Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.- Hidracina lquida ( N2H4 ) se inyecta a una cmara de combustin a chorro a 400K y se
quema con 100% de aire en exceso que entra a 700K . La cmara de combustin tiene
una chaqueta de agua. Los productos de la combustin salen en el chorro de escape a
900K . En la prueba si se queman 50 kg mol/h, y agua a 25C entra a la chaqueta de
agua de enfriamiento a razn de 100 kg/min podr la lnea de salida de agua manejar
esa gran cantidad de vapor a 1 atm.?
N2H4 ( l ) + O2 N2 + 2 H2O
2.- El xido de fierro ( Fe2O3 ) se reduce a hierro metlico por reaccin con el carbono en
un horno de lecho fluidizado de acuerdo a :
Se circula agua de enfriamiento a travs de las camisas del convertidor entrando a 86F
y saliendo a 113F. Los gases calientes que salen del convertidor estn a 410F. Durante
una prueba que dur cuatro horas, se recolect una capa de agua de 30 lbs una vez que
se haban enfriado los gases de salida.
Calcule :
a.- Composicin de la alimentacin al convertidor
b.- Composicin de los gases que salen del convertidor
c.- Galones por hora de agua de enfriamiento requerida en las camisas del
convertidor
Datos adicionales:
Calor de formacin del Tolueno lquido a 25C es 2.90 kcal/mol
Calor de vaporizacin del tolueno 98.6 cal / g a 25C
Cp tolueno gaseoso = 31.81.62x10-2 T+ 1.44x10-3 T2 en joule/mol K
Calor de formacin del Benzaldehdo lquido a 25C es 21.3 kcal/mol
Calor de vaporizacin del Benzaldehido 86.5 cal/g a 210C
Calor especfico del Benzaldehido lquido 0.43 cal/gC
Datos :
Etilbenceno Estireno
(C p)liq = 182 J / mol C (C p)liq = 209 J / mol C
( hv ) = 36 kJ / mol a 136C (hv ) =37.1 kJ / mol a 145C
(C p)vap=118+0.3 T (C) J / mol C (C p)vap=115 + 0.27 T (C) J / mol C
The Standard Heat (enthalpy) of Formation
As you probably know from chemistry, the observed heat transfer that occurs in an
isothermal system in which a reaction takes place represents the energy change associated
with the rearrangement of the bonds holding together the atoms of the reacting molecules.
For an exothermic reaction , the energy required to hold the products of the reaction
together is less than that required to hold the reactants together, heat leaves the system. The
reverse is true of an endothermic reaction. Here we are concerned primarily with the
enthalpy term in the steady-state energy balance for an open system, and to a lesser extent
with the energy balance for a closed system.
To include energy changes caused by a reaction in the energy balance, we make use of a
quantity called the standard heat (really enthalpy) of formation often called just the heat of
formation, * Hf. The superscript denotes the standard state for reaction of 25C and 1
atm, and the subscript f denotes formation.
The standard heat of formation is the name given to the special enthalpy change
associated with the formation of 1 mole of a compound from its constituent elements
in their standard state. An example is the enthalpy change that occurs for the reaction of
carbon and oxygen to form carbon dioxide at 25C and 1 atm, as indicated in figure
1 kg mol C
25C, 1 atm Combustion 1 kg mol CO2
process 25C, 1 atm
1 kg mol O2
25C, 1 atm
Since enthalpy is a state variable, any state would do for the standard state of reference, but,
by convention, the standard state of a substance (both reactants and products) usually is
25C and one atmosphere (absolute) pressure. Fixing a reference state should cause no
problem because you are always interested in calculating enthalpy differences so that the
reference state is eliminated.
The reaction does not necessarily represent a real reaction that would proceed at constant
temprture, but can be a fictitious process for the formation of a compound from the
elements. By defining the heat of formation as zero in the standard state for each stable
(e.g.N2 vs N ) element, it is possible to design a system to express the heats of formation for
* Historically, the name arose because the changes in enthalpy associated with chemical reactions were
generally determined in a device called a calorimeter, to which heat is added or removed from the
reacting system so as to keep the temperature constant.
all compounds at 25C and 1 atm.
Calculation of enthalpy changes for a process in which a reaction takes place. The solid lines
indicate an arbitrary selection of path whereas the dashed lines figuratively indicate the actual
path taken by the materials the actual path may not be know in practice.
Reactants Products
at T at T
H rxn (T)
1 2
Reactants Products
H=H(25C)-H(T) H=H(T)-H(25C)
Reactants Products
at 25C at 25C
Hrxn (25C)
3 4