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produced by waves that are generated by are instruments that measure motion of the
sudden slip on a fault or sudden pressure at the ground, including those of seismic
explosive source and travel through the earth waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic
and along its surface eruptions, and other seismic sources such as
by the use of explosives.
GROUND DISPLACEMENT
SEISMICITY or SEISMIC ACTIVITY OF AN AREA
A direct result of the slippage along the fault.
refers to the frequency, type and size
They can rupture dams and gas lines and thus of earthquakes experienced over a
produce flooding and fires. period of time.
Landslides MAGNITUDE and INTENSITY
The sliding down of a mass of earth or rock from a Magnitude is a number that
mountain or cliff. characterizes the relative size of an
earthquake.
Liquefaction
magnitude is based on
Soil liquefaction describes a phenomenon whereby
measurement of the maximum
a saturated or partially saturated soil substantially
motion recorded by a seismograph.
loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied
stress, usually earthquake shaking or other sudden Intensity the intensity is a number
change in stress condition, causing it to behave like (written as a roman numeral)
a liquid. describing the severity of an
earthquake in terms of its effects on
Tsunamis
the earth's surface and on humans
A long high sea wave caused by an earthquake, and their structures.
submarine landslide, or other disturbance
The spot underground where the rock breaks is
Earthquake-Resistant Structures called the FOCUS of the earthquake. The place
right above the focus (on top of the ground) is
structures designed to withstand earthquakes. While called the EPICENTER of the earthquake.
no structure can be entirely immune to damage
from earthquakes, the goal of earthquake-resistant 4 types of earthquake
construction is to erect structures that fare better
1. tectonic
during seismic activity than their conventional
counterparts.
Earthquake is one that occurs when the Urbanization
earth's crust breaks due to geological forces
- refers to the population shift from rural to urban
on rocks and adjoining plates that cause
areas, "the gradual increase in the proportion of
physical and chemical changes.
people living in urban areas", and the ways in which
2. volcanic each society adapts to the change. It is
predominantly the process by which towns and
Earthquake is any earthquake that results
cities are formed and become larger as more
from tectonic forces which occur in
people begin living and working in central areas.
conjunction with volcanic activity.
Engineering Techniques in Countering Earthquakes
3.collapse
MASS DAMPERS
Earthquake are small earthquakes in
underground caverns and mines that are This kind of technique is used in high rise
caused by seismic waves produced from buildings where a mass damper or weight is used to
the explosion of rock on the surface. hang on the top of the building hanging freely to
counter the swaying action caused by the wind or
4. explosion
earthquake.
Earthquake is an earthquake that is the
Shear Wall
result of the detonation of a nuclear and/or
chemical device. This is constructed along the building to
counter the shear force acting on the building and
FAULTS are cracks in the earth where sections of a
to distribute the load of the building equally on the
plate (or two plates) are moving in different
foundation of building to reduce the stress caused
directions. Faults are caused by all that bumping
by earthquake
and sliding the plates do. They are more common
near the edges of the plates. Monolithic domes
Form when the hanging wall moves up. The It is a large ring of Stratovolcanoes circling
forces creating reverse faults are the Pacific Ocean.
compressional, pushing the sides together.
How was the Ring of Fire made?
3.Transcurrent or Strike-slip faults
It is associated with a nearly continuous
Have walls that move sideways, not up or series of oceanic trenches, volcanic arcs,
down. and volcanic belts, and/or plate
movements.
1.0-2.9 I. Not felt Not felt except by very few under especially favorable conditions.
II. Weak Felt only by a few people at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings.
3.0-3.9 III. Weak Felt quite noticeably by people indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many people do not
recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of
a truck. Duration estimated.
IV. Light Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows,
doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor
cars rocked noticeably.
4.0-4.9 V. Moderate Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned.
5.0-5.9 VI. Strong Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage
slight.
VII. Very Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built
strong ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys
broken.
6.0-6.9 VIII. Severe Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial
buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory
stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned.
7.0-7.9 IX. Violent Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out
of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off
foundations. Liquefaction.
X. Extreme Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with
foundations. Rails bent.
8.0 and XI. Extreme Few, if any, (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Broad fissures in ground.
higher Underground pipe lines completely out of service. Earth slumps and land slips in soft ground. Rails
bent greatly.
XII. Extreme Damage total. Waves seen on ground surfaces. Lines of sight and level distorted. Objects thrown
upward into the air.