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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 4
WHAT IS PVTSIM? 4
PVTSIM MODULES 5
FLUID PREPROCESSOR 5
PLUS FLUID 5
CHARACTERIZED FLUID 5
QC (QUALITY CHECK) 6
ASPHALTENE 9
WAX 9
DEPOWAX 10
HYDRATE 10
SCALE 11
ALLOCATION 11
OPEN STRUCTURE 11
INTERFACES 14
Advanced flash and regression algorithms making PVTsim a very robust simulator
Reliable & predictive reservoir fluid characterization
9 variations of cubic equations of state (EOS) and PC-SAFT EOS
Self-regulating plus fluid regression designed to minimize manual tuning
Regression history and audit trail automatically cataloged
Advanced fluid handling including flexible lumping, mixing, and characterization of
multiple fluids to a common EOS.
Straightforward graphical user interface designed for fast and efficient work flow
Capability to simulate PVT experiments without having experimental data to tune to
Export to many different types of popular reservoir, pipeline, and process simulators for
consistent fluid data across disciplines
Fully compositional simulation of wax deposition along pipelines
Open structure technology to create customized software solutions using PVTsim
thermodynamics in 3rd party software
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PVTsim MODULES
FLUID PREPROCESSOR
Easy to use and accurate reservoir fluid
characterization is what PVTsim has gained PLUS FLUID
recognition for. The Fluid Preprocessor is the
base module in PVTsim where either raw or
characterized fluid compositions can be input. By
default, PVTsim characterizes fluid components
up to C80, but a heavy oil characterization
option can be selected to handle components
up to C200. By characterizing a plus fraction C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 ... C18 C19 C20+
type of fluid, all component properties needed
in subsequent simulations are established. The
C7+ components are grouped into pseudo-
components, which can be lumped according CHARACTERIZED FLUID
to user preference. Nine variations of the Peng-
Robinson and Soave-Redlich-Kwong cubic
equations of states (EOS) are supported with
the option to use constant or temperature
dependent volume translation. The PC-SAFT
EOS is available for general flash and PVT C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 ... C18 C19 C C C C C
simulations as well as in asphaltene simulation.
Fluid compositions will vary with depth and same equation of state model. With the common
horizontal location in the reservoir. However, EOS option in PVTsim, it is possible to characterize
if these fluids are from the same reservoir, it is up to 50 fluids with different compositions to a
expected that they can be represented using the common EOS.
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PVTsim MODULES
QC (QUALITY CHECK)
Ensure fluid data is reliable before characterization In case of failure, it is possible to have reasons
using this comprehensive tool, which generates for failure and suggested cures printed to a QC
a straightforward and easy to read Word report report.
listing possible reasons for fluid quality failure.
Information required by the QC Module is:
Because the reliability of PVTsim outputs
depends on the quality of input fluid data, it is
critical to ensure the input data is accurate and
representative of the desired fluid.
PT (Pressure, Temperature) including options for non-aqueous fluids, aqueous fluids, or multiphase (up to 4 phases)
PH ( Pressure, Enthalpy)
PS (Pressure, Entropy)
VT (Volume, Temperature)
UV ( Internal energy, Volume)
HS (Enthalpy, Entropy)
K-factor (Specify K-factor)
Split-factor (Specify a split factor)
P-Beta (Pressure, Vapor mole fraction of non-aqueous phases)
T-Beta (Temperature, Vapor mole fraction of non-aqueous phases)
Saturate with water (Saturate the current fluid with water at given pressure and temperature)
The PT non-aqueous, K-factor, and Split-factor are presented in a tabular format that can be
flash options consider only non-aqueous exported to a built-in worksheet where the data
components two phases (gas and oil). The PT may be manipulated and plotted inside PVTsim or
multi-phase option considers up to four fluid the output data can be exported to Excel. Output
phases. The remaining flash options consider from a flash calculation includes:
gas, oil, and aqueous phases. Simulation results
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PVTsim MODULES
Volumetric properties in the output are derived This Flash & Unit Operations module also includes
from the selected equation of state. Thermal simulation capabilities for various unit operations
properties are derived from a combination of such as compressor, expander, valve, pump,
special ideal gas models and the selected equation heater, and separator. The compressor option
of state. The viscosity and thermal conductivity may further be used to simulate polytropic
are calculated using either a corresponding states compressions or, more correctly, compression
model (Pedersen modification) or the Lohrenz- paths of a constant thermal efficiency.
Bray-Clark correlation.
Up to five data sets for each type of experiment plots comparing experimental and simulated data
may be stored with each fluid composition. are shown. However, it is important to note that
Injection gases used in EOR PVT experiments can no experimental data is required to simulate these
be entered with a fluid and assigned to particular experiments.
EOR PVT experiments. The data input includes
Input menus for storing the PVT data are arranged
measured phase compositions for experiments
to comply with standard PVT reports, allowing
where phase compositions are reported. The user
for direct cut and paste of data from PVT reports
may define the standard (stock tank) conditions
available as soft copy. The output results are
compliant with the actual PVT experiments. In
presented in a user-friendly format and can be
the PVT simulation input menus, the entered
exported to a worksheet where the data may be
temperatures and pressures are shown as default
manipulated and plotted inside PVTsim or the
values when the experiments are simulated, and
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PVTsim MODULES
output data can be exported to Excel. Detailed compositions along with percent deviation are
output of physical properties and compositions at provided as output.
each pressure stage may optionally be shown.
Regression may be needed when developing an
Using the Save Phase option, the phase EOS model to match available PVT data. This is a
composition at each stage may be stored in the primary step for a heavily lumped fluid model to
database and used for subsequent calculations. be exported to a compositional reservoir or flow
This, for example, allows for studying the change simulator. Regression in PVTsim may start with a
in GOR of the liberated gas from a Constant plus fluid composition or an already characterized
Volume Depletion simulation as function of composition. Fluid regression results in a tree
depletion pressure. structure in the database where regressed fluids
are child fluids of the original root fluid. This
The extensive data output allows the PVT
process allows the user to keep track of the
laboratories to cross check the experimental data
history of tuned fluids. The child fluid is indexed
with simulated values. PVTsim can generate a
in the database through a multilevel list where the
comparison of all experimental and simulated
result of a regression of fluid #2 would be a child
PVT data input for a fluid in one click using
fluid indexed as fluid #2.1, and so on. After each
the Compare with Experimental PVT Data
regression, the result is stored as a temporary
button. Plots and tables comparing simulated
fluid. Temporary fluids can be saved permanently
and measured PVT data and equilibrium phase
in the database.
The regression history of a fluid, including Reservoir fluid samples taken for lab analysis
adjusted parameters and selected weighting, is are sometimes contaminated with oil-based
automatically written and kept with a fluid in the drilling mud. The Oil Based Mud (OBM) Cleaning
Reg History tab. option in PVTsim will numerically remove any
contaminate to generate a clean reservoir fluid
It is also an option to develop a common EOS
with mud attached. PVT data measured on the
model for multiple fluids while regressing to PVT
contaminated fluid sample may be input for this
data available for each of the individual fluid
fluid. The mud will be mixed in when simulating
compositions. Anywhere from 2 to 50 different
and regressing to experimental PVT data
plus and/or no-plus fluids can be characterized to
measured on the contaminated fluid. The resulting
a common EOS.
cleaned and possibly regressed fluid can be saved
Experiments used to study miscibility of fluids and used reservoir fluid simulation studies.
are time consuming and expensive. Careful
The composition varies with depth in a reservoir.
planning of which experimental conditions to use
Based on a sample composition, sample depth
is therefore important. A multi contact experiment
and PT-conditions, PVTsim simulates the variation
may be performed, or a slim tube experiment may
with depth in composition, pressure, GOR and a
be simulated, to help narrow in on the pressures
number of physical properties along with location
needed to get the part of the recovery curve of
of the gas-oil contact, if such exists. Simulations
interest. The multi-component MMP option gives
may be carried out isothermally or with application
a fast and reliable answer about the minimum
of a vertical temperature gradient modeled using
pressure required to develop a miscible drive.
the theory of irreversible thermodynamics.
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PVTsim MODULES
If samples are available from multiple locations For fluids with asphaltene components the
in a communicating fluid column, a regression Asphaltene Tar Mat option calculates the
can be made in order to match the observed variations in composition, saturation point, and
compositional variation. The tuning is carried out asphaltene onset point with depth and identifies
with each components ideal gas enthalpy at a the location of a possible tar mat.
reference state as tuning parameters.
ASPHALTENE
Simulate the conditions at which asphaltene for various amounts of injection gas. The effect
precipitates for a given fluid composition, tune of gas injection on the asphaltene precipitation
to asphaltene onset pressure, perform a PT conditions can be studied using a Px-curve option.
flash, and determine weight % of asphaltene The asphaltene model has been developed based
components in stock tank oil (STO). For a given on experimental live oil asphaltene precipitation
temperature, you may also determine the pressure data and supports the PC-SAFT model.
range at which asphaltene precipitation occurs
WAX
Evaluate wax formation conditions from an ordinary Oil with suspended wax particles, which exhibits
compositional analysis, quantify the amount of wax a non-Newtonian viscosity behavior, can be
precipitate, run flash calculations, and plot wax modeled with PVTsim. Viscosity plots can be
formation conditions through PT curves. If data is made of wax in oil suspensions for varying shear
available, it is also possible to tune the wax model rates.
to an experimental cloud point or to experimental
Fluids tuned in the wax module may be used in
wax content in the stock tank oil. The amount of
the PVTsim DepoWax module, a pipeline simulator
wax precipitate may be calculated as a function of
considering wax deposition and the effect on
P for constant T or as a function of T for constant
viscosity of wax particles suspended in the oil
P and quantitative flash calculations will consider
phase.
gas, oil and wax. Additionally, there is an option to
account for the influence of wax inhibitors.
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PVTsim MODULES
DEPOWAX
Analyze the nature and extent of wax deposition but the user also has the option to manually input
along a pipeline by calculating pressure drops, parameters.
temperature profile, position and thickness of wax
To properly account for the heat of phase transitions
deposited with a fully compositional profile. Wax
(evaporation, condensation and solidification) the
appearance temperature and wax amount can be
temperature profile in the pipeline is determined
tuned in the wax module prior to initiating a wax
by carrying out PH (Pressure-Enthalpy) flash cal-
deposition simulation. The wax deposition model
culations. The deposition mechanism is assumed to
is well suited for field studies as well as test loops.
be molecular diffusion across the laminar sub-layer
Being fully compositional, DepoWax is well suited
near the wall.
for pipelines with multiple inlets.
The influence on the viscosity of wax particles
With the fluid properly characterized all the
suspended in the oil phase is considered via a
user has to input is pipeline geometry, (xy-
shear rate dependent (non-Newtonian) viscosity
coordinates, inner diameter, roughness, ambient
model. Influence of wax inhibitors on the
temperature, and insulation) inlet P&T, and inlet
viscosity can be accounted for. The module offers
flow rate. Default values are automatically set up
the choice between four different methods for
for remaining properties (i.e. section lengths, wax
calculating heat transfer:
diffusion coefficients, and laminar film thickness),
Sieder-Tate Petukhov
Dittus-Boelter Petukhov-ESDU
The simulation results give information with profile, and position and thickness of deposited
respect to time for pressure drop, temperature wax.
HYDRATE
PVTsim can accurately simulate hydrate formation MEG, DEG and TEG) can be simulated as well as
conditions of gas and oil mixtures. Depression the loss of inhibitors to the hydrocarbon phases.
of hydrate formation temperature of the most An inhibitor composition may contain water.
commonly used hydrate inhibitors (MeOH, EtOH,
The PT flash option automatically provides II and H) as well as hydrocarbon and aqueous
amounts and types of hydrates (structures I, phases, solid salt phases, and ice.
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PVTsim MODULES
SCALE
Determine the amount of scale (salt precipitate) species (primarily NaCl, CaCl2, and KCl).
that will emerge from formation water and
The PVTsim scale module considers precipitation
seawater mixtures. This module takes into
of most common salts including
account CO2 and H2S equilibrium pressures in the
water, pH, as well as the effect of the other ionic
ALLOCATION
Allocate the export streams of gas, oil, and water (aqueous) reported at reference conditions, which by default are the
back to 2 - 50 production streams. Export flow streams are selected standard conditions.
OPEN STRUCTURE
Open structure gives access to PVTsim C++, C#, and MatLab. This allows the user to work
thermodynamics and fluid databases without from in-house applications and create customized
opening the PVTsim interface. Open structure solutions to unique problems using PVTsim
code can be written in most common thermodynamics.
programming languages including Visual Basic,
CONSISTENT RESULTS
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PVTsim MODULES
Flash Calculation
Type Description
Flash for specified pressure (P) and temperature (T). Considers gas and oil. Water,
PT non-aqueous
hydrate inhibitors and salts are not accepted.
Flash for specified pressure (P) and temperature (T). Considers gas, oil and aqueous.
PT aqueous
Salts are not accepted unless water is present.
Considers gas, oil and aqueous (max 4 phases). Salts are not accepted unless water is
PT multi-phase
present.
Flash for specified K-factors. Considers gas and oil. No aqueous components are
K-factor
accepted.
Flash for specified Split-factors. Considers gas and oil. No aqueous components are
Split-factor
accepted.
Flash for specified pressure (P) and vapor mole fraction (Beta). Beta is the vapor mole
fraction of the hydrocarbon phases (i.e. vapor mole fraction not considering aqueous
P-Beta
phases). If salt is present, water and at least one non-aqueous component must also be
present.
Flash for specified temperature (T) and vapor mole fraction (Beta). Beta is the vapor
mole fraction of the hydrocarbon phases (i.e. vapor mole fraction not considering
T-Beta
aqueous phases). If salt is present, water and at least one non-aqueous component
must also be present.
Flash for specified pressure (P) and enthalpy (H). Considers gas, oil and aqueous. Salts
PH
are not accepted unless water is present.
Flash for specified pressure (P) and entropy (S). Considers gas, oil and aqueous. Salts
PS
are not accepted unless water is present.
Flash for specified molar volume (V) and temperature (T). Considers gas, oil and aque-
VT
ous. Salts are not accepted.
Flash for specified internal energy (U) and molar volume (V). Considers gas, oil and
UV
aqueous. Salts are not accepted. Pure component fluids are not accepted.
Flash for specified enthalpy (H) and entropy (S). Considers gas, oil and aqueous. Salts
HS
are not accepted unless water is present. Pure component fluids are not accepted
All open structure calculation options are fully consistent with calculations carried out in PVTsim directly.
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PVTsim MODULES
Hydrate Calculation
Type Description
Flash for specified pressure (P) and temperature (T). Considers gas, oil, aqueous,
PT Hydrate Flash
Hydrate I, Hydrate II, Hydrate H, Ice and pure salt phases.
Hydrate Formation
Calculation of the hydrate formation pressure-temperature (PT) curve.
PT curve
Hydrate Formation
Calculation of the hydrate formation pressure (P) for a given temperature (T).
Pressure
Hydrate Formation
Calculation of the hydrate formation temperature (T) for a given pressure (P).
Temperature
Wax Calculation
Type Description
Flash for specified pressure (P) and temperature (T). Considers gas, oil, and wax
PT Wax Flash
phases.
Wax Formation
Calculation of the wax formation pressure-temperature (PT) curve.
PT curve
Wax Formation
Calculation of the wax formation temperature (T) for a given pressure (P).
Temperature
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PVTsim MODULES
INTERFACES
PVTsim includes modules to generate PVT Interface modules provide easy export to the
input tables to a number of external (non- following popular reservoir, process, and flow
Calsep) programs. Tables may contain physical, assurance programs:
compositional, or black oil properties.
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STANDARD PVTSIM PACKAGES
Popular PVTsim modules have been collected into different application areas. The following table
standard packages offered for a lower price when summarizes the modules and interfaces included
compared to paying for each module individually. with each package:
The different packages target the needs of
WAX X X X X
ASPHALTENE X X X
SCALE X X X
ALLOCATION X X
DEPOWAX X X
INTERFACES
ECLIPSE X X
VIP X X
MORE X X
CMG X X
PROSPER/MBAL X X
SAPHIR X X
OLGA X
LEDAFLOW X
PIPESIM X
MULTIPHASE METERS X
HYSYS X
PRO/II X
PIPEPHASE X
WEPS X
WELLCAT X
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For more information
please visit us at
www.calsep.com
or contact our office
in your region:
Copenhagen Denmark
Calsep A/S
Parallelvej 12
2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
Office +45 45 87 66 46
Fax +45 45 87 62 72
E-mail: info@calsep.com
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