
= 1 = 0.02 0.9802
= 1 0.05 = 0.95
= 1 = 0.019604
:() = 3[ :
:( = 3) = 1 ( = 0)
Numbers of lots containing 1 defective tyre
= 0.019604 10,000
:( = 3) = 1 /:(0) + :(1) + :(2)4
= 1 20[q (0.05)s (0.95)

ss
= 0.019604 10. = 196.04 + 20[ (0.05) (0.95)

s
+ 20[ (0.05)
(0.95)
s

To find probability of 2 defective tyre 2. !. = 2
:( = 3) = 1 (0.3585 + 0.3774 + 0.1887)

:( = 3) = 1 0.9246
1
g
h ! /ts :( = 3) = 0.0754
= 2 = 50 2! = 2 1 = 2
2!
= 2 = 0.02
! s.s
parts= 1000 0.0754
Total number of sample having at least three defective
= 2 = 0.0004 0.9802

parts= 75.4
Total number of sample having at least three defective
= 2 = 3.9208 10.
Numbers of lots containing 2 defective tyres 23. In a certain factory producing condenser there is a
= 3.9208 10. 10,000

small chance of 1 in 500 condensers is defective. The
condensers are supplied in lot of 10. Using Poisson
distribution calculate the approximate number of
= 3.9208 10. 10. = 3.9208

lots containing:
i. No defective
22. In sampling the large number of parts manufacturer
ii. One defective
by a machine the mean number of defective in a
sample of 20 is 2. Out of 1000 such a sample how iii. Two defective condensers respectively in a
many would be expected to contain at least three consignment of 10,000 lots S2013
defective parts? W2012
Solution:-
Solution:-
We know that the formula for mean in B.D
143
Total number of lot1 = 10 = 3

= 0.019604 10. = 196.04
Numbers of lots containing 1 defective condenser
To find probability of 2 defective condenser 2. !. = 2

One condenser is defective out of 500 condensers
1
:=
500 Put = 2 83K x =

ts
in equation 1
1
/ts
g h !
We know that
x = 3: x = 10
1
=
1 = 2 = 50 2! = 2 1 = 2
500 50 2!
x" ! E = 2 = 0.02

! s.s
( = = .1
! = 2 = 0.0004 0.9802
= 2 = 3.9208 10.

2. !. = 0
To find probability of no defective condenser

= 3.9208 10. 10. = 3.9208
Numbers of lots containing 2 defective condensers
1 s /ts
g h !
= 0 = 50 0! = 1
0!
= 0 = ! s.s
= 0 = 0.9802
= 0.9802 10,000
= 0.9802 10. = 9802

2. !. = 1
To find probability of one defective condenser

1 /ts
g h !
= 1 = 50 1! = 1
1!
= 1 = 0.02 ! s.s
= 1 = 0.02 0.9802
= 1 = 0.019604
= 0.019604 10,000
Numbers of lots containing 1 defective condenser
144

7 1
= o <K<
2

1

3< 3
+ o (<) 01 K< cos
3 = 1
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
1

3< 3
+ o (<) 123 K< 123
FOURIER INTEGRAL THEOREM
3 = 1

Prove that
1
= o o < 01 ;< K;K<
1
= o (<)K<
2
s

1 3< 3
+ o (<) X01 01
Proof:-
3 = 1 c
23 , is given by 3< 3
We know that a Fourier series of function
+ 123 123 Y K<

8s 3
= + 8 cos
2 3=1

1
= o (<)K<
3 2
+ @ 123 1
3=1 1 3<
+ o (<) 01 d
Where 8s , 8 83K @ given by 3 = 1 c
3
e K<
1
8s = o <K<

1
1 3(< )
= o (<)K< + o (<) 01 K<
2 3 =1c
1 3<
8 = o < 01 K<

1 3(< )
() = o (<) Z1 + 2 01 \ K<
2 3=1
1 3<
@ = o (<) 123 K<
3(< )
1 + 2 01

3=1
Put 8s , 8 83K @ in equation 1
3(< )
= 01
3 =
1

3(< )
() = o (<) Z 01 \ K<
2 3 =

1 3(< )
() = o (<) Z 01 \ K<
2 3 =

145
3
1 <!3 ! 2<! = ; = K; 1
= o o < 01;< ; K;K<

s
3(< )
lim Z 01 \

3 = 1
= o o <cos ;< cos ; + sin ;< sin ;K;K<

= o cos ;(< ) K; s

1
= o o <cos ;< cos ;K;K<

s
By even and odd functions property

1

o cos ;< K; = 2 o 01 ;< K; + o o <123 ;< 123 ;)K;K<

s s
1

y2x
3(< )
= o cos ; K; o (<) 01 ;< K<
Z 01 \=
3 =
s

1
+ o sin ; K o (<) sin ;< K< . .1
2 o 01 ;(< ) K;
s
s
0312K! <0 81!1 0 ;3<203 <

1
() = o (<) 2 o 01 ;(< ) K; K< 81! ;3<203 <21 83 0KK ;3<203
2
s
(<) cos ;< 21 83 0KK ;3<203

1
() = o o (<) 01 ;(< ) K;K< < 123 ;< 21 83 !!3 ;3<203

s
5
Fourier sine and cosine integrals 123A : 0! < o K
5
5
() = s sin ; K; s < sin ;< K< = 2 o K 2 21 83 !!3 ;3<203

Fourier sine integral
= 0 2 21 83 0KK ;3<203

= s cos ; K; s < cos ;< K<

Fourier cosine integral
0x !;8<203 1

1
Proof:-
= o cos ; K;0

We know that the Fourier integral theorem
s

1
+ o sin ; K 2 o < sin ;< K<

1
= o o < 01 ;< K;K<
s s
s

2
= o 123 ; K o < 123 ;< K<

s s
146

1
0= o o < 123 ;< K;K<
This integral is called as Fourier sine integral
81! 2

;3<203 <21 83 !!3 ;3<203 t;y<2:y @0< 12K!1 @ 2
< cos ;< 21 83 !!3 ;3<203 2

0= o o < 123 ;< K;K< 2

< 123 ;< 21 83 0KK ;3<203 2

0x !;8<203 1 ;8<203 1 + ;8<203 2

1 1
= o cos ; K; 2 o < 01 ;< K< = o o < 01 ;< K;K<
2
s s

1 2
+ o sin ; K0 + o o < 123 ;< K;K<
2
s

2 cos ; K; o < 01 ;< K< 1
= o = o o </01 ;<
2
s
+ 2 sin ;< 4K;K<
s

1
= o o <! G K;K<
This integral is called as Fourier cosine integral
2

Fourier complex Integral

N, | P| N
24. Find the Fourier transform of
1

P =
, |P| > 1
= o o <! G K; K<
2
Hence Evaluate PS2012
P
P
00:
8! 30 <8<
Solution:-

1
We know that the Fourier integral formula
= o o < 01 ;< K;K< 1

= o o < 01 ;< K;K<
s

s
: 0:! < 0 !!3 83K 0KK ;3<203
:;< ; = 5 ! A!<

1
= o o < 01 ;< 1

2 = o o < 01 5< K5 K<

K;K< 1 s
123! sin ;< 21 83 0KK ;3<203 <!3 23! < = 1
147
|| = 1 , = =
Us
1
= o K5 o 01 5< K<

123 5 01 5 1
s
o K5 =
1

123 5<
5 2 2
= oZ \ K5
s
5
123 5 01 5
s
o K5 =
1

123 51 123 51 5 4
= oZ \ K5
s
5 5
s 25. Using Fourier integral representation, show that

1 123 51 123/51 + 4 , = P > 0, > 0S2012

QRS ,P uIP
= o Z \ K5
5 5 IM U,M MI
s
;1! sin = sin

Solution:-

1 123 51 123 51 + = s cos ; K; s < cos ;< K<

Fourier cosine integral is
= oZ + \ K5
5 5
;< ; = 83K < = ! H
s

1 1235 5 + 1235 + 5
= o Z \ K5
5
s 2
= o cos K o ! H cos < K< 1

+
1! sin + sin = 2 sin d e cos d e
s s
2 2
Consider ! H 01 < K<
5 5 + 5 + 5 5 5 5 5
2 123 g h 01 g h

1 2 2
= o K5 y!< = o ! H 01 < K< 1! } ;y!
5
s
K
1 2 123 5 015 = cos < o ! H K< o X cos < o ! H K<Y K<
= o Z \ K5 K<
5
s
! H ! H
= cos < o sin < K<
1! cos = cos
! H

2 123 5 01 5 = cos <
= o K5
5
s ! H
sin <

123 5 01 5
o K5 = ! H
5 2 o Z cos < \ K<
s
! H sin < ! H

123 5 01 5 1 = , | | 1 = cos < +
o K5 = 2 2
5 0 = 0, || > 1
s
2
o ! H 01 < K<

148
! H sin < ! H
2

= cos < +
= o sin 5 K5 o 123 5< K<

s s

! H sin < ! H
+
= cos < +

2 cos 5<
= o sin 5 K5 X Y
5 s

+
! H 123 < ! H
i j = 01 < +
s

2 01 5 01 50
= o sin 5 K5 d + e
= cos < ! H
+ sin < ! H 5 5

+

+
s

0x !;8<203 1 2 01 5 1
= o sin 5 K5 d + e

5 5
2
s
= o cos K X
01 < ! H
+
2

1 cos 5
s
= o d e sin 5 K5
H Y

5
+ 123 < !

+
s
s

1 01 5
2 od e 123 5 K5 =
= o 01 K d0 +
e 5 2
+
s
s

1 01 5
2 cos od e 123 5 K5 =
= o
K 5 2
+
s

, 0
s

= 2
2 cos 0, >
! H = o
K
+
At = = =
Us
s

01 ! H
o K = > 0, > 0 1 01 5 1

+
2 od e 123 5 K5 = =
s 5 2 2 4
s
N, P
26. Express P = 27. Express P as Fourier sine integral where
, >
as a Fourier sine
integral and hence evaluate Sà uP u

NQRS u
N, P r
u P =
, >
S2015
Solution:-
Solution:-
We know that the Fourier sine integral

We know that the Fourier sine integral
2
2

= o 123 ; K o < 123 ;< K<

= o 123 ; K o < 123 ;< K<

s s
s s
;< ; = 5 , < = 1
;< ; = 5 , < = 1
149
2
#
5
= 01 5< 01 < 5 123 5< 123 <
= o sin 5 K5 o 123 5< K<
1 5
= 01 5< 01 < 5 123 5< 123 <
s s
1 5
2 cos 5< # = 01 5< 01 < +
123 5< 123 <
= o sin 5 K5 X Y 5
1 5 1
5 s
s
2 1
= o 01 5 K5 X
01 5< 01 <
2 01 35 01 50 5 1
= o sin 5 K5 d + e

s
5 5 5
+
123 5< 123 <Y
s

5 1 s
2 01 35 1
= o sin 5 K5 d + e
5 5 2 1
= o 01 5 K5 X
01 5 01
5 1
s
s
2 1 cos 35 1
= o d e sin 5 K5 Y
5 5
1
s

2 1 1
= o 01 5 K5 X
01 5
Y
5 1 5 1
28. Find Fourier cosine integral representation of
Sà P , P s
P =
, >
2 1
= o
1 + 01 5 01 5 K5
5 1
s
Solution:-
We know that the Fourier cosine integral

, < < 1
29. Find the Fourier sine integral representation of
P = I , N < < 2 where k is constant

2 ,P > 2
= o 01 ; K o < 01 ;< K<

s s Solution:-
;< ; = 5 , < = sin < We know that the Fourier sine integral

2
= o 01 5 K5 o sin < 01 5< K<
2

s s
= o 123 ; K o < 123 ;< K<

Consider 123 < 01 5< K< s s
;< ; = 5 , < =
= cos 5< cos < o/5 sin 5< cos <4K<

2
= cos 5< cos < = o sin 5 K5 o 123 5< K<

s
5 sin 5< sin <

2 cos 5<
o/5 01 5< sin <4K< = o sin 5 K5 X Y

5
s
= cos 5< cos < 5 123 5< 123 < + 5
150
1 5
2 01 25 01 5 = 01 5< ! 5 +
! 5 sin 5<
= o sin 5 K5 d + e 8 8
5 5
5

o ! 5 01 5< K<
s
8
2 cos 5 cos 25
= o sin 5 K5 d e 1 5 5
5 = 01 5< ! 5
+
! 123 5<

s 8 8 8

2 01 5 01 25 5
1 5
= od e sin 5 K5 + = 01 5< ! 5 +
! 5 123 5<
5 8
8 8
s
5
1 5
30. Find the Fourier cosine integral of the function uP i1 + j = 01 5< ! 5 +
! 5 123 5<
8
8 8
5
+ 8
1
Hence show that
5
i j = 01 5< ! 5 +
! 5 123 5<

uP 8
8 8
o u = uP P
u +N
M M M

8 5
= 01 5< ! 5 +
! 5 123 5<
Solution:- 5
+8
5 + 8
0x !;8<203 1
= s cos ; K; s < cos ;< K<

Fourier cosine integral is

2 8
= o cos 5 K5 X
01 5< ! 5
;< ; = 5 83K < = ! 5 5 + 8
s
5
+ ! 5
123 5< Y
2 5
+ 8
= o cos 5 K o ! 5 cos 5< K< 1 s

2 8
s s
= o 01 5 K5 g
h
Consider ! 5 01 5< K< 5 + 8
y!< = o ! 5 01 5< K< 1! } ;y!

28 01 5
= o
K5
5 + 8
K s
= cos 5< o ! 5 K< o X cos 5< o ! 5 K<Y K<
K<
28 01 5
= o
K5
1 ! 5 5 + 8
= cos 5< ! 5 o 5 sin 5< i j K< s

8 8

1 01 5
= 01 5< ! 5 o K5 =
8 5
+ 8
28
s
5 1
sin 5< ! 5
8 8

01 5 5
5 o K5 = ! :;< 8 = 1
o X cos 5< ! 5 Y K< 5 +8

28
8 s

01 5
o K5 = !
5 +1

2
s
151
representation of P given by

31. Find the complex form of the Fourier integral We know that the complex form of Fourier integral
representation is
P = u , > 0 83K > 0

IP
1
, u,u = o o <! G K;K<
2

1
Solution:-
= o o <! G ! G K;K<

2
We know that the complex form of Fourier integral
representation is

1

1
= o o <! G K;K< = o! G
K; o <! G K<
2

I2J

;< ; = 1 K; = K1
1
= o o <! G ! G K;K<
2
1 1
= o! K1 o <! G K<
G
2 2
1
= o ! G K; o <! G K<
2
1
= o ! G 1 K1

2
:;< ; = 5 83K < = ! H
21 8yy!K 81 3! 1! 0; 2! < 8310 x 0 1

1
= o ! Gv K5 o ! H ! Gv K<
2 1

8! ! o <! G K< = 1

s
2
1
= o ! Gv K5 o ! GvH K<
2 121 8yy!K 81 0; 2! < 8310 x 0
s

1 ! GvH
= o! K5 Z \
Definition of Fourier Transform is
Gv
2 25 s 1

/4 = o ! G K
2
1 ! HGv

= o ! Gv K5 Z \
2 25 s

N PM |P| N
P =
|P| > 1

1 1
and use it to evaluate
= o ! Gv K5 d0 e
2 25
g h QRS M PW2011,S2014
P QRS PSà P P

Pr

1 ! Gv
= o K5
2 25
Solution:-
We know that the definition of Fourier Transform is
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
152
2
1 cos 1 + 2 sin 1 + 01 1 2 123 1

/4 = o ! G
K 1 1
2 = ] ^
2 + 2 01 1 + 2 123 1 01 1 + 2 123 1
21 #
;< = 1
83K 83A!1 0x 1 <0 1
1 4 42 sin 1
/4 = d cos 1 + e
1 21 #

1 2

/4 = o1
! G K
2 1 4 4 sin 1

/4 = d cos 1 + e
2 1
1#
0312K! = o1
! G K
1 4 4 123 1
1 = d 01 1 + e
2 1
1#
Use LIATE Rule
= 1

o! G
K
By inversion formula for Fourier series

K 1
oX 1
o ! G KY K = o ! G 1 K1
K 2

! G ! G 1

1 4 4 123 1
= 1
o 2 K = o ! G d 01 1 + e K1
21 21 1 1#
2 2

!G
2
= 1
+ o ! G K
21 21 1 4
= o # cos 1 2 sin 11 cos 1 + sin 1 K1
2 1
! G 2 ! G ! G
= 1
+ Z o K\
21 21 21 21
1 4
= o # /1 cos 1 cos 1 + sin 1 cos 1
! G 2 ! G 2 ! G 2 1
= 1
+

21 2 1 2 1 21 + 21 sin 1 cos 1 2 sin 1 sin 1 4 K1
! G 2 ! G 2
= 1
+ # ! G

21 1 21 1 01 1 01 1 123 1 01 1
= 4 o K1 + 4 o K1

2 1
1#
1 ! G 2 ! G
/4 = Z1

21 1
sin 1 cos 1
2 + 42 o K1
2 G 1
+ ! Y
21 #

123 1 123 1
42 o K1
1#
1 ! G 1 G ! G 2
= Z2
+ # ! 2
# ! G \
2 1 21 1 21 By even and odd functions property
1 2 G 2
= X I! + ! G
J + I! G ! G JY 01 1 01 1 01 1 01 1
2 1
21 # o K1 = 2 o K1
1
1
s
01 1 01 1
1 =
1
153
011 011
123 1 101 1 1 1
1 = od e 01 K1 = d1 e
1
1 # 2 4 4
s
1 = 1

01 1 01 1 101 1 sin 1 1 3
1 = 21 !!3 ;3<203 o d e 01 K1 =
1
1 # 2 16
s

123 1 01 1 123 1 01 1

101 1 sin 1 1 3
o K1 = 2 o K1 od e 01 K1 =
1 # 1# 1 # 2 16
s s
123 1 01 1
21 83 !!3 ;3<203 01 123 3
1# od e 01 K =
# 2 16
s
sin 1 cos 1
o K1 = 0
1
33. Find the Fourier transform of uP uu > 0
M
123 1 01 1
21 0KK ;3<203
Solution:-
1

123 1 123 1
o K1 = 0 1
1# /4 = o ! G K
2

123 1 123 1
21 83 !!3 ;3<203 ;< = ! 5
1#

1 01 1 01 1 123 1 01 1 1
= 8 o K1 + 8 o K1 /4 = o ! 5 ! G K

2 1
1# 2
s s

4 123 1 01 1 101 1 01 1 1
= o K1 /4 = o ! 5 K
UG
1# 2
s

4 123 1 101 1 1 G
= od e cos 1 K1 /4 = o! K
5g h
5
1# 2
s

123 1 101 1 1 21
1
od e 01 1 K1 = }2 !K <! x = X d eY =
1 # 4 2 8 48
s

1 G
/4 = o! K
5d U e
123 1 101 1
5 .5 .5
od e 01 1 K1 = 1
2
1# 4
s

1
/4 = o! K
d5 G U e
For evaluating given integral :;< =
.5 .5

2

154

1
/4 = o !
UG K
2
1 G

ZI5J GUd e \
/4 = o !
5 ! .5 K
2
1
/4 = o !
I K

GJ
2
! G

.5 d5 e
/4 = o!
5 K
2 1
}2 !K <! x = X 221Y = 1
2
21
;< 8 =<
28 1
/4 = o !
I K

G U J
K< 1 2
8 = K = K<

K 8
1
/4 = o ! K
d G U e

2

! .5 1
/4 = o! K<

2 8

1 GUG

/4 = o! I
J I
J !

K
2

! .5
/4 = o!
K<
28

!
G
d e
/4 = o !

K
2

! .5
/4 = 8! ! o !
K< =
28
21
;< = < K = 2K<
2 2
!
.5
/4 =
28 !
/4 = o ! 2K<

2
PM
u
, < < W2014, W2013
!
M

/4 = 2
Solution:- 2

Z!
\ = !

1
/4 = o ! G K
2
FOURIER SINE TRANSFORM

;< = !
We know that the sine integral formula

2
= o 123 ; K; o < 123 ;< K<

1
/4 = o!

! G K s s
2

155

! 5 1
2 = sin 1 + o ! 5 cos 1 K
= C o 123 ; K; o < 123 ;< K< :;< ; 8 8

s s
! 5
=1 = sin 1
8
1 ! 5
2

2
+ Xcos 1
8 8
= C o 123 1 K1 C o < 123 1< K< ! 5

o 1 sin 1 K Y
8
s s

2 ! 5 1! 5 1
= C o 123 1 1 K1 8! ! 1 = sin 1 cos 1

8 8
8
2
1
! 5 1! 5
+
= sin 1 cos 1
= C o < 123 1< K< 8 8 8

s
1
+ 8
! 5 1! 5
i j = 123 1 01 1
M

8
8 8
O = O /P4 = C o P P P

8 ! 5 1! 5

= 123 1 01 1
1
+ 8
1
+ 8

M
P = C o O P 2 8 ! 5 1! 5

/4 = C X 123 1
01 1Y

1
+ 8
1 + 8
s
uP > 0 Hence show that 2 1

35. Find the Fourier sine transform of
/4 = C
= 1
1 + 8
P = M uI I > 0W2011,W2013

P Sà IP
M UPM

2
= C o 1 123 1 K1

Solution:-
s

2 2 1
2 = C o C
123 1 K1
1 = /4 = C o 123 1 K 1 + 8
s
s

;< = ! 5 2 1 123 1
! 5
= o
K1 ;< 1 = 83K =
1 + 8
s
2
/4 = C o ! 5 123 1 K
2 123 123
! 5H = o
K o
K = ! 5H
+8 +8 2
s

s s
y!< = o ! 5 123 1 K
36. Find the Fourier sine transform of u|P| Hence
Evaluate P W2013
P Sà wP
! 5 ! 5
= sin 1 o X1 cos 1 Y K NUPM
8 8
Solution:-
156

2
= C o 1 123 1 K1

2 s
1 = /4 = C o 123 1 K

s 2
! = C o 1 123 1 K1
;< = ! ||
|| =
s
But in an interval 0 , 21 :012<2! || =

2 1
:;< = x 83K 1 = C
1 + 1
2
/4 = C o ! 123 1 K

s 2 2 1
! E =C oC 123 x1 K1
1 + 1
y!< = o ! 123 1 K s
Replacing 1 @
4
= sin 1 !
o/1 cos 1 ! K
2 sin x
! E = o K
1 +
= sin 1 ! + 1 o ! cos 1 K s

= sin 1 ! 123 x
o K = ! E
1+
2
+ 1 X cos 1 ! s
o 1 sin 1 ! K Y 37. Find the Fourier sine transform of () =

R

= 123 1 !
1!
cos 1 1

S2013
+ 1
= 123 1 ! 1 ! 01 1
Solution:-
1 + 1
= 123 1 ! 1 ! 01 1

1 1 2
= 123 1 ! ! 01 1 (1) = /()4 = C o 123 1 K
1+1
1 + 1

s
2 1 ! 5
/4 = C X 123 1 ! ;< =
1 + 1

1
!
01 1 Y 2 ! 5
1 + 1
1 = C o 123 1 K
s

s
2 1
/4 = C = 1
1 + 1

K 2 ! 5 K
/(1)4 = C o (123 1)K
K1 K1
Using the formula for Inverse sine transform
s
157

K 2 ! 5 2 K1
/(1)4 = C o cos 1 K 1 = 8 C o
K1 1 + 8
2 1

K 2
/(1)4 = C o ! 5 cos 1 K 1 = 8 C tan g h +
K1 8
s
y!< = o ! 5 01 1 K

To find the value of c
2 1 = 0 <!3 1 = 0
! 5 ! 5
= cos 1 o X1 sin 1 Y K
8 8 2 0
0 = 8C tan d e +
8
! 5 1
= 01 1 o ! 5 sin 1 K
8 8
2
! 5 0 = 8C <83(0) +
= 01 1
8
1 ! 5
Xsin 1 0=0+ =0
8 8
! 5
o 1 cos 1 K Y 2 1
8 (1) = 8 C tan g h
8
! 5 1! 5 1
= 01 1 + sin 1
8 8
8
38. Show that the Fourier sine transform of
1
! 5 1! 5 M u
P
+
= 01 1 + 123 1 NUPM
8 8 8
1
+ 8
! 5 1! 5
i j = 01 1 + 123 1
Solution:-
8
8 8
8 ! 5 1! 5
= 01 1 + 123 1 2
1
+ 8
1
+ 8
1 = /4 = C o 123 1 K 1

s
K 2 8 ! 5
/(1)4 = C X
01 1
K1 1 + 8
;< =
1 +
1! 5

+
123 1 Y
1 + 8
s 2
1 = C o 123 1 K
1 +
K 2 1 s
/(1)4 = 8C
K1 1 + 8

2
(1) = C o 123 1 K
23<!A 8<23A @0< 12K!1 . . <. 1 (1 +
)
s
158
1 = ! +
! .3
2 1 +
1
(1) = C o 123 1 K
(1 +
) K2! !3<28<! @0< 12K!1 . . <. 1
s
K
/14 = !
! .4

2 1 +
K1
(1) = C o 123 1 K
(1 +
)
s

0x !;8<203 1 83K 3
1
o 123 1 K
(1 +
)

2 123 1
s C o K = ! +
!
2 (1 +
)
s
2 123 1 sin 1
(1) = C o K o K
(1 +
) 2
s s ;< 1 = 0 C = +
2

2 sin 1
1 = C o K
2 1 +
+
= 5
s 2
Differentiate both sides w. r. t. s 0x !;8<203 2 83K 4

K 2 1 K 2 cos 1
/14 = C o 123 1)K C o K = !
!
K1 1 + K1

1 +
s s
K 2

cos 1 ;< 1 = 0
/14 = C o K
K1 1 +

s 2 1
C o K = ! s
! s
1 +
K 2 cos 1 s
/14 = C o K .2
K1 1 +
s 2
C /tan 4
s =

K
2 sin 1 2
= C o K C /<83 () <83(0)4 =
K1
1 +

s
2

K
2 123 1 C =
=C o K 2
K1
1 +

K
K

= 6
= =0 2
K1
K1

1 = 0
1 = 0 !;8<203 5 + !;8<203 6

= 1
= 1 2 = 0 = 0 ;< 23 !3 5
159
! 5 ! 5

= = 01 1 + sin 1
2 8 8
8

! 5 ! 5
1 = 0! + !

+
= 01 1 + 123 1
2 8 8 8

+ 8
! 5 ! 5
/4 ! i j = 01 1 + 123 1
2 8
8 8
u
8 ! 5 ! 5
= 01 1 + 123 1

+ 8

+ 8
39. Find the function whose sine transformation is
K 2 8 ! 5
Solution:-
/()4 = C X
01 1
2 K + 8
() = C o (1) 123 1 K1

! 5

s + 123 1 Y

+ 8
s

2 ! 5
= C o 123 1 K1 K 2 8
1 /()4 = C
s K + 8

3<!A 8<23A @0< 12K! . . <.

K 2 ! 5 K
/()4 = C o (123 1 K1 2 K
K 1 K = 8 C o
s + 8

K 2 ! 5
/4 = C o 1 cos 1 K1 21
K 1 = 8 C tan g h +
s 8 8

K 2 2
/4 = C o ! 5 cos 1 K1 = C tan g h +
K 8
s
!< = o ! 5 01 1 K1 To find the value of c

! 5 ! 5 2 ! 5 2
= cos 1 o X sin 1 Y K C o 123 1 K1 = C <83 g h +
8 8 1 8
s
!
5
= 01 1 o ! 5 sin 1 K ;< = 0
8 8

! 5 2 ! 5 2
= 01 1 C o 123 1(0) K1 = C <83 (0) +
8 1
! 5 s
Xsin 1
8 8 0=0+ =0
! 5
o cos 1 K Y
8
160

2 K
2 (
+ 8
) 123 1
() = C tan g h = C o K
8 K1
(
+ 8
)
s

N 8
123 1
o K
P PM UM (
+ 8
)
40. Find Fourier sine transform of
s

K
2 123 1 123 1
Solution:-
= C o K 8
o
K
K1
( + 8
)
s s

2
(1) = /()4 = C o 123 1 K

K
2 123 1
= C 8
o
K
s
K1
2 ( + 8
)
s
1
;< =
+ 8

K
2 123 1

= + 8
C o
K
K1
2 ( + 8
)
2 1 s
1 = C o 123 1 K . .1
+ 8

K
K

s
= + 8
8
=
K1
2 K1
2

(
8
) =
2

K 2 1 K
/(1)4 = C o
(123 1)K
K1 ( + 8
) K1
8
= 0
s

= 8
= 8
K 2 cos 1
/14 = C o
K
K1 + 8
= ! 5 +
! 5
s
}0 23K
K 2 cos 1
/14 = C o
K .2
K1 + 8
1
= i j

8 2
s
1
= ! s
2 8
K
2 sin 1
=C o
K
K1
+ 8
1
s =
2 0 8

K
2
123 1 1
= C o K =
K1
(
+ 8
) 8
2
s
1
K

2 (
+ 8
8
) 123 1 = 1 = ! 5 +
! 5 + .3
= C o K 8
2
K1
(
+ 8
)
s K2! !3<28<! @0< 12K!1 . . <. 1
161
K 1
/14 = 8 ! 5 8
! 5 .4
=
K1 8
2
0x !;8<203 1 83K 3 1 1
1 = 0! ! +

8
2 8 2
2 1
C o 123 1 K 1
+ 8

/4 = 1 ! 5
s 8
2
1
= ! 5 +
! 5 + 41. Find (P) if it Fourier sine transform is O() =
8
2
Sà , < 1 <

;< 1 = 0 ,
1
0 = +
+
8
2
Solution:-

2
1 = C o 1 123 1 K1
+
= . .5
8
2 s
0x !;8<203 2 83K 4
2
= C o sin 1 123 1 K1

2 01 1 s
C o
K = 8 ! 5 8
! 5
+ 8
cos( ) cos( + ) = 2 sin sin
s
;< 1 = 0 1
sin 1 123 1 = /cos1 1 cos1 + 14
2

2 1
C o
K = 8 ! s 8
! s 2 1

+ 8
= C o /011 1 011 + 114K1
s 2
s
2 1
C X tan Y = 8 8
1 sin1 1 sin1 + 1

8 s = C Z \
2 1 1+ s
1 2
C /<83 () <83(0)4 = 8 8
1 123(1 ) 123(1 + )
8 = C Z \
2 1 1+
1 2
C = 8 8
1 123( ) 123( + )
8 2 () = C Z \
2 1 1+
1

= . .6
8
2 1 123 123
() = C X + Y
!;8<203 5 + !;8<203 6 2 1 1+
2 = 0 = 0 ;< 23 !3 5 1 123 + 123 + 123 123

() = C X Y
2 1
162
5
1 2 123 2
() = C /4 = C o cos 01 1 K
2 1

s
2 123 Apply cos + + cos = 2 cos cos

() = C
1
1
/cos1 + 1 + cos1 14 = 01 01 1
2
5
FOURIER COSINE TRANSFORM
2 1
/4 = C o /011 + 1 + 011 14K
2
We know that the cosine integral formula
s
2
() = o 01 ; K; o < 01 ;< K< 5 5
1
s s = C o cos1 + 1 K + o 011 1 K
2
s s

2 1 sin1 + 1 sin1 1
5
= C o 01 ; K; o < 01 ;< K< :;< ; = 1 =C Z + \
2 1+1 11 s
s s
2

2

1 123(1 + 1)8 123(1 1)8
= C o 01 1 K1 C o < 01 1< K< /4 = C Z + \
2 1+1 11
s s
N

2
NUPM
43. Find the Fourier cosine transform of
= C o 01 1 1 K1

S2015
s

Solution:-
2
8! ! 1 = C o < 01 1< K<

2
/()4 = C o 01 1 K
s
s

M
O = O /P4 = C o P P P

2 1
1 = C o 01 1 K 1
1 +
s

M Differentiate both sides w. r. t. 1
P = C o O P

K 2 1 K
/14 = C o 01 1K
K1 1 + K1

QRS P , < < 8

42. Find the Fourier cosine transform of
(P) =
s
P, 8
S2013

K 2 sin 1
/14 = C o K
K1 1 +
Solution:-
s

2
/4 = C o 01 1 K

s
163

/(1)4 (1) = 0
K 2 sin 1
/14 = C o K
K1 1 +
(
1)(1) = 0
s

1 = 0
= 1
K 2 sin 1
/14 = C o K
K1 1 +
= 1
s
x;y<2:y T " 83K " @ (1) = ! +

! .3
K2! !3<28<! @0< 12K!1 . . <. 1

K 2 1 +
1 sin 1
/14 = C o K K
K1 1 +
/14 = !
! .4
s K1
0x !;8<203 1 83K 3

2 1 +
123 1 123 1
= C o K o K
(1 + )

(1 +
)
s s
2 1
C o 01 1 K = ! +
!
1 +
2 123 1 123 1 s
= C o K o K
(1 +
)
s s
2 1
;< 1 = 0 C o K = +
1 +
K 2 123 1 s
/(1)4 = C o K 2
K1 2 (1 +
)
s
2
C /tan 4
s = +

123 1
o K =
2
s
2
C /tan tan 04 = +
Again differentiate both sides w. r. t. s
K
K
2 K (123 1) 2
/(1)4 = C g h o K1 K C = +
+
= 5
K1
K1 2 (1 +
) 2 2
s
0x !;8<203 2 83K 4
K
2 cos 1
/(1)4 = C 0 o K
K1
(1 +
)
2 123 1
C o K = !
!
s
2 (1 +
)
s
K
2 1
/(1)4 = C o 01 1 K
K1
1 +
2
;< 1 = 0 C = ! s
! s
s
2
K
/(1)4 = (1)
K1

= . .6
K
2
/(1)4 (1) = 0
K1
!;8<203 5 + !;8<203 6
164
2 = 0 = 0 ;< 23 !3 5
2 8 ! 5 1! 5

/()4 = C X 01 1 +
123 1Y
1
+ 8
1 + 8
s

=
2
2 8
/()4 = C
1 = 0! + ! /4 !

1 + 8
2 2
44. Find the Fourier cosine transform of ! 5 45. Find Fourier cosine transform of ! 5

W2011
Solution:-

2
Solution:-
/()4 = C o 01 1 K

2
/4 = C o 01 1 K

s
s

2
/4 = C o ! 5 cos 1 K

2
/4 = C o ! 5 01 1 K

s
s

2
/4 = H!8y :8 < 0 C o ! 5 cos 1

y!< = o ! 5 01 1 K
s
+ 2 sin 1 )K
! 5 ! 5
= cos 1 o X1 sin 1 Y K
8 8
2
/()4 = H C o ! 5 ! G K

! 5 1
= 01 1 o ! 5 sin 1 K
8 8
s

! 5 2
= 01 1 /()4 = H C o ! 5 UG K

8
1 ! 5 s
Xsin 1
8 8
! 5 2
o 1 cos 1 K Y /()4 = H C o !
5 g Gh
5 K
8
s
! 5 1! 5 1
= 01 1 + sin 1
1 21
1
8 8
8 }2 !K <! x = X d
eY = .
2 8 48
1
! 5 1! 5
+ = 01 1 + 123 1
8
8 8
2
/()4 = H C o ! .5 .5 K
5 d G U e
5
1
+ 8
! 5 1! 5
i j = 01 1 + 123 1
s
8
8 8

2 G
d5 GU e

8! 5
1! 5
/()4 = H C o ! .5 ! .5 K
=
01 1 +
123 1
1 +8
1 + 8
s
165

2 G
/4 = ! H C o !
5 K
g5 h
.5
8
s
21 1
;< 8 = < 8K = K< K = K<
28 8 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

2 1
/()4 = ! H C o ! K<

.5
8
NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD
s Let s be an approximate root of the equation

() = 0
1 2
/4 = ! C

.5
8 And = s + .1 be the correct root of the
equation ( ) = 0
2
/4 = !

.5 (s + ) = 0
8
Using Taylors series we get

>> #
(s ) + > (s ) + (s ) + >>> (s ) +
2! 3!
=0
Since h is very small therefore neglecting

and
higher order terms of h
(s ) + > (s ) = 0 (s ) = > (s )
(s )
= ;< 23 !;8<203 1
> (s )
s
= s
> s

Similarly

=
>

U =
>
the equation PuP M = correct to three decimal

46. Find by Newton-Raphson Method. The real root of
places. S2007
166
3.91041
# = 1.423557
10.06227
Solution:-
= ! 2 .1
# = 1.423557 0.38862
0 = 0 2 = 2 < 0
# = 1.034937
1 = ! 2 = 1.718281 > 0
#
. = #
0and1 has opposite signs. > #
1.034937
. = 1.034937
> 1.034937
Root lies in between 0 and 1
Differentiate equation 1 w. r. t. to both sides

1.034937 = 1.034937 !.s#.#W 2 = 0.91327
> >
=! +!

=! + 1
> 1.034937 = ! .s#.#W 1.034937 + 1 = 5.72820
Let the initial approximation is s = 0
0.91327
s 0 . = 1.034937
= s > = 0 > 5.72820
s 0
. = 1.034937 0.15943
> 0 = ! s 0 + 1 = 1
. = 0.875507
2
= d e = 2 .
1 t = .
> .
2

=
= 2 > 0.875507

> 2
t = 0.875507
> 0.875507
2 = 2!
2 = 12.77811
0.101297
> 2 = 3!
= 22.16716 t = 0.875507
4.501389
12.77811 t = 0.875507 0.0225034

= 2
22.16716
t = 0.8530036

= 2 0.576443
t

= 1.423557 = t
> t

0.8530036
# =
= 0.8530036
>
> 0.8530036
1.423557 0.001730
# = 1.423557 = 0.8530036
> 1.423557 4.348415
1.423557 = 1.423557 ! ..

#ttW 2 = 0.8530036 0.0003978
= 3.91041
= 0.85260
> 1.423557 ..
#ttW 1.423557
=! + 1

= 10.06227 W =
>
167
0.00002391 y0As 1.2

W = 0.85260 + U =
4.34571 1 y0A
+
log 10 log 10
W = 0.8526055
y0As 1.2
From 83K W the correct root up to three decimal U =
log ! y0A
+
places is 0.852 log 10 log 10
47. Compute the real root of P R N P N. M = y0As 1.2

U =
correct to three decimal places using Newton- logs ! + logs
s y0As s 1.2
;< 3 = 0 = s
Raphson method
y0As ! + y0As s
W2007,S2009,S2011,S2014
3 y0As 3 1.2
;< s = 3 = 3
Solution:-
y0As ! + y0As 3
Let = y0As 1.2
0.2314
log log = 3 = 2.7461
= 1.2 1! log = 0.9114
log 10 log
y0As 1.2
Differentiate both sides w. r. t. ;< 3 = 1
=
y0As ! + y0As
1 1
> () = d + log e ;< = 2.7461
log 10
2.7461 y0As 2.7461 1.2
1
= 2.7461
> () = (1 + log ) y0As ! + y0As 2.7461
y0A 10
0.0048
(2) = 2 logs 2 1.2
= 2.7461
= 2.7406
0.8730
(2) = 0.6021 1.2 = 0.5979 < 0
y0As
1.2
;< 3 = 2 # =

y0As ! + y0As
(3) = 3 logs 3 1.2

Put
= 2.7406
(3) = 1.4314 1.2 = 0.2313 > 0
2.7406 y0As 2.7406 1.2
(2)and(3) has opposite signs. # = 2.7406
y0As ! + y0As 2.7406
0.00004
# = 2.7406 +
Root lies in between 2 and 3
Let the initial approximation is s = 3 0.8721
# = 2.7406
From
83K # the correct root up to three decimal
Using Newton- Raphson method
( )
U = >
( )
places is 2.740
logs 1.2
U =
48. Use Newton-Raphson method to find the root of the
1
(1 + y0A
y0A 10
equation
Pr PM + _P r = up to four decimal places

168
# 5
+ 4 3
0 3 = 1
=
3
10 + 4
W2008
;< = 4.4138
Solution:-
Let () = # 5
+ 4 3 .1

(4) = 4# 5 4
+ 4 4 3 = 4.4138
(4) = 64 80 + 16 3 = 13 < 0 4.4138# 54.4138
+ 44.4138 3

34.4138
104.4138 + 4
(5) = 5# 5 5
+ 4 5 3
3.2351

= 4.4138
(5) = 125 125 + 20 3 = 17 > 0 18.3069
(4) 83K 5has opposite sign

= 4.2371
The root of the given equation lies in between 4 and 5 0 3 = 2

# 5
+ 4
3
# =

s >> s > 0 is satisfied 3
10
+ 4
For selecting the initial value the condition
Differentiate equation 1 both sides w. r. t. ;<

= 4.2371
> = 3
10 + 4 #
= 4.2371
>> = 6 10 4.2371# 54.2371
+ 44.2371 3

34.2371
104.2371 + 4
5 > 0
0.2520
>> 5 = 20 > 0 # = 4.2371 # = 4.2208
15.4880
5 >> 5 > 0is satisfied ## 5#
+ 4# 3
0 3 = 3 . = #
Let the initial approximation is s = 5 3#
10# + 4
;< # = 4.2208
.
U = = 4.2208
>
4.2208# 54.2208
+ 44.2208 3

# 5
+ 4 3 34.2208
104.2208 + 4
U =
3
10 + 4
0.0016
. = 4.2208 . = 4.2206
s# 5s
+ 4s 3 15.2375
0 3 = 0 = s
3s
10s + 4 .# 5.
+ 4. 3
0 3 = 4 t = .
3.
10. + 4
5# 5 5
+ 4 5 3
;< s = 5 = 5
3 5
10 5 + 4 ;< . = 4.2206
17
= 5 = 4.4138
29
169
t
= 4.2206
4.2206# 54.2206
+ 44.2206 3 ( )
U =
34.2206
104.2206 + 4 > ( )
0.0014 . + # 7

+ 5
t = 4.2206 + U =
15.2344 4# + 3
14 1
t = 4.2206 s. + s# 7s

s + 5
0 3 = 0 = s
4s# + 3s
14s 1
From . 83K t the correct root up to four decimal
;< s = 3
3. + 3# 7 3
3 + 5
place is 4.2206
=3
4 3# + 3 3
14 3 1
49. Find the real root of the equation
P_ + Pr ?PM P + = by Newton-Raphson 17
= 3 = 2.8482
method 112
. + # 7

+ 5
0 3 = 1
=
4# + 3
14 1
S2010
Solution:-
Let () = . + # 7
+ 5 .1 = 2.8482
(2.8482). + (2.8482)# 7(2.8482)
2.8482 + 5
(0) = 5 > 0
4(2.8482)# + 3(2.8482)
14(2.8482) 1
(1) = 1 + 1 7 1 + 5 = 1 < 0
34.2799

= 2.8482
(2) = 16 + 8 28 2 + 5 = < 0 75.8831
(3) = 51 + 27 63 3 + 5 = 17 > 0
= 2.3965
(2)(3) = 5 < 0
. +
# 7

+ 5
0 3 = 2 # =

4
# + 3
14
1
;<
= 2.3965
The root of the given equation lies in between 2 and 3
(s ) >> (s ) > 0 is satisfied #

= 2.3965
Differentiate equation 1 w. r. t. 2.3965. + 2.3965# 72.3965
2.3965 + 5

42.3965# + 32.3965
142.3965 1
> () = 4 # + 3
14 1
# = 2.1540
>> () = 12
+ 6 14
#. + ## 7#
# + 5
(3) > 0 >> (3) = 12 9 + 18 14 = 112 > 0 0 3 = 3 . = #
4## + 3#
14# 1
(3) >> (3) > 0is satisfied
;< # = 2.1540
170
. ( )
U =
= 2.1540 > ( )
2.1540. + 2.1540# 72.1540
2.1540 + 5
! cos 1.2
42.1540# + 32.1540
142.1540 1 U =
! sin + ! cos
. = 2.0709
! q 01 s 1.2
;< 3 = 0 = s
.. + .# 7.
. + 5 ! q 123 s + ! q 01 s
0 3 = 4 t = .
4.# + 3.
14. 1
1 1.2
;< s = 0 = 0 = 0.2
;< . = 2.0709 1
! 01 1.2
t ;< 3 = 1
=
! 123 + ! 01
= 2.0709
2.0709. + 2.0709# 72.0709
2.0709 + 5 ;< = 0.2

42.0709# + 32.0709
142.0709 1
! s.
010.2 1.2
t =2.0609
= 0.2 = 0.1824
! s.
123(0.2) + ! s.
01(0.2)
! 01
1.2
;< 3 = 2 # =

! 123
+ ! 01
The correct real root is 2.0
uP QRS P = N. M correct to three decimal places ;<

= 0.1824
50. Using Newton Raphson method find a real root of
#
= 0.1824
W2011
! s.
. 010.1824 1.2

Solution:-
The given equation is ! s.

. 123(0.1824) + ! s.
. 01(0.1824)
! 01 = 1.2 ! 01 1.2 = 0 # = 0.1823
Let () = ! 01 1.2 From

83K # the correct value up to three decimal
(0) = ! s cos 0 1.2 = 1 1.2 = 0.2 < 0

places is 0.182
(1) = ! cos 1 1.2 = 1.5179 > 0 MPr rP + _ = W2014

51. Using Newton-Raphson method find the root of
(0)(1) = !. < 0 Solution:-
The root of the given equation lies in between 0 and 1 !< = 2 # 3 + 4
Differentiate equation 1 w. r. t. 2 = 28 + 6 + 4 = 6 < 0
> () = ! sin + ! cos 1 = 2 + 3 + 4 = 5 > 0
Let the initial approximation is s = 0 21 = 30 < 0
Using Newton- Raphson method The root lies in 2 83K 1
171
> () = 6
3 >> () = 12 41.4105# 4
;< # = 1.4105 . =
61.4105
3
(s ) >> (s ) > 0 is satisfied . = 0.8084

>> (2) = 24 (2) >> (2) > 0 4.# 4

;< 3 = 4 t =
6.
3
;< . = 0.8084
40.8084# 4
( ) 2# 3 + 4 t

U = > U = 60.8084
3
( ) 6
3
t = 2.0485
6# 3 2# + 3 4
U =
6
3 4t# 4
;< 3 = 5 =
6t
3
4# 4
U =
6
3 ;< t = 2.0485
4s# 4 42.0485# 4
;< 3 = 0 =
6s
3 62.0485
3
32 4 = 1.7308
;< s = 2 =
24 3
4# 4
;< 3 = 6 W =
= 1.7143 6
3
4# 4 ;< = 1.7308

;< 3 = 1
=
6
3
41.7308# 4
W
;< = 1.7143 61.7308
3
41.7143# 4 W = 1.6522

=
61.7143
3
4W# 4
;< 3 = 7 =

= 0.1595 6W
3
4
# 4 ;< W = 1.6522
;< 3 = 2 # =
6
3
41.6522# 4

;<
= 0.1595 61.6522
3
40.1595# 4 = 1.6474
# =
60.1595
3
4# 4
;< 3 = 8 =
# = 1.4105 6
3
4## 4 ;< = 1.6474

;< 3 = 3 . =
6#
3
172
41.6474# 4 ;< s = 2

61.6474
3
32. + 9
= = 1.7273
= 1.6474 42# 1
From 83K the correct root up to four decimal 3. + 9

;< 3 = 1
=
places is 1.6474 4# 1
52. Find the real root of equation P_ P = by ;< = 1.7273
31.7273. + 9 35.7
= = = 1.65
Newton- Raphson method correct to threeplaces of
41.7273 1 21.61
#
decimalW2013
3
. + 9
;< 3 = 2 # =
Solution:-
The given equation is . 9 = 0 4

# 1
!< = . 9 ;<

= 1.65
1 = 9 < 0 31.65. + 9 31.24

= = = 1.65
41.65# 1 18.97
2 = 2. 2 9 = 5 > 0
12 = 45 < 0
is 1.650
The root of given equation up to three decimal places
The root of the given equation lies in 1 and 2
> = 4 # 1 >> = 12
METHOD OF FALSE POSITION
Let = 0 be the given equation. 883K @has

2 > 0 >> 2 = 48 > 0 opposite sign then the root of the equation lies in
2 >> 2 > 0

between a and b. It is given by
8@ @8
Let the initial approximation is s = 2 =
@ 8
Using Newton- Raphson method 53. Find the real root of the equation P uP r = by

U =
False Position method correct to three decimal
>
places S2008,W2010,W2012,W2013
. 9
U =
Solution:-
4# 1 Let = ! 3
4. . + + 9 0 = 3 < 0 , 1 = ! 3 = 0.282

U =
4# 1
1.1 = 1.1! . 3 = 0.305 > 0
3. + 9
U = 12 = ! < 0
4# 1
3s. + 9
;< 3 = 0 =
The root of the given equation lies in
4s# 1 8 = 183K @ = 1.1
173
8@ @8 11.5 1.51

= =
@ 8 1.5 1
11.1 1.11 0.875 1.5(1)

= =
1.1 1 0.857 + 1
1(0.305) (1.1)(0.282) = 1.267

=
0.305 + 0.282
To find (1.267)
= 1.048
(1.267) = (1.267)# 1.267 1 = 0.233
To find (1.048)
(1.267) < 0 , 1.5 > 0
(1.048) = (1.048)! .s. 3 = 0.011 < 0
1.267 1.5 < 0
(1.1) > 0 83K 1.048 < 0
1.0481.1 < 0
The root of the equation lies in 1.267 and 1.5
1.2671.5 1.51.267

=
The root of the equation lies in 8 = 1.1 and 1.5 1.267
@ = 1.048
1.2670.875 1.50.233

=
1.0481.1 1.11.048 0.875 + 0.233

=
1.1 1.048

= 1.316
1.0480.305 1.10.011

= = 1.0506 To find 1.316
0.305 + 0.011
The real root of the given equation up to three 1.316 = 1.316# 1.316 1 = 0.037
decimal places is 1.050 1.316 < 0 , 1.5 > 0
54. Find the real root of the equation 1.316 1.5 < 0
Pr P N = by method of False Position correct The root of the equation lies in 1.316 and 1.5
1.3161.5 1.51.316
to three places of decimal S2009
# =
Solution:- 1.5 1.316
Let () = # 1 1.3160.875 1.50.037

# =
0.875 + 0.037
(1) = 1 < 0 ,
# = 1.355
1.5 = 1.5# 1.5 1 = 0.875 > 0
To find 1.355
11.5 > 0
1.355 = 1.355# 1.355 1 = 0.133
1 < 0 , 1.355 > 0

The root of the equation lies in between 1 and 1.5
8@ @8
=
@ 8 1 1.355 < 0
174
The root of the equation lies in 1 and 1.355 Let () = ! 123
11.355 1.3551 (1) = ! sin(1)

. =
1.355 1
56. Solve the equation P P = N by Regula false
10.133 1.3551
. =
0.133 + 1
method, starting with a = 2.5 andb = 3 correct to 3
decimal places S2011
. = 1.313 Solution:-
To find 1.313 !< = tan + 1
1.313 = 1.313# 1.313 1 = 0.0494 2.5 = 2.5 tan2.5 + 1 = 0.868
1.313 < 0 , 1.5 > 0 3 = 3 tan3 + 1 = 0.572
1.313 1.5 < 0 2.53 < 0
The root of the equation lies in 1.313 and 1.5 The root of the equation lies in 2.5 and 3
1.3131.5 1.51.313 8@ @8
. = =
1.5 1.313 @ 8
1.3130.875 1.50.0494 2.53 32.5
. = =
0.875 + 0.0494 3 2.5
. = 1.324 (2.5)(0.572) 3(0.868)
=
To find 1.324 0.572 + 0.868
= 2.801
1.324 = 1.324# 1.324 1 = 0.0031
To find (2.801)
1.324 < 0 , 1.5 > 0 1.324 1.5 < 0
(2.801) = (2.801) tan(2.801) + 1 = 0.0073
(2.5) < 0 , 2.801 > 0

1.3241.5 1.51.324
t =
1.5 1.324 2.5 2.801 < 0
1.3240.875 1.50.0031
t =
0.875 + 0.0031
2.52.801 2.8012.5
t = 1.325
=
2.801 2.5
2.50.0073 2.8010.868

=
The real root of the given equation up to three
decimal places is 1.325 0.0073 + 0.868

= 2.8
root of the equation PuP Sà P =
55. Using Regula-False position method compute the real
To find 2.8
Solution:-
175
2.8 = 2.8 tan2.8 + 1 = 0.0045 From equation 2 @

= K
8

2.5 < 0 , 2.8 > 0 2.5 2.8 < 0 1

= /K 8

4 5
@

From equation 3
= K# 8# @#
2.52.8 2.82.5
# = 1
2.8 2.5
= /K 8# @# 4 . .6
# #
2.50.0045 2.80.868
# =
0.0045 + 0.868 This method can be used for the above equation if the
# = 2.7984
following conditions are satisfied
|8 | > |@ | + | | , |@

| > |8
| + |
|
To find 2.7984
|# | > |8# | + |@# |
2.7984 = 2.7984 tan2.7984 + 1 = 0.000039
2.5 < 0 , 2.7984 > 0

First Iteration:-
Now taking = 0, = 0 3 !3. 4

2.5 2.7984 < 0
K
=
8
2.52.7984 2.79842.5
. = Taking = = 5 , = 0 23 !;8<203 5

2.7984 2.5
2.50.000039 2.15760.868 =
. =
0.000039 + 0.868
Taking = , = =
2.4291
. = . = 2.7985 Repeat the process in this way taking , 83K
0.868
are initial values
The correct real root of the given equation correct up
to three decimal places is 2.798 57. Solve by Gauss-Seidel iteration method to
solvefollowing equations
MP + O MG = N? , rP + MO G = N| ,
SOLUTION OF SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
MP rO + MG = M S2007
GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD
Consider the system of linear equations
8 + @ + = K .1
Solution:-
8
+ @
+
= K
.2
The given system of equations can be written as
20 + 2 = 17
8# + @# +
= K# . .3
1
From equation 1 8 = K @ = (17 + 2) . .1
20
1 3 + 20 = 18
= /K @ 4 .4
8
176
1
= 0.977
= (18 3 + ) 2
20
1
2 3 + 20 = 25
= (25 2 + 3 )
20
1 1 17
= (25 2 + 3) . .3
= d25 2 3 1.0275e
20 20 20
|20| > |1| + |2| , |20| > |3| + |1| ,
= 1.0109
|20| > |2| + |3| Third Iteration:-
1
# = (17
+ 2
)
20
Gauss-Seidel iteration method is applied
1
# = (17 + 0.977 + 2 1.0109)
First Iteration:-
Now taking = 0 , = 0 in equation 1 20
17 # = 0.9999 1
=
20
1
# = (18 3
+
)
Taking = =
W
, = 0 in equation 2 20

s
1
1 17 # = (18 3 1.0025 + 1.0109)
= d18 3 + 0e 20
20 20
# = 0.9998 1
= 1.0275
1
Taking = =
s , = = 1.0275 in equation
W # = (25 2
+ 3
)
20
1
# = (25 2 1.0025 3 0.977)
3
1 17 20
= i25 2 + 3(1.0275)j
20 20 # = 1.0032 1
= 1.0109 Hence the required solution is 1, 1, 1
Second Iteration:- 58. Use Gauss-Seidel method to solve

1 rP + O + G = N, P + rO G = NN,

= (17 + 2 )
20
P MO + _G = MN
1

= (17 + 1.0275 + 2 1.0109)
W2007,S2010
20 Solution:-

= 1.0025
1
The given system of equations can be written as

= (18 3 + ) 1
20 3 + + = 1 = (1 ) . .1
3
1 17

= d18 3 + 1.0109e
20 20
177
+ 3 = 11 1 1

= d21 + 2 3.5556e
1 4 3
= (11 + ) 2
3

= 6.9445
2 + 4 = 21
1
Third Iteration:-
= (21 + 2) . .3 1
4 # = (1

)
3
|3| > |1| + |1| , |3| > |1| + |1| , |4| > |1| + |2|
1
# = (1 5.8704 6.9445)
Gauss-Seidel iteration method is applied 3
First Iteration:- # = 3.9383

# = (11
+
)
3
1
= 1
3 # = (11 + 3.1667 + 6.9445)
3
Taking = = , = 0 in equation 2

# # = 7.0371
1 1 1
= d11 + 0e # = (21
+ 2
)
3 3 4
= 3.5556 1
# = (21 + 3.1667 + 2 5.8704)
4
Taking = = # , = = 3.5556in equation 3

# = 8.9769
1 1
= d21 + 2 3.5556e
4 3
Fourth Iteration:-
= 6.9445 1
. = (1 # # )
3
1
. = (1 7.0371 8.9769)
Second Iteration:-
1 3

= (1 )
3 . = 5.0045
1

= (1 3.5556 6.9445) 1
3 . = (11 # + # )
3

= 3.1667
1
. = (11 + 3.9383 + 8.9769)
1 3

= (11 + )
3 . = 7.9717
1 1

= d11 + 6.9445e
= 5.8704 1
3 3 . = (21 # + 2# )
4
1

= (21 + 2 )
4
178
1 1
. = (21 + 3.9383 + 2 7.0371) W = (1 )
4 3
. = 9.7531 1
W = (1 8.8323 10.7655) = 6.1993
3
1
W = (11 + )
Fifth Iteration:-
1 3
t = (1 . . )
3
1
1 W = (11 + 6.0043 + 10.7655) = 9.2566
3
t = (1 7.9719 9.531)
3
1
W = (21 + 2 )
t = 5.010 4
1 1
t = (11 . + . ) W = I21 + 6.0043 + 2(8.8323)J = 11.1672
3 4
1
t = (11 + 5.0045 + 9.5731)
3
Eighth Iteration:-
1
= (1 W W )
t = 8.5259 3
1 1
t = (21 . + 2. ) = (1 9.2566 11.1672) = 6.4746
4 3
1 1
t = I21 + 5.0045 + 2(7.9717)J = (11 W + W )
4 3
t = 10.4870 1
= (11 + 6.1993 + 11.1672) = 9.4555
3
1
= (21 W + 2W )
Sixth Iteration:-
1 4
= (1 t t )
3
1
= I21 + 6.1993 + 2(9.2566)J = 11.4281
1 4
= (1 8.5259 10.4870) = 6.0043
3
1
Ninth Iteration:-
= (11 t + t ) 1
3 = (1 )
3
1
= (11 + 5.010 + 10.4870) = 8.8323 1
3 = (1 9.4555 11.4281) = 6.6279 7
3
1
= (21 t + 2t ) 1
4 = (11 + )
3
1
= I21 + 5.010 + 2(8.5259)J = 10.7655 1
4 = (11 + 6.4746 + 11.4281) = 9.6342 10
3
Seventh Iteration:-
179
1
= (21 + 2 )
4
in equation 3
1
1 = /5(17.5) + 4(10.625) 654
= I21 + 6.4746 + 2(9.4555)J = 11.5964 12 10
4
= 6.5
Hence the required solution is 7, 10, 12 which
satisfies given linear equations Second Iteration:-
1

= (105 )
6
59. Solve by Gauss-Seidel method
~P + O + G = N . _P + |O + rG = N,
1
P + _O NG = ~
= (105 10.625 6.5)
6

= 14.6458
Solution:-
1

= (155 4 3 )
The given system of linear equation can be written as
6 + + = 105 8
1
1
= /155 4(17.5) 3(6.5)4
= 105 ) 1 8
6

= 8.1875
4 + 8 + 3 = 155
1
1
= (5 + 4 65)
= (155 4 3) 2 10
8
1
5 + 4 10 = 65
= /5(17.5) + 4(10.625) 654
= 6.5
10
1
= (5 + 4 65) . .3
10
Third Iteration:-
1
|6| > |1| + |1| , # = (105

)
6
|8| > |4| + |3| , |10| > |5| + |4|
1
# = (105 8.1875 6.5)
Gauss-Seidel iteration method is applied 6
First Iteration:- # = 15.0521

# = (155 4
3
)
8
105
= = 17.5 1
6 # = /155 4(14.6458) 3(6.5)4
8
Taking = = 17.5 , = 0 in equation 2
# = 9.6146
1
= /155 4(17.5)4 = 10.625 1
8 # = (5
+ 4
65)
10
Taking = = 17.5 , = = 10.625
180
1 1
# = /5(14.6458) + 4(8.1875) 654 = (1 3 2) 3
10 10
# = 4.0979 |6| > |1| + |1| ,

|8| > |4| + |2| , |10| > |3| + |2|
Fourth Iteration:-
1
. = (105 # # )
6 First Iteration:-
1 Now taking = 0 , = 0 in equation 1
. = (105 9.6146 4.0979)
6
= 1
. = 15.2146 15
Taking = = 1, = 0 in equation 2
1
. = (155 4# 3# )
8 1
= /4 1 04 = 0.375
1 8
. = I155 4(15.0521) 3(4.0979)J
8 Taking = = 1, = = 0.375 in equation 3
. = 10.3122 10 1
= /1 3(1) 2(0.375)4 = 0.475
1 10
. = (5# + 4# 65)
10
1
Second Iteration:-
. = /5(15.0521) + 4(9.6146) 654 1

10
= (6 )
6
. = 4.8719 5
1

= (6 0.375 + 0.475)
Hence the required solution is 15, 10, 5 which 6
satisfies given linear equations
= 1.0167
1

= (4 2 )
8
~P + O + G = ~ , P + |O + MG = _ ,
1
rP + MO + NG = N
= /4 1 + 2(0.475)4
8
Solution:-
= 0.4938
1

= (1 3 2 )
10
The given system of linear equation can be written as
1
6 + + = 6 = (6 ) . .1 1
6
= /1 3(1) 2(0.375)4
10
+ 8 + 2 = 4
1
= 0.475
= (4 2) . .2
8
3 + 2 + 10 = 1
Third Iteration:-
181
1 Hence the required solution is 1, ,

# = (6

)
6

which satisfies
1
given linear equations
# = (6 0.4938 + 0.475)
6 61. Apply Gauss-Seidel method to solve
# = 0.9969 P + MO + G = NM , P + _O + MG = N ,
1 P + MO + G = M
# = (4
2
)
8
1
Solution:-
# = /4 1.0167 + 2(0.475)4 5 + 2 + = 12
8
# = 0.4917 1
= (12 2 ) . .1
5
1
# = (1 3
2
) + 4 + 2 = 15
10
1 1
# = /1 3(1.0167) 2(0.4938)4 = (15 2) . .2
10 4
# = 0.5038 + 2 + 5 = 20
1
= (20 2) .3
5
Fourth Iteration:-
1
. = (6 # # ) |5| > |2| + |1| , |4| > |1| + |2| , |5| > |1| + |2|
6
1
. = (6 0.4917 + 0.5038)
6
. = 1.0020 1
First Iteration:-
Now taking = 0 , = 0 in equation 1

1
. = (4 # 2# ) 12
8
= = 2.4
5
1
. = I4 0.9969 + 2(0.5038)J
8 Taking = = 2.4, = 0 in equation 2
1 1
. = 0.5013 = /15 2.4 04 = 3.15
2 4
1 Taking = = 2.4, = = 3.15 in equation 3
. = (1 3# 2# )
10
1
1 = /20 2.4 2(3.15)4
. = /1 3(0.9969) 2(0.4917)4 5
10
= 2.26
1
. = 0.4974
2 Second Iteration:-
182
1

= (12 2 )
5
_P + O + G = NN , MP + NO + ~G = ?M,
1

= /12 2(3.15) 2.264
5 P + ~O + M?G = |S2012

= 0.688 Solution:-
1

= (15 2 )
4
The given equation can be written as
54 + + = 110
1

= /15 2.4 2(2.26)4
4 1
= (110 ) 1
54

= 2.02
2 + 15 + 6 = 72
1

= (20 2 )
5 1
= (72 2 6) 2
1 15

= /20 2.4 2(3.15)4
5 + 6 + 27 = 85

= 2.26 1
= (85 + 6) . .3
27
|54| > |1| + |1| , |15| > |2| + |6| ,
Third Iteration:-
1
# = (12 2

)
5 |27| > |1| + |6|
1
# = /12 2(2.02) 2.264
5
# = 1.06 1
First Iteration:-
1 Now taking = 0 , = 0 in equation 1

# = (15
2
)
4 110
= = 2.0370
1 54
# = /15 0.688 2(2.26)4
4 Taking = = 2.0370, = 0 in equation 2
# = 2.448 2
1
= /72 2(2.0370) 04
1 15
# = (20
2
)
5 = 4.5284
1
# = /20 0.688 2(2.02)4 Taking = = 2.0370,
5
# = 3.0544 3 = = 4.5284in equation 3
Hence the required solution is 1,2, 3 which satisfies 1

= /85 + 2.0370 6(4.5284)4
27
= 2.2173
given linear equations
183
1
# = /85 + 1.9121 6(3.6415)4
27
Second Iteration:-
1

= (110 ) # = 2.4097
54
1 Hence the required solution is 1.9285,3.6581, 2.4097

= /110 4.5284 2.21734
54 which satisfies given linear equations

= 1.9121 63. Solve by Relaxation method S2014
1

= (72 2 6 ) NP + MO rG = M ,
15
MP + NO MG = N_ ,
1

= /72 2(2.0370) 6(2.2173)4
15 MP O + NG = NM

= 3.6415
1
Solution:-

= (85 + 6 )
27
1

= /85 + 2.0370 6(4.5285)4
27
The residuals H , H
83K H# are given by

= 2.2173
H = 205 10 2 + 3
H
= 154 + 2 10 + 2
Third Iteration:-
1
# = (110

) H# = 120 + 2 + 10
54
1
# = /110 3.6415 2.21734
54
The operation table for this problem is
M M M MH MH
MH#
# = 1.9285
Operation

1
1 0 0 -10 2 2
# = (72 2
6
)
15 0 1 0 -2 -10 1
1 #
# = /72 2(1.9121) 6(2.2173)4
15
0 0 1 3 2 -10
# = 3.6581
1
# = (85 +
6
)
The Relaxation table is
27
Operation M M M MH MH
MH#
. 0 0 0 205 154 120
184
t 205
= . + 20.5 8 = 10
0 0 0 195 161
= 20.5
195
= t + 19.5
@
= 10
0 0 -39 0 180.5
= 19.5
W 180.5
= + 18.05# = 10
0 0 15.15 36.1 0
= 18.05
36.1
= 3.61
= W + 3.61
10
0 0 7.93 0 3.61
7.93
= 0.79
= + 0.79 10
0 0 -0.03 1.58 5.19
s 5.19
= 0.5
= + 0.5# 10
0 0 1.47 2.58 0.19
2.58
= 0.2
= s + 0.2
10
0 0 1.07 0.5 1.26

1.26
= 0.1
= + 0.1# 10
0 0 1.3 0.7 0.2
# 1.3
= 0.1
=
+ 0.1 10
0 0 0.3 0.9 0.4
Total 21.3 23.3 18.6
= E M = 18.6
From the above table
64. Solve by Relaxation method
= E M = 21.7 , = E M = 23.3 , P MO + G = ,
185
P + O rG = N| , The operation table for this problem is
MP + MO + ?G = NW2008, S2013 Operation M M M MH MH

MH#
Solution:- 1 0 0 9 -1 2
The residuals H , H
83K H# are given by
0 1 0 2 5 -2
H = 50 9 + 2 # 0 0 1 -1 3 7
H
= 18 5 + 3
H# = 19 + 2 2 7 The Relaxation table is
Operation M M M MH MH
MH#
. 0 0 0 50 18 19
t = . + 5 50
=5
8 = 9
0 0 5 13 29
= t + 4# 29
=4
= 7
0 0 1 25 1
W = + 5
25
=5
@
= 5
0 0 11 0 -9
= W + 1 11
=1
9
0 0 2 -1 -7
= # 7
= 1
7
0 0 3 -4 0
s = 0.8
4
= 0.8
5
0 0 1.4 0 1.6
1.6
= 0.23
= s + 0.23# 7
0 0 1.17 0.69 -0.01
1.17
= 0.13
9
Total 0 0 0 0.56 0.25
186
From the above table Here s = 0 83K s = 0

() = 0 + o (, 0)K
s
= E M = 6.13 , = E M = 4.2 ,
Since (, ) = U

= E M = 3.23

(, 0) = (, 0) =
1+0
PICARDS METHOD

() = o
K
Consider the differential equation > = (, ) .1 s
With = s 83K = s are the initial conditions #

()
=Z \
3 s
Integrating equation 1 we get
#
= s + o (, )K () =
3
q
Second approximation
First approximation

(
) = s + o I, () JK
() = s + o I, (s) JK (s) = s q
q
Here s = 0 , s = 0 and () =

() = s + o (, s )K
#

#
q
(
) = 0 + o i, j K
s 3
Since (, ) = U


(
) = s + o (, )K
q
#
i, j=
3 approximation 3 #

1+d3e

() = s + o (, )K # 9
i, j=
3 9 + ( # )
q
65. Given the differential equation P = NUOM with the initial

O PM

9
(
) = 0 + o K
condition O = , P = use Picards Method to obtain for s 9 + ( # )
P = . M, . N. correct the three place of decimal

:;< # = < 3
K = K<
K<
S2008,S2010

K =
3
Solution:-
9 K<

= o
First approximation
(
)
3 s 9 + <
()
= s + o (, s )K
q
187
K<

(
) = 3 o () = 1 + Z3 + \
s (3) + <

2 s
1 <

3
(
)
= 3 Xtan d eY () = 1 +
+
3 3 s 2
#
(
) = tan i j
3
(
)
= s + o I, () JK
When = 0.25 q
Here s = 0 , s = 1 and () = 1 +

+
#
(0.25)#
(
)
= tan

Z \
3
3
(
) = 1 + o d, 1 +
+ e K
s 2
(
) = 0.005208286
Since (, ) = 3 +
When = 0.5 (
) = tan g # h
(s.t)
3 3
d, 1 +
+ e = 3 + d1 +
+ e
(
) = 0.041642579 2 2
9
When = 1 (
) = tan g#h = 3 + 1 + 3
+ 2 + . + 3 # +

4
(
) = 0.321750554 9
= 1 + 5 + 4
+ 3 # + .
4
The result correct to three decimal places for =
0.25, 0.5 83K 1.0 is

9
(
) = 1 + o d1 + 5 + 4
+ 3 # + . e K
s 4
0.005 , 0.041 83K 0.321

# . 9 t

66. Use Picards to approximate the value of y where P = . N (

)
= 1 + Z + 5 + 4 + 3 + \
2 3 4 4 5 s
given that P = rP + OM and O() = N W2012
O
5 4 3 9
(
) = 1 + +
+ # + . + t
Solution:- 2 3 4 20
First approximation When = 0.1 then
5 4 3
() = s + o (, s )K (
) (0.1) = 1 + 0.1 + (0.1)
+ (0.1)# + (0.1).
2 3 4
q 9
+ (0.1)t
Here s = 0 83K s = 1 20
(
) = 1.126412833
() = 1 + o (, 1)K
67. Solve the equation P = PIN + Pr OJ , O = r ,
s O
Since (, ) = 3 +
Using Picards Method. Determine O P = . N , . M
(, 1) = 3 + 1
(, 0) = 3 + 1 Solution:-

()
= 1 + o (3 + 1)K
First approximation
s
188

!3 = 0.1
() = s + o (, s )K
(0.1)
(0.1)W 3
q
(
) (0.1) = 3 + + + (0.1)s
Here s = 0 83K s = 3 2 14 50
(
) (0.1) = 3.005000007
()
= 3 + o (, 3)K
s When = 0.2
Since (, ) = (1 + # )
(0.2)
(0.2)W 3
(
)
(0.2) = 3 + + + (0.2)s
(, 3) = (1 + 3 # ) 2 14 50
(, 3) = + 3 . (
) (0.2) = 3.02000092

() = 3 + o ( + 3 . )K
O P = . N P = P OM and O = N P =
68. Using Picards method find an approximate value of
O
s

t

() = 3 + Z + 3 \
2 5 s
Solution:-
1 3
First approximation
() = 3 +
+ t
2 5 () = s + o (, s )K
q
Here s = 0 83K s = 1

(
) = s + o I, () JK
q () = 1 + o (, 1)K
s
Here s = 0 , s = 3 and =3+ +
()
# t

t Since (, ) =
(, 1) = 1

1 3
(
) = 3 + o d, 3 +
+ t e K

2 5 ()
= 1 + o ( 1)K ()
= 1 + Z \
s
s 2 s
Since (, ) = (1 + # )
1
() = 1 +

1 3 1 3 2
d,
+ t e = X1 + # d
+ t eY
2 5 2 5
1 3 1 3
d,
+ t e = d1 + t + e
2 5 2 5 (
) = s + o I, () JK
q
1 3 1 3
d,
+ t e = + +
2 5 2 5 Here s = 0 , s = 1 and () = 1 +

1 3
(
) = 3 + o d + + e K
1
2 5 (
) = 1 + o d, 1 +
e K
s
s 2

1 W 3 s

(
)
=3+Z + + \ Since (, ) =
2 2 7 5 10 s
1 1
3 W d, 1 +
e = d1 +
e
(
) = 3 + + + s 2 2
2 14 50
189
1 69. Use Runge-Kutta method to find O(. M) , = . N

= d1 +
2 + . # +
e
4 O
= P + O , O = N
P
1
for the initial value problem
= 1
+ 2 . + #
4
W2007
1 1
d, 1 +
e = 1 + 3 2
+ # .
Solution:-
2 4 The given first order differential equation is

1 K
(
) = 1 + o d1 + 3 2
+ # . e K = + (, ) = +
s 4 K

# . 1 t
! ! !
(
)
= 1 + Z + 3 2 + \
2 3 4 4 5 s
0 0.1 0.2
3 2 1 1 s
(
) = 1 +
# + . t
2 3 4 20
3 2 1
(
) (0.1) = 1 0.1 + (0.1)
(0.1)# + (0.1).
2 3 4 s = 0 , s = 1 , = 0.1
1
(0.1) t
20 = s , s ) = 0.1 s + s
(
) (0.1) = 0.914357833
= 0.1 0 + 1 = 0.1

= ds + , s + e
RUNGE-KUTTA METHOD
2 2
Let = (, ), (s ) = s be the given differential

0.1 0.1

= (0.1) d0 + ,1 + e
2 2
equation
We calculate the value of (s + ) = s +

= 0.10.05 ,1.05
That to find the value of = s + 8< = s +

= 0.10.05 + 1.05
= 0.055
# = ds + , s + e
To find k
= s , s ) 2 2
0.1 0.055

= ds + , s + e # = (0.1) d0 + ,1 + e
2 2 2 2

# = 0.10.05,1.0275
# = ds + , s + e
2 2
# = 0.10.05 + 1.0275 = 0.053875
. = s + , s + # )
. = s + , s + # )
1
= ( + 2
+ 2# + . ) . = (0.1) 0 + 0.1 ,1 + 0.053875
6
Putting the value of k in = s + we gets required value . = 0.1 0.1 ,1.053875
. = 0.10.1 + 1.053875
of k
In general U = + ! ! 3 = 0,1,2,3 .

. = 0.05769375
190
1 1
= + 2
+ 2# + . = + 2
+ 2# + .
6 6
1 1
= /0.1 + 20.055 + 20.053875 + 0.057693754 = /0.0581 + 20.0621 + 20.0622 + 0.06624
6 6
= 0.0626 = 0.0622
= s + = 1 + 0.0626
= +
= 1.0626 + 0.0622
= (0.1) = 1.0626
= (0.2) = 1.1248
= s + 70. Apply Runga-Kutta method to obtain y when P = N. N

given that P = P O
O
= 0 + 0.1 = 0.1
To find
= (0.2) O = N , P = N . Find the value of y up to four decima
Here = 0.1 , = 1.0626 83K = 0.1

placesW2008
= , ) = 0.1 +
Solution:-
= 0.1 0.1 + 1.0626 = 0.0581

The given first order differential equation is
K
= (, ) =
K

= d + , + e
2 2
s = 1 , s = 1 , = 1.1 1 = 0.1
0.1 0.05813

= (0.1) d0.1 + , 1.0626 + e = s , s ) = 0.1 s s )
2 2

= 0.10.15 , 1.0917 = 0.1 1 1 = 0

= 0.10.15 + 1.0917
= ds + , s + e
2 2

= 0.0621 0.1 0

= (0.1) d1 + ,1 + e

2 2
# = d + , + e
2 2
= 0.11.05 ,1
0.1 0.0621
# = (0.1) d0.1 + , 1.0626 + e
= 0.11.05 1
= 0.005
2 2

# = 0.10.15 ,1.0937 # = ds + , s + e

2 2
# = 0.10.15 + 1.0937 # = 0.0622 0.1 0.005
# = (0.1) d1 + ,1 + e
2 2
. = + , + # )
# = (0.1)(1.05 ,1.0025
. = (0.1) 0.1 + 0.1 ,1.0626 + 0.0622
# = 0.11.05 1.0025
. = 0.1 0.2 , 1.1248
# = 0.0048
. = 0.10.2 + 1.1248 . = 0.0662
. = s + , s + # )
191
. = (0.1)(1 + 0.1 , 1 + 0.0048
# = ds + , s + e
2 2
. = 0.11.1 , 1.0048
0.4 0.2344
# = (0.4) d0.4 + , 0.41 + e
. = 0.11.1 1.0048 2 2
. = 0.0095 # = 0.40.6, 0.5272
1 # = 0.40.6 + 0.5272
= + 2
+ 2# + .
6
# = 0.22544
1
= /0 + 20.005 + 20.0048 + 0.00954
6 . = s + , s + # )
= 0.0049 . = (0.4) 0.4 + 0.4 ,0.41 + 0.22544
= s + = 1 + 0.0049 . = 0.4 0.8, 0.63544,
= 1.0049 . = 0.40.8 + 0.63544
. = 0.287088
O P = . | given that
71. Find the Runge-Kutta method an approximate value of
O 1
O = . _N ,u P = . _ = P + O = + 2
+ 2# + .
P 6
1
= /0.324 + 20.2324 + 20.22544 + 0.2870884
W2009
Solution:- 6
The given first order differential equation is = 0.254461333
K = s + = 0.41 + 0.254461333
= + (, ) = +
K = 0.664461333
s = 0.4 , s = 0.41 , = s
= 0.6645
= 0.8 0.4 = 0.4
= s , s ) O(. |) , = . M for the initial value problem

72. Use Runga-Kutta method of fourth order to find
= P + O ; O. _ = . _NW2008
O
= 0.4 s + s P
= 0.4 0.4 + 0.41 = 0.324

Solution:-

= ds + , s + e
2 2 K
= + (, ) = +
K
0.4 0.324

= (0.4) d0.4 + , 0.41 + e
2 2 ! ! !

= 0.40.6 ,0.572 0.4 0.6 0.8

= 0.40.6 + 0.572 s

= 0.2344 To find = (0.6)
192
s = 0.4 , s = 0.41 , = s = 0.2 = 0.6 , = 0.5056 83K = 0.2
= s , s ) = 0.2 s + s = , ) = 0.2 +
= 0.2 0.4 + 0.41 = 0.081 = 0.2 0.6 + 0.5056
= 0.1106

= ds + , s + e
2 2

0.2 0.081
= d + , + e

= (0.2) d0.4 + , 0.41 + e 2 2
2 2
0.2 0.1106

= 0.20.5 ,0.4505
= (0.2) d0.6 + , 0.5056 + e
2 2

= 0.20.5 + 0.4505
= 0.20.7 ,0.5609

= 0.0951
= 0.20.7 + 0.5609
= 0.1261
# = ds + , s + e # = d + , + e
2 2 2 2
0.2 0.0951 0.2 0.1261
# = (0.2) d0.4 + , 0.41 + e # = (0.2) d0.6 + , 0.5056 + e
2 2 2 2
# = 0.20.5,0.4576 # = 0.20.7 ,0.5687
# = 0.20.5 + 0.4576 # = 0.20.7 + 0.5687 # = 0.1269
# = 0.0958 . = + , + # )
. = s + , s + # ) . = (0.2) 0.6 + 0.2 ,0.5056 + 0.1269
. = (0.2) 0.4 + 0.2 ,0.41 + 0.0958 . = 0.2 0.8 ,0.6325
. = 0.2 0.6, 0.5058 . = 0.20.8 + 0.6325 . = 0.1433
. = 0.20.6 + 0.5058 1
= + 2
+ 2# + .
6
. = 0.1106
1
1 = /0.1106 + 20.1261 + 20.1269 + 0.14334
= + 2
+ 2# + . 6
6
= 0.1267
1
= /0.081 + 20.0951 + 20.0958 + 0.11064
= +
= 0.5056 + 0.1267
6
= 0.0956
= (0.8) = 0.6323
= s + = 0.41 + 0.0956
approximate value of y when P = . M given that
73. Apply Runga-Kutta fourth order method to find
= (0.6) = 0.5056
= P + O O = N P = .
O
P
To find
= (0.8) xu = . NS2010
= s + = 0.4 + 0.2 = 0.6 Solution:-

193
The given first order differential equation is = 0.1086
K = s + = 1 + 0.1086
= + (, ) = +
K
= (0.1) = 1.1086
To find
= (0.2)
! ! !
= s + = 0 + 0.1 = 0.1
0 0.1 0.2
= 0.1 , = 1.1086 83K = 0.1
s
= , ) = 0.1 + )
= 0.1 0.1 + 1.1086 = 0.1209

s = 0 , s = 1 , = 0.1

= d + , + e
= s , s ) = 0.1 s + s ) 2 2
= 0.1 0 + 1 = 0.1 0.1 0.1209

= (0.1) d0.1 + , 1.1086 + e
2 2

= ds + , s + e
= 0.10.15 ,1.1691
2 2
0.1 0.1
= 0.10.15 + 1.1691
= 0.1319

= (0.1) d0 + ,1 + e
2 2

# = d + , + e

= 0.10.05 ,1.05 2 2

= 0.10.05 + 1.05
= 0.11 0.1 0.1319
# = (0.1) d0.1 + , 1.1086 + e
2 2

# = ds + , s + e # = 0.10.15 ,1.1746

2 2
0.1 0.11 # = 0.10.15 + 1.1746 # = 0.1325
# = (0.1) d0 + ,1 + e
2 2
. = + , + # )
# = (0.1)(0.05 ,1.005
. = (0.1) 0.1 + 0.1 ,1.1086 + 0.1325
# = 0.10.05 + 1.005 # = 0.1055
. = 0.1 0.2 ,1.2411
. = s + , s + # )
. = 0.10.2 + 1.2411 . = 0.1441
. = (0.1)(0 + 0.1 , 1 + 0.1055
1
= + 2
+ 2# + .
. = 0.10.1 , 1.1055 6
. = 0.10.1 + 1.1055 1
= /0.1209 + 20.1319 + 20.1325 + 0.14414
6
. = 0.1206
= 0.1323
1
= + 2
+ 2# + .
= +
= 1.1086 + 0.1323
6
1
= (0.2) = 1.2409
= /0.1 + 20.11 + 20.1055 + 0.12064
6
194
74. Using Runge-Kutta find O(. M) y0u . = (0.1)(0 + 0.1 , 1 + 0.0667

O N
= rP + O, O = N Iy = . N . = 0.10.1 , 1.0667
P M
1.0667
. = 0.1 d3 0.1 + e
2
W2010 Solution:-
. = 0.0833
K 1 1
= 3 + (, ) = 3 + 1
K 2 2 = + 2
+ 2# + .
6
! ! !
1
= /0.05 + 20.0663 + 20.0667 + 0.08334
0 0.1 0.2 6
s
=0.0666
= s + = 1 + 0.0666
s = 0 , s = 1 , = 0.1 = (0.1) = 1.0666
1 To find
= (0.2)
= s , s ) = 0.1 d3s + s e
2
= s + = 0 + 0.1 = 0.1
1
= 0.1 d0 + e = 0.05 = 0.1 , = 1.0666 83K = 0.1
2
1

= ds + , s + e = , ) = 0.1 d3 + e
2 2 2
0.1 0.05 1.0666

= (0.1) d0 + ,1 + e = 0.1 d3 0.1 + e = 0.0833
2 2 2

= 0.10.05 ,1.025
= d + , + e
2 2
1.025

= 0.1 d3 0.05 + e 0.1 0.0833
2
= (0.1) d0.1 + , 1.0666 + e
2 2

= 0.0663

= 0.10.15 ,1.1083

# = ds + , s + e 1.1083
2 2
= 0.1 d3 0.15 + e
2
0.1 0.0663
# = (0.1) d0 + ,1 + e
= 0.1004
2 2

# = (0.1)(0.05 ,1.0332 # = d + , + e

2 2
1.0332
# = 0.1 d3 0.05 + e 0.1 0.1004
2 # = (0.1) d0.1 + , 1.0666 + e
2 2
# = 0.0667
# = 0.10.15 ,1.1168
. = s + , s + # )
1.1168
# = 0.1 d3 0.15 + e
2
195
# = 0.1008
= 0.10.05 ,1.05
. = + , + # )
= 0.1/0.05 + 1.05
4
. = (0.1) 0.1 + 0.1 ,1.0666 + 0.1008

= 0.1153
. = 0.1 0.2 ,1.1674
# = ds + , s + e
2 2
1.1674
. = 0.1 d3 0.2 + e 0.1 0.1153
2
# = (0.1) d0 + ,1 + e
2 2
. = 0.1184
# = (0.1)(0.05 ,1.0577
1
= + 2
+ 2# + .
6 # = 0.1/0.05 + 1.0577
4 # = 0.1169
1 . = s + , s + # )
= /0.0833 + 20.1004 + 20.1008 + 0.11844
6
. = (0.1)(0 + 0.1 , 1 + 0.1169
= 0.1007
. = 0.10.1 , 1.1169

= +
= 1.0666 + 0.1007
. = 0.1/0.1 + 1.1169
4

= (0.2) = 1.1673
. = 0.1347
O P = . M in step of 0.1 if 1
75. Apply Runge-Kutta method to find approximate value of
= + 2
+ 2# + .
6
= P + OM given that O = NW2012,W2013
O
P 1
= /0.1 + 20.1153 + 20.1169 + 0.13474
6
= 0.1165
Solution:-
= s + = 1 + 0.1165
K
= +
(, ) = +
K = (0.1) = 1.1165
! ! ! To find
= (0.2)
0 0.1 0.2 = s + = 0 + 0.1 = 0.1

s
= 0.1 , = 1.1165 83K = 0.1
s = 0 , s = 1 , = 0.1 = , ) = 0.1 +
)
= s , s ) = 0.1 s + s
) = 0.1 /0.1 + 1.1165
4 = 0.1347
= 0.1 0 + 1 = 0.1

= d + , + e
2 2

= ds + , s + e
2 2 0.1 0.1347

= (0.1) d0.1 + , 1.1165 + e
2 2
0.1 0.1

= (0.1) d0 + ,1 + e
2 2
= 0.10.15 ,1.1839
196

= 0.1/0.15 + 1.1839
4 0.2
= s , s ) = ( + s
)
10 s

= 0.1552
= 0.02 0 + 1 = 0.02

# = d + , + e
2 2
= ds + , s + e
2 2
0.1 0.1552
# = (0.1) d0.1 + , 1.1165 + e 0.2 0.2 0.02
2 2
= d0 + ,1 + e
10 2 2
# = 0.10.15 ,1.1941

= 0.020.1 ,1.01
# = 0.1/0.15 + 1.1941
4 # = 0.1576

= 0.02/0.1
+ 1.01
4
. = + , + # )

= 0.0206
. = (0.1) 0.1 + 0.1 ,1.1165 + 0.1576

# = ds + , s + e
. = 0.1 0.2 ,1.2741 2 2
. = 0.1/0.2 + 1.2741
4 . = 0.1823 0.2 0.2 0.0206
# = d0 + ,1 + e
10 2 2
1
= + 2
+ 2# + . # = (0.02)(0.1 ,1.0103
6
1 # = 0.02/0.1
+ 1.0103
4 # = 0.0206
= /0.1347 + 20.1552 + 20.1576 + 0.18234
6
. = s + , s + # )
= 0.1571
0.2
. = (0 + 0.2 , 1 + 0.0206

= +
= 1.1165 + 0.1571 10

= (0.2) = 1.2736 . = 0.020.2 , 1.0206
. = 0.02/0.2
+ 1.0206
4
O(. M), O(. _) w
76. Using Runga-Kutta method to compute
. = 0.0216
N = PM + OM , O = NS2012
O
1
= + 2
+ 2# + .
P
6
1
Solution:-
= /0.02 + 20.0206 + 20.0206 + 0.02164
The given first order differential equation is 6
K 1
= 0.0207
10 =
+
(, ) = ( +
)
K 10
= s + = 1 + 0.0207
! ! !
= (0.2) = 1.0207
0 0.2 0.4
To find
= (0.4)
s
= s + = 0 + 0.2 = 0.2
s = 0 , s = 1 , = 0.4 0.2 = 0.2
= 0.2 , = 1.0207 83K = 0.2
197
0.2
( s )
>> ( s )# >>>
= , ) = ( +
) () = s + ( s )s> + s + s
10 2! 3!
+
= 0.02 /0.2
+ 1.0207
4 = 0.0216
:;<<23A =

= d + , + e
2 2 ( s )
>>
( ) = s + ( s )s> + s
0.2 0.2 0.0216 2!

= d0.2 + , 1.0207 + e ( s )# >>>
10 2 2 + s +
3!

= 0.020.3 ,1.0315
! 30 <8< = s +

= 0.02/0.3
+ 1.0315
4
= 0.0231
(s + s )
>>
= ( ) = s + (s + s )s> + s

2!
# = d + , + e (s + s )# >>>
2 2
+ s +
3!
0.2 0.2 0.0231
# = d0.2 + , 1.0207 + e
10 2 2
>> # >>>
= ( ) = s + s> + + s +
2! s 3!
# = 0.020.3 ,1.0323
# = 0.02/0.3
+ 1.0323
4 # = 0.0231 of O P = . M for the differential equation
77. Employ Taylors method to obtain an approximation valu
. = + , + # )
= MO + r uP ; O = Compare the numerical
O
P
0.2
. = 0.2 + 0.2 ,1.0207 + 0.0231
10
solution obtain with exact solution S2011
. = 0.02 0.4 ,1.0438

Solution:-
. = 0.02/0.4
+ 1.0438
4 . = 0.0250
K
1 = 2 + 3 !
= + 2
+ 2# + . K
6
> = 2 + 3!
1
= /0.0216 + 20.0231 + 20.0231 + 0.02504
6 K2! !3<28<! @0< 12K!1 . . <.
= 0.0232 >> = 2 > + 3! >>> = 2 >> + 3!

= +
= 1.0207 + 0.0232 G = 2 >>> + 3!

= (0.4) = 1.0439 Use Taylors series

>> # >>> . G
= s + s> + + s + s
TAYLORS METHOD
2! s 3! 4!
< 21 A2!3 <8< s = 0 , s = 0 83K = s +

Consider the first order differential equation
K
= (, )A2!3 (s ) = s
K = s
= 0.2 0 = 0.2
We know that the Taylors series
198
s> = > (0) = 2(0) + 3! s = 2 0 + 3 1 = 3 Use Taylors series
s>> = >> (0) = 2 > (0) + 3! s = 2 3 + 3 1 = 9

>> # >>> . G
= s + s> + + s + s
2! s 3! 4!
s>>> = >>> (0) = 2 >> (0) + 3! s = 2 9 + 3 1 = 21
! ! !
sG = G (0) = 2 >>> (0) + 3! s = 2 21 + 3 = 45
1 1.1 1.2
(0.2)
(0.2)# (0.2).
= 0 + 0.2(3) + (9) + (21) + (45) s
2 6 24
+
First to find = (1.1)
= 0.811
< 21 A2!3 <8< s = 1 , s = 0 83K = 0.1
s> = s + s = 1
Exact solution
K K
= 2 + 3 ! 2 = 3! s>> = 1 + s> = 1 + 1 = 2
K K
K s>>> = s>> = 2
}21 21 0 <! <:! + = \
K
sG = s>>> = 2
= 2 , \ = 3!
(0.1)
(0.1)# (0.1).
= 0 + 0.1(1) + (2) + (2) + (2)
= ! z = !
= !
2 6 24
+ .
H!;2 !K 10y;<203 21 = o/\4 K +
= (1.1) = 0.110341
Secondly to find
= (1.2)
!
= o 3 ! K + !
= 3! +
< 21 A2!3 <8<
32<28yy !3 = 0, = 0
= 1.1 , = 0.110341 83K
= 3 !
= 3! + 3
= 0.1
= 3!
!

+ 3!

= 3! + 3!
> = + = 1.1 + 0.110341 = 1.210341

;< = 0.2 = 3! s.
+ 3! s..
= 0.811
>> = 1 + > = 1 + 1.210341 = 2.210341
>>> = >> = 2.210341

= P + O such that P = N, O = and carry to
78. Solve using Taylors method the differential equation
O
P
P = N. M , = . NS2013 G = >> = 2.210341
Solution:- Use Taylors series

>> # >>> . G

= + > + + +
2! 3! 4!
K
= + > = +
K
>> = 1 + > >>> = >> G = >>>

199
(0.1)

= + ( , ) .
= 0.110341 + 0.1(1.210341) + (2.210341)
2 = + ( , )
(0.1)#
+ (2.210341)
6
(0.1).
Eulers Modified Formula
+ (2.210341) ..
24 U = + V( , ) + gU , U hW
(HU) (H)
2

= 0.2428
First approximation:-
;< 3 = 0 83K = 0
EULERS METHOD

= s + V(s , s ) + g , hW
() (s)
2
R
Second approximation:-
:;< 3 = 0 83K = 1
S

= s + V(s , s ) + g , hW
(
) ()
=

P Q
2
(, ) ; (s ) = s
Consider the first order differential equation
Draw the tangent to the curve at point (s , s ) value of y when P = . ~ given P = PM + O ; O =
79. Using Eulers modified formula. Find an approximate
O
L M
Let H (s + , ) be any point on the curve other than N taking the interval 0.02
P. Draw PM and RM perpendicular to X-axis. Draw PQ W2010
perpendicular to RM Solution:-
From fig || = s , ||| = s The given first order differential equation is
|Ht| = , ||t| = s + K
=
+ (, ) =
+
t = |t | t = \ = s + s K
! ! ! !
\ = , H\ = Ht \t H\ = s
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
y!< be the angle made by a tangent to the x axis
s
#
K
1y0:! 0 <83A!3< = tan = d e
K (q ,q ) Find the value y at P = . M
\ \ K Given s = 0 , s = 1 , = 0.02 , = 0.02

0x 2A tan = =d e
\ \ K (q ,q )
= s + (s , s )
8A823 0x 2A \ H\
= s + (s
+ s )
H\ K s K
=d e =d e = 1 + 0.02(0
+ 1) = 1.02
\ K (q ,q ) K (q ,q )
K
s = d e = s + (s , s )
K (q
,q )
= s + /(s , s ) + ( , )4
()
2
200
0.02

()
= 1.0204
=1+ (s + s +
+ )
()
2 0.02
+ /(0.02)
+ 1.0204 + (0.04)
0.02 2

()
=1+ /(0)
+ 1 + (0.02)
+ 1.024 = 1.0202 + 1.04084
2
= 1.0410
()

= s + V(s , s ) + g , hW
(
) ()
2

= s + V(s , s ) + g , hW
(
) ()
0.02
2
=1+ Vs + s +
+ W
(
) ()
2
0.02
= 1.0204 + Vs + s +
+ W
(
) ()
0.02 2

(
)
=1+ /(0)
+ 1 + (0.02)
+ (1.0202)
4
2
= 1.0204
(
)
= 1.0204
(
)
0.02
+ /(0.02)
+ 1.0204 + (0.04)
2
Third approximation:- + (1.0410)
4

= s + V(s , s ) + g , hW = 1.0415
(#) (
) (
)
2
0.02
=1+ Vs + s +
+ W
(#) (
)
2
Third approximation:-

= s + V(s , s ) + g , hW
(#) (
)
0.02 2

(#)
=1+ /(0)
+ 1 + (0.02)
+ (1.0204)
4
2 0.02
= 1.0204 + Vs + s +
+ W
(#) (
)

(#)
= 1.0204 2
= 1.0204
(#)
0.02
= 0.02 is 1.0204 + /(0.02)
+ 1.0204 + (0.04)
From second and third approximation the correct value of
2
Find the value y at P = . _ + (1.0415)
4
Given s = 0.02 , s = 1.0204 , = 0.02 , = 0.04 = 1.0415

(#)
= s + (s , s ) = s + (s
+ s )
= 0.04 is 1.0415
= 1.0204 + 0.02/(0.02)
+ 1.02044
Find the value y at P = . ~
= 1.0408
Given s = 0.04 , s = 1.0415 , = 0.02 , = 0.06
= s + (s , s ) = s + (s
+ s )

= s + /(s , s ) + ( , )4
()
2 = 1.0415 + 0.02/(0.04)
+ 1.04154
0.02

()
= 1.0204 + (s + s +
+ ) = 1.0624
2
201
K
= s + /(s , s ) + ( , )4 = + 3 (, ) = + 3 ;
()
2 K
0.02
A2!3 s = 0 , s = 1 83K = 0.1
= 1.0415 + (s + s +
+ )
()
2
= s + (s , s )
0.02
= 1.0415 + /(0.04)
+ 1.0415 + (0.06)
+ 1.06244
2 = s + (s + 3s )

()
= 1.0626 = 1 + 0.1(0 + 3) = 1.3
Second approximation:- ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0

= s + V(s , s ) + g , hW
(
) ()
2
s
# . t W s
0.02
= 1.0415 + Vs + s +
+ W
(
) ()
2 To find the value of y at 0.1

(
)
= 1.0415 Given s = 0 , s = 1 , = 0.1 , = 0.1
0.02
+ /(0.04)
+ 1.0415 + (0.06)
= s + (s , s ) = s + (s + 3s )
2
+ (1.0626)
4 = 1 + 0.1(0 + 3) = 1.3
= 1.0633
(
)

= s + /(s , s ) + ( , )4
()
2

= s + V(s , s ) + g , hW
(#) (
)
2
= s + /s + 3s + + 3 4
()
2
0.02
= 1.0415 + Vs + s +
+ W
(#) (
)
2 0.1

()
=1+ /0 + 3 + 0.1 + 3(1.3)4 = 1.35
2
= 1.0415
(#)
0.02
+ /(0.04)
+ 1.0415 + (0.06)
To find the value of y at 0.2

2
Given s = 0.1 , s = 1.35 , = 0.1 , = 0.2
+ (1.0633)
4
= 1.35 + 0.1I0.1 + 3(1.35)J = 1.765
= 1.0633
(#)
0.1

()
= 1.765 + /0.1 + 3(1.35) + 0.2 + +3(1.765)4
2
= 0.06 is 1.0633
= 2.2473
()
= P + rO
O
solve P
subject to O() = N and hence find an approximation
80. Apply Eulers modified method to
Given s = 0.2 , s = 2.2473 , = 0.1 , = 0.3

whenP = N Iy = . N
value of y
= 2.2473 + 0.1I0.2 + 3(2.2473)J

S2008
= 2.9415
Solution:-
202

()
= 2.2473 Given s = 0.6 , s = 9.3800, = 0.1 , = 0.7
0.1
+ /0.2 + 3(2.2473) + 0.3 = 9.3800 + 0.1I0.6 + 3(9.3800)J
2
+ +3(2.9415)4
= 12.254
= 3.0605
()
= 9.3800
()
0.1
+ /0.6 + 3(9.3800) + 0.7
2
Given s = 0.3 , s = 3.0605, = 0.1 , = 0.4 + +3(12.254)4
= 3.0605 + 0.1I0.3 + 3(3.0605)J = 12.6901

()
= 4.0087 To find the value of y at 0.8

()
= 3.0605 Given s = 0.7 , s = 12.6901, = 0.1 , = 0.8
0.1
+ /0.3 + 3(3.0605) + 0.4 = 12.6901 + 0.1I0.7 + 3(12.6901)J
2
+ 3(4.0087)4
= 16.5671
= 4.1559
()
= 12.6901
()
0.1
+ /0.7 + 3(12.6901) + 0.8
2
Given s = 0.4 , s = 4.1559, = 0.1 , = 0.5 + +3(16.7671)4
= 4.1559 + 0.1I0.4 + 3(4.1559)J = 5.4427 = 17.1837

()
= 5.4427
()
0.1
+ /0.4 + 3(4.1559) + 0.5 Given s = 0.8 , s = 17.1837, = 0.1 , = 0.9

2
+ +3(5.4427)4
= 17.1837 + 0.1I0.8 + 3(17.1837)J
= 6.9275
()
= 22.4189
= 17.1837
To find the value of y at 0.6 ()
Given s = 0.5 , s = 6.9275, = 0.1 , = 0.6 0.1

+ /0.8 + 3(17.1837) + 0.9
2
= 6.9275 + 0.1I0.5 + 3(6.9275)J + +3(22.4189)4
= 9.0558 = 23.2091
()
= 6.9275
()
0.1
+ /0.5 + 3(6.9275) + 0.6 Given s = 0.9 , s = 23.2091, = 0.1 , = 1

2
+ +3(9.0558)4
= 23.2091 + 0.1I0.9 + 3(23.2091)J
= 9.3800
()
= 30.2618
203

()
= 23.2091
= s + V1 2s s + 1 2 W
(
) ()
0.1 2
+ /0.9 + 3(30.2618) + 1
2 0.2
+ 3(30.2618)4
(
)
=0+ /1 0 + 1 1(0.2)(0.192)4 = 0.196
2
= 32.3826
()
O
= N MPO y0u O =
= s + V1 2s s + 1 2 W
(#) (
)
2
P
P = w P = . ~taking interval
81. Solve
0.2
= . M by Eulers modified methodW2008
(#)
=0+ /1 0 + 1 1(0.2)(0.196)4
2
= 0.19608
Solution:- (#)
The given first order differential equation is The correct value of y at = 0.2 up to three decimal place
K
= 1 2 (, ) = 1 2
is 0.196
K
A2!3 = 0 8< = 0 , = 0.2

Given = 0.2 , = 0.196 , = 0.2 ,

= 0.4
We divided the interval 0, 0.6 into subinterval each of

= + ( , )
= + (1 2 )

= 0.196 + 0.2/1 2(0.2)(0.196)4
= 0.3803
length 0.2 at points
! ! ! !
0 0.2 0.4 0.6


s
#
()
= + /( , ) + (
,
)4
2

= + /1 2 + 1 2

4
()
Given s = 0 , s = 0 , = 0.2 , = 0.2 2

0.2
= s + (s , s )
()
= 0.196 + /1 2(0.2)(0.196) + 1
2
(0.4)(0.3803)4 = 0.3729
= s + (1 2s s )
= 0 + 0.2(1 0) = 0.2

= + V1 2 + 1 2

W
(
) ()
2

()
= s + /(s , s ) + ( , )4 0.2
2
(
)
= 0.196 + /1 2(0.2)(0.196) + 1
2
(0.4)(0.2739)4
= s + /1 2s s + 1 2 4
()
2

= 0.3772
(
)
0.2
=0+ I1 0 + 1 2(0.04)J = 0.192
()
2 Third approximation:-

= + V1 2 + 1 2

W
(#) (
)
2
204
0.2

(#)
= 0.196 + /1 2(0.2)(0.196) + 1
2
(0.4)(0.3772)4 9

= 0.3731
(#)
The correct value of y at = 0.4 up to two decimal places

FUNCTION OF COMPLEX
is 0.37
VARIABLES
Given
= 0.4 ,
= 0.37 , = 0.2 , # = 0.6
+ 2, 83K are real variables is called as complex
a. Definition of complex variables:- The variables of the type
# =
+ (
,
) # =
+ (1 2

) variables which is denoted by z , = + 2
# = 0.37 + 0.2/1 2(0.4)(0.37)4 # = 0.5108

variable = ; + 2 depends on the complex variable
b. Definition of function of complex variables:- The complex
First approximation:- = + 2. Then

= () = ; + 2ie. w called as function of complex
# =
+ /(
,
) + (# , # )4
()
2

variables z
# =
+ /1 2

+ 1 2# # 4
()
2
variables:- A function () is continuous at point
c. Continuity and differentiability of function of complex
0.2 = 8 2 5
GE
= 8 then it is differentiable and it
#
()
= 0.37 + /1 2(0.4)(0.37) + 1
2 y2x 6(U})6()
(0.6)(0.5108)4 derivative is > =
M 0 }
# = 0.5098
()
Cauchy Riemann Equations (Cartesian form)
Second approximation:- The function of complex variable is
() = ; + 2
# =
+ V1 2

+ 1 2# # W
(
) ()
2
Let M; 83K M be the small changes in u and v
0.2 corresponding to the small change M 23 83K M 23
#
(
)
= 0.37 + /1 2(0.4)(0.37) + 1
2
(0.6)(0.5098)4 ( + M) = (; + M;) + 2( + M)
#
(
)
= 0.5098 ( + M) = ; + M; + 2 + 2M
The correct value of y at = 0.6 up to four decimal places We know that
y2x ( + M) ()
> () =
is 0.5098
M 0 M
y2x ; + M; + 2 + 2M (; + 2)
> () =
M 0 M
y2x ; + M; + 2 + 2M ; 2
> () =
M 0 M
205
y2x M; + 2M
> () =
M 0 M
The function of complex variable is
() = ; + 2 1
y2x M; M
> () = d + 2 e .1
M 0 M M = + 2
= + 2 We know that the polar co-ordinates
03 !8y 821 2. !. 03 821 , = 0 = cos , = sin
= M = M Equation 1 becomes = 01 + 2 123
y2x M; M = 01 + 2 123

> = d +2 e
M 0 M M
= !G :;< 23 !;8<203 1
y2x M; y2x M
> () = +2
M 0 M M 0 M I ! G J = ; + 2 . .2
b; b
> () = + 2 ()
b b
Differentiate both sides partially equation 2 with respectiv
= + 2
to r
b b; b
>I ! GJ I ! GJ = +2
03 2x8A238 821 2. !. 03 821 , = 0 b b b
b; b
= 2 M = 2M Equation 1 becomes > I ! G J! G = + 2 . . ()
b b
y2x M; M
> = d +2 e
2M 0 2M 2M
Differentiate both sides partially equation 2 with respectiv
y2x M; y2x M
to
> () = 2
+ 2
b b; b
M 0 2 M M 0 2
M >I ! GJ I ! GJ = +2
b b b
@;< 2
= 1 b b; b
> I ! G J ! G 2 = +2
y2x M; b b b
y2x M
> () = d2 e +
M 0 M M 0 M b; b
> I ! G J2 ! G = +2
b b
b; b
> () = 2 +
b b 1 b; b
> I ! G J! G = d +2 e
2 b b
b b;
> () = + 2 d e () 2 b; b
b b
> I ! G J! G = d +2 e
2
b b
Equating real and imaginary part in equation ()83K
2 b; b
> I ! G J! G = d + 2 e
b; b b b; b b
= 83K =
b b b b
2 b; 1 b
> I ! G J! G = +
a
= aO aO = aPare called as Cauchy Riemann
a0 a a0 b b
aP
1 b 1 b;
> I ! G J! G = + 2 d e . .
b b
Equations in Cartesian form
Equating real and imaginary part in equation 83K

Cauchy Riemann Equations (Polar form)
206
a
=
N a0

a0
=
N a b b
K = K + K
b b
a a a a
are called as Cauchy Riemann
Equations in Polar form
= 83K =
[~ [ [~ [
CONSTRUCTION OF ANALYTIC FUNCTION [ [ [ [
Let = ; + 2 be the analytic function bl bl

K = K K
b b
K = t K + T K
i. Here u is given and v is to be determine
Where t = , T=
[ [
We know that
b b [ [
K = K + K
b b
o K = o t K + o T K +
[ = 83K [ = [
[ [ [ [
[
Procced in this way for ; is given and ; + is to be
b; b;
K = K + K
b b
determine
K = t K + T K
iii. Milne Thompson Method:-
is known i.e.
[ [
Where t = [ , T=
[
is known and [ is unknown
[ [
[
In this method the analytic function is
o K = o t K + o T K +
= ; + 2
bt bT Differentiate partially both sides w. r. t.

=
b b
b; b
> () = + 2 1
ii. ; + is given and ; is to be determine b b
() = ; + 2 . .1 By Cauchy R equation
b; b
=
b b
Multiply both sides by i
2() = 2(; + 2) b b
> = +2
b b
2() = 2; + 2

> () = t( , ) + T(, )
2() = 2; 2
;< = , = 0and
KK23A !3 1 + !3 2
+ 2() = ; + 2 + 2;
Integrating both sides w. r. t. z
(1 + 2)() = (; ) + 2(; + ) () = o t( , 0 K + o T, 0 K +
;< ; = 83K ; + = l
If ; is known i.e. [ is known and [ is unknown
[ [
1 + 2)() = + 2l
b; b b b;
1 = =
( + 2l) b b b b
() =
1+2
207
b; b; + 2() = ; + 2 + 2;
> () = 2
b b
(1 + 2)() = (; ) + 2(; + )
> ()
= t( , ) + T(, )
;< ; = 83K ; + = l
;< = , = 0and
1 + 2)() = + 2l
1
() = ( + 2l) . .3
Integrating both sides w. r. t. z
1+2
() = o t( , 0 K + o T, 0 K +
; = is given to find ; + = l
bl bl
Kl = K + K
iv. Construction of Analytic Function in Polar Form
= ; , + 2( , be the analytic function b b
; , is given and to determine , [ = [ 83K [ = [

[~ [ [~ [
b b bl b
K = K + K =
b b b b
[" = " = 83K [" = "
[ [ [ [ [ [
b b
Kl = K + K
[ [ [" [
b b
1 b; b;
K = K + K
b b = ; = )(
+ 4 +
)
K = t , K + T , K Differentiate partially equation 3 w. r. t. 83K
Where t , = " , T , =
[
b b
[
[ [" = ( ) (
+ 4 +
)
b b

o K = o t K + o T K + (
+ 4 +
) ( )
x
b
= ot K + oT K = ( )(2 + 4) +
+ 4 +
b
Similarly procced for , is given and to determine ; , b

= 2
+ 4 2 4
+
+ 4 +
b
82. If (G) = + 0 be analytic function of z. find (G)
b
if 0 = (P O)IPM + _PO + OM J = 3
+ 6 3
b
b b
= ( ) (
+ 4 +
)
S2007, S2010
b b

+ (
+ 4 +
) ( )
Solution:-
() = ; + 2 . .1 y
b
= ( )(4 + 2) (
+ 4 +
)
b
2() = 2(; + 2) 2() = 2; + 2

b
2() = 2; 2 = 4
+ 2 4 2

4
b
KK23A !3 1 + !3 2
208
b 1
= 3
6 3
() = X(1 2) # + 3(1 2)
3(1 2)
b 1+2
2
2 d
+ 1e # + 2 Y
Kl = (3
6 3
)K + (3
+ 6 3
)K 2
Kl = tK + TK 1
() = /(1 2) # + 3(1 2)
3(1 2)
1+2
! ! t = 3
6 3
) , 2(1 2) # + 2 4
T = 3
+ 6 3
12 12 # 2
() = ( + 3
3
+ 2
2 # ) +
1+2 12 1+
bt bT
= 6 + 6 , = 6 + 6
b b 1 22 + 2
() = ( + 2)# +
1 2
bt bT
= !8< K2. !;8<203
b b () = 2( + 2)# +
o Kl = o t K + o T K +
uMP (P QRS MO O Sà MO)S2008, S2013
83. Determine the analytic function whose real part is
l = o(3
6 3
) K + o 3
K + Solution:-
() = ; + 2 . .1
#
#
l = i3 6 3
j 3 +
3 2 3 ; + 2 = !
( 01 2 123 2) + iv
l = # + 3
+ 3
# + Here u is given and v is to be determine
Put U and V in equation 3 We know that
1 b b
() = /( )(
+ 4 +
) K = K + K
1+2 b b
+ 2( # + 3
+ 3
# + )4
= [ 83K [ = [
[ [ [ [
1 [
() = / # + 4
+

4
# 2 #
1+2 b; b;
+ 32
+ 32
2 # + 2 4 K = K + K
b b
1
() = /(1 2) # + 3(1 2)
3(1 2)
b

1+2 K = /! ( 01 2 123 2)4 K
b
(1 + 2) # + 2 4
b

+ /! 01 2 123 2)4 K
1 b
() = X(1 2) # + 3(1 2)
3(1 2)
1+2
2 = !
2 sin 2 /2 cos 2 + sin 24K
(1 + 2) # + 2 Y + /!
01 2
2
+ 2 !
01 2 123 2)4K
1
() = X(1 2) # + 3(1 2)
3(1 2)
1+2 = (2 !
123 2 + 2 !
01 2 + !
123 2 K +
1 2
2 d + 1e # + 2 Y !
cos 2 + 2!
cos 2 2!
sin 2)K
2 2
K = t K + T K
209
bt b = !
sin 2 + !
01 2 + C
= (2 !
123 2 + 2 !
01 2 + !
123 2
b b
:;< ; 83K 23 !;8<203 1
= 4 !

cos 2
4!
sin 2 = !
01 2 123 2)
+ 2!
cos 2 + 2!
cos 2 + 2(!
123 2 + !
01 2 + )
= 4 !
cos 2 4!
sin 2 + 4!
cos 2 () = !
(cos 2 + 2 sin 2)
i
+ ye
( sin 2 + 2 012) + iC
bT b
i
= (! 01 2 + 2!
01 2 2!
123 2) 1
b b = ! e ye
cos 2 + 2 sin 2) + iC

i
= 2!
cos 2 + 2!
cos 2 + 4!
cos 2
4!
sin 2 1
() = !
e
ye
e
+ iC
i
bT
= 4!
cos 2 + 4!
cos 2 4!
sin 2 1
b () = e
(UG) d e + iC
2
bt bT
= !8< K2! !3<28y !;8<203 2
b b () = e
(UG) d e + iC
2
o K = o t K + o T K + () = e
(UG) ( + 2) + iC
() = !
+ 2 ! ! = + 2
o K = o(2 !

123 2
84. If , = + represent the complex potential for an
+ 2 !
01 2 + !
123 2 K
+ o0 K +
electric filed and
= PM OM + PM UOM Determine the function

P
= 2 sin 2 o !
K + 201 2 o !
K
S2014
+ sin 2 o !
K + Solution:-
K = + 2A
= 2 sin 2 X o !
K o d () o !
Ke KY
K
1 Here is given and is to be determine
+ !
cos 2 + !
sin 2 +
2
!
We know that

= 2 sin 2 Z o !
K o K\ + !
cos 2 b b
2 K = K + K
b b
1
+ !
sin 2 +
2
[ = 83K [ = [
[ [ [ [
[
!
!
1
= 2 sin 2 Z \ + !
cos 2 + !
sin 2 bA bA
2 4 2 K = K K
+ b b
1 b
= !
sin 2 !
sin 2 + !
01 2 K = d

+
e K
2 b +
1
b
+ ! 123 2 + d

+
e K
2 b +
210
(
+
)0 2 b
K = i2 + j K > = /y0A(
+
+ 24
(
+
)
b
(
+
)1 2
i2 + j K b
(
+
)
+2 /y0A(
+
+ 24
b
2

1 b
K = d2 + e K i2 + j K > () = ( +

) 2
(
+
)
(
+
)

+ b

1 b
K = tK + TK +2
( +
) + 1
+ b

2

2 2
t = 2 + 83K T = 2 > = 2+2
+1
(
+
)
(
+
)

+
+
8< K2! !3<28y !;8<203 Put = 83K = 0

2 2
= o X2 + Y K + o(0) K + > () = 2 + 2 + 1
(
+
)

2 3<. Both sides w. r. t. z
= 2 o 1 K o K +
(
+
)
1
() = o 1 K + 22 o K +
3 1!03K 3< :;< + = < 2K = K<

K< () = + 22 log +
= 2 o +
<
86. Find the analytic function , = + 0 given that

<
0 = PM UOM + QRS P QRS O Also find uW2010
P
= 2 +
1

= 2 + +

+
Solution:-
= ; + 2
Differentiate partially both sides w. r. t.

(G) = + ` given that
85. Using Milne Thompson method find the analytic function
b; b
0 = RIPM + OM J + P MOW2007, S2008 > () = + 2 1
b b
= ; + 2
Solution:- By Cauchy R equation
b; b
Differentiate partially both sides w. r. t. =
b b
b b
b; b > = +2
> () = + 2 1 b b
b b
b
> = X
+ 01 01 Y
By Cauchy R equation b +
b; b b
= +2 X
+ 01 01 Y
b b b +
b b
> = +2 b b
b b (
+
) () (
+
)
b b
= cosh sin
(
+
)
211
b b b
(
+
) () (
+
) (!
+ !
2 01 2) (2 sin 2)
+2 b b + sinh cos b
(
+
)
b

2 sin 2 ! + !
2 01 2
= b
(!
+ !
2 01 2)
2
= cosh sin
(
+
)

+
2
+2Z + 123 01 \ b

(
+
)
(!
+ !
2 01 2) (2 123 2)
b
b

2 2 123 2 (! + !
2 01 2)
=
cosh sin b
( +
)
2
(!
+ !
2 01 2)

+2Z
+ 123 01 \
( +
)

Put = 83K = 0 4 cos 2 (!
+ !
2 01 2) 2 sin 2 (4 sin 2)
=Z
1 (!
+ !
2 01 2)
> () = 2 + 2 sinh 2 sin 2 2 !

2!
)

2 Z
\
(! + !
2 01 2)
() = 2 o
K + 2 o sinh K +
2
() = + 2 cosh + Put = 83K = 0

4 cos 2 (1 + 1 2 cos 2)
87. Find the analytic function (G) = + 0 whose real part > () =
M Sà MP (1 + 1 2 01 2)
2 sin 2 2 2
2
isuMO UuMO M QRS MPW2012
1 + 1 2 01 2
= ; + 2 4 cos 2 2 2 cos 2

Solution:-
> =
2 2 01 2

8 01 2 1 01 2
b; b > =
> () = +2 21 01 2
b b
4 cos 2
> =
2 sin

By Cauchy R equation
b; b b b; cos
sin

= = >
= 2i j
b b b b sin

b; b;
> () = 2 > = 2cot
1
b b
> = 201!
1 1
b 2 123 2
> () = d
e
b ! + !
2 01 2 > = 2 01!
2
b 2 123 2
2 d
e
b ! + !
2 01 2
= 2 o 01!
K 2 o 1 K
= 2 cot 2 +
212
= 2 + cot + 1 2

+
2
> () = Z
+ 2 \
1 + 2 ( +
)
(
+
)
88. If G = + 0 is analytic function find G if

+0 = ,u N = NW2009 1 2

P
PM UOM > () = Z
+ 2 \
1 + 2 ( +
)
(
+
)
Put = 83K = 0
Solution:-
= ; + 2 . .1
1 1
> () = X0 2
Y
Multiply both sides by i 1+2
2() = 2(; + 2) 2() = 2; + 2

1
> () = (2

1+2
2() = 2; 2
2
= Xo
K + Y
KK23A !3 1 + !3 2 1+2
+ 2() = ; + 2 + 2; 2 1
() = X + Y
1+2
(1 + 2)() = (; ) + 2(; + )
2 2
() =
;< ; = 83K ; + = l (1 + 2) 1 + 2
1 + 2)() = + 2l 2 2
;< = 1 1 =
1+2 1+2
1
() = ( + 2l) . .3 2 2
1+2 1 = 1 1 =
1+2 1+2
2 2
1 b bl = 1
1+2 1+2
> () = d +2 e
1 + 2 b b
2 212
=
By Cauchy R equation 1+2 1+2
b bl 2 1
= =
b b 1+2 1+2
1 bl bl 1
> () = d +2 e =
1 + 2 b b 2
1 2 1
1 b b () = d e
> ()
= X d
e+2 d
eY (1 + 2) 1 + 2 2
1 + 2 b +
b +
1 1
b b () = +
1 (
+
) () (
+
) (1 + 2) 1 + 2
b b
> () = ]
1+2 (
+
)
1 12 1 12
() = +
b b (1 + 2) 1 2 1 + 2 1 2
(
+
) () (
+
)
+2 b b
12 12
(
+
)
() = +
(1
2 ) 1 2
12 12
() = +
2 2
213
89. If (G) = + 0 is analytic function , find (G) + 1

> () = /! + 2 ! 4
0 = uP QRS O + Sà OW2010 1+2
1
> = ! (1 + 2
1+2
Solution:-
= ; + 2 . .1
> () = !
() = o ! K +
2() = 2(; + 2)
() = ! +
2() = 2; + 2

90. Find the analytic function (G) whose real part is
2() = 2; 2
M QRS M + Sà S2009
KK23A !3 1 + !3 2
+ 2() = ; + 2 + 2;
Solution:-
= ; , + 2( , be the analytic function

(1 + 2)() = (; ) + 2(; + )
; , is given and to determine ,
;< ; = 83K ; + = l
b b
1 + 2)() = + 2l K = K + K
b b
1 [" = "
[ [
() = ( + 2l) . .3
1+2 [
b b; b 1 b;
Differentiate both sides w. r. t. = 83K =
b b b b
1 b bl
> () = d +2 e 1 b; b;
1 + 2 b b K = K + K
b b
!8y :8 < = ; =
01 2 + 123
b bl 1b
= K =
01 2 + 123 K
b b b
b
> ()
1 bl bl +
01 2 + 123 K
= d +2 e b
1 + 2 b b
1
1 b K = 2
sin 2 + cos K + 2 01 2 + 123 K

> () = /! (01 + 123 )4
1 + 2 b
K = 2 sin 2 cos K + 2
cos 2 + sin K
b
+ 2 /! (01 + 123 )4
b K = t K + TK
1 Where t = 2 123 2 01 83K

= /! ( sin + cos ) + 2! (01 + 123 )4
1+2
T=2
01 2 + 123
Put = 83K = 0
bt b
= 2 123 2 01
1 b b
= /! ( sin 0 + cos 0) + 2! (01 0 + 123 0)4
1+2
214
bt 91. Find an analytic function G whose real part is M QRS M

= 4 cos 2 + sin
b S2011 , W2011
bt b
= 2
01 2 + 123
b b
Solution:-

bt
= 4 cos 2 + sin
b ; , is given and to determine ,
=
[ [
b b
[ ["
K = K + K
Exact differential equation
b b
o K = o t K + o T K
[" = "
[ [
[
= o2 123 2 01 K + o0 K + b b; b 1 b;

= 83K =
b b b b
= 2 123 2 o K cos o 1 K + 1 b; b;
K = K + K
b b

= 2 123 2 cos + !8y :8 < = ; =
01 2
2
1b b

K =
01 2 K +
01 2 K
= 2 123 2 01 + b b
2
1
=
sin 2 cos + K = 2
sin 2K + 2 01 2K
= ; , + 2( , K = 2 sin 2K + 2
cos 2K
=
01 2 + 123 + 2(
123 2 01 + K = t K + TK
=
01 2 + 123 + 2
123 2 i 01 + 2 Where t = 2 123 2 83K T = 2
01 2
=
(01
2 + 2 sin 2 + sin 2 cos + 2 bt b bt
= 2 123 2 = 4 cos 2
2 b b b
=
(01
2 + 2 sin 2 + dsin 2 cos e + 2
2 bt b bt
= 2
01 2 = 4 cos 2
b b b
=
(01
2 + 2 sin 2 + (2 sin 2
cos + 2
2
=
[ [
[ ["
=
(01
2 + 2 sin 2 + (cos + 2 sin + 2
2
o K = o t K + o T K
2
() =

G
! + ! G + 2
2 2
= o2 123 2 K + o0 K +
() = I ! J 2I ! J + 2
G
G
= 2 123 2 o K +
() =
2 +
Where = ! G 83K 2 =

= 2 123 2 +
2
215

K = t K + TK
= 2 123 2 +
2
Where t = 3
01 3 83K T = 3 #
123 3
=
sin 2 +
bt b bt
= 3
01 3 = 9
sin 3
= ; , + 2( , b b b
=
01 2 + 2(
123 2 + bt b bt
= 3 #
123 3 = 9
123 3
b b b
=
01 2 + 2
123 2 + 2
=
[ [
() =
(01
2 + 2 sin 2 + 2 [ ["
Exact diff. equation
() =

G
! + 2 o K = o t K + o T K
() = I ! G J + 2

= o3
01 3 K + o0 K +
() = +
= 3 cos 3 o
K +
Where = ! G 83K 2 =
#
= 3 cos 3 +
3
92. Find analytic function
(G) = (, + 0, Such that

= #
cos 3 +
, = Sà r r
= ; , + 2( ,
= #
123 3 + 2( #
01 3 +
Solution:-

= 2
#
123 3 + 2 #
01 3 + 2
; , is given and to determine ,
() = 2 # (01
3 + 2 sin 3 + 2
b b
K = K + K () = 2 ! + 2
# #G
b b
() = 2I ! G J + 2
#
[" = "
[ [
[
b b; b 1 b; () = 2 # +
= 83K =
b b b b
Where = ! G 83K 2 =
1 b; b;
K = K + K
b b 93. Find analytic function
!8y :8 < = ; = #
123 3 (G) = (, + 0, Such that
1b b 0, = M M QRS + MS2014

K = #
123 3 K + #
123 3 K
b b
1
K = 3 cos 3K + 3 123 3K
Solution:-
#
K = 3
cos 3K + 3 #
sin 3K , is given and to determine ; ,
216
b; b; = ; , + 2( ,
K; = K + K
b b
=
123 2 + 123 + + 2(
012 01 + 2
= 83K = =
[ [ [ [ [ [

[" " [ [" " [ [ ["
= sin 2 + 2 cos 2 + sin 2 cos + 22 +
1 b b
K; = K K 2 2
b b () =
d sin 2 + 2 cos 2e + dsin 2 cos e

2 2
, =
012 cos + 2 + 22 +
1b

K; =
01 2 01 + 2 K () = (2 sin 2 cos 2 + (2 sin + cos + 22 +

b 2 2
b

01 2 01 + 2 K
b () = (01 2 + 2 123 2 + (01 + 2 123

2 2
1 + 22 + )
K; = 2
sin 2 + sin + 0K

2 01 2 01 + 0K

() = !
G + ! G + 22 + )
2 2
K; = 2 sin 2 + sin K + 2
cos 2 + cos K
1 1
() = I ! G J + ! G + 22 + )

K; = t K + TK 2 2
Where t = 2 123 2 + 123 83K () = G

+ G + Where 22 + =

T =2
01 2 + 01
Harmonic Function
bt b
= 2 123 2 + 123 Let () = ; + 2 be an analytic function then u and v are
b b
bt
= 4 cos 2 + cos
called as conjugate harmonic function if
b b
; b
; b
b
+ =00 + =0
b
b
b
b

bt b
= 2
01 2 + 01
b b 94. Show that the following function is harmonic, also find
bt
= 4 cos 2 + cos function (G) = + 0 ,
the corresponding conjugate function and the analytic
b
= = R PM + OM W2008
[ [
[ ["
o K; = o t K + o T K
Solution:-
To show that u is harmonic function

; = o2 123 2 + 123 K + o0 K +
That is to show that [ + [ = 0
[ [
; = 2 sin 2 o K + sin o 1 K + b
; b
;
. . . = +
b
b

; = 2 123 2 + sin + b b; b b;
2 . . . = d e+ d e
b b b b
; , =
123 2 + 123 +
217
b b b; b;
. . . = X gy0A
+
hY K = K + K
b b b b
b b
+ X gy0A
+
hY b b
b b K = gy0A
+
h K + gy0A
+
h K
b b
b 1 b
. . . = Z g
+
h\ 1 b
b
+
b K = Z g
+
h\ K
b 1 b
+
b
+ Z g
+
h\ 1 b
b
+
b +Z g
+
h\ K

+
b
b 1 2
. . . = Z \ 1 2
b + 2
+
K = i j K
b 1 2
+
2
+
+ Z \ 1 2
b
+
2
+
+i j K

+
2
+
b b
. . . = d
e+ d
e
b +
b +
K = K +
K

+
+
b b
(
+
) () (
+
) K = tK + TK
. . . = b b
(
+
)

b b t= 83K T =
(
+
) () (
+
)
+ +
b b

+
(
+
)
bt
+
2
bt

= =

+
2

+
2
b (
+
)
b (
+
)
. . . = +
(
+
)
(
+
)
bT
+
2
bT

= =

b (
+
)
b (
+
)
. . . = +
(
+
)
(
+
)
=
[ [
[ [

+

. . . =
(
+
)
= o K + o(0) K

+
0
. . . = K
(
+
)
= o

+
. . . = 0
K 1
. . . = H. . . ::y o = tan g h +

+8
8 8
; 21 8 x032 ;3<203 1
= tan d e + = <83 d e +

Here u is given and v is to be determine
To find the analytic function
() = ; + 2
We know that
b b
K = K + K
b b Differentiate partially both sides w. r. t.
[ = [ 83K [ = [
[ [ [ [
218
b; b b b; b b;
> () = +2 . . . = d e+ d e
b b b b b b
b b
= X (
2 2 1)Y
b b
b; b b b;
= =
b b b b b b
+ X (
2 2 1)Y
b b
b; b;
> () = 2
b b b b
. . . = (2 2 2) + (2 2 1)
b b
b b
> () = Vy0A
+
W 2 Vy0A
+
W
b b . . . = 2 2 = 0
1 b . . . = H. . .
> () = g
+
h

+
b
; 21 8 x032 ;3<203
b1
2 g
+
h
+ b

1 2 1 2
> () = 2

+
2
+

+
2
+
We know that
b b
K = K + K
b b
> () =
2
+
+
[ = [ 83K [ = [
[ [ [ [
Put = 83K = 0
b; b;
> () = 2(0) K = K + K

b b
1 b
> () = K = (
2 2 1) K
b
1 b
() = o K + +
2 2 1)K
b
() = log + K = (2 2 1)K + (2 2 2)K
95. Show that the function = PM OM MPO MP O N K = tK + TK
t = 2 + 2 + 1 83K T = 2 2 2
express + 0 is a function of z where G = P + O S2011
is harmonic find conjugate harmonic function v and
bt bT
=2 =2
b b
Solution:-
=
To show that u is harmonic function [ [
[ [
That is to show that[ + [ = 0
[ [
= o(2 + 2 + 1) K + o(2) K
b ; b ;

. . . = +
b
b

= 2 + 2 +2 +
2 2
219
= 2 +
+
+ b
; b
;
. . . = +
b
b

=

+ 2 + +
b b; b b;
. . . = d e+ d e
To find the analytic function b b b b
() = ; + 2 b b #
. . . = X ( 3
+ 3
3
+ 2 + 1 Y
b b
b b #
> ()
b; b + X ( 3
+ 3
3
+ 2 + 1)Y
= +2 b b
b b
b b
. . . = (3
3
+ 6 + 2) + (6 6)
b b
b; b b b;
= = . . . = 6 + 6 6 6 = 0
b b b b
. . . = H. . .
> ()
b; b;
= 2
b b ; 21 8 x032 ;3<203
b
> () = /
2 2 14
b
b
2 /

2 2 14
b
We know that
b b
> () = 2 2 2 2(2 2 1) K = K + K
b b
;< = 83K = 0
[ = [ 83K [ = [
[ [ [ [
> () = 2 2 2(2 1)
b; b;
K = K + K
b b
() = 2 o K 2 o 1 K + 22 o K + 2 o 1 K +
b #
K = ( 3
+ 3
3
+ 2 + 1) K

b
() = 2 2 + 22 + 2 +
2 2
b #
() = 2 + 2 + 2 +

+ 3
+ 3
3
+ 2 + 1)K
b
() = (1 + 2)
(2 2) + K = (6 6)K + (3
3
+ 6 + 2)K
96. Show that the function = Pr rPOM + rPM rOM + K = tK + TK
MP + N is harmonic find conjugate harmonic function v
t = 6 + 6 83K T = 3
3
+ 6 + 2
and express + 0 is a function of z where G = P + O
bt bT
= 6 + 6 = 6 + 6
b b
Solution:-
=
[ [
[ [
[ [
= o(6 + 6) K + o(3

) K
220

# b
; b
;
= 6 + 6 3 + . . . = +
2 3 b
b

= 3
+ 6 # + b b; b b;
. . . = d e+ d e
b b b b
=

+ 2 + +
b b
. . . = X (y0A(
+
Y
b b
b b
To find the analytic function
() = ; + 2 + X (y0A(
+
Y
b b
b 1 b
. . . = X
( +
)Y
b; b b + b

> () = +2 b 1 b
b b + X ( +
)Y
b
+
b
b 2 b 2
b; b b b; . . . = X
Y+ X
Y
= = b +
b +
b b b b
b b
b; (
+
) (2) 2 (
+
)
b; = b b
> () = 2 (
+
)
b b
b b
(
+
) (2) 2 (
+
)
b # b b
> () = / 3
+ 3
3
+ 2 + 14 +
b (
+
)
b # 2
+ 2
4
2
+ 2
4
2 / 3
+ 3
3
+ 2 + 14 . . . = +
b (
+
)
(
+
)
> () = 3
3
+ 6 + 2 2(6 6) 2
2
2
2
. . . = +
(
+
)
(
+
)
;< = 83K = 0
2
2
+ 2
2
> () = 3
+ 6 + 2 2(0) . . . =
(
+
)
() = 3 o
K + 6 o K + 2 o 1 K + 0
. . . =
(
+
)
() = 3 + 6 + 2 + . . . = 0
3 2
() = # + 3
+ 2 + . . . = H. . .
97. Show that = RIPM + OM J is a Harmonic function. Also ; 21 8 x032 ;3<203

find corresponding analytic function , = + 0W2011 To find corresponding analytic function
Solution:- = = ; + 2
To show that u is harmonic function Differentiate partially both sides w. r. t.

[ [
b; b
> () = +2
b b
221
b
b
= X! (123(

))
b b
b; b b b; b

= = + 123(

) (! )Y
b b b b b
b
b
b; b; + X! (123(

))
> () = 2 b b
b b b
+ 123(

) (!
)Y
b b b
> () = /y0A(
+
4 2 /y0A(
+
4
b b b

= /! cos(

)2 2 !
sin(

)4
1 b
1 b
b
> () = ( +
) 2
( +
) b

+ b

+ b

+ /! 01(

)(2)
b
2 2 2 !
123(

)4
> () = 2

+
+
b
= 2!
/ cos(

) sin(

)4
Put = 83K = 0 b
b
+ 2!
/ 01(

)
2 2 b
> () = 2(0) > () =

123(

)4
1 = 2!
/2
sin(

)
() = 2 o K +
+ cos(

) 2 cos(

)4
() = 2 log + 4 !
/ 01(

)
123(

)4
() = log
+ 2!
/2
123(

)
+ 01(

) 2 01(

)4
98. Show that = uMPO SàIPM OM J is harmonic and 4!
/ 01(

)
determine the analytic function (G) = + 0 in terms of 123(

)4
= 4
!
sin(

) + 2 !
01(

)
zW2013
4!
01(

)
4!
cos(

)
Solution:-
+ 4
!
sin(

)
4
!
sin(

)
[ [
2!
01(

)
+ 4!
01(

)
b
; b
;
. . . =
+
4 !
cos(

)
b b
+ 4
!
sin(

)
b b; b b;
. . . = d e+ d e . . . = 0
b b b b
. . . = H. . .
b b

= X (! 123(

))Y
b b ; 21 8 x032 ;3<203
b b

+ X (! 123(

))Y
b b To find corresponding analytic function
= = ; + 2
222
Differentiate partially both sides w. r. t. To show that u is harmonic function
b; b
[ [
> () = +2
b b
b
b
b b b b
. . . = +
. . . = d e+ d e
b b

b b b b
b; b b b;
= = b b b b
b b b b . . . = X d
eY + X d eY
b b +
b b
+
b; b;
> () = 2
b b
b b
b ( + ) b ( ) ( ) b ( + )

=
b
b (
+
)
> () = /! 123(

)4
b
b b
b ( + ) b ( ) ( ) b ( + )

b
2 /!
123(

)4 + ] ^
b b (
+
)
= !
01(

)2 2 !
123(

)
2/!
01(

)(2) b (
+
) 2( )
. . . = Z \
2 !
123(

)4 b (
+
)
b (
+
) 2( )
Put = 83K = 0 + Z \
b (
+
)
> () = 2 cos
2/2 sin
4
b
+
2
+ 2
. . . = Z \
> () = 2 cos
+ 2(2 123
) b (
+
)
b

2 + 2
+ Z \
() = o cos
(2K) + 2 o 123
(2K) b (
+
)
b

+ 2 b
2 +
. . . = Z \ + Z \
b (
+
)
b (
+
)
:;<
= < 2K = K<
(
+
)
(2 + 2) 4x(

+ 2)(
+
=
2 (
+
).
= sin
2 cos
+
2 (
+
)
(2 + 2)

4(
2 +
)(
+
)
1 +
() = (2 123
+ 01
) + (
+
).
2

1
() = (01
+ 2 123
) + 4(
+
)
( + )
2
4(
# + 2

2
+ # )(
+
)
1 2 G =
(
+
).
() = ! +
2 2
() = 2! G + 4(
+
)
( + )

4( # +

+ # )(
+
)
99. Show that 0 = PM UOM is harmonic and determine the
PO =
(
+
).

analytic function (G) = + 0 in terms of z
4(
+
)
( + ) 4(
+
)( + )(
+
=
(
+
).
Solution:-
223
4(
+
)
( + ) 4(
+
)
( + ) (1 + 2)
= () = +
(
+
).
0 If (G) is regular then prove that

. . . = =0
(
+
).
100.
aM aM
i + j |(G)| = M |(G)|M |> (G)|M
. . . = H. . . aPM aOM
; 21 8 x032 ;3<203 S2010
To find corresponding analytic function Solution:-
= = ; + 2 () = ; + 2 83K = ; 2
Differentiate partially both sides w. r. t. = ; + 2)(; 2)
b; b ()() = ;
2

> () = +2
b b
()() = ;
+
.1
b
b
b; b . . . = i + j |()|
= b
b
b b
b
b

b b . . . = i + j |()|
> () = +2 b
b
b b
b b b
b
> ()
= d
e+2 d
e . . . = i + j (|()|
)/
b +
b +
b
b
b b |()| = ;
+
||
= ;
+
(
+
) ( ) ( ) (
+
)
b b
=
(
+
)
||
= !3 1
b b
(
+
) ( ) ( ) (
+
) b
b
+2 b b
(
+
)
. . . = i + j /() 4/
b
b
b
b
b
8! 30 <8< + = 4
b
b
bb
> ()

2 +

+ 2
= +2 b
(
+
)
(
+
)
. . . = 4 /()()4/
bb
;< = 83K = 0
b

. . . = 4 /()4
/()4

bb
> () = + 2
. . b b
. . . = 4 /()4
. /4
1 b b
> = 1 + 2)

3 3
. . . = 4 /()4
> () /()4
> ()
2 2
() = (1 + 2) o
K +
3
>
. . . = 4 / () > ()4 V/()4
/()4
W
4
224
. . . = 3
| > ()|
/()()4

b
b
. . . = i + j |H! |
b
b

. . . = 3
| > ()|
/|()|
4

b
b
. . . = i + j ;
( ;1! 0 x;y8 8E = 8E b

b
. . . = 3
| > ()|
|()|
b

b
. . . = (; ) + (;
)
b
b
. . . = 3
|()|
| > ()|
b b
b b
. . . = H. . . . . . = X (; )Y + X (; )Y
b b b b
If (G) is regular then prove that b b; b b;
. . . = X2; Y + X2; Y
101.
b b b b
gaPM + aOM h |(G)|M = _|> (G)|MS2012, S2013
aM aM
b
; b; b; b
; b; b;
. . . = 2; + 2 + 2; +2
Solution:- b
b b b
b b
b
b
b
; b
; b;
b;
. . . = i + j |()|
. . . = 2; i + j + 2 Zd e + d e \
b
b
b
b
b b
b
b
fzis analytic function u is harmonic function
. . . = i + j /()()4
b
b
b
; b
;
+ =0
b
b
b
b
b
8! 30 <8< + = 4
b
b
bb
b;
b;
. . . = 2 Zd e + d e \
b
b b
. . . = 4 /()()4
bb
b b
/()()4
. . . = 4 b; b b b;
b b
= =
b b b b
b b
. . . = 4 /()4 /()4
b b b;
b
. . . = 2 Zd e + d e \
. . . = 4 > > b b
. . . = 4| > |

b;
b
. . . = 2 Zd e + d e \
b b
. . . = H. . .
b; b
If G is analytic function of z, Prove that > () = +2
102. b b
gaPM + aOM h |fu G|M = M|> G|M
aM aM
b;
b
| > ()| C
= d e +d e
Solution:- b b
= ; + 2 H! = ; b;
b
| > ()|
= d e +d e
b b
|H! | = ;
. . . = 2| > ()|
|H! | = ;

225
. . . = H. . . b >> b >
. . . = 2 Z > \ + Z > \
b b
103. If (G) is analytic function of z, Prove that
g M + h R|> (G)| = W2012,W2013 . . . = 20 + 0 = 0
aM aM
aP aOM
Solution:- . . . = H. . .
b; b If (G) is analytic function of z, Prove that

() = ; + 2 > = +2
104.
b b g M + h R|(G)| =
aM aM
aP aOM
b; b
() = ; 2 > () = 2
b b
Solution:-
b; b b; b () = ; + 2 83K = ; 2

> () > () = d + 2 ed 2 e
b b b b
= ; + 2)(; 2)
b;
> () > () = d e + d e .1 ()() = ;

2

b b
()() = ;
+
.1
b
b
. . . = i
+
j y0A| > ()|
b b b
b
. . . = i + j y0A|()|
b
b
b; b b;
b
> () = +2 | > | = Cd e + d e b

b
b b b b . . . = i + j log/|()|
4/
b
b
b
b
b;
b
|()| = ;
+
. . . = i + j y0A Cd e + d e
b
b
b b
|()|
= ;
+
b
b
. . . = i + j log/ > () > ()4/

@ !3. 1 |()|
= ()() !3 1
b
b
1 b
b
1 b
b
. . . = i
+
j log/()()4
. . . = i
+
j log/ > () > ()4 2 b b
2 b b
b
b
b
b
b
b
8! 30 <8< + = 4
8! 30 <8< + = 4 b
b
bb
b
b
bb
1 b
1 b
. . . = /log () + log ()4
. . . = 4 /log > () + log > ()4 2 bb
2 bb
1 b > () > ()
b b b . . . = +
. . . = 2 /y0A > ()4 + /y0A > ()4 2 bb () ()
bb b b
1 b > () b > () 1
b 1 b > 1 b > . . . = Z \+ Z \ = (0 + 0)
2 b () b () 2
. . . = 2 > / 4 + > / 4
bb b b
. . . = 0
>> >
b
. . . = 2 Z > + > \ . . . = H. . .
bb
226
Bilinear Transformation #
. =
#
.
#
. = #
.
! !
=
Prove that any bilinear transformation preserves the cross-
ratio
#
.
= .3
#
.
Proof:- let
8 + @
= ! ! 8K @ 0
+ K Similarly
Let ,
, # 83K . be the four distinct points of the z .
#
plane and ,
, # 83K . be the corresponding images = .4
.
#
in the w-plane under the transformation
8G + @
G = ! ! 2 = 1. 2, 3, 4 #
. .
#
G + K
=
#
. .
#
8 + @ 8
+ @
= ,
= #
. #
.
+ K
+ K
=
.
# .
#
8# + @ 8. + @
# = 83K . =
# + K . + K
points G = N, , N onto the points , = , ,
105. Find the Bilinear Transformation which maps the
8 + @ 8# + @
03112K! # =
+ K # + K S2007,S2008
8 + @# + K 8# + @ + K

# =
+ K# + K
Solution:-
8 # + 8K + @# + @K 8 #

Bilinear Transformation preserves the cross-ratio
8K# @ @K ( # )(
. ) ( # )(
. )
# = ] ^ =
+ K# + K ( . )(
# ) ( . )(
# )
Let = ,
= 1, # = 2 83K . = 1
8K # @ #
# =
+ K# + K = ,
= 2, # = 0 83K . = 2
8K @ ( 0)(2 + 2) ( 2)(1 + 1)
# = # =
+ K# + K ( + 2)(2 0) ( + 1)(1 2)
# = # 1 22 2( 2)
=
2( + 2) ( + 1)(1 2)
Where =
5
U U
2
=
Similarly + 2 2 + 1 2
( 2 + 1 2) = ( 2) + 2 2

. =

. 2
( 2 + 1 2) ( 2) = 2 + 1
Where
=
5
U U
( 2 + 1 2 + 2) = 2 + 1

(1 2) = 1 + 2
Multiply equation 1 and equation 2
227
1 + 2 1
= = 22
1 2 21 +
1
=2
points in z-plane into w- plane G = N, , N , , = 1+
106. Find the Bilinear Transformation which sends the
, N, W2008, S2010
G = , N, map into the points

107. Find the Bilinear Transformation when the points
Solution:-
Bilinear Transformation preserves the cross-ratio , = N, M , S2009,W2010
( # )(
. ) ( # )(
. )
=
( . )(
# ) ( . )(
# )
Solution:-
Let = ,
= 1, # = 2 83K . = 1
#
. #
.
=
= ,
= 0, # = 1 83K . = .
# .
#
10 . 2)(1 + 1) Let = ,

= 0, # = 1 83K . =
=
. 0 1 ( + 1)(1 2)
. 1 2)(1 + 1) = ,
= 1, # = 2 2 83K . = 2
=
. ( + 1)(1 2) ( + 2 + 2)(1 2) ( + 1)(0 .
=
1 2( 2) ( 2)(1 + 2 + 2) . 0 + 1
=
. ( + 1)(1 2)
+ 2 + 2)(1 2) ( + 1).
. =
( 2)(1 + 2) ( .
1 2( 2)
= + 2 + 2)(1 2) +1
( + 1)(1 2)
. 1 ( 2)(1 + 2)
=
( .
.
1 2( 2)
= + 2 + 2) +1
( + 1)(1 2)
1 2
=
. 1
1 2( 2)
=
0 1 ( + 1)(1 2) +2+2 +1
=
2
2( 2) 1
1 =
( + 1)(1 2) +2+2 +1
=
2( 2) 2
=1 1
( + 1)(1 2)
+2+2
2 + 1 2 2 + 22 = ( + 1)
= 2
( + 1)(1 2)
+ 2 + 2 = + 2 + 2
2(1 ) + (1 )
= 2 + = 2 2
( + 1)(1 2)
(1 )(1 + 2) 1 + 2 (2 + ) = 2 2
=
( + 1)(1 2) 1 + 2 2 2
=
2+
228
( # )(
. ) ( # )(
. )
=
points GN = M, GM = , Gr = M into the points ( . )(
# ) ( . )(
# )
108. Find the Bilinear Transformation that maps the
,N = N, ,M = , ,r = N respectivelyS2011
Let = ,
= 1, # = 0 83K . = 2 + 2
= ,
= 0, # = 22 83K . = 4
Solution:-
+ 22)(0 4) ( 0)(1 2 2)
=

#
# ( 4)(0 + 22) ( 2 2)(1 0)
=
#
#

4( + 22) (3 2)
=
= 2,
= 2, # = 2 83K 22( 4) ( 2 2)
= 1,
= 2, # = 1 2( + 22) (3 2)
=
2( 4) ( 2 2)
( 1)(2 + 1) ( 2)(2 + 2)
= 2 + 42 3 2
( + 1)(2 1) ( + 2)(2 2) =
2 42 2 2
( 1)(2 + 1) 2 + 1 ( 2)(2 + 2) 2 + 2
= 2 4 22 + 42 82 + 4
( + 1)(2 1) 2 + 1 ( + 2)(2 2) 2 + 2
= 32 + + 122 4
22( 1) (22 3)( 2)
= 4 22 = 82 + 82 4 4
2( + 1) 5( + 2)
2( 1) (22 3)( 2) ( 4 22) = 82( + 1) 4( + 1)

=
+1 5( + 2) ( + 1)(82 4)
=
2 2 22 42 3 + 6 4 22
=
+1 5 + 10 4( + 1)(22 1)
=
52 52 + 102 102 2(2 + 2)
= 22 42 3 + 6 + 22 42
3 + 6
the points N M , M + , M + r respectively into
110. Determine the Bilinear Transformation that maps
32 + 142 + 3 6 = 72 + 62 3 + 6 M + M , N + r , _S2012
(32 + 142 + 3 6) = 72 + 62 3 + 6 Solution:-
72 + 62 3 + 6
=
32 + 142 + 3 6

#
#
(72 3) + 6(1 + 2) =
#
#

=
3(1 + 2) + 2(72 3)
= 1 22,
= 2 + 2, # = 2 + 32 83K
points G = N, , M + respectively to the points = 2 + 22,

= 1 + 32, # = 4
109. What is the Bilinear Transformation which send the
, = , M, _ ?W2011 ( 2 22)(1 + 32 4) ( 1 + 22)(2 + 2 2 32)

=
( 4)(1 + 32 2 22) ( 2 32)(2 + 2 1 + 22)
( 2 22)(32 3) ( 1 + 22)(22)
Solution:-
=
( 4)(2 1) ( 2 32)(32 + 1)
229
points in z-plane into w- plane G = N, , N ,

Using componendo and dividend 111. Find the Bilinear Transformation which sends the
32 3 62 + 6 + 6 + 62 22 + 22 + 4
= , = , N, W2013
2 42 + 4 32 + 62 2 + 9 32
32 3 + 12 22 + 22 + 4
=
Solution:-
2 42 + 4 32 + 92 + 7
32 3 + 12 + 2 42 + 4
( # )(
. ) ( # )(
. )
32 3 + 12 2 + + 42 4 =
22 + 22 + 4 + 32 + 92 + 7 ( . )(
# ) ( . )(
# )
=
22 + 22 + 4 32 + 92 7
Let = ,
= 1, # = 2 83K . = 1
42 4 42 + 16 2 72 + + 11
= = ,
= 0, # = 1 83K . =
22 2 + 42 + 8 52 + 112 3
22 2 22 + 8 2 72 + + 11 10 . + 2)(1 + 1)
= =
2 + 22 + 4 52 + 112 3 . 0 1 ( + 1)(1 + 2)
. 1 + 2)(1 + 1)
22(52 + 112 3) 2(52 + 112 3) =
. ( + 1)(1 + 2)
22(52 + 112 3)
+ 8(52 + 112 3) 1 2( + 2)
. = ( + 1)(1 + 2)
= 2(2 + 22 + 4) 72(2 + 22 + 4) .
+ (2 + 22 + 4)
1 2( + 2)
=
+11(2 + 22 + 4) ( + 1)(1 + 2)
. 1
10 22 22 62 + 102 222 + 2
1 2( + 2)
+ 6 10 + 22 + 22 + 62 402 =
( + 1)(1 + 2)
+ 882 8 24 1
= 2 2 + 42 + 7 + 72 + 14 282 + 2 1 2( 2)
=
+ 22 + 4 + 112 11 + 222 0 1 ( + 1)(1 2)
+ 44
2( + 2)
1 =
12 16 + 82 222 18 2 382 + 942 ( + 1)(1 + 2)
= 2 + 2 + 62 4 + 182 + 54
2( + 2)
62 =1
( + 1)(1 + 2)
14 12 + 82 402 = 20 + 56 + 442 1002
+ 2 + 1 + 2 2 22
=
(14 12 + 82 402) = 20 + 56 + 442 1002 ( + 1)(1 + 2)
20 + 56 + 442 1002 + 2 2 + 1
= =
14 12 + 82 402 ( + 1)(1 + 2)
10 + 28 + 222 502 (2 1) (2 1)
= =
7 6 + 42 202 ( + 1)(1 + 2)
2(5 + 112) + 2(14 252) ( 1)(2 1)

= =
(7 + 42) 2(3 + 102) ( + 1)(1 + 2)
230
( 1)(2 1) 2 1 =+
=
( + 1)(1 + 2) 2 1
Let = ; + 2 , = + 2 83K = + 2
( 1)(2 22 + 1)

= ; + 2 = + 2 + ( + 2
)
( + 1)(2
1)
22( 1) ; + 2 = ( + ) + 2( +
)
=
2( + 1) ; = + , = +
1
= 2 Thus any point (, ) in the z-plane is mapped into the
+1
points > ( + , +
) 2. ! > ;, in the w- plane by
points , , into the points , ,

112. Find the Bilinear Transformation which map the this transformation
b. Magnification and Rotation: , = G where c is complex

Solution:- constant
Bilinear Transformation preserves the cross-ratio = + 2

= cos $ + 2 sin $) = ! G(
( # )(
. ) ( # )(
. )
= = || =
+
83K tan $ =
( . )(
# ) ( . )(
# )
Let = ,
= , # = 2 83K . = 0
$ = tan d e

= ,
= 0, # = 2 83K . =
= + 2
2)(0 . ) ( 2)(
+ 0)
= = cos + 2 sin = ! G
( . )(0 2) ( 0)(
2)
. 2) ( 2)
= = ! G( ! G = ! G(U
2( . ) (
2)
2 2 Thus polar co-ordinate , in the z-plane is mapped into

= a point > , $ + in w plane by this transformation
2 g 1h g1 2 h
.
c. Inversion and Reflection: =

2 2
=
2 g 1h g1 2 h = + 2

2 2 = 01 + 2 123 = ! G
=
2(0 1) (1 0) 1 1
= = ! G
2 2 ! G
= ( 2) = 2 2
2 Thus polar co-ordinate , in the z-plane is mapped into

2 = 2 + 1 = 22 + 1 a point > g" , h in w plane by this transformation

22 + 1 1 Find the map of the circle |G + N | = M under th

= = 22 +

transformation , = G S2007
113.
N
Standard Transformation
a. Translation , = G + ,uu = N + M is complex

Solution:-
constant It is given that
231
1 1
= ; + 2 =
+ 2
Solution:-
1 1 ; 2
It is given that the transformation
+ 2 = + 2 = =
; + 2 = ( + 2)
; + 2 ; + 2 ; 2
; 2 ; 2 ; + 2 =
+ 22 + 2

+ 2 = + 2 =
;
2

;
+
; + 2 = (

) + 2(2)
;
+ 2 =
+ 2 g
h
; +
; +
; =

, = 2 1
;
= 83K =

1
;
+
; +

It is given that
1
:;< = 23 !3 1
2
Again it is given that
| + 1 2| = 2 | + 2 + 1 2| = 2
1 1
;=
, = 2
|( + 1) + 2( 1)| = 2 4 2
1
( + 1)
+ ( 1)
= 2
= ; ,
=
4
1 1

= ;
= d; e
Squaring both sides
( + 1)
+ ( 1)
= 4 4 4
;< = 1 23 !;8<203 1
;

g
+ 1h + g 1h =4
; +
;
+
; = 1

, = 21
(; + ;
+
)
( + ;
+
)
+ =4
= 1 ; , = 2
(;
+
)
(;
+
)

= (; 1) ,
= 4
;
+ 2;(;
+
) + (;
+
)
+
+ 2(;
+
)
+ (;
+
)
= 4(;
+
)

= 4(; 1)
(;
+
) + 2;(;
+
) + 2(;
+
) 2(;
+
)

1
=0

It is given that
1
(1 + 2; + 2 2;
2
)(;
+
) = 0 :;< = 23 !3 1
2
1 + 2; + 2 2;
2
= 0 1
1
; =
d e , = 2
2 2
2;
+ 2
2; 2 1 = 0a circle in w-plane
1
Thus a circle | + 1 2| = 2 mapped into a circle
= ; + ,
=
4
2;
+ 2
2; 2 1 = 0 in w plane under
1
1
= ; +
4
=

;< = 1 23 !;8<203 1
; =
1
, = 2 1
region M P N O N is mapped by the
N
114. Determine the region of the w-plane into which the
N
M
transformation , = GM S2008 ; =
1 , = 2
232

= ; + 1 ,
= 4
It is given that

= 4; + 1 1 1
= ; + 2 =
+ 2
Thus the region bounded by
1 83K 1 in

1
+ 2 =
; + 2
parabolas
= g; h ,
= 4; 1 ,
w-plane is mapped into the region bounded by the

.
1 ; 2
+ 2 =
1 ; + 2 ; 2

= ; + 83K
= 4; + 1
4 ; 2
+ 2 =
Show that under the transformation , = G the
N ;
2
image of the hyperbola PM OM = N is the ; 2

115.
+ 2 =
lemnisscateM = QRS MS2009 ;
+
;
+ 2 = + 2 g
h
;
+ ; +
Solution:-

;
= 83K =
.1
It is given that
1 ;
+
; +
= 123! = ! G = ! G

1 1
Again the given linear equation of straight line is
! G = ! G = ! G + 1 = 02
! G
1
= , = .N
;

+1 = 0
The given equation of hyperbola is ;
+
; +

= 1 ; + ;
+
=0
;
+
;< = cos 83K = sin

;
+
; = 0 3

cos

sin
= 1

cos
sin
= 1
This is general equation of circle
1
Comparing equation 3 with

cos 2 = 1 cos 2 =

+
+ 2A + 2 + = 0
1
2A = 1 , 2 = 1 , = 0
d e = cos 2 2
1 1
A= , = , = 0
From equation 1 and 2 2 2

= cos2
= cos 2 1 1
0 0 K238<! 0 !3<! A , d , e
2 2
Find the map of the line O P + N = by the
transformation , = G W2011 1 1
116.
N
8K2;1 = A
+
= C + 0
4 4
Solution:-
233
1 (4; + 3) + 42 (4; + 3) 42
8K2;1 = 2 = +
2 (; 3) + 2 (; 3) 2
Equation 3 is equation of circle with center at g

,
h
4;
12; 42; + 3; 9 32 + 42;
2 = ] 122 + 4
+ 4;
12; + 42; ^
and radius is

(; 3)
+
Show that the transformation , =

MGUr
3; 9 + 32 42; + 122 + 4
+Z \
G_
circle P + O _P = into the straight line _ + r =
117. map the
(; 3)
+
M M
W2012
8;
+ 8
18; 18
2 =
The given transformation is (; 3)
+
2 + 3 16;
+ 16
36; 36
= 4 = 2 + 3 4 = . .4
4 (; 3)
+
4 = 2 + 3 2 = 4 + 3
4 + 3
The given equation of circle is
2 = 4 + 3 =
+
4 = 0
2
4(; + 2) + 3
= + 2 =
Using equation 3 and 4
; + 2 3 (4; + 3)
+ 16
16;
+ 16
36; 36
=0
4(; 2) + 3 (; 3)
+
(; 3)
+
= 2 =
; 2 3
16;
+ 24; + 9 + 16
16;
16
+ 36; + 36
4; + 42 + 3 =0
(; 3)
+
+ 2 =
; 3 + 2
60; + 45 = 0 4; + 3 = 0
(4; + 3) + 42
+ 2 = 1
(; 3) + 2 Show that the transformation , = GM map the
circle |G N| = N into the cardioid
118.
4; 42 + 3
2 =
; 3 2 = M(N + QRS )where u in w-plane
(4; + 3) 42
2 = .2
(; 3) 2
Solution:-
=
! G = !

G
= 83K = 2 . .1
Multiply equation 1 and equation 2

(4; + 3) + 42 (4; + 3) 42
( + 2)( 2) = Z \Z \
(; 3) + 2 (; 3) 2 The given equation of circle is
(4; + 3)
162

| 1| = 1 | + 2 1| = 1

2

=
(; 3)
2

|( 1) + 2| = 1
(4; + 3) + 16

+
= .3 ( 1)
+
= 1
(; 3)
+
Equation 1+ Equation 2 ( 1)
+
= 1
2 + 1 +
= 1

+
2 = 0
234
;< = cos 83K = sin

cos
+
sin
2 cos = 0

= 2 01 = 2 cos
1 + cos 2

= 4 cos

= 4d e
2

= 21 + 01 2 2
= 21 + cos , N + , N in z-plane

120. Find the image of the triangle with vertices at
, = rG + _ MS2013
M
z under the transformation
infinite strip P 0 , 0 < <
2 under the transformation, = G + N. Show the region
119. Find the image of semi-infinite
Solution:-
graphicallyW2009
The given transformation is
= 3 + 4 22
Solution:-
2
= 2 = 32
3 4 B 22
The given transformation is
= 2 + 1 ; + 2 = 2 + 2 + 1
=2+4
; + 2 = 2 + 2
+ 1 ; + 2 = 2 + 1
= 1 2 C 31 2 4 B 22
; + 2 = 1 + 2
3 32 4 B 22
; =1, =
12 C27
123! 0 = 0 0
1 B 2 C 31 B 2 4 B 22
; =1 =1;
3 B 32 4 B 22
Since 0 < < 2 0 < 1 ; < 2
1 B 2 C 7 B 52
12< ; < 1
1 < ; < 1
SERIES EXPANSION OF ANALYTIC FUNCTION

Taylors Theorem

235
Let be an analytic within a circle center at a. then at 1 1 1 1

() = +
each point z within the circle, can be expressed in the 6 V1 + g 4hW 2 /1 + ( 4)4
3
1 4 1
power series of the following form
> 8 >> 8 () = X1 + d eY + /1 + ( 4)4

8 B 8 B 8
6 3 2
1! 2!
8 1 4 4
4 #
.. B 8
3! = Z1 d e+d e d e + .\
6 3 3 3
1
+ /1 ( 4) + ( 4)
( 4)#
expansion of about a 2
This infinite series expansion is called as Taylors series
+ ..4
1 1 1 1
() = + ( 4) ( 4)
+ ( 4)#
Laurent Theorem
If be an analytic within and on the region bounded by 6 18 54 222

1 1 1
two concentric circle 83K
having radii 83K
+ . . + ( 4) + ( 4)
2 2 2
where >
and center at a. then for all z in region R 1
( 4)# + .
2
E 8 B 8 1 4 13 40
() = ( 4) + ( 4)
( 4)#
3 9 27 81

+ .
= # about the point = 4

121. Find Taylors series of expansion of a function
Find Taylors expansion of () =

U
U
point = 2
122. about the
W2007
W2009, S2014
Solution:-
1
Solution:-
() = 2 # + 1
( 1)( 3) () =
+
1
= + K!A !! 0 3;x8 8<0 K!A !! 0 K!30x238<0
( 1)( 3) 1 3
2 2
1 ( 3) + ( 1)
=
( 1)( 3) ( 1)( 3)
+ 2 # + 1
1 = ( 3) + ( 1) 2 # + 2
1
;< = 1 =
2
2
+ 1
1
;< = 3 =
2 2
2
1 1 1 1
2 2 + +
() = + 2 () = + 2
1 3 4+3 4+1
1 + 2
1 1
2 1 + 2
() = + 2 = 2 2 +
3 + ( 4) 1 + ( 4)
+
236
1 + 2 = 2 2 + 22 1
= 2 2 +
+ 1 1 2 1
2#
+Z
+
2 2 2# 2.
1 + 2
= + 1 2
+ 1 + 1 + Y +
1 + 2 1 + 2
1 + 2 + 1 + 2
2#
= + + ..
+ 1 + 1 1 + 2# 1 + 2.
1 + 2 = + 1 +
2
= 2 2 + 22 1 + E 1
;< = 0 = 1 2 U
s

2
;< = 1 = 1 + E 1
1 + 2U
s
1 + 2 1 1
= +
+ 1 + 1 123. Expand G = GUN as a Taylors series about G = N
GN
1 1
= 2 2 + +
+1
Solution:-
1 +12
1 1 = =
= 2 1 + + +1 +1
+1
+1 2 2
1 1 = = 1
= 2 2 + 2 1 + + +1 +1 +1
2+2 2+2+1
2 1 2
1 1 = 1 = 1
= 2 2 + 22 1 + 1+2 2 V1 + g 1hW
2 1 + g 2 h 2
2
1 1
+ 1
1 + 2 1 + g 2 h = 1 X1 + d eY
1+2 2
1 2 1 1
1 #
= 2 2 + 22 1 + X1 + d eY = 1 Z1 d e+d e d e
2 2 2 2 2
1 2
+ X1 + d eY + Y
1+2 1+2
= 2 2 + 22 1 1 1
1#
= 1 Z1 +
1 2 2
2 # 2 2
2#
+ Z1 d e+d e d e
2 2 2 2
+ .Y
+ Y
1 2 2

1
+ Z1 d e+d e = 1 E 1
1+2 1+2 1+2 2
2 #
s
d e + Y
1+2
Expand the function G = GUMGUr in the region
GM N
124.
M < |G| < 3 by Laurents seriesS2012
Solution:-
237

1 3 2 4 8
() = = 1 + X1 +
# + Y
( + 2)( + 3)
8
#

1 Z1 + + ..\
3 3 9 27
() =

+ 5 + 6
K!A !! 0 3;x8 8<0 = K!A !! 0 K!30x238<0

Expand (G) = (GUN)(GUM) in a Laurents series valid
N
1
125.
for the range < |G + N| < 2S2013

+ 5 + 6
1
Solution:-
1
+ 5 + 6 () =
( + 1)( + 3)

1
() =
( + 1)( + 1 + 1)
5 7
;< + 1 = <

1 5 + 7
=1
+ 2 + 3) ( + 2)( + 3) 1
= +
<< + 2 < < + 1
5 + 7
= +
( + 2)( + 3) + 2 + 3 1 < + 1 + <
=
<< + 1 << + 1
5 + 7 ( + 3) + ( + 2)
=
( + 2)( + 3) ( + 2)( + 3) 1 = < + 1 + <
5 + 7 = ( + 3) + ( + 2) ;< < = 0 = 1
;< = 2 3 = = 3 ;< < = 1 = 1
;< = 3 8 = = 8 1 1 1
=
<< + 1 < < + 1
5 + 5 3 8
= +
( + 2)( + 3) + 2 + 3 Since 0 < | + 1| < 1 0 < |<| < 1

1 3 8 1 1 1
=1+ = 1 + <
( + 2)( + 3) +2 +3 < <+1 <
Since 2 < || < 3 1 1 1

= 1 < + <
< # + .
< <+1 <

1 3 1 8 1
=1+ 1 1 1
( + 2)( + 3) g1 + h 3 g1 + h
2 = 1 + < <
+ < # + ..
3 < <+1 <
1 1 1

1 3 2 8 = 1 + + 1 + 1
= 1 + d1 + e g1 + h +1 +2 +1
( + 2)( + 3) 3 3
+ + 1
+ 1
Since 1 < | + 1| < 2 1 < |<| < 2
238
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= =
< < + 1 < < g1 + 1h 1 2 2 1
<
23! 1 < || < 2
1 1 1 1 1
= d1 + e 1 1 1 1 1
< <+1 < < <
=
1 2 2 g1 h g1 1h
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
= X1 +
# + . Y
< <+1 < < < < <
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = g1 h d1 e
= + + + . 1 2 2 2
< < + 1 < < <
<# <.
1
1 1 1 1 1
= + 1 2
+ 1 + 2 + 1
+ 1# + 1.
1
#
+ 2 = Z1 + + + + . . \
2 2 4 8
1 1 1 1
X1 + +
+ # + . Y
0 < | + 1| < 2
Combining result 1 and 2 we get Laurents series for range
Expand (G) = (GN)(GM) in the region|G| < 1 ,

N
1
=
+ 1 + 2
127.
|G| > 2, 0 < |G N| < 1
1 1 1
= + + .
+ 1
+ 1# + 1.
S2007,S2014
1
+ 1 + + 1 + 1
+1
Solution:-
+ + 1
+ 1
=
1 2
Expand G = GM rGUM in the region N < |G| < 2
N
1
= +
126.
S2007, W2010, W2012,S2014 1 2 1 2
1 2 + 1
=
1 2 1 2
Solution:-
1
=

3 + 2 1 = 2 + 1
1
() = ;< = 1 = 1 , ;< = 2 = 1
( 1)( 2)
1 1 1
1 = +
= + 1 2 1 2
( 1)( 2) 1 2
1 1 1
1 ( 2) + ( 1) = +
= 1 2 1 2
( 1)( 2) ( 1)( 2)
Since || < 1
< 1

1 = ( 2) + ( 1)
;< = 1 = 1 , ;< = 2 = 1 1 1 1 1
=
1 2 1 2 g1 h
1 1 1 2
= +
1 2 1 2 1 1
= 1 g1 h
1 2 2 2
239
1 r < |G + M| < 5
1 2
W2008
= 1 + +
+ # +
1
#
Solution:-
i1 + + + + j
6 1
2 2 4 8 =
1 + 2 3)
Since || > 2 1 > 2. ! < 1 , 83K < 1

K!A !! 0 K!30x238<0 K!A !! 0 3;x8 8<0
1 1 1
6 1
= + = + +
1 2 1 2 1 + 2 3) 1 + 2 3
g1 h g1 h

6 1
1 1 1 1 2
= d1 e + d1 e ( 1)( + 2)( 3)
1 2 ( + 2)( 3) + ( 1)( 3) + ( 1)( + 2)
=
1 ( 1)( + 2)( 3)
1 2

6 1 = ( + 2)( 3) + ( 1)( 3)
1 1 1 1
= X1 + +
+ # + Y + ( 1)( + 2)

1 2 4 8
+ X1 + +
+ # + . Y ;< = 1 6 = 6 = 1

;< = 2 4 + 12 1 = 15 = 1
Since 0 < | 1| < 1 0 < < < 1
;< = 3 9 18 1 = 10 = 1
1 1 1
= +
( 1)( 1 1) 1 11
6 1 1 1 1
= + +
( 1)( + 2)( 3) 1 + 2 3
Put 1 = <

6 1
1 1 1
= + ( + 2 3)( + 2)( + 2 5)
<(< 1) < <1
1 1 1
= + +
1 1 1 +23 +2 +25
=
<(< 1) < 1<
;< + 2 = < = < 2
1 1
= (1 <) < 2
6< 2 1 1 1 1
<(< 1) < = +
< 3)(<)(< 5) <3 < <5
1 1
= (1 + < + <
+ < # + ) Since 3 < | + 2| < 5 3 < < < 5
<(< 1) <
;< < = 1 (< 2)

6(< 2) 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + +
(< 3)(<)(< 5) < < g1 3h 5 g1 < h
1 < 5
1 2
(< 2)
6(< 2) 1 1 1 3 1 <
1 = + d1 e + d1 e
= (< 3)(<)(< 5) < < < 5 5
1
1 + 1 + 1
+ 1#
+
Explain G = GNGUMGr

GM ~GN
128.
240
(< 2)
6(< 2) 1 !
4( 1)
8( 1)#
() = Z1 + 2 1 + +
(< 3)(<)(< 5) 1# 2 6
1 1 3 9 27
= + d1 + +
+ # + . . e + .Y
< < < < <
1 < <
<#
+ i1 + + + + .j
5 5 25 125 !
2!
2!
4!
() = + + + +
1# 1
1 3
;< < = + 2
Expand the function (G) =
N
6 1

G(GN)(GM)
130. in the regio
1 + 2 3) |G| > 2 S2011

1
=
+2
1 3 9 27
Solution:-
+ X1 + + + 1
+2 + 2 ( + 2)
( + 2)# () =
( 1)( 2)
+ ..Y
1
= + +
( 1)( 2) 1 2
1 + 2 ( + 2)
( + 2)#
+ Z1 + + + + .\
5 5 25 125 1
( 1)( 2)
1 1 3 9 27
() = + + + + ( 1)( 2) + ( 2) + ( 1)
+ 2 + 2 ( + 2)
( + 2)# ( + 2). =
( 1)( 2)
1 + 2 ( + 2)
( + 2)#
+ . + Z1 + + + + .\ 1 = 1 2 + 2 + 1
5 5 25 125
1
;< = 0 1 = 2 =
Expand G =
uMG
2
GNr
129. as a Laurents series about
G = N S2010 ;< = 1 1 = = 1
1
;< = 2 1 = 2 =
2
Solution:-
= 1 1
1# 1 1
2
= + + 2
;< 1 = < = 1 + < 1 2 1 2
Since || 2 2 < || < 1 , < 1

!
U !
!
= #
<# <
1 11 1 1 1
= + +
!
!

4< 8<
#
1 2 2 g1 h 2 g1 2h
1
! = # i1 + 2< + + + ..j
< # < 2! 3!
1 1 1 1 1 2
;< < = 1 = + d1 e + d1 e
1 2 2 2
!
4( 1)
8( 1)#
= Z1 + 2 1 + + 1 1 1 1 1
1# 21 321 = + X1 + +
+ # + Y
2
+ .Y 1 2 4 8
+ X1 + +
+ # + . . Y
2
241
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 K = 8 + 8 K

() = + +
+ # + . +.+ +
+ #
2 2 8 8
4
+ . +
K = 8 K + 8 K
8 8 8
2 2 3 5
() = +
+ # + . + ..
8
!< = K
8
;< 8 = ! G = 8 + ! G K = 2 ! G K
Complex Integration
0 2 y! 83A!1 0x 0 <0 2

Important Definition
I8 + ! G J 8
= o 2 !G K
Simple connected region:- A connected region is said to be
!G
simply connected if all the interior points of the closed
curve C drawn in the region D are the points of the region s
= o I8 + ! G J 8 2 K
D.
Multi-Connected region:- Multi-Connected region is s
bounded by more than on curve Circle is very small 8K2;1 0 i. e. r is very small

= o /8 84 2 K = 0
CAUCHYS INTEGRAL THEOREM
If a function () is analytic and its derivative > () is
s
C. then ()K = 0
continuous at all points inside and on a simple closed curve Let
8

= K
8
K
CAUCHYS INTEGRAL FORMULA
If () is analytic within and on a closed curve C, and if a is

= 8
8
any point within C then (8) =
G 5 K
6()
;< 8 = ! G = 8 + ! G
K = 2 ! G K
Proof :-
Let C be the closed curve 0 2 y! 83A!1 0x 0 <0 2

6

2 !G K
5

= 8 o
= 8 as a center of circle and radius r !G
The function is analytic at all points within C except at
s
Draw the small circle within C. Let R be the region

= 28 o K
between and C s
6

= 28/4
s
= 228
5
is analytic in region R

K = 0 + 228
8
By Cauchy Integral Theorem
K = K
1
8 8 228 = K 8 = K
8 22 8
242
CAUCHYS INTEGRAL FORMULA FOR DERIVATIVE OF 2 1 0 C 0 , 2 1 0
1
0, B
ANALYTIC FUNCTION
If a function is analytic in region R, then the derivative 2

of any point = 8 of R is also analytic in R and is given by
> 8 = K
6()

G [ (5)
Proof:-
1
8 = K
22 8
Different partially w.r.t a to both sides
1 b 1
> 8 = d e K The poles 0 , B
inside C

22 b8 8
1 1
1
1
> 8 = K 1
K 2 1 K

22 8
K
2 1
2 1
1 K 22 Z 1 \
1

22 Z \
Again differentiate partially both sides w.r.t. a
1 b 2 1 2 1 s
>> 8 = 8
K
22 b8
1
1
2 1 1 K 22 22 4

>> 8 = K

22 8# 2 1 1
B2
2! 1
>> 8 = K 1 K 22 22 dB 5e

22 8#
2 1 2
1 K 22 B 52 B32
Similarly
3! 1 2 1
8 = K
22 8U
Evaluate GM N G Where C is the circle
rGM UG

Solve where c is |G| N
132.
G
GM UN
|G B N| NS2008
GMGUN
131. S2008
| B 1| 1 C |
| 2 B 1| 1
K Where C is || = 1
U

U
| B 1 2| 1 C B 1

1
2 C ||

B 1
B 0
1

1 C

1 This is the equation of circle with center at 1 , 0having
C is the circle with center at origin and radius is 1 radius 1
To determine the pole inside and outside C To determine the pole inside and outside C

243

B 1 0 C B 1 1 0
1, B1
The poles 0,
0 1 inside the circle and point 2
the circle
The pole 1 inside the region C 4 B 3

K
B 2
B 1
3
4 B 3 4B
3
K 1 K

B 1 B 2 B
B 1 1 B 1 B1
K
B

# U
U
is analytic on and inside C . Using Cauchys Integral formula
K = 22
2 8
8
Using Cauchys Integral formula
K 22 8
4 B 3
B8 K
B 2
B 1
3
3
4 B 3
K 22 Z \ 22 X Y
B 1 1 1 B 1 B 2 s
4 B 3
3
4 22 X Y
B 2
K 22 4
42
B 1 1 2
4 B 3
K 42 B 22 22
Evaluate G uu Z: |G| N. B 2
B 1
_rG
u
GGNGM
133.

134. Use Cauchys Integral
Integ formula to Evaluate
G Where C is the circle |G| MS2013
uG
Solution:-
3 GGUN
|| = 1.5 | + 2| =
2
3 9
Solution:-

C

2 4
It is given that
|| 2 C | 2| 2
#
This is the equation of circle with center at origin and
radius is

2 C

4
B 1 B 2 0 C 0, 1 , 2 This is the equation of circle with center at origin and

radius is 2
1 0 C 0 , 1 0 C 0, B1

244
The poles 1 , 2 inside C
01
01
cos
B 2 B1
K K
1
B 2
2 B 1 B2
cos

K K K
1
B 2
2 B1 B2
The pole 0, B1 inside C

K 22
2 8
! ! B8
!
K 1 K K

1 1 cos
K
1
B 2
2
01
01
22 Z \ 22 Z
K 22 8 B 2 B1
B8
cos
cos cos 4
K 22 22
! ! !

K 22 X Y 22 X Y 1
B 2
2 1 1
1 1 s
cos
!
K 22 22 42
K 22 B 22 ! 2
221 B ! 1
B 2
2
1
Evaluate G , uu |G| M
uMG UGM
GN
136.

135. Use Cauchys Integral formula to Evaluate
G Where C is a circle |G| rW2011
QRS GM
GNGM W2008
It is given that || = 2 C | 2| 2
|| 3 C | 2| 3 C

3

2 C

4

9 This is the equation of circle with center at origin and
radius is 2
B 1t 0 C 1
This is the equation of circle with center at origin and
radius is 3
B 1 B 2 0 C 1 , 2 The pole 1 of order 5 inside C
! K ! K

B 1t B 1.U
Use Cauchys integral formula for derivatives of analytic

function

245
Use Cauchys integral formula for derivatives of analytic

function
sin 123

g B h# g B h
U
6 6
3! 1
8 K
22 B 8U
3! 1 22
8 K K 8 :;< 3 = 2
22 B 8U B 8U 3!
22 22 >>

K 8
:;< 3 4 K 8
B 8U 3! B 8
U 2!
() 22 >>>> 22 >>

K = 8 K = g h
( 8).U 4! g B h
U 2! 6
6
= !
+
> = 2!
2
sin

>>
4!
2
> 2 sin cos = sin 2
>>> 8!

>>>> >> 2 cos 2
2 C >> g h 2 cos
16!
6 3
1
! K 22 4

/16 !
4 2 !
>> g h 2 m 1
B 1t 4m3m2m1 3 6 2
sin 22 m 1 2

g B h# 2 m 1
137. Evaluate
G , uu Z u û |G| N
SàM G
6
r
gG h
~
Evaluate G Where C is circle

uG
GM
138.
W2011
Solution:- |G| = r |G|

| NS2011
It is given that || 1 Solution:-
| 2| 1 C

1 It is given that ||
| 3 C | 2| 3

1
+
= 3 C

9
This is the equation of circle with center at origin and 20C2

radius 1
To determine the pole
#
g B h 0 C Pole of order 3 inside C


246
The point 2 inside C

The poles 1 83K B1 inside rectangle
cos K 01
K 22 8 K

1 B 1 1
B8
! !

K K 22/! 4
B2 B 2 K = 22
2 8
8
!

K 22 !
B2 cos 01
01 + 1 B1
K K
Again it is given that || 1 C |
2| 1 B 1
1
1 B 1
1
01

1 C

1 K
B 1
1
01 01
22 V W 22 V
1 B1
01 1 1
K 22 dB e 22 d e 0
B 1
1
1 2 2
Evaluate M G Where C is an ellipse

GM UGUN
G ?GUM
140.
_PM OM NW2009
N
The point 2 outside C Solution:-
!

K 0
B2
To determine the poles
7 % 49 B 8

B 7 2 0 C
Evaluate G 2
QRS G
GM N
139. around a rectangle with
verticesM % , M % 7 41 7 B 41
0
2 2
W2012
Solution:-
To determine the pole

1 0 C
1 C %1

247
The poles
WU.
0
W. The pole 3 outside the circle C

Outside C is an ellipse
3
7 1
1 K 0

3 K 0
B

B 7 2
To find 1 B 2
If G G Where C is the circle
rGM U?GUN

The pole 1 2 inside the circle C
141.
PM OM _ Find the value of r, N, B
Put 1
B 2 in equation 1
3
3
+ 7 + 1
S2013
1 B 2 K
B 1 B 2
Solution:-
To determine the poles 22/31 B 2

71 B 2 14
B C 1 B 2 22
2/31 B 22 B 1 7 B 72 14
We know that the pole inside C then 1 B 2 22

2B132 8
Using Cauchys Integral formula CAUCHYS RESIDUE THEOREM

K 22 8 If is analytic in closed curve C, except at a finite
B8
number of poles within C then K 22 i.e. Sum of

3 7 1 K

here
B B
residues at the point within C
3
7 1 Calculation of Residues
3 7 1 K 22 a. If has a pole at 8

B
K 22
2/H!1 84 Where
3 7 1 K 223
7 1 .1

B
y2x
H!1 8 B 8
The pole outside C then 8
b. If has a pole of order n at 8

3 7 1 K 0

B K 22
2/H!1 84 Where

To find 3
1 y2x K

H!1 8 / 8
3 B 1! 8 K

248
c. If is of the type = 8F! ! A8 y2x g 1h ! !

1 2

H!1 d e 1
0, 8 9 0 then 2 B B sin
2
K = 22/H!1 84 22 1 0 ! /
2 > H!1 dB e
A 2
B sin gB 2 h
Evaluate G Where C is circle |G| N
uG
QRS G
1 !

142.
H!1 dB e
W2012 2
1 y2x 1 ! 0
H!1 d e 1 d B e
2 2 01 0
Solution:-
Again it is given that || 1 C |

2| 1 2
1 y2x g 1h ! !

1 C

1 1 2
H!1 d e
2 B sin
2
1 0 ! /
This is equation of circle with center at origin and radius is
H!1 d e
2
1
01 0 B
sin g2 h
3
cos = cos F! ! 3 1, 3,, 5, .. 1 !
2 H!1 d e B
2
3 5
% ,% ,% ,
2 2 2 !

!
!

K 22 B 22 d!
B !
e
1 3 5 01
= % , % , % , .
2 2 2

! !
B !
1

K B42 B42 sinh
01 2 2

143. Evaluate using residue theorem
G Z: |G| N.
NMG
GGNGM
W2013
Solution:-
| = 1.5
The poles =
,
inside C
It is given that ||
3 3
| + 2| = C
+
=
2 2
Using Cauchys Residues l formula
! 1 1 9

K = 22 XH!1 d e H!1 d eY

01 2 2 4
y2x
1! H!1 8 8
8 #
This is equation of circle with center at origin and radius is
1 y2x 1 ! 0
H!1 dB e 1 d e =
2 B 2 01 0
2
To determine the poles inside and outside C

249
B 1 B 2 0 C 0, 1, 2 This is equation of circle with center at origin and radius is

3
To determine the poles inside and outside C
B 1
B 2 0 C 1, 1, 2
The poles 0, 1 inside C
1 B 2
2 /H!1 0 H!114
K 22
B 1 B 2 The poles 1 0 0 K! 2 83K 2 inside C
y2x
1! H!1 8 8
8
123 01 K 22 /H!1 1 H!1

y2x 1B
2
H!1 0 B 0 B 1
B 2
0 B1
1 B 2
1 B 2 To find H!1 1 by using formula

y2x
H!1 0 C H!1 0
0 B 1
B 2
1 y2x K

H!1 8 / 8 4
y2x 1 B 2 3 B 1! 8 K
H!1 0
0 B 1 B 2
H!1 1
1
H!1 0 1 y2x K

123
01
2 Z 1
2 B 1! 1 K
K
B 1
B 2
y2x 1 B 2
H!1 1 B 1
1 B1
1 B 2 y2x K 123 01

H!1 1 i j
1 K B2
y2x 1 B 2
H!1 1 C H!1 1 1
1 B 2 K
B 2 K 123 01

1 B 2 1
K

K 22 X 1Y 32 y2x 123
B123
01 B 2
B 1 B 2 2 K
1 B 2

144. Use Residue theorem to Evaluate
G where C is a circle |G| rS2011
Sà GM UQRS GM
GNM GM
B 22
2 cos
2 sin

y2x B123
01

1 B 2
Solution:-
It is given that || 3

| 2| 3 C

3 2
1
H!1 1 C H!1 1 2 1
B1
B

9

250
To find H!1 2 12 B 7

K 22H!1 1
B 1
2 3
y2x
1! H!1 8 B 8
8 1 y2x K

H!1 8 / 8 4
3 B 1! 8 K
y2x 123
01
H!1 2 B 2
2
B 1 B 2 1 y2x K

H!1 1 X
2 B 1! 1 K

y2x 123 01

H!1 2 1 12 B 7
2 B1 B 1
Y
B 1
2 3
123 01 K 22 /2

/2 1 14 y2x K 12 B 7
B 1 B 2 H!1 1 d e
1 K 2 3
123 01 K 42

1 K K
B 1 B 2 y2x 2 3 K 12 B 7 B 12 B 7 K 2

1 2 3
Evaluate GNM MGUr G where Cis the circle

NMG?
y2x 1212 B 7 B 212 B 7
H!1 1
145.
|G + | = r Use residue theorem W2010 1 2 3
y2x 144 B 84 B 24 14
H!1 1
1 2 3
Solution:-
It is given that | + 2| = 3
y2x 120 B 70
H!1 1
| + 2 + 2| = 3 | + 21

| 3 1 2 3
120 B 70

1
3 C
1
3 H!1 1
25
This is the equation of circle with center at 0, B1 and
50
radius 3 H!1 1 C H!1 1 2
25
12 B 7
K 22 m 2 42
B 1
2 3
Evaluate When C is the curve |G B

G
GM U_M
146.
S2009
Solution:-
It is given that |
| B 2| 2
To determine the pole of
| + 2 2| = 2 C | 2 B 1| 2
B 1
2 3 0

B 1
2 C
B 1
4
B 1
0 , 2 3 0
This is the equation of circle with center at 0, 1 and
1,1 2. !. = 1 Pole of order 2 ,, B
#
radius is 22
The pole 1 of order two inside C To determine the pole
4
0
Using Cauchys Residues l formula The pole of order two
4 0 C
B4
251

42
C %22
10
VECTOR CALCULUS
Gradient, Divergence, and Curl
The pole 22 of order to inside C The Vector Differential Operator Del.
Del.
Using Cauchys Residues l formula The vector differential operator ( !8K 81 K!y 0
K
2H!1 22
22H!1
is defined as
4
b b b
2 +
1 b b b
y2x K

H!1 8 / B 8 4
3 B 1! 8 K Gradient of scalar point function:-
function:
H!1 (22 be defined and differentiable at each point
Let , , be
1 , , then the gradient of f 0 A 8K is defined as
y2x K 1

X B
22
Y
2 B 1! 22 K

4
b b b
d2 + e
b b b
y2x K 1
H!1 22 X B 22
Y
22 K B 22 22
b b b
2 +
b b b
y2x K 1
H!1 22
22 K 22
y2x K
DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES
H!1 22 22
22 K
8 is defined as
The directional derivatives of function f in the direction of
y2x 1 2 1
H!1 22 B2 B 8where8 is a unit vector parallel to vector
vec 8 83K
22 22# B642 322
5
K 1 |5|
22 m

4
322 16 147. Find the directional derivatives of
= PM OM + OM GM + GM PM (N, N, Min the direction of

tangent to the curve P = u ,
O = M Sà + N, G = QRS =
W2008, S2014
Solution:-
It is given that the function

252
=

+
+

Solution:-
b b b
= 2 + +
b b b
=

+ 2
= 2 ( +

+

) b b b
b = 2 + +
b b b b
+ (

+

+

)
b
b b
b
= 2 (
+ 2
) + (

+ 2
)
+ (

+

+

) b b
b
b
+ (

+ 2
)
= 2(2
+ 2
) + (2
+ 2
) b
+ (2
+ 2
)
= 2(2) + (2) + (4)
()(,,
= 22 + 8 + 2 + 8 + 4 4)
= 22 2 + 4
()(,,
= 102 + 10 8
()z(,
,#) = 22 4 + 12
Let 8 be the vector along the tangent to the curve at point
(1, 2, 3) 83K \ 5, 0, 4)
, ,
: = 2 + 2 + 3 83K = 52 + 0 + 4
K K K
8 = d e 2 + d e + d e
K< K< K<
\ = :
\ = 52 + 0 + 4 2 2 3
K K K
8 = 2 ! + 2 123 < + 1 + < 01 < \ = 42 2 +
K< K< K<
8 = 42 2 +
y!< 8 = \
8 = 2! + 2 cos <) + (1 + sin <)
8 42 2 + 1
;< < = 0 8 = 2(! s + 2 01 0 + 1 + 123 0 8 = 8 = 8 = (42 2 + )
|8| 16 + 4 + 1 21
8
8 = 2 + 2 + 8 =
|8|
The required directional derivative is
2 + 2 + 1 1
8 = 8 = 2 + 2 + ()(,
,#) 8 = (22 4 + 12) _ (42 2 + )`
1
+ 2
+ 1
6 21
1
()(,
,#) 8 = (8 + 8 + 12)
21
1
,,
8 = 102 + 10 8 _ 2 + 2 + ` 28
6 ()(,
,#) 8 =
21
1
,,
8 = 10 + 20 8 27
6 ()(,
,#) 8 =
3
2
,,
8 =
6
149. Find the directional derivative of
= POM + OGM M, N, N)in the direction normal to

= P OM + MGM at the point N, M, r) in the direction the surface P R G OM = _ N, M, N)W2011,
148. Find the directional derivative of the function
M
of the line PQ where Q is the point (, , _)S2013 W2012
253
Solution:- 150. Find the direction derivative of = uMP QRS OG at
P = Sà , O = QRS , G = =

the origin in the direction of tangent to the curve
_
=
+
b b b
W2013
= 2 + +
b b b Solution:-
b b
= 2 (
+
) + (
+
)
b b
= !
01
b
+ (
+
)
b b b b
= 2 + +
= 2(
) + (2 +
) + (2) b b b
b
b
=
2 + 2 +
+ 2 = 2 (! 01 ) + (!
01 )
b b
z
,,) = 2 + (4 + 1) 2 b

+ (! 01 )
b
()z(
,,) = 2 3 2
= 2(2 !
cos ) + (2 !
sin )
The given equation of surface is + (2 !
sin )
log
= 4 y0A
+ 4 = 0 ()z(s,s,s) = 22 + 0 + 0
!< A, , ) = y0A

+ 4 Let 8 be the vector along the tangent to the curve at point
(, , )
bA bA bA
A = 2 + +
b b b K K K
8 = d e 2 + d e + d e
K< K< K<
b b
A = 2 ( y0A
+ 4) + ( y0A
+ 4) K K K
b b 8 = 2 (8 123 <) + (8 cos <) + (8<)
b K< K< K<
+ ( y0A
+ 4)
b
8 = 2(8 cos <) + (8 sin <) + (8)

A = 2(log ) + (2) + g h
;< < = 8 = 2 g8 cos h + g8 sin h + 8
4 4 4
(A)(,
,) = 02 4 = 8
8 8 8
8 = 2 + 8 8 =
8 4 2 2 |8|
8 = 8 =
|8| 17 8 8
2 + 8
8 = 2 2
8
8
02 4 Cd e + d e + (8)
()z(
,,) 8 = (2 3 2) d e 2 2
17
1 8 8
1 8 = d 2 + 8e
()z(
,,) 8 = (0 + 12 + 2) 28 2 2
17
14
()z(
,,) 8 =
17
254
()(s,s,s) 8 = (22 + 0 + 0)
1 8 8
_ d 2 + 8e` 1
28 2 2 ()(,
,#) 8 = (22 4 + 12) _ (42 2 + )`
21
1 28
()(,,
) 8 = d + 0 + 0e 1
28 2 ()(,
,#) 8 = (8 + 8 + 12)
21
()(s,s,s) 8 = 1
28
()(,
,#) 8 =
21
= P OM + MGM at the point N, M, r) in the direction
151. Find the directional derivative of the function
M
27
of PQ where Q is the point (, , _)In what direction it will ()(,
,#) 8 =
be maximum? Find also the magnitude of this maximum. 3
22 4 + 12
S2011 The direction derivative is maximum in the direction of
The magnitude of ()z(,

,#) is the greatest directional
Solution:-
Solution:-
derivative
()z(,
,#) = 4 + 16 + 144
= + 2

()z(,
,#) = 164
b b b
= 2 + +
b b b The maximum directional derivative of
b
b 8< :023< 1, 2, 3)is164
= 2 (
+ 2
) + (

+ 2
)
b b
b
+ (

+ 2
)
Divergence of a vector point function
b
Let l be any given differentiable vector point function the
= 2(2) + (2) + (4) divergence ofl is denoted by div l or l
= 22 2 + 4 b b b
l = d2 + + e l
b b b
()z(,
,#) = 22 4 + 12
bl bl bl
(1, 2, 3) 83K \ 5, 0, 4) l = 2 + +
b b b
: = 2 + 2 + 3 83K = 52 + 0 + 4 If l = l 2 + l
+ l#

\ = :
\ = 52 + 0 + 4 2 2 3 b b b
K2 l = l = d2 + + e l 2 + l
+ l#
= 42 2 +
\ b b b
8 = 42 2 + bl bl
bl#
y!< 8 = \ l = + +
b b b
8 42 2 +
8 = 8 =
|8| 16 + 4 + 1
Solenoidal vector:-
1 If K2 l = 0 then V is called as solenoidal vector

8 = (42 2 + )
21 Curl of vector point function:-
255
Let l be any given differentiable vector point function then ( l )(

,,) = 1 + 12 + (4 1)
curl or rotationl is denoted by l , ; y l 0 0<l
( l )(
,,) = 14
b b b
l = d2 + + e l
b b b To find curl of the vector
If l = l 2 + l
+ l# bl# bl
bl# bl bl
bl
l = d e d e + d e
b b b b b b
b b b
l = d2 + + e l 2 + l
+ l# b b
b b b l = X (

) (3
)Y
b b
2 b b
b b b X (

) ()Y
l = b b
b b b b b
+ X (3
) ()Y
l l
l# b b
b b b b b b l = (2) (
) + (6 )
l = 2 b b b b + b b
l
l# l l# l l
( l )(
,,) = 2 (1 + 2) + (12 2)
bl# bl
bl# bl bl
bl ( l )(
,,) = 2 3 14
l = 2 d ed e+d e
b b b b b b
h,
Find the divergence and curl of vector O h=
O
OG + GP + PO W2007 S2012
153.
Irrotational vector:-
A vector l is said to be irrotational vector if Solution:-

l , ; y l 0 0<l = 0 The given vector point function is
= + +
j at the point
h = POG + IrPM OJ + IPGM OM GJI
152. Find the divergence and curl of the vector
M, N, N)S2008 b b b
= d + + e + +
b b b
b b
= + + + + +
Solution:-
b b
b
The given vector point function is
l = () + (3
) + (

) + + +
b
Comparing with = + + + + +
l = l + l
+ l# Comparing with
l = , l
= 3
, l# =

l = l + l
+ l#
bl bl
bl# l = + , l
= + , l# = +
l = + +
b b b
bl bl
bl#
b b b l = + +
b b b
l = + 3
) + (

)
b b b
b b b
l = + + + + +
l = + 3
+ (2
) b b b
256
l = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 b b
= 3
3) + (3
3)
b b
b
+ (3
3)
To find curl of the vector
b
bl# bl
bl# bl bl
bl
l = d e d e + d e
b b b b b b = 6 + 6 + 6 l = 6( + + )
b b
l = X + + Y
b b
To find curl of the vector
b b bl# bl
bl# bl bl
bl
X + + Y l = d e d e + d e
b b b b b b b b
b b
+ X + + Y b b
b b = X (3
3) (3
3)Y
b b
l = 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 b b
X (3
3) (3
3)Y
b b
l = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 b b
+ X (3
3) (3
3)Y
b b
h ^ O
Find 0 O h where
= (3 + 3) (3 + 3) + (3 + 3)
154.
h = y IPr + Or + Gr rPOGJ S2007,S2014

O
= 0
Solution:-
= A 8K # + # + # 3)
155. A vector field is given by
h = IPM + POM J + IOM + PM OJshow that the field is

Y
= ( + + 3)
# # #
irrotational and find the scalar potential.
b b b
= d + + e ( # + # + # 3)
b b b
S2008, W2010
b #
= ( + # + # 3)
Solution:-
b
b
+ ( # + # + # 3)
To show that the field is irrotational
b That to show that ; y = = 0

b
+ ( # + # + # 3) . . =
b
= (3
3) + (3
3) + (3
3) b b b
. . = d + + e
b b b
Comparing with +
+
+
+ 0

l = l + l
+ l# 2
b b b
l = 3
3 , l
= 3
3 , . . =
b b b
l# = 3
3 +
+

bl bl
bl#
l = + +
b b b
257
b b
A, ) = terms in independent of y =

. . = X 0
+
Y
b b #
b b , ) = terms in independent 0

X 0
+
Y
b b
b
b
#

#
+ X +
+
Y , ) = + +
b b 3 2 3
. . = 0 + 0 + 2 2 #

#
!3! = + +
3 2 3
. . = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 = H. .
156. Show that the vector field
h = O Sà G Sà P + P Sà G + MOG + IPO QRS G +

O
The vector field is given by
=
+

+
+ is irrotational

OMIisirrotational and find the corresponding scalar

h =
function such that O
To find the scalar potential
=
W2008

+
+
+
+ 0
Solution:-
b b b
= d + + e
b b b
To show that the field is irrotational
That to show that ; y = = 0

+

+
+ + 0 = [ + [+ [

[ [ [
. . =
b b b
=
+
, =
+
, =0 b b b
b b b = d + + e
b b b
123 123 + 123 + 2
= o(
+
) K + (, )
+ 01 +
4
= o
K +
o K + (, ) 2
b b b
=
#

b b b
= + + (, ) 1 123 123 123 + 2 01 +
3 2
b b
= o
+
K + A, ) = X 01 +
123 + 2Y
b b
b
X 01 +

= o
K +
o K + A, ) b
b
123 123 Y
b
#

b
= + + A, ) . .2 + X 123 + 2
3 2 b
b
= o 0 K + (, ) = (, ) .3 123 123 Y
b
= cos cos ) ( cos cos )

+ (sin sin )
From equation 1, 2 and 3
(, ) = terms in independent of =

# . . = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 = H. .
258
irrotational and find the scalar potential function such

The given vector field is irrotational 157. Show that the following vector point function is
To find the scalar potential h = ,

that O
=
h = IMPO + Gr J + PM + rPGM I
O
123 123 + 123 + 2 + 01 +

b b b
= d + + e
Solution:-
b b b To show that the field is irrotational
123 123 + 123 + 2 + 01 +

That to show that ; y = = 0
b b b
= + +
b b b . . =
b b b b b b
= 123 123 , = 123 + 2 , . . = d + + e
b b b b b b
= 01 +
2 + # +
+ 3

2
= o( 123 123 ) K + (, )
b b b
. . =
b b b
= sin o 1 K o sin K + (, ) 2 + #
3
b b
= sin + cos + (, ) 1 . . = X 3
) (
)Y
b b
b b
= o 123 + 2 K + A, ) X (3
) (2 + # )Y
b b
b
b
+ X ( ) (2 + # )Y
= 123 o 1 K + 2 o K + A, ) b b
. . = 0 0 3
3
) + (2 2)
= 123 +
+ A, ) . .2
. . = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 = H. .
= o cos K + o 1K + (, )

The given vector point function is irrotational
= o cos K +
o 1 K + (, ) To find the scalar potential
=
= sin +
+ (, ) 3
b b b
2 + # +
+ 3
= d + + e
b b b
From equation 1, 2 and 3

b b b
(2 + # ) +
+ 3
= + +
A, ) = terms in independent of y = 01 b b b
, ) = terms in independent 0 = 01 b b b

= 2 + # , =
, = 3
b b b
= o(2 + # ) K + (, )
Hence
= sin + cos +

259
2
= 2 o K + # o 1 K + , )
b b b
. . =
b b b
=
+ # + (, ) 1

= o
K + A, ) b
b
. . = X
Y
b b
b b
=
o 1 K + A, ) X

Y
b b
b
b
=
+ A, ) . .2 + X Y
b b
= o 3
K + () . . = + + + +
. . = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 = H. .
= 3 o K + (, )

The given vector point function is irrotational

= # + , ) 3 To find the scalar potential
From equation 1, 2 and 3 =
(, ) = terms in independent of = 0
+
+

b b b
A, ) = terms in independent of y = # = d + + e
b b b
, ) = terms in independent 0 =

+
+

b b b
= + +
b b b
Hence
=
+ #
b b b
h is irrotational and find the
Show that vector O =
, =
, =

b b b
scalers such that Oh =
158.
= o(
K + , )

h = IPM OGJ + IOM GPJ + IGM POJI
O
S2012,W2012 = o
K o 1 K + , )
#
= + (, ) 1
Solution:-
To show that the field is irrotational 3
That to show that ; y = = 0 = o

K + A, )
. . =
= o
K o 1 K + A, )
b b b
. . = d + + e
b b b #
+

= + A, ) . .2
3
+
4
= o(
) K + ()
260
= M 0

h =
h
= o
K o 1 K + , )
Where
h is a constant vector S2014
#
= + (, ) 3
3 Solution:-
From equation 1, 2 and 3 2 A 8K = A 8K = | |

+
= + +
# #
| | = =
+
+
A, ) = terms in independent of y = +

# #
b b b
# # A 8K = d + + e
+
+
(, ) = terms in independent 0 = + b b b

3 3
b b
A 8K = g
+
+
h + g
+
+
h
Hence b b
b
# # # + g
+
+
h
= + + b
3 3 3
2 2
, O R
If = P + O + GI A 8K = +
2
+
+
2
+
+
= + O + G rPOGW2008
159.
r r r
2
+
Solution:- 2
+
+
b b b + +
= I + + J d + + e A 8K =
b b b
+
+
b b b
= I + + J + + A 8K =
b b b
= I + + J 1 1
22 A 8K d e =
b
X # + # + # 3)
b 1 b b b 1
b A 8K d e = d + + e
+ ( # + # + # 3) b b b
b
b 1 b b b 1
+ ( # + # + # 3)Y A 8K d e = d + + e
b b b b +
+
= I + + J
1 b b b
3
3) + (3
3) A 8K d e = d + + e
+
+
/
b b b
+ (3
3) 4
1 b
A 8K d e =
+
+

= x3 3) + (3 3) + (3 3)

b
b
= 3x # 3 + 3
3 + 3 # 3 +
+
+

b
= 3x
+ 3
+ 3
9 b
+ +
+
/
, show that b
If = P + O + GI
() y = y g h = r W2011
160.
N

261
1 1 #
8 = I$ + & + J I + + J
A 8K d e = X
+
+

2Y
2
1 # 8 = $ + & +
+ X
+
+

2Y
2
b b b
1 8 = d + + e $ + & +
+ X
+
+
#/
2Y b b b
2
b b
8 = $ + & + + $ + & +
1 b b
A 8K d e = ] # + # b
g
+
+
h g
+
+
h + $ + & +
b

+
# 8 = $ + & +
g + + h

8 = 8
Prove that M = >> + >

M
1 + +
A 8K d e =
161.
#
g
+
+
h
W2013, S2014
1
A 8K d e = #
Solution:-
. . . =
. . . = / 4
b b b b b b
222
= d + + e
. . . = div Xd + + e Y
b b b b b b
b b b b b b

=
+
+
. . . = div X > d + + eY
b b b b b b
b b b b b b

= d3
e + d3
e + d3
e . . . = div X > d + + e r Y
b b b b b b
b b
g
+
+
h + g
+
+
h
. . . = div / > grad r 4
b b
= 3
b

+ g
+
+
h @;< A 8K = . . . = K2 X > Y
b
2 2 1
=3
Z + . . . = K2 X > Y
2
+
+
2
+
+
2 Apply property K2 = K2 + A 8K
+ \
2 + +

1 1
. . . = > K2 + A 8K X > Y
+ +

=3
i j

+
+
1 b b b
= > d + + e I + + J
b b b

=3
b 1 > b 1 b 1
+ Z i j + i > j + i > j\

=3
b b b
2let8 = $ + & + where , and are constant
262
1 b b b . . . = 3 A
8K
= > d + + e
b b b
h
b 1 b b 1 b . . . = 3
d e
+ Z i > j + i > j
b b b b
b 1 b . . . = 3

+ i > j \
b b
. . . = H. . .
3 b 1 b b b
= > + Z i > j d + + e \ Prove that M V g M hW =
M
b b b b 163.
_
S2009, S2012
3 1 1
. . . = > + X >>
> Y A 8K
Solution:-

3 1 1 . . . =
X d
eY . . . =
XK2 d
eY
. . . = > + X >>
> Y
Apply property K2 = K2 + A 8K
3 1 1
. . . = > + X
>> #
> Y 1 1
. . . =
X
K2 + A 8K d
e Y
3 1 1
. . . = > + X
>> # > Y | |
3 b 1
. . . =
+X d
e A 8K Y

b
3 1 1
. . . = > + X
>> # > Y
3 2
. . . =

+ X # Y
3 1
. . . = > + >> > 3 2
. . . =

.

2
. . . = > + >> . . . = H. . . 3 2
. . . =
d
e
If = + + show that
=3
h
1
162.
W2011 . . . =
d
e
. . . =

Solution:-
. . . =
::y

= 33 + 1
b b b
. . . = d + + e
. . . = 22 + 1

b b b
b b b . . . = 2 .
. . . =
+
+
b b b 2
. . . = .
b b b b b b
. . . =
+
+
b b b b b b . . . = H. . .
b b b
. . . = 3
d + + e
b b b
LINE INTEGRAL
b b b
. . . = 3
Xd + + e Y
Any integral which is to be evaluate along a curve AB is
b b b
called as line integral
263
2=
Then by limit of sum h 3 G M1G as number of sub-
The tangential line integral along C is

K 2=1
K
= i j K<
K<
( , M1G 0 is called as normal surface integral of
surfaces are large then size of each surface is zero
over surface and is denoted by 3 K1

1
WORK DONE BY A FORCE
The total work done by a force during displacement from
3
A to B is given by

o
K

CIRCULATION
Let l be the velocity of the fluid particle and C is closed

curve then the integral
l K
is called as circulation of l around curve C

SURFACE INTEGRAL
R dxdy
Any integral which is to be evaluate over a surface is called
as surface integral
Let be a vector point function and S be the two side
sub-surfaces as M1 , M1
, M1# . M1H
surface. We divided the surface S in to finite number of
Let R be the orthogonal projection of S on xy- plane
Consider one such sub-surface M1G 3 = cos $ + cos & + cos
Let G be a point is M1G 83K 3 G be the unit vector at G KK = K cos = : 0!<203 0 K 03 :y83!
KK
K =
3 cos
3 = Icos $ + cos & + cos J
KK
3 = 01 K =
3
G 3 K1 = 3 KK
M1G
1 1 3
VOLUME INTEGRAL
Any integral which is to be evaluate over volume is called
as volume integral
Let V be the volume bounded by the surface S then
264
Kl 83K Kl is called as volume integral b b

; y = X
B 2 B Y
l l b b
b b
B X B Y
b b
STOKES THEOREM
b b
X 2 B B Y
b b
= +
+ # be a vector point function having
If S is an open surface bounded by closed curve C. and
continuous first order partial derivatives ; y = 1 1

1 0 B 0 2 B 1
K = ; y 3K ; y 2

To find 3

DIVERGENCE THEOREM
REM OF GAUSS
If vector is a point function having continuous first order 3 T0 x8y <0 <F! 1; 8! 1
2 3 6
Let
# B 1

surface S then K = 3K1 where 3is a unit
partial derivatives in the region V. bounded by closed
b b b
A 8K dd e
vector drawn to the surface S
b b b
Evaluate /P + OP + MP G b

164. Apply Stokes theorem to
GO O GG4 where b b
A 8K dd e g B 1h
b b b 2 3 6
M, , (, r, (, , ~ 1 1 1
C is the boundary of the triangle with vertices
A 8K 3
2 3 6
Solution:-
= + + K = K +
K K

= ( + ) + (2 B

K 2 B
IK K K J
K K 2 B K

K K
/ K 2 B K K4 K

; y 3K

To find ; y 1 1 1
3 3 6
3 C 3 2
2 |3|
b b b 1 1 1
4 9 36
; y
b b b
2 B 3 2
6 1
3 C 3 I3 2 J
9 4 1 14

36

265
1 /K + K + K4 = K = ; y 3K

; y 3 I2 J X I3 2 JY
14
1 7 To find ; y
; y 3 6 1 C ; y 3
14 14 2
b b b
/ K 2 B K K4 7 K ; y =
14 b b b

/ K 2 B K K4 7 K
b b b b
14 ; y = X Y X Y
b b b b
/ K 2 B K K4 7 KK b b
+ X Y
14 H 3 b b
/ K 2 B K K4 ; y = 0 1 1 0 + 0 1

7 KK ; y =

14 H X 1
I3 2 JY To find 3
14
3 = T0 x8y <0 <! 1; 8! + = 8
/ K 2 B K K4 7 KK
14 H 1 Let = + 8
14
b b b
/ K 2 B K K4 7 KK A 8K = d + + e
H b b b
Where R is the region in :y83! 2. !. | b b b

A 8K = d + + e + 8
b b b
/ + K + 2 B K K4 7 (|)
b b
A 8K = + 8 + + 8
b b
/( + )K + (2 B K K4 7 1 m 2 m 3 b
2 + + 8
b
21
3 = +
Evaluate /OP + GO + PG4 where C is the curve of 3 +

165. Apply Stokes theorem to
3 = 3 =
|3| 2
intersection of PM + OM + GM = M
u Pû P + G = W2009 +
; y 3 = I J Z \
2
1
Solution:-
= + + K = K + K + K ; y 3 = 1 1 ; y 3 = 2
2
= + + /K + K + K4 = 2K

K = I + + J IK + K + K J
/K + K + K4 = 2 K
K = K + K + K
266
K = o 2 cos sin 123 K

Where R is the region intersected by

+
+
= 8
83K <! :y83! + = 8
s

+
+
= 8
is the equation of circle with center at K = o 2 sin cos K + o 123
K
s s
1
1 cos 2
origin

8K2;1 0 2 y! = :!:!3K2;y8 K21<83! 0x = o 2 sin 2 K + o K

2 s s 2
|0,0,0) <0 + = 8
012 = 1 2 123
0+08 8
8K2;1 0 2 y! = = 1 1
1
1 + 1 2 = /cos 24
+ /4 o 2 cos 2 K
2 s
2 s 4 s
5

1 1
1
= /cos 24
s + /4s /123 24s

i.e. circle with radius

2 2 4
/K + K + K4 = 2 !8 0 2 y!
1 1 1
= /cos 4 cos 04 + (2 0) (sin 4 sin 0)
2 2 4
/K + K + K4 = 2 d 8 e = 8

2 2 K =

MP OP OGM O OM GG where C is the circle

166. Apply Stokes theorem or otherwise to evaluate

Alternative method
PM + OM = NW2010 To find ; y
2
b b b
; y =
Solution:-
= + + K = K + K + K b b b
2

= 2

b b
; y = X

Y
K = 2

b b
IK + K + K J b b
X
2 Y
b b
K = 2 K
K
K b b
+ X
2 Y
b b
/2 K
K
K4 = K
; y = 2 + 2 0 0 + 0 + 1

= ; y 3K
; y =
c is the circle x
+
= 1 23 :y83! , = 0 To find 3
K = 2 K 3 = T0 x8y <0 <! 1; 8!

+
= 1

3 =
:8 8x!< 2 !;8<203 0 2 y! 21
3
= cos 83K = sin 3 = 3 = 3 =
|3| 1
K = sin K, 83A!1 0x 0 <0 2
267
; y 3 = = 1 K o
K C K Z \
5 # 5
| s | 3 s
; y 3K = 1K

K 8
#
; y 3K = K | 3

8y03A 8 83K F83A!1 0x 0 <0 8 83K
; y 3K = !8 0 2 y!
+
= 1
K 0
; y 3K = 1
= K
K K

K 8
8 0 K
K 8K
Stoks theorem is verified
h P
Verify Srokes theorem for the function O M
K o 8 K C K 8 Z \
5
PO integrated around the square in the plane G and
5
167.
s 2 s
P = , O = , P = O = S2009
bounded by lines
K 8
#
S2009
Solution:- 2
8y03A 8 83K F83A!1 0x 8 <0 0 83K

To show that K = ; y
3K

K 0
Consider K
K
K K
K
8 K 0
K
K
K o
K C K Z \
s # s
5 3 5
K B 8
#
3
8y03A | 0 83K F83A!1 0x 8 <0 0 83K
K 0
K = K + K K K K
K K
| |
K 0 0 0 K
8y03A | 83A!1 0x 0 <0 8 83K 0, K 0
K 0
K =
+ ) (K + K
s
K o 0 K C K 0
K =
+ 0 ) (K + 0 | 5
K =
K
K 8 8 B 8 0 8 .1
# # # #
3 2 3 2
268
0312K! ; y 3K ; y 3K 8 Z \ 8 .2

5
#
2 s 2
Alternative method
To find ; y
From equation 1 and second Stokes theorem is verified
2 O over the upper half surfac

h = MP O OGM OM GI
168. Verify Stokes theorem for the vector field
b b b of PM + OM + GM = N bounded by its projection on the xy-

; y
b b b

0
planeS2011
b b b b
; y X 0 B Y B X 0 B
Y
Solution:-
b b b b = + + K = K + K + K
b b
X B Y = (2 B B
B

b b
; y 0 B 0 B 0 B 0 B 0 K 2 B B
B

IK K K J
; y
K 2 B K B
K B
K
To find 3
/2 B K B
K B
K4 K
3 T0 x8y <0 <F! 1; 8! 23 B :y83!

; y 3K
3
3 c is the circle x
+
+
= 1 23 :y83! , = 0
3 C 3 C 3
|3| 1
K = 2 K
; y 3
:8 8x!< 2 !;8<203 0 2 y! 21

; y 3K K

= cos 83K = sin
; y 3K KK
K = sin K, 83A!1 0x 0 <0 2
H 3

K = o 2 cos sin 123 K

; y 3K KK

H s
; y 3K !8 0 1; 8! 23 B :y83! = o 2 sin cos K + o 123

K
s s
1
1 cos 2
5 5
; y 3K o o 1 K K = o 2 sin 2 K + o K
2 s s 2
s s
5 012 = 1 2 sin
; y 3K 8 o K
1 1
1
= /cos 2 s + /4s o 2 cos 2 K

4
s
2 2 4 s
269
1 1
1
= /cos 24
s + /4s /123 24s

Evaluate the line integral IPM O P + PM O
2 2 4 Z
169.
1 1 1
= /cos 4 cos 04 + (2 0
0 (sin 4 sin 0) riangle with vertices (, N, (N, N
where C is the boundary described counter clockwise of
2 2 4
the triangle
K =
Solution:-

K +
K )
To find ; y
= (
K +
K )
2 |
; y =
b b b
+ (
K +
K )
b b b
2

+ (
K +
K )
|
b b
; y = X

(
)Y y03A = 0, K = 0, 83A!1 0x 0 <0 1
b b
b b
X
) (2 )Y
b b
b b
+ X
) (2 )Y
b b
; y = 2 + 2 0 0) + (0 + 1)
( 0
; y =
To find 3
3 = T0 x8y <0 <! 1; 8!

+
= 1
3 =
3 (
K +
K =0K 0
3 = 3 = 3 = | s
|3| 1
y03A = 1, K 0, F83A!1 0x 0 <0 1
; y 3 = = 1

; y 3K = 1K (
K +
K o1K /4 1

s
s
; y 3K = K y03A |
= C K K , F83A!1 0x 1

s s
; y 3K = !8 0 2 y!
+
= 1
K +
K o # K o
K
0

; y 3K = 1
=
. # 1 1 7
s s
= Z \ +Z \ B B B
4 3 4 3 12

K +
K 0 1 B 7 5
Stoks theorem is verified
12 12

270
<#

B4 3 Z< B \
3
170. Evaluate the line integral
IMPM B OM JP IPM OM JOwhere C is the

Z 1 1
B4 3 X1 B B dB1 eY
3 3
axis and the semi-circle PM OM N in the upper half xy-
boundary in the xy-plane of the area enclosed by the x-
2 2
B4 3 d e 0
3 3
planeS2008
Evaluate Y
h
where S is the surface o
Solution:-
:8 8x!< 2 !;8<203 0 2 y! 21 2

171.
the cone G = M PM + OM above the xy-plane and

cos 83K = sin
h = P O + IPr + PGJ rPOM I
Y
K = sin K, K = cos K
83A!1 0x 0 <0
S2008
/(2
B
K

K4
Solution:-
S is not a closed surface. By Stokes theorem

o/B2 cos
sin
) 123 K 3K1 = ; y 3K1 = K

s
+ (cos
+ sin
) 01 K4 = + + K = K + K + K

= + # + 3

= o/(2 B 2 sin
123
) 123 K + 01 K4
s K = + # + 3

IK + K + K J
= o/(2 B 3 123
123 K 01 K4
s
K = K + # + K 3
K
; y 3K1 = K where C is the surface of the
2 o B sin K + 3 o sin K + o cos K
#
s s s cone above the xy-plane

3 :y83! = 0, K = 0

)
= 2 o B sin K + 3 o1 B cos sin K + o cos K
s s s 2
+
= 0
+
= 4
3 x2KKy! 23<!A 8y :;< cos = < sin K = K< K =

/( )K + # K4
+
= 4

= 0 < = 1, 2 C < B1
:8 8x!< 2 !;8<203 0 2 y! 21
2/cos 4s + 3 o 1 B <
BK< /123 4s = 2 cos 83K = 2sin

K = 2 sin K, K = 2 cos K

B4 3 o1 B <
K< 0 83A!1 0x 0 <02

271
3 2 + + 2
K = o /2 01 2123 2 123 K 3 = 3 =
|3| 4 + 1 + 4

s
+ 16 cos# 01 K 4 1
3 = I2 + + 2 J
3

= o 4 sin cos K + 4 o sin K + 16 o cos. K

1
3 = +
2 + 2 X I2 + + 2 JY
s s s 3
::y !K;<203 0 x;y8 2 +

2 4
3 = +
3 3 3
cos sin 3 1
o 01 K = + o cos
K 1
3 3 2 + + 2 = 6 = (6 2 )
2

1 cos 2 2( +
) 2 4 1
= o 2 sin 2 K + 4 o d eK 3 = + (6 2 )
2 3 3 3 2
s s
cos# sin 3 2 2 2 4 2

+ 16 Z + o cos
K\ 3 = +
+ 4
4 4 s
3 3 3 3 3
4
1
3 = 4
= /cos 24
+ 2 X sin 2Y 3
s
2 s
3K1 = d4 4 e K
01 123 3 cos sin 3

#
3
+16 Z + + \
4 4 2 8 s
4 KK
= d4 e
= 1 1 + 4 + 12 = 16 H 3 3
4 KK
Evaluate Y
h
where = d4 e
2 H 3 1
V3 I2 + + 2 JW
172.
andS is the surface of the

h = IP + OM J MP + MOGI
Y
3 4
plane MP + O MG = ~ in the first octant = d+4 e KK
2H 3
W2010 3 :y83! = 0 2 + = 6
Solution:- = 6 2
To find 3 83A!1 0x = 0 <0 = 6 2
3 = T0 x8y <0 <! 1; 8! 2 + + 2 = 6 83A!1 0x = 0 <0 = 3
Let = 2 + + 2 6 = 3 = 6 2 4
= d4 e KK
b b b 3
A 8K = d + + e =0 =0
b b b
= 3 = 6 2 4
b b b = (3 )KK
A 8K = d + + e 2 + + 2 6 3
b b b =0 =0
A 8K = 2 + + 2 = 3
272
4
#

+ +
= o (3 ) Z \ K 3 =
3 2 s 1
s
# #
3 = + +
2 8
= o (3 )(6 2)
K = o (3 )# K 3 = + + + +
3 3
s s
#
3 = + + = 3
8 (3 ).
= = 3K1 = K1
3 4 K (3 )
K s
KK KK
= 3 = U 3
3K1 = 2 /0 (3). 4 = 54 3 I + + J
3
KK
= U 3 = U 3 KK
173. Evaluate the surface integral
J where S is the surface of the
2 IOG + GP + POI :8 8x!< 2 !;8<203 0 2 y! 21
sphere PM + OM + GM = N in the first octant
= 01 83K = 123
S2012,W2012 KK = K K
Solution:- In first octant
Let = 3K1
83A!1 0x 0 <01 83K 83A!1 0x 0 <0
2
= + +
" /
To find 3 =3 o o #
sin cos K K
"s s
To find 3

3 = T0 x8y <0 <! 1; 8! + + = 1

.
= 3 o Z \ 123 01 K
4 s
Let =
+
+
1 s
b b b /
A 8K = d + + e 3
b b b = o 2 123 01 K
8
s
b b b
A 8K = d + + e
+
+
1
b b b

3
= o 1232 K
A 8K = 2 + 2 + 2 = 3 8
s
3 2 + 2 + 2
3 = 3 =
|3|

4
+ 4
+ 4
3
= o 2 1232 K
16
+ + s
3 =

+
+
3
= /cos 24s
16
273
3 3
= (1 1) =
16 8 = 2 o (8 4 4 + 2
4 + 4
)K
then evaluate
s
h = IMPM rGJ MPO _PI
If O

h j where V is the region bounded by planes

174.

O
j
= 2 o (4 4 +
)K
P = , O = , G = MP + MO + G = _
s
W2013
Solution:- = 2 o(4 4
+ # )K
b b b
s
= d + + e
b b b
# .

32
2 3) 2 4

= 2 Z4 4 + \ = 2 d8 + 4e
2 3 4 s 3
b b b
= (2
3) (2) (4) 32 8
b b b Kl = 2 d12 e =
l 3 3
= 4 2 = 2
Using Divergence theorem Evaluate 2 O h
and S is the surface
h = P + P O + P GI
175.
where O r M M
Kl = 2KKK
l l bounding the region
2 = 0, = 0 2 = 4 = 2 PM + OM = M , G = G = S2013
3A!1 0x 0 <0 2 Solution:-
2 = 0 2 + 2 = 4 We know that the Divergence theorem
+ =2 =2
3K1 = Kl

83A!1 0x 0 <0 2
b b b
83A!1 0x 0 <0 = 4 2 2 = d + + e # +
+

b b b

.

b # b
b

Kl = o o o 2KKK = + +

l b b b
s s s
= 3
+
+
= 5
3K1 = 5
Kl

Kl = 2 o o /4s KK
.

l
2 = 0 <!3
= 8
= %8
s s

83A!1 0x 8 <0 8
Kl = 2 o o 4 2 2) KK
l
s s

= 8

= %8

Kl = 2 o Z4 2 2 \ K 83A!1 0x = 8

<0 = 8

l 2 s
s
83A!1 0x = 0 <0 = @

= 2 o /4(2 ) 2(2 ) (2 )
4K
s
274
Here we use the prop s K = s 8 K

5 5 5
5
3K1 = o o o 5
KKK
/
5 5 s
o 01
< K< =
4
5 5 s
3K1 = o 5 K
o K o 1K 1! !K;<203 0 x;y8

5 5 s
cos sin 3 1
o 01 K = + o cos
K
5 5
3 3
3K1 = @ o 5
K o 1K

01 # < 123 < 4 01 < 123 < 3
5 5
o 01 . < K< = Z + + <\
5 4 3 2 8 s
3K1 = @ o 5
K /45
s
5

5
3
5 o 01 . < K< =
16
3K1 = 10@ o
8

K s

3
5
3K1 = 208. @ X Y
5
4 16
3K1 = 20@ o
8

K
58. @
3K1 = 208. @ g

s h=
16 4
5 5
o ()K = 2 o ()K , () !!3 176. J

Evaluate the integral 2 IPr + Or + Gr I
5 s where S is the surface of the sphere
:;< = 8 sin < K = 8 cos < K<
PM + OM + GM = M S2010
= 0 <!3 < = 0, 2 = 8 <!3 < = sin 1

Solution:-
<=
2 Use Divergence theorem
/
K1 = 3K1 = Kl
3K1 = 20@ o 8
sin
< acos < 8 cos < K<

! ! = # + # + #

s
/
b b b
= d + + e # + # + #
3K1 = 208. @ o sin
< cos
< K< b b b

s
b # b # b
= + + #
/
b b b
3K1 = 208. @ o 1 cos
<) cos
< K<

s
= 3
+ +3
+ 3
= 3(
+
+
)
3K1 = 3(
+
+
) Kl
/
/

3K1 = 208. @ o 01

< K< o 01 . < K< 3K1 = 3 (
+
+
) Kl

s s
83A! <0 1:! 28y :0y8 0 0 K238<!

275
Put = sin cos , = 123 sin , = cos b b b

= d + + e
b b b
K K K =
sin K K K (2 + 3) ( + ) + (
+ 2)
83A!1 0x 0 <0 8 , b b b
= 2 + 3) ( + ) + (
+ 2)
83A!1 0x 0 <0 , b b b
83A!1 0x 0 <0 2 = 2 1 + 2 = 3
3K1 = 3 Kl
"5

=3 o o o (
123
01
+ 123 123 3K1 = 3 Kl = 3l
"s s s
+ 01
123 K K K
! ! l 21 <! 0y;x! 0 <! 1:! !
4 4
"5
=3 o o o

123 K K K l= #
;< = 3 l = (3)# = 36
3 3
"s s s
"5
3K1 = 3 36 = 108

= 6 o o .
123 K K
"s s
"5
= 6 o .
K / cos 4s
"s
"5
= 6 o .
K cos + cos 0)
"s
"5
= 12 o .
K
"s
t 5
128t
3K1 = 12 Z \ =
5 s 5
177. h
Evaluate 2 O where
andS is the
h = MP + rG PG + O + IOM + MGJI
O
r, N, M) r
surface of the sphere having center at
Solution:-
3K1 = Kl

! ! = 2 + 3) ( + ) + (
+ 2)
276

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1

FOR SEMESTER III

M. Sc. (Mathematics) B. Ed.

Price: 325 Rs.

1 b. The first root  is repeated twice

The differential equation in which degree of  =  + 

$ & , #, .  then the CF of differential

The differential equation of the type equation 1 is

Procedure for finding CF:- Case I:-

To find the roots of is an exponential function i.e.  = ! 5 then

 = 67 ! 5 Where  = 8 0 :;<  = 8

Where > 8 0

g. If  and  >  =  > 8 = 0 then the PI is  = 1 1

Proceed in this way

 =  D? 5  1238 + @is required PI

Apply same procedure for cos 8

Apply same procedure for cos8 + @ Since ! G5 = cos 8 + 2 sin 8

HI! G5 J = cos 8 83K I! G5 J = sin 8

 =  E cos 8  = HI! G5 J E

ILM + _JO = P S`a P

The given differential equation is

3. Solve IL_ + MLM + NJO = PM QRS PS2012

  = 0 ,  1 1 = 0 The given differential equation is

1 Use PI = 67 ! 5 ;

6. Solve IL_ w_ JO = S`a wPW2011 Solution:-

Solution:- The given differential equation is

The given differential equation is 

y!<  =  . x. :;< 

The given differential equation is

}0 23K  _ + NrO = uMP S`a rP + _PS2011

 = i + j + 123  + 01  y!<  = 

To find  >  1 1

11. Solve the differential equation

+ P + ~O = uMP S`a MP + _PM uPS2010

The given differential equation is

Apply sin cos = /sin +  + sin 4  =  cos 3 + 

Apply sin sin =

13. Solve PM + O = S`a MP PW2007

The given differential equation is

15. Solve ILM + _JO = P S`aM PW2009  2 

ILr + rLJO =. MP rPW2012

 # + 3 = 01 2 . 123 3

18. SolvePM + r P + MO = uu S2010 , W2013

:;< ! = < ! K = K<

Apply ! / +  > 4 K = !  +  1

Method of variation of parameters

Let its complementary function is  1

To find PI by substituting  = ; 83K 

 = ; + A  =( + 

! >  + ! >  ! >  = ! log 

;>  >  + > A>  = 4

22. Solve by method of variation of parameters ;>  =  log 

Solution:- ; = o  log  K

Integrating both sides with respective to  !831 123  + !32 01 

sin  01  ;>  + 123

1 >  = cot  :;< 23 !3 1

 = i y0A  + j ! +  y0A  ! cos 

23. Solve by method of variation of parameters ; =  83K  = log|sin |

The given differential equation is 24. Solve by method of variation of parameters

}0 23K by substituting  = ; 83K 

;>  >  + > A>  = M O

>  >  K

 = /123  y0A|1!  <83 |4 cos  cos  sin  1

1 b. The first root is repeated twice

The differential equation in which degree of = +

$ & , #, . then the CF of differential

To find the roots of is an exponential function i.e. = ! 5 then

= 67 ! 5 Where = 8 0 :;< = 8

Where > 8 0

g. If and > = > 8 = 0 then the PI is = 1 1

= D? 5 1238 + @is required PI

Apply same procedure for cos 8

Apply same procedure for cos8 + @ Since ! G5 = cos 8 + 2 sin 8

HI! G5 J = cos 8 83K I! G5 J = sin 8

= E cos 8 = HI! G5 J E

= 0 , 1 1 = 0 The given differential equation is

1 Use PI = 67 ! 5 ;

The given differential equation is

y!< = . x. :;<

}0 23K _ + NrO = uMP S`a rP + _PS2011

= i + j + 123 + 01 y!< =

To find > 1 1

+ P + ~O = uMP S`a MP + _PM uPS2010

Apply sin cos = /sin + + sin 4 = cos 3 +

15. Solve ILM + _JO = P S`aM PW2009 2

# + 3 = 01 2 . 123 3

:;< ! = < ! K = K<

Apply ! / + > 4 K = ! + 1

Let its complementary function is 1

To find PI by substituting = ; 83K

= ; + A =( +

! > + ! > ! > = ! log

;> > + > A> = 4

22. Solve by method of variation of parameters ;> = log

Solution:- ; = o log K

Integrating both sides with respective to !831 123 + !32 01

sin 01 ;> + 123

1 > = cot :;< 23 !3 1

= i y0A + j ! + y0A ! cos

23. Solve by method of variation of parameters ; = 83K = log|sin |

}0 23K by substituting = ; 83K

;> > + > A> = M O

> > K

= /123 y0A|1! <83 |4 cos cos sin 1

1 1 ! ;> + ! > = 0 1

; = ! + log|! + 1| Integrating both sides with respective to

83K = log|1 + ! | 1

}0 23K by substituting = ; 83K

Integrating both sides with respective to

1 1 }0 23K by substituting = ; 83K

1 2 2 sin 2 01 2 ;> + 2 123

= / y0A|| + y0A|1 + 2|4! # 2/123

1 + 2 # ;> = 2 1! 2 <83 2 83K > = 2 sec 2

; = sec 2 83K = y0A|1! 2 + <83 2| g h

= 1 + sin 2 y0A|1! 2 + <83 2|

+ 123 2 y0A|1! 2 + <83 2|

Integrating both sides with respective to

}0 23K by substituting = ; 83K

= = ;! + ! K< 1

;> + > A = 0

Here = ! , A = ! , = 1 + !

2 cos 2 K K K

= ! Procced in this way

Again differentiate eqn. 1 w. r. t. log8 + @ = log !

log8 + @ = log ! log8 + @ =

2! !3<28<! !;8<203 2 . . <. = ! +

IP L + PL + NJO = R P S`aR PW2012

N + PM + N + P + O = S`a/M RN + P4 S2012

The given differential equation is K

+ 1 + + = sin/2 log1 + 4

:;< 1 + = ! log1 + = 1 + 2 = 2

1 + + = sin/2 log ! 4

= 1 + 2 y0A1 + 2

37. Solve the differential equation :;< 2 + 3 = ! log2 + 3 =

:;< + 8 = ! log + 8 = rP + MM

Using the definition of Laplace Transformation 1 + 8 s

44. Prove that S`a =

= ! sin 8< K<

! sin 8< 8 cos 8< ! 8

! sinh 8< 8 cosh 8< ! 8

! sinh 8< 8 cosh 8< ! 8

47. Prove that QRS =

Consider = ! cosh 8< K< using LIATE rule